Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (part 45 of 60)

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (part 45 of 60)

Defn: A translucent variety of serpentine, of a honey yellow or greenish yellow color, having a waxy resinlike luster.

RETINASPHALT; RETINASPHALTUM Ret`in*as"phalt, Ret`in*as*phal"tum, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Retinite.

RETINERVED Ret"i*nerved`, a. Etym: [L. rete a net + E. nerve.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having reticulated veins.

RETINEUM Ret`i*ne"um, n.; pl. Retinea. Etym: [NL. See Retina.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: That part of the eye of an invertebrate which corresponds in function with the retina of a vertebrate.

RETINIC Re*tin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min. Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to resin; derived from resin; specifically, designating an acid found in certain fossil resins and hydrocarbons.

RETINITE Ret"i*nite, n. Etym: [Gr.rétinite.] (Min.)

Defn: An inflammable mineral resin, usually of a yellowish brown color, found in roundish masses, sometimes with coal.

RETINITIS Ret`i*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + -tis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the retina.

RETINOID Ret"i*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.]

Defn: Resinlike, or resinform; resembling a resin without being such.

RETINOL Ret"i*nol, n. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A hydrocarbon oil obtained by the distillation of resin, -- used in printer's ink.

RETINOPHORA Ret`i*noph"o*ra, n.; pl. Retiniphoræ. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of group of two to four united cells which occupy the axial part of the ocelli, or ommatidia, of the eyes of invertebrates, and contain the terminal nerve fibrillæ. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

RETINOPHORAL Ret`i*noph"o*ral, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to retinophoræ.

RETINOSCOPY Ret`i*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Retina + -scopy.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The study of the retina of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope.

RETINUE Ret"i*nue, n. Etym: [OE. retinue, OF. retinue, fr. retenir to retain, engage, hire. See Retain.]

Defn: The body of retainers who follow a prince or other distinguished person; a train of attendants; a suite. Others of your insolent retinue. Shak. What followers, what retinue canst thou gain Milton. To have at one's retinue, to keep or employ as a retainer; to retain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RETINULA Re*tin"u*la, n.; pl. Retinulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of NL. & E. retina.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophoræ of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

RETINULATE Re*tin"u*late, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having, or characterized by, retinul

RETIPED Ret`i*ped, n. Etym: [L. rete a net + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. rétinopède.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird having small polygonal scales covering the tarsi.

RETIRACY Re*tir"a*cy, n.

Defn: Retirement; -- mostly used in a jocose or burlesque way. [U.S.] Bartlett. What one of our great men used to call dignified retiracy. C. A. Bristed.

RETIRADE Ret`i*rade", n. Etym: [F.; cf. Sp. retirada retreat. See Retire.] (Fort.)

Defn: A kind of retrenchment, as in the body of a bastion, which may be disputed inch by inch after the defenses are dismantled. It usually consists of two faces which make a reëntering angle.

RETIRE Re*tire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retired; p. pr. & vb. n. Retiring.] Etym: [F. retirer; pref. re- re- + tirer to draw. See Tirade.]

1. To withdraw; to take away; -- sometimes used reflexively. He . . . retired himself, his wife, and children into a forest. Sir P. Sidney. As when the sun is present all the year, And never doth retire his golden ray. Sir J. Davies.

2. To withdraw from circulation, or from the market; to take up and pay; as, to retire bonds; to retire a note.

3. To cause to retire; specifically, to designate as no longer qualified for active service; to place on the retired list; as, to retire a military or naval officer.

RETIRE Re*tire", v. i.

1. To go back or return; to draw back or away; to keep aloof; to withdraw or retreat, as from observation; to go into privacy; as, to retire to his home; to retire from the world, or from notice. To Una back he cast him to retire. Spenser. The mind contracts herself, and shrinketh in, And to herself she gladly doth retire. Sir J. Davies.

2. To retreat from action or danger; to withdraw for safety or pleasure; as, to retire from battle. Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die. 2 Sam. xi. 15.

3. To withdraw from a public station, or from business; as, having made a large fortune, he retired. And from Britannia's public posts retire. Addison.

4. To recede; to fall or bend back; as, the shore of the sea retires in bays and gulfs.

5. To go to bed; as, he usually retires early.

Syn. -- To withdraw; leave; depart; secede; recede; retreat; retrocede.

RETIRE Re*tire", n.

1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; also, a place to which one retires. [Obs.] The battle and the retire of the English succors. Bacon. [Eve] discover'd soon the place of her retire. Milton.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A call sounded on a bugle, announcing to skirmishers that they are to retire, or fall back.

RETIRED Re*tired", a.

1. Private; secluded; quiet; as, a retired life; a person of retired habits. A retired part of the peninsula. Hawthorne.

2. Withdrawn from active duty or business; as, a retired officer; a retired physician. Retired flank (Fort.), a flank bent inward toward the rear of the work. -- Retired list (Mil. & Naval), a list of officers, who, by reason of advanced age or other disability, are relieved from active service, but still receive a specified amount of pay from the government. -- Re*tired"ly, adv. -- Re*tired"ness, n.

RETIREMENT Re*tire"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. retirement.]

1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as, the retirement of an officer. O, blest Retirement, friend of life's decline. Goldsmith. Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books. Thomson.

2. A place of seclusion or privacy; a place to which one withdraws or retreats; a private abode. [Archaic] This coast full of princely retirements for the sumptousness of their buildings and nobleness of the plantations. Evelyn. Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus. Addison.

Syn. -- Solitude; withdrawment; departure; retreat; seclusion; privacy. See Solitude.

RETIRER Re*tir"er, n.

Defn: One who retires.

RETIRING Re*tir"ing, a.

1. Reserved; shy; not forward or obtrusive; as, retiring modesty; retiring manners.

2. Of or pertaining to retirement; causing retirement; suited to, or belonging to, retirement. Retiring board (Mil.), a board of officers who consider and report upon the alleged incapacity of an officer for active service. -- Retiring pension, a pension granted to a public officer on his retirement from office or service.

RETISTENE Ret"i*stene, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline hydrocarbon produced indirectly from retene.

RETITELAE Ret`i*te"læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. rete a net + tela a web.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of spiders which spin irregular webs; -- called also Retitelariæ.

RETOLD Re*told",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Retell.

RETORSION Re*tor"sion, n.

Defn: Same as Retortion.

RETORT Re*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retorting.] Etym: [L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere; pref. re- re- + torquere to turn twist. See Torsion, and cf. Retort, n., 2.]

1. To bend or curve back; as, a retorted line. With retorted head, pruned themselves as they floated. Southey.

2. To throw back; to reverberate; to reflect. As when his virtues, shining upon others, Heat them and they retort that heat again To the first giver. Shak.

3. To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility; as, to retort the charge of vanity. And with retorted scorn his back he turned. Milton.

RETORT Re*tort", v. i.

Defn: To return an argument or a charge; to make a severe reply. Pope.

RETORT Re*tort", n. Etym: [See Retort, v. t.]

1. The return of, or reply to, an argument, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or witticism; a quick and witty or severe response. This is called the retort courteous. Shak.

2. Etym: [F. retorte (cf. Sp. retorta), fr. L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere. So named from its bent shape. See Retort, v. t.] (Chem. & the Arts)

Defn: A vessel in which substances are subjected to distillation or decomposition by heat. It is made of different forms and materials for different uses, as a bulb of glass with a curved beak to enter a receiver for general chemical operations, or a cylinder or semicylinder of cast iron for the manufacture of gas in gas works. Tubulated retort (Chem.), a retort having a tubulure for the introduction or removal of the substances which are to be acted upon.

Syn. -- Repartee; answer. -- Retort, Repartee. A retort is a short and pointed reply, turning back on an assailant the arguments, censure, or derision he had thrown out. A repartee is usually a good-natured return to some witty or sportive remark.

RETORTER Re*tort"er, n.

Defn: One who retorts.

RETORTION Re*tor"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétorsion. See Retort, v. t.]

1. Act of retorting or throwing back; reflection or turning back. [Written also retorsion.] It was, however, necessary to possess some single term expressive of this intellectual retortion. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. (Law)

Defn: Retaliation. Wharton.

RETORTIVE Re*tort"ive, a.

Defn: Containing retort.

RETOSS Re*toss", v. t.

Defn: To toss back or again.

RETOUCH Re*touch", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + touch: cf. F. retoucher.]

1. To touch again, or rework, in order to improve; to revise; as, to retouch a picture or an essay.

2. (Photog.)

Defn: To correct or change, as a negative, by handwork.

RETOUCH Re*touch", n. (Fine Arts)

Defn: A partial reworking,as of a painting, a sculptor's clay model, or the like.

RETOUCHER Re*touch"er, n.

Defn: One who retouches.

RETRACE Re*trace", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + trace: cf. F. retracer. Cf. Retract.]

1. To trace back, as a line. Then if the line of Turnus you retrace, He springs from Inachus of Argive race. Driden.

2. To go back, in or over (a previous course); to go over again in a reverse direction; as, to retrace one's steps; to retrace one's proceedings.

3. To trace over again, or renew the outline of, as a drawing; to draw again.

RETRACT Re*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retracting.] Etym: [F. rétracter, L. retractare, retractatum, to handle again, reconsider, retract, fr. retrahere, retractum, to draw back. See Retreat.]

1. To draw back; to draw up or shorten; as, the cat can retract its claws; to retract a muscle.

2. Ti withdraw; to recall; to disavow; to recant; to take back; as, to retract an accusation or an assertion. I would as freely have retracted this charge of idolatry as I ever made it. Bp. Stillingfleet.

3. To take back,, as a grant or favor previously bestowed; to revoke. [Obs.] Woodward.

Syn. -- To recal; withdraw; rescind; revoke; unsay; disavow; recant; abjure; disown.

RETRACT Re*tract", v. i.

1. To draw back; to draw up; as, muscles retract after amputation.

2. To take back what has been said; to withdraw a concession or a declaration. She will, and she will not; she grants, denies, Consents, retracts, advances, and then files. Granville.

RETRACT Re*tract", n. (Far.)

Defn: The pricking of a horse's foot in nailing on a shoe.

RETRACTABLE Re*tract"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétractable.]

Defn: Capable of being retracted; retractile.

RETRACTATE Re*tract"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. retractatus, p. p. of retractare. See Retract.]

Defn: To retract; to recant. [Obs.]

RETRACTATION Re`trac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétractation, L. retractatio a revision, reconsideration. ]

Defn: The act of retracting what has been said; recantation.

RETRACTIBLE Re*tract"i*ble, a.

Defn: Retractable.

RETRACTILE Re*tract"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. -rétractile.] (Physiol.)

Defn: CApable of retraction; capable of being drawn back or up; as, the claws of a cat are retractile.

RETRACTION Re*trac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétraction, L. retractio a drawing back, hesitation.]

1. The act of retracting, or drawing back; the state of being retracted; as, the retraction of a cat's claws.

2. The act of withdrawing something advanced, stated, claimed, or done; declaration of change of opinion; recantation. Other men's insatiable desire of revenge hath wholly beguiled both church and state of the benefit of all my either retractions or Eikon Basilike.

3. (Physiol.) (a) The act of retracting or shortening; as, the retraction of a severed muscle; the retraction of a sinew. (b) The state or condition of a part when drawn back, or towards the center of the body.

RETRACTIVE Re*tract"ive, a.

Defn: Serving to retract; of the nature of a retraction. -- Re*tract"ive*ly, adv.

RETRACTIVE Re*tract"ive, n.

Defn: That which retracts, or withdraws.

RETRACTOR Re*tract"or, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, retracts. Specifically: (a) In breech-loading firearms, a device for withdrawing a cartridge shell from the barrel. (b) (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for holding apart the edges of a wound during amputation. (c) (Surg.) A bandage to protect the soft parts from injury by the saw during amputation. (d) (Anat. & Zoöl.)

Defn: A muscle serving to draw in any organ or part. See Illust. under Phylactolæmata.

RETRAICT Re*traict", n.

Defn: Retreat. [Obs.] Bacon.

RETRAIT Re*trait", n. Etym: [It. ritratto, fr. ritrarre to draw back, draw, fr. L. retrahere. See Retract.]

Defn: A portrait; a likeness. [Obs.] Whose fair retrait I in my shield do bear. Spenser.

RETRANSFORM Re`trans*form", v. t.

Defn: To transform anew or back. -- Re`trans*for*ma"tion, n.

RETRANSLATE Re`trans*late", v. t.

Defn: To translate anew; especially, to translate back into the original language.

RETRAXIT Re*trax"it, n. Etym: [L., (he) has withdrawn. See Retract.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: The withdrawing, or open renunciation, of a suit in court by the plaintiff, by which he forever lost his right of action. Blackstone.

RETREAD Re*tread", v. t. & i.

Defn: To tread again.

RETREAT Re*treat", n. Etym: [F. retraite, fr. retraire to withdraw, L. retrahere; pref. re- re- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Retract, Retrace.]

1. The act of retiring or withdrawing one's self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. In a retreat he oShak.

2. The place to which anyone retires; a place or privacy or safety; a refuge; an asylum. He built his son a house of pleasure, and spared no cost to make a delicious retreat. L'Estrange. That pleasing shade they sought, a soft retreat From sudden April showers, a shelter from the heat. Dryden.

3. (Mil. & Naval.) (a) The retiring of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy, or from any ground occupied to a greater distance from the enemy, or from an advanced position. (b) The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy for the purpose of avoiding an engagement or escaping after defeat. (c) A signal given in the army or navy, by the beat of a drum or the sounding of trumpet or bugle, at sunset (when the roll is called), or for retiring from action.

Note: A retreat is properly an orderly march, in which circumstance it differs from a flight.

4. (Eccl.) (a) A special season of solitude and silence to engage in religious exercises. (b) A period of several days of withdrawal from society to a religious house for exclusive occupation in the duties of devotion; as, to appoint or observe a retreat.

Syn. -- Retirement; departure; withdrawment; seclusion; solitude; privacy; asylum; shelter; refuge.

RETREAT Re*treat", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Retreating.]

Defn: To make a retreat; to retire from any position or place; to withdraw; as, the defeated army retreated from the field. The rapid currents drive Towards the retreating sea their furious tide. Milton.

RETREATFUL Re*treat"ful, a.

Defn: Furnishing or serving as a retreat. [R.] "Our retreatful flood." Chapman.

RETREATMENT Re*treat"ment, n.

Defn: The act of retreating; specifically, the Hegira. [R.] D'Urfey.

RETRENCH Re*trench", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrenching.] Etym: [OF. retrenchier, F. retrancher; pref. re- re- + OF. trenchier, F. trancher, to cut. See Trench.]

1. To cut off; to pare away. Thy exuberant parts retrench. Denham.

2. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail; as, to retrench superfluities or expenses. But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched. Milton.

3. To confine; to limit; to restrict. Addison. These figures, ought they then to receive a retrenched interpretation I. Taylor.

4. (Fort.)

Defn: To furnish with a retrenchment; as, to retrench bastions.

Syn. -- To lesen; diminish; curtail; abridge.

RETRENCH Re*trench", v. i.

Defn: To cause or suffer retrenchment; specifically, to cut down living expenses; as, it is more reputable to retrench than to live embarrassed.

RETRENCHMENT Re*trench"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. retrenchment.]

1. The act or process of retrenching; as, the retrenchment of words in a writing. The retrenchment of my expenses will convince you that Walpole.

2. (Fort.)

Defn: A work constructed within another, to prolong the defense of the position when the enemy has gained possession of the outer work; or to protect the defenders till they can retreat or obtain terms for a capitulation.

Syn. -- Lessening; curtailment; diminution; reduction; abridgment.

RETRIAL Re*tri"al, n.

Defn: A secdond trial, experiment, or test; a second judicial trial, as of an accused person.

RETRIBUTE Re*trib"ute, v. t. Etym: [L. retributus, p. p. ofretribuere to retribute; pref re- + tribuere to bestow, assign, pay. See Tribute.]

Defn: To pay back; to give in return, as payment, reward, or punishment; to requite; as, to retribute one for his kindness; to retribute just punishment to a criminal. [Obs. or R.] Locke.

RETRIBUTER Re*trib"u*ter, n.

Defn: One who makes retribution.

RETRIBUTION Ret`ri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. retributio: cf. F. rétribution.]

1. The act of retributing; repayment. In good offices and due retributions, we may not be pinching and niggardly. Bp. Hall.

2. That which is given in repayment or compensation; return suitable to the merits or deserts of, as an action; commonly, condign punishment for evil or wrong. All who have their reward on earth, . . . Naught seeking but the praise of men, here find Fit retribution, empty as their deeds. Milton.

3. Specifically, reward and punishment, as distributed at the general judgment. It is a strong argument for a state of retribution hereafter, that in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate, and vicious persons prosperous. Addison.

Syn. -- Repayment; requital; recompense; payment; retaliation.

RETRIBUTIVE; RETRIBUTORY Re*trib"u*tive, Re*trib"u*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. retributorius worthy of retribution.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to retribution; of the nature of retribution; involving retribution or repayment; as, retributive justice; retributory comforts.

RETRIEVABLE Re*triev"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Retrieve.]

Defn: That may be retrieved or recovered; admitting of retrieval. -- Re*triev"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*triev"a*bly, adv.

RETRIEVAL Re*triev"al, n.

Defn: The act retrieving.

RETRIEVE Re*trieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrieving.] Etym: [OE. retreven, OF. retrover to find again, recover (il retroevee finds again), F. retrouver; pref. re- re- + OF. trover to find, F. trouver. See Trover.]

1. To find again; to recover; to regain; to restore from loss or injury; as, to retrieve one's character; to retrieve independence. With late repentance now they would retrieve The bodies they forsook, and wish to live. Dryden

2. To recall; to bring back. To retrieve them from their cold, trivial conceits. Berkeley.

3. To remedy the evil consequence of, to repair, as a loss or damadge. Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall. Prior. There is much to be done . . . and much to be retrieved. Burke.

Syn. -- To recover; regain; recruit; repair; restore.

RETRIEVE Re*trieve", v. i. (Sport.)

Defn: To discover and bring in game that has been killed or wounded; as, a dog naturally inclined to retrieve. Walsh.

RETRIEVE Re*trieve", n.

1. A seeking again; a discovery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. The recovery of game once sprung; -- an old sporting term. [Obs.] Nares.

RETRIEVEMENT Re*trieve"ment, n.

Defn: Retrieval.

RETRIEVER Re*triev"er, n.

1. One who retrieves.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A dor, or a breed of dogs, chiefly employed to retrieve, or to find and recover game birds that have been killed or wounded.

RETRIM Re*trim", v. t.

Defn: To trim again.

RETRIMENT Ret"ri*ment, n. Etym: [L. retrimentum.]

Defn: Refuse; dregs. [R.]

RETRO- Retro-. Etym: [L. retro, adv., backward, back. Cf. Re-.]

Defn: A prefix or combining form signifying backward, back; as, retroact, to act backward; retrospect, a looking back.

RETROACT Re`tro*act", v. i. Etym: [Pref. retro- + act.]

Defn: To act backward, or in return; to act in opposition; to be retrospective.

RETROACTION Re`tro*ac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroaction.]

1. Action returned, or action backward.

2. Operation on something past or preceding.

RETROACTIVE Re`tro*act"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroactif.]

Defn: Fitted or designed to retroact; operating by returned action; affecting what is past; retrospective. Beddoes. Retroactive law or statute (Law), one which operates to make criminal or punishable, or in any way expressly to affect, acts done prior to the passing of the law.

RETROACTIVELY Re`tro*act"ive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a retroactive manner.

RETROCEDE Re"tro*cede, v. t. Etym: [Pref. retro- + cede: cf. F. rétrocéder.]

Defn: To cede or grant back; as, to retrocede a territory to a former proprietor.

RETROCEDE Re"tro*cede, v. i. Etym: [L. retrocedere; retro backward, back + cedere to go. See Cede.]

Defn: To go back.

RETROCEDENT Re`tro*ced"ent, a. Etym: [L. retrocedens, p. pr.]

Defn: Disposed or likely to retrocede; -- said of diseases which go from one part of the body to another, as the gout.

RETROCESSION Re`tro*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrocession. See Retrocede.]

1. The act of retroceding.

2. The state of being retroceded, or granted back.

3. (Med.)

Defn: Metastasis of an eruption or a tumor from the surface to the interior of the body.

RETROCHOIR Re"tro*choir, n. Etym: [Pref. retro- + choir.] (Eccl. Arch.)

Defn: Any extension of a church behind the higggggggh altar, as a chapel; also, in an apsidal church, all the space beyond the line of the back or eastern face of the altar.

RETROCOPULANT Re`tro*cop"u*lant, a. Etym: [See Retrocopulation.]

Defn: Copulating backward, or from behind.

RETROCOPULATION Re`tro*cop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. retro- + copulation.]

Defn: Copulation from behind. Sir T. Browne.

RETRODUCTION Re`tro*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. retroducere, retroductum, to lead or bring back; retro backward + ducere to lead.]

Defn: A leading or bringing back.

RETROFLEX; RETROFLEXED Re"tro*flex, Re"tro*flexed, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. flectere, flexum, to bend, to turn.]

Defn: Reflexed; bent or turned abruptly backward.

RETROFLEXION Re`tro*flex"ion, n.

Defn: The act of reflexing; the state of being retroflexed. Cf. Retroversion.

RETROFRACT; RETROFRACTED Re"tro*fract, Re"tro*fract`ed, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] (Bot.)

Defn: Refracted; as, a retrofract stem.

RETROGENERATIVE Re`tro*gen"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + generative.]

Defn: Begetting young by retrocopulation.

RETROGRADATION Re`tro*gra*da"tion, n. Etym: [F. rétrogradation or L. retrogradatio. See Retrograde.]

1. The act of retrograding, or moving backward.

2. The state of being retrograde; decline.

RETROGRADE Re"tro*grade, a. Etym: [L. retrogradus, from retrogradi, retrogressus, to retrograde; retro back + gradi to step: cf. F. rétrograde. See Grade.]

1. (Astron.)

Defn: Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet. Hutton. And if he be in the west side in that condition, then is he retrograde. Chaucer.

2. Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; -- opposed to Ant: progressive. "Progressive and not retrograde." Bacon. It is most retrograde to our desire. Shak.

3. Declining from a better to a worse state; as, a retrograde people; retrograde ideas, morals, etc. Bacon.

RETROGRADE Re"tro*grade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retrograded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrograding.] Etym: [L. retrogradare, retrogradi: cf. F. rétrograder.]

1. To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet.

2. Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence.

RETROGRADINGLY Re"tro*gra`ding*ly, adv.

Defn: By retrograding; so as to retrograde.

RETROGRESS Re"tro*gress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. retrogressus.]

Defn: Retrogression. [R.] H. Spenser.

RETROGRESSION Re`tro*gres"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrogression. See Retrograde, and cf. Digression.]

1. The act of retrograding, or going backward; retrogradation.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Backward development; a passing from a higher to a lower state of organization or structure, as when an animal, approaching maturity, becomes less highly organized than would be expected from its earlier stages or known relationship. Called also retrograde development, and regressive metamorphism.

RETROGRESSIVE Re`tro*gres"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrogressif.]

1. Tending to retrograde; going or moving backward; declining from a better to a worse state.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Passing from a higher to a lower condition; declining from a more perfect state of organization; regressive.

RETROGRESSIVELY Re`tro*gres"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a retrogressive manner.

RETROMINGENCY Re`tro*min"gen*cy, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being retromingent. Sir T. Browne.

RETROMINGENT Re`tro*min"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. mingens, p. pr. of mingere to urinate.]

Defn: Organized so as to discharge the urine backward. -- n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal that discharges its urine backward.

RETROPULSIVE Re`tro*pul"sive, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. pellere, pulsum, to impel.]

Defn: Driving back; repelling.

RETRORSE Re*trorse", a. Etym: [L. retrorsus, retroversus; retro back + vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrovert.]

Defn: Bent backward or downward. -- Re*trorse"ly, adv.

RETROSPECT Re"tro*spect, v. i. Etym: [L. retrospicere; retro back + specere, spectum, to look. See Spy, and cf. Expect.]

Defn: To look backward; hence, to affect or concern what is past. It may be useful to retrospect to an early period. A. Hamilton.

RETROSPECT Re"tro*spect, n.

Defn: A looking back on things past; view or contemplation of the past. Cowper. We may introduce a song without retrospect to the old comedy. Landor.

RETROSPECTION Re`tro*spec"tion, n.

Defn: The act, or the faculty, of looking back on things past.

RETROSPECTIVE Re`tro*spec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrospectif.]

1. Looking backward; contemplating things past; -- opposed to prospective; as, a retrospective view. The sage, with retrospective eye. Pope.

2. Having reference to what is past; affecting things past; retroactive; as, a retrospective law. Inflicting death by a retrospective enactment. Macaulay.

RETROSPECTIVELY Re`tro*spec"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: By way of retrospect.

RETROUSSE Re*trous`sé", a. [F., p.p. of retrousser to turn up.]

Defn: Turned up; -- said of a pug nose.

RETROVACCINATION Re`tro*vac`ci*na"tion, n. (Med.)

Defn: The inoculation of a cow with human vaccine virus.

RETROVERSION Re`tro*ver"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroversion. See Retrovert.]

Defn: A turning or bending backward; also, the state of being turned or bent backward; displacement backwards; as, retroversion of the uterus.

Note: In retroversion the bending is gradual or curved; in retroflexion it is abrupt or angular.

RETROVERT Re"tro*vert, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retroverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retroverting.] Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrorse.]

Defn: To turn back.

RETROVERTED Re"tro*vert*ed, a.

Defn: In a state of retroversion.

RETRUDE Re*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retruding.] Etym: [L. retrudere; re- + trudere to thrust.]

Defn: To thrust back. [R.] Dr. H. More.

RETRUSE Re*truse", a. Etym: [L. retrusus concealed, p. p. of retrudere.]

Defn: Abstruse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

RETRUSION Re*tru"sion, n.

Defn: The act of retruding, or the state of being retruded. In virtue of an endless remotion or retrusion of the constituent cause. Coleridge.

RETRY Re*try", v. t.

Defn: To try (esp. judicially) a second time; as, to retry a case; to retry an accused person.

RETTE Rette, v. t.

Defn: See Aret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RETTERY Ret"ter*y, n.

Defn: A place or establishment where flax is retted. See Ret. Ure.

RETTING Ret"ting, n.

1. The act or process of preparing flax for use by soaking, meceration, and kindred processes; -- also called rotting. See Ret. Ure.

2. A place where flax is retted; a rettery. Ure.

RETUND Re*tund", v. t. Etym: [L. retundere, retusum; pref. re- re- + tundere to beat.]

Defn: To blunt; to turn, as an edge; figuratively, to cause to be obtuse or dull; as, to retund confidence. Ray. Cudworth.

RE-TURN Re-turn", v. t. & i.

Defn: To turn again.

RETURN Re*turn", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Returned; p. pr. & vb. n. Returning.] Etym: [OE. returnen, retournen, F. retourner; pref. re- re- + tourner to turn. See Turn.]

1. To turn back; to go or come again to the same place or condition. "Return to your father's house." Chaucer. On their embattled ranks the waves return. Milton. If they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom. Locke. Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. Gen. iii. 19.

2. To come back, or begin again, after an interval, regular or irregular; to appear again. With the year Seasons return; but not me returns Day or the sweet approach of even or morn. Milton.

3. To speak in answer; to reply; to respond. He said, and thus the queen of heaven returned. Pope.

4. To revert; to pass back into possession. And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to the house of David. 1Kings xii. 26.

5. To go back in thought, narration, or argument. "But to return to my story." Fielding.

RETURN Re*turn", v. t.

1. To bring, carry, send, or turn, back; as, to return a borrowed book, or a hired horse. Both fled attonce, ne ever back returned eye. Spenser.

2. To repay; as, to return borrowed money.

3. To give in requital or recompense; to requite. The Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head. 1 Kings ii. 44.

4. To give back in reply; as, to return an answer; to return thanks.

5. To retort; to throw back; as, to return the lie. If you are a malicious reader, you return upon me, that I affect to be thought more impartial than I am. Dryden.

6. To report, or bring back and make known. And all the people answered together, . . . and Moses returned the words of the people unto the Lord. Ex. xix. 8.

7. To render, as an account, usually an official account, to a superior; to report officially by a list or statement; as, to return a list of stores, of killed or wounded; to return the result of an election.

8. Hence, to elect according to the official report of the election officers. [Eng.]

9. To bring or send back to a tribunal, or to an office, with a certificate of what has been done; as, to return a writ.

10. To convey into official custody, or to a general depository. Instead of a ship, he should llevy money, and return the same to the treasurer for his majesty's use. Clarendon.

11. (Tennis)

Defn: To bat (the ball) back over the net.

12. (Card Playing)

Defn: To lead in response to the lead of one's partner; as, to return a trump; to return a diamond for a club. To return a lead (Card Playing), to lead the same suit led by one's partner.

Syn. -- To restore; requite; repay; recompense; render; remit; report.

RETURN Re*turn", n.

1. The act of returning (intransitive), or coming back to the same place or condition; as, the return of one long absent; the return of health; the return of the seasons, or of an anniversary. At the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee. 1 Kings xx. 22. His personal return was most required and necessary. Shak.

2. The act of returning (transitive), or sending back to the same place or condition; restitution; repayment; requital; retribution; as, the return of anything borrowed, as a book or money; a good return in tennis. You made my liberty your late request: Is no return due from a grateful breast Dryden.

3. That which is returned. Specifically: (a) A payment; a remittance; a requital. I do expect return Of thrice three times the value of this bond. Shak.

(b) An answer; as, a return to one's question. (c) An account, or formal report, of an action performed, of a duty discharged, of facts or statistics, and the like; as, election returns; a return of the amount of goods produced or sold; especially, in the plural, a set of tabulated statistics prepared for general information. (d) The profit on, or advantage received from, labor, or an investment, undertaking, adventure, etc. The fruit from many days of recreation is very little; but from these few hours we spend in prayer, the return is great. Jer. Taylor.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: The continuation in a different direction, most often at a right angle, of a building, face of a building, or any member, as a molding or mold; -- applied to the shorter in contradistinction to the longer; thus, a facade of sixty feet east and west has a return of twenty feet north and south.

5. (Law) (a) The rendering back or delivery of writ, precept, or execution, to the proper officer or court. (b) The certificate of an officer stating what he has done in execution of a writ, precept, etc., indorsed on the document. (c) The sending back of a commission with the certificate of the commissioners. (d) A day in bank. See Return day, below. Blackstone.

6. (Mil. & Naval)

Defn: An official account, report, or statement, rendered to the commander or other superior officer; as, the return of men fit for duty; the return of the number of the sick; the return of provisions, etc.

7. pl. (Fort. & Mining)

Defn: The turnings and windings of a trench or mine. Return ball, a ball held by an elastic string so that it returns to the hand from which it is thrown, -- used as a plaything. -- Return bend, a pipe fitting for connecting the contiguous ends of two nearly parallel pipes lying alongside or one above another. -- Return day (Law), the day when the defendant is to appear in court, and the sheriff is to return the writ and his proceedings. -- Return flue, in a steam boiler, a flue which conducts flame or gases of combustion in a direction contrary to their previous movement in another flue. -- Return pipe (Steam Heating), a pipe by which water of condensation from a heater or radiator is conveyed back toward the boiler.

RETURNABLE Re*turn"a*ble, a.

1. Capable of, or admitting of, being returned.

2. (Law)

Defn: Legally required to be returned, delivered, given, or rendered; as, a writ or precept returnable at a certain day; a verdict returnable to the court.

RETURNER Re*turn"er, n.

Defn: One who returns.

RETURNLESS Re*turn"less, a.

Defn: Admitting no return. Chapman.

RETUSE Re*tuse", a. Etym: [L. retusus, p. p. : cf. F. rétus. See Retund.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the end rounded and slightly indented; as, a retuse leaf.

REULE Reule, n.& v.

Defn: Rule. [Obs.]

REUME Reume, n.

Defn: Realm. [Obs.]

REUNION Re*un"ion, n. Etym: [Pref. re- + union: cf. F. réunion.]

1. A second union; union formed anew after separation, secession, or discord; as, a reunion of parts or particles of matter; a reunion of parties or sects.

2. An assembling of persons who have been separated, as of a family, or the members of a disbanded regiment; an assembly so composed.

REUNITE Re`u*nite", v. t. & i.

Defn: To unite again; to join after separation or variance. Shak.

REUNITEDLY Re`u*nit"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a reunited manner.

REUNITION Re`u*ni"tion, n.

Defn: A second uniting. [R.]

REURGE Re*urge", v. t.

Defn: To urge again.

REVACCINATE Re*vac"ci*nate, v. t.

Defn: To vaccinate a second time or again. -- Re*vac`ci*na"tion(#), n.

REVALESCENCE Rev`a*les"cence, n.

Defn: The act of growing well; the state of being revalescent. Would this prove that the patient's revalescence had been independent of the medicines given him Coleridge.

REVALESCENT Rev`a*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. revalescens, -entis, p. pr. of revalescere; pref. re- re- + valescere, v. incho. fr. valere to be well.]

Defn: Growing well; recovering strength.

REVALUATION Re*val`u*a"tion, n.

Defn: A second or new valuation.

REVAMP Re*vamp", v. t.

Defn: To vamp again; hence, topatch up; to reconstruct.

REVE Reve, v. t.

Defn: To reave. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REVE Reve, n. Etym: [See Reeve.]

Defn: An officer, steward, or governor. [Usually written reeve.] [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

REVEAL Re*veal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Revealing.] Etym: [F. révéler, L. revelare, revelatum, to unveil, reveal; pref. re- re- + velare to veil; fr. velum a veil. See Veil.]

1. To make known (that which has been concealed or kept secret); to unveil; to disclose; to show. Light was the wound, the prince's care unknown, She might not, would not, yet reveal her own. Waller.

2. Specifically, to communicate (that which could not be known or discovered without divine or supernatural instruction or agency).

Syn. -- To communicate; disclose; divulge; unveil; uncover; open; discover; impart; show. See Communicate. -- Reveal, Divulge. To reveal is literally to lift the veil, and thus make known what was previously concealed; to divulge is to scatter abroad among the people, or make publicly known. A mystery or hidden doctrine may be revealed; something long confined to the knowledge of a few is at length divulged. "Time, which reveals all things, is itself not to be discovered." Locke. "A tragic history of facts divulged." Wordsworth.

REVEAL Re*veal", n.

1. A revealing; a disclosure. [Obs.]

2. (Arch.)

Defn: The side of an opening for a window, doorway, or the like, between the door frame or window frame and the outer surface of the wall; or, where the opening is not filled with a door, etc., the whole thickness of the wall; the jamb. [Written also revel.]

REVEALABILITY Re*veal`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being revealable; revealableness.

REVEALABLE Re*veal"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being revealed. -- Re*veal"a*ble*ness, n.

REVEALER Re*veal"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, reveals.

REVEALMENT Re*veal"ment, n.

Defn: Act of revealing. [R.]

REVEGETATE Re*veg"e*tate, v. i.

Defn: To vegetate anew.

REVEILLE Re*veil"le, n. Etym: [F. réveil, fr. réveiller to awake; pref. re- re- + pref. es- (L. ex) + veiller to awake, watch, L. vigilare to watch. The English form was prob. taken by mistake from the French imper. réveillez,2d pers. pl. See Vigil.] (Mil.)

Defn: The beat of drum, or bugle blast, about break of day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to rise, and for the sentinels to forbear challenging. "Sound a reveille." Dryden. For at dawning to assail ye Here no bugles sound reveille. Sir W. Scott.

REVEL Rev"el, n. (Arch.)

Defn: See Reveal. [R.]

REVEL Rev"el, n. Etym: [OF. revel rebellion, disorder, feast, sport. See Revel, v. i.]

Defn: A feast with loose and noisy jollity; riotous festivity or merrymaking; a carousal. This day in mirth and revel to dispend. Chaucer. Some men ruin . . . their bodies by incessant revels. Rambler. Master of the revels, Revel master. Same as Lord of misrule, under Lord.

REVEL Rev"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reveled or Revelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveling or Revelling.] Etym: [OF. reveler to revolt, rebel, make merry, fr. L. rebellare. See Rebel.]

1. To feast in a riotous manner; to carouse; to act the bacchanalian; to make merry. Shak.

2. To move playfully; to indulge without restraint. "Where joy most revels." Shak.

REVEL Re*vel", v. t. Etym: [L. revellere; re- + vellere to pluck, pull.]

Defn: To draw back; to retract. [Obs.] Harvey.

REVELATE Rev"e*late, v. t. Etym: [L. revelatus, p. p. of revelare to reveal.]

Defn: To reveal. [Obs.] Frith. Barnes.

REVELATION Rev`e*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. révélation, L. revelatio. See Reveal.]

1. The act of revealing, disclosing, or discovering to others what was before unknown to them.

2. That which is revealed.

3. (Theol.) (a) The act of revealing divine truth. (b) That which is revealed by God to man; esp., the Bible. By revelation he made known unto me the mystery, as I wrote afore in few words. Eph. iii. 3.

4. Specifically, the last book of the sacred canon, containing the prophecies of St. John; the Apocalypse.

REVELATOR Rev"e*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who makes a revelation; a revealer. [R.]

REVELER Rev"el*er, n. Etym: [Written also reveller.]

Defn: One who revels. "Moonshine revelers." Shak.

REVELLENT Re*vel"lent, a. Etym: [L. revellens, p. pr. of revellere. See Revel, v. t.]

Defn: Causing revulsion; revulsive. -- n. (Med.)

Defn: A revulsive medicine.

REVELMENT Rev"el*ment, n.

Defn: The act of reveling.

REVELOUS Rev"el*ous, a. Etym: [OF. reveleus.]

Defn: Fond of festivity; given to merrymaking or reveling. [Obs.] Companionable and revelous was she. Chaucer.

REVEL-ROUT Rev"el-rout`, n. Etym: [See Rout.]

1. Tumultuous festivity; revelry. [Obs.] Rowe.

2. A rabble; a riotous assembly; a mob. [Obs.]

REVELRY Rev"el*ry, n. Etym: [See Revel, v. i. & n.]

Defn: The act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity; reveling. And pomp and feast and revelry. Milton.

REVENDICATE Re*ven"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revendicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Revendicating.]Etym: [Cf. F. revendiquer. See Revenge.]

Defn: To reclaim; to demand the restoration of. [R.] Vattel (Trans. ).

REVENDICATION Re*ven`di*ca""tion, n. Etym: [F. revendication.]

Defn: The act of revendicating. [R.] Vattel (Trans. )

REVENGE Re*venge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revenged, p. pr. & vb. n. Revenging (.] Etym: [OF. revengier, F. revancher; pref. re- re- + OF. vengier to avenge, revenge, F. venger, L. vindicare. See Vindicate, Vengerance, and cf. Revindicate.]

1. To inflict harm in return for, as an injury, insult, etc.; to exact satisfaction for, under a sense of injury; to avenge; -- followed either by the wrong received, or by the person or thing wronged, as the object, or by the reciprocal pronoun as direct object, and a preposition before thewrong done or the wrongdoer. To revenge the death of our fathers. Ld. Berners. The gods are just, and will revenge our cause. Dryden. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come, Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius. Shak.

2. To inflict injury for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit; to wreak vengeance for maliciously.

Syn. -- To avenge; vindicate. See Avenge.

REVENGE Re*venge", v. i.

Defn: To take vengeance; -- with upon. [Obs.] "A bird that will revenge upon you all." Shak.

REVENGE Re*venge", n.

1. The act of revenging; vengeance; retaliation; a returning of evil for evil. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is even with his enemy; but in passing it over he is superior. Bacon.

2. The disposition to revenge; a malignant wishing of evil to one who has done us an injury. Revenge now goes To lay a complot to betray thy foes. Shak. The indulgence of revenge tends to make men more savage and cruel. Kames.

REVENGEABLE Re*venge"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being revenged; as, revengeable wrong. Warner.

REVENGEANCE Re*venge"ance, n.

Defn: Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.]

REVENGEFUL Re*venge"ful, a.

Defn: Full of, or prone to, revenge; vindictive; malicious; revenging; wreaking revenge. If thy revengeful heart can not forgive. Shak. May my hands . . . Never brandish more rebvengeful steel. Shak.

Syn. -- Vindictive; vengeful; resentful; malicious. -- Re*venge"ful*ly, adv. -- Re*venge"ful*ness, n.

REVENGELESS Re*venge"less, a.

Defn: Unrevenged. [Obs.] Marston.

REVENGEMENT Re*venge"ment, n.

Defn: Revenge. [Obs.] He 'll breed revengement and a scourge for me. Shak.

REVENGER Re*ven"ger, n.

Defn: One who revenges. Shak.

REVENGING Re*ven"ging, a.

Defn: Executing revenge; revengeful. -- Re*ven"ging*ly, adv. Shak.

REVENUE Rev"e*nue, n. Etym: [F. revenu, OF. revenue, fr. revenir to return, L. revenire; pref. re- re- + venire to come. See Come.]

1. That which returns, or comes back, from an investment; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal; income. Do not anticipate your revenues and live upon air till you know what you are worth. Gray.

2. Hence, return; reward; as, a revenue of praise.

3. The annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. Revenue cutter, an armed government vessel employed to enforce revenue laws, prevent smuggling, etc.

REVERB Re*verb", v. t.

Defn: To echo. [Obs.] Shak.

REVERBERANT Re*ver"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. reverberans, p. pr. : cf. F. réverbérant. See Reverberate.]

Defn: Having the quality of reverberation; reverberating.

REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, a. Etym: [L. reverberatus, p. p. of reverberare to strike back, repel; pref. re- re- + verberare to lash, whip, beat, fr. verber a lash, whip, rod.]

1. Reverberant. [Obs.] "The reverberate hills." Shak.

2. Driven back, as sound; reflected. [Obs.] Drayton.

REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverberating.]

1. To return or send back; to repel or drive back; to echo, as sound; to reflect, as light, as light or heat. Who, like an arch, reverberates The voice again. Shak.

2. To send or force back; to repel from side to side; as, flame is reverberated in a furnace.

3. Hence, to fuse by reverberated heat. [Obs.] "Reverberated into glass." Sir T. Browne.

REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, v. i.

1. To resound; to echo.

2. To be driven back; to be reflected or repelled, as rays of light; to be echoed, as sound.

REVERBERATION Re*ver`ber*a"tion, n. Etym: [CF. F. réverbération.]

Defn: The act of reverberating; especially, the act of reflecting light or heat, or reëchoing sound; as, the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of voices; the reverberation of heat or flame in a furnace.

REVERBERATIVE Re*ver"ber*a*tive, a.

Defn: Of the nature of reverberation; tending to reverberate; reflective. This reverberative influence is that which we have intended above, as the influence of the mass upon its centers. I. Taylor.

REVERBERATOR Re*ver"ber*a`tor, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, produces reverberation.

REVERBERATORY Re*ver"ber*a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Producing reverberation; acting by reverberation; reverberative. Reverberatory furnace. See the Note under Furnace.

REVERBERATORY Re*ver"ber*a*to*ry, n.

Defn: A reverberatory furnace.

REVERDURE Re*ver"dure, v. t.

Defn: To cover again with verdure. Ld. Berners.

REVERE Re*vere", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revered; p. pr. & vb. n. Revering.] Etym: [L. revereri; pref. re- re- + vereri to fear, perh. akin to E. wary: cf. F. révérer.]

Defn: To regard with reverence, or profound respect and affection, mingled with awe or fear; to venerate; to reverence; to honor in estimation. Marcus Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father than treated as his partner in the empire. Addison.

Syn. -- To venerate; adore; reverence.

REVERENCE Rev"er*ence, n. Etym: [F. révérence, L. reverentia. See Reverent.]

1. Profound respect and esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy being or place; the disposition to revere; veneration. If thou be poor, farewell thy reverence. Chaucer. Reverence, which is the synthesis of love and fear. Coleridge. When discords, and quarrels, and factions, are carried openly and audaciously, it is a sign the reverence of government islost. Bacon.

Note: Formerly, as in Chaucer, reverence denoted "respect" "honor", without awe or fear.

2. The act of revering; a token of respect or veneration; an obeisance. Make twenty reverences upon receiving . . . about twopence. Goldsmith. And each of them doeth all his diligence To do unto the feast reverence. Chaucer.

3. That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state. I am forced to lay my reverence by. Shak.

4. A person entitled to be revered; -- a title applied to priests or other ministers with the pronouns his or your; sometimes poetically to a father. Shak. Save your reverence, Saving your reverence, an apologetical phrase for an unseemly expression made in the presence of a priest or clergyman. -- Sir reverence, a contracted form of Save your reverence. Such a one as a man may not speak of, without he say. "Sir reverence." Shak. -- To do reverence, to show reverence or honor; to perform an act of reverence. Now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. Shak.

Syn. -- Awe; honor; veneration; adoratuon; dread. -- Awe, Reverence, Dread, Veneration. Reverence is a strong sentiment of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear; as, reverence for the divine law. Awe is a mixed feeling of sublimity and dread in view of something great or terrible, sublime or sacred; as, awe at the divine presence. It does not necessarily imply love. Dread is an anxious fear in view of an impending evil; as, dread of punishment. Veneration is reverence in its strongest manifestations. It is the highest emotion we can exercise toward human beings. Exalted and noble objects produce reverence; terrific and threatening objects awaken dread; a sense of the divine presence fills us with awe; a union of wisdom and virtue in one who is advanced in years inspires us with veneration.

REVERENCE Rev"er*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverencing.]

Defn: To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. Let . . . the wife see that she reverence her husband. Eph. v. 33. Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise. Shak.

REVERENCER Rev"er*en*cer, n.

Defn: One who regards with reverence. "Reverencers of crowned heads." Swift.

REVEREND Rev"er*end, a. Etym: [F. révérend, L. reverendus, fr. revereri. See Revere.]

Defn: Worthy of reverence; entitled to respect mingled with fear and affection; venerable. A reverend sire among them came. Milton. They must give good example and reverend deportment in the face of their children. Jer. Taylor.

Note: This word is commonly given as a title of respect to ecclesiastics. A clergyman is styled the reverend; a dean, the very reverend; a bishop, the right reverend; an archbishop, the most reverend.

REVERENDLY Rev"er*end*ly, adv.

Defn: Reverently. [Obs.] Foxe.

REVERENT Rev"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. reverens, -entis, p. pr. of revereri. See Revere.]

1. Disposed to revere; impressed with reverence; submissive; humble; respectful; as, reverent disciples. "They . . . prostrate fell before him reverent." Milton.

2. Expressing reverence, veneration, devotion, or submission; as, reverent words; reverent behavior. Joye.

REVERENTIAL Rev`er*en"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révérenciel. See Reverence.]

Defn: Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence; having a reverent quality; reverent; as, reverential fear or awe. "A reverential esteem of things sacred." South.

REVERENTIALLY Rev`er*en"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a reverential manner.

REVERENTLY Rev"er*ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a reverent manner; in respectful regard.

REVERER Re*ver"er, n.

Defn: One who reveres.

REVERIE; REVERY Rev"er*ie, Rev"er*y, n.; pl. Reveries. Etym: [F. réverie, fr. rêver to dream, rave, be light-headed. Cf. Rave.]

1. A loose or irregular train of thought occurring in musing or mediation; deep musing; daydream. "Rapt in nameless reveries." Tennyson. When ideas float in our mind without any reflection or regard of the understanding, it is that which the French call revery, our language has scarce a name for it. Locke.

2. An extravagant concient of the fancy; a vision. [R.] There are infinite reveries and numberless extravagancies pass through both [wise and foolish minds]. Addison.

REVERS Re*vers", n.sing & pl. [F. See Reverse, n.] (Dressmaking, Tailoring, etc.)

Defn: A part turned or folded back so as to show the inside, or a piece put on in imitation of such a part, as the lapel of a coat.

REVERSAL Re*ver"sal, a. Etym: [See Reverse.]

Defn: Intended to reverse; implying reversal. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

REVERSAL Re*ver"sal, n. Etym: [From Reverse.]

1. The act of reversing; the causing to move or face in an opposite direction, or to stand or lie in an inverted position; as, the reversal of a rotating wheel; the reversal of objects by a convex lens.

2. A change or overthrowing; as, the reversal of a judgment, which amounts to an official declaration that it is false; the reversal of an attainder, or of an outlawry, by which the sentence is rendered void. Blackstone.

REVERSE Re*verse", a. Etym: [OE. revers, OF. revers, L. reversus, p. p. of revertere. See Revert.]

1. Turned backward; having a contrary or opposite direction; hence; opposite or contrary in kind; as, the reverse order or method. "A vice reverse unto this." Gower.

2. Turned upside down; greatly disturbed. [Obs.] He found the sea diverse With many a windy storm reverse. Gower.

3. (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Reversed; as, a reverse shell. Reverse bearing (Surv.), the bearing of a back station as observed from the station next in advance. -- Reverse curve (Railways), a curve like the letter S, formed of two curves bending in opposite directions. -- Reverse fire (Mil.), a fire in the rear. -- Reverse operation (Math.), an operation the steps of which are taken in a contrary order to that in which the same or similar steps are taken in another operation considered as direct; an operation in which that is sought which in another operation is given, and that given which in the other is sought; as, finding the length of a pendulum from its time of vibration is the reverse operation to finding the time of vibration from the length.

REVERSE Re*verse", n. Etym: [Cf. F. revers. See Reverse, a.]

1. That which appears or is presented when anything, as a lance, a line, a course of conduct, etc., is reverted or turned contrary to its natural direction. He did so with the reverse of the lance. Sir W. Scott.

2. That which is directly opposite or contrary to something else; a contrary; an opposite. Chaucer. And then mistook reverse of wrong for right. Pope. To make everything the reverse of what they have seen, is quite as easy as to destroy. Burke.

3. The act of reversing; complete change; reversal; hence, total change in circumstances or character; especially, a change from better to worse; misfortune; a check or defeat; as, the enemy met with a reverse. The strange reverse of fate you see; I pitied you, now you may pity me. Dryden. By a reverse of fortune, Stephen becomes rich. Lamb.

4. The back side; as, the reverse of a drum or trench; the reverse of a medal or coin, that is, the side opposite to the Ant: obverse. See Obverse.

5. A thrust in fencing made with a backward turn of the hand; a backhanded stroke. [Obs.] Shak.

6. (Surg.)

Defn: A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed.

REVERSE Re*verse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reversed;p. pr. & vb. n. Reversing.] Etym: [See Reverse, a., and cf. Revert.]

1. To turn back; to cause to face in a contrary direction; to cause to depart. And that old dame said many an idle verse, Out of her daughter's heart fond fancies to reverse. Spenser.

2. To cause to return; to recall. [Obs.] And to his fresh remembrance did reverse The ugly view of his deformed crimes. Spenser.

3. To change totally; to alter to the opposite. Reverse the doom of death. Shak. She reversed the conduct of the celebrated vicar of Bray. Sir W. Scott.

4. To turn upside down; to invert. A pyramid reversed may stand upon his point if balanced by admirable skill. Sir W. Temple.

5. Hence, to overthrow; to subvert. These can divide, and these reverse, the state. Pope. Custom . . . reverses even the distinctions of good and evil. Rogers.

6. (Law)

Defn: To overthrow by a contrary decision; to make void; to under or annual for error; as, to reverse a judgment, sentence, or decree. Reverse arms (Mil.), a position of a soldier in which the piece passes between the right elbow and the body at an angle of 45°, and is held as in the illustration. -- To reverse an engine or a machine, to cause it to perform its revolutions or action in the opposite direction.

Syn. -- To overturn; overset; invert; overthrow; subvert; repeal; annul; revoke; undo.

REVERSE Re*verse", v. i.

1. To return; to revert. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To become or be reversed.

REVERSED Re*versed", a.

1. Turned side for side, or end for end; changed to the contrary; specifically (Bot. & Zoöl.), sinistrorse or sinistral; as, a reversed, or sinistral, spiral or shell.

2. (Law)

Defn: Annulled and the contrary substituted; as, a reversed judgment or decree. Reversed positive or negative (Photog.), a picture corresponding with the original in light and shade, but reversed as to right and left. Abney.

REVERSEDLY Re*vers"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a reversed way.

REVERSELESS Re*verse"less, a.

Defn: Irreversible. [R.] A. SEward.

REVERSELY Re*verse"ly, adv.

Defn: In a reverse manner; on the other hand; on the opposite. Bp. Pearson.

REVERSER Re*vers"er, n.

Defn: One who reverses.

REVERSIBILITY Re*vers`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being reversible. Tyndall.

REVERSIBLE Re*vers"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réversible revertible, reversionary.]

1. Capable of being reversed; as, a chair or seat having a reversible back; a reversible judgment or sentence.

2. Hence, having a pattern or finished surface on both sides, so that either may be used; -- said of fabrics. Reversible lock, a lock that may be applied to a door opening in either direction, or hinged to either jamb. -- Reversible process. See under Process.

REVERSIBLY Re*vers"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a reversible manner.

REVERSING Re*vers"ing, a.

Defn: Serving to effect reversal, as of motion; capable of being reversed. Reversing engine, a steam engine having a reversing gear by means of which it can be made to run in either direction at will. -- Reversing gear (Mach.), gear for reversing the direction of rotation at will.

REVERSION Re*ver"sion, n. Etym: [F. réversion, L. reversio a turning back. See Revert.]

1. The act of returning, or coming back; return. [Obs.] After his reversion home, [he] was spoiled, also, of all that he brought with him. Foxe.

2. That which reverts or returns; residue. [Obs.] The small reversion of this great navy which came home might be looked upon by religious eyes as relics. Fuller.

3. (Law)

Defn: The returning of an esttate to the grantor or his heirs, by operation of law, after the grant has terminated; hence, the residue of an estate left in the proprietor or owner thereof, to take effect in possession, by operation of law, after the termination of a limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. Kent.

4. Hence, a right to future possession or enjoiment; succession. For even reversions are all begged before. Dryden.

5. (Annuities)

Defn: A payment which is not to be received, or a benefit which does not begin, until the happening of some event, as the death of a living person. Brande &C.

6. (Biol.)

Defn: A return towards some ancestral type or character; atavism. Reversion of series (Alg.), the act of reverting a series. See To revert a series, under Revert, v. t.

REVERSIONARY Re*ver"sion*a*ry, a. (Law)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a reversion; involving a reversion; to be enjoyed in succession, or after the termination of a particular estate; as, a reversionary interest or right.

REVERSIONARY Re*ver"sion*a*ry, n. (Law)

Defn: That which is to be received in reversion.

REVERSIONER Re*ver"sion*er, n. (Law)

Defn: One who has a reversion, or who is entitled to lands or tenements, after a particular estate granted is terminated. Blackstone.

REVERSIS Re*ver"sis, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A certain game at cards.

REVERT Re*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverting.] Etym: [L. revertere, reversum; pref. re- re- + vertere to turn: cf. OF. revertir. See Verse, and cf. Reverse.]

1. To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse. Till happy chance revert the cruel scence. Prior. The tumbling stream . . . Reverted, plays in undulating flow. Thomson.

2. To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: To change back. See Revert, v. i. To revert a series (Alg.), to treat a series, as y = a + bx + cx2 + etc., where one variable y is expressed in powers of a second variable x, so as to find therefrom the second variable x, expressed in a series arranged in powers of y.

REVERT Re*vert", v. i.

1. To return; to come back. So that my arrows Would have reverted to my bow again. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: To return to the proprietor after the termination of a particular estate granted by him.

3. (Biol.)

Defn: To return, wholly or in part, towards some preëxistent form; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.

4. (Chem.)

Defn: To change back, as from a soluble to an insoluble state or the reverse; thus, phosphoric acid in certain fertilizers reverts.

REVERT Re*vert", n.

Defn: One who, or that which, reverts. An active promoter in making the East Saxons converts, or rather reverts, to the faith. Fuller.

REVERTED Re*vert"ed, a.

Defn: Turned back; reversed. Specifically: (Her.) Bent or curved twice, in opposite directions, or in the form of an S.

REVERTENT Re*vert"ent, n. (Med.)

Defn: A remedy which restores the natural order of the inverted irritative motions in the animal system. [Obs.] E. Darwin.

REVERTER Re*vert"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, reverts.

2. (Law) Reversion. Burrill.

REVERTIBLE Re*vert"i*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of, or admitting of, reverting or being reverted; as, a revertible estate.

REVERTIVE Re*vert"ive, a.

Defn: Reverting, or tending to revert; returning. -- Re*vert"ive*ly, adv. The tide revertive, unattracted, leaves A yellow waste of idle sands behind. Thomson.

REVERY Rev"er*y, n.

Defn: Same as Reverie.

REVEST Re*vest", v. t. Etym: [OF reverstir, F. revêtir, L. revestire; pref. re- re- + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment. See Vestry, and cf. Revet.]

1. To clothe again; to cover, as with a robe; to robe. Her, nathless, . . . the enchanterrevest and decked with due habiliments. Spenser.

2. To vest again with possession or office; as, to revest a magistrate with authority.

REVEST Re*vest", v. i.

Defn: To take effect or vest again, as a title; to revert to former owner; as, the title or right revels in A after alienation.

REVESTIARY Re*ves"ti*a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. revestiarium: cf. F. revestiaire. See Revest.]

Defn: The apartment, in a church or temple, where the vestments, etc., are kept; -- now contracted into vestry.

REVESTRY Re*ves"try, n.

Defn: Same as Revestiary. [Obs.]

REVESTTURE Re*vest"ture, n.

Defn: Vesture. [Obs.] Richrevesture of cloth of gold. E. Hall.

REVET Re*vet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revetted;p. pr. & vb. n. Revetting.] Etym: [See Revetment.] (Mil. & Civil Engineering)

Defn: To face, as an embankment, with masonry, wood, or other material.

REVETMENT Re*vet"ment, n. Etym: [F. revêtment the lining of a dith, fr. revêtir to clothe, L. revestire. See Revest,v. t.] (Fort. & Engin.)

Defn: A facing of wood, stone, or any other material, to sustain an embankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natural slope; also, a retaining wall. [Written also revêtement (

REVIBRATE Re*vi"brate, v. i.

Defn: To vibrate back or in return. -- Re`vi*bra"tion, n.

REVICT Re*vict", v. t. Etym: [L. revictus, p. p. of revincere to conquer.]

Defn: To reconquer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

REVICTION Re*vic"tion, n. Etym: [From L. revivere, revictum, to live again; pref. re- re- + vivere to live.]

Defn: Return to life. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

REVICTUAL Re*vict"ual, v. t.

Defn: To victual again.

REVIE Re*vie", v. t.

1. To vie with, or rival, in return.

2. (Card Playing)

Defn: To meet a wager on, as on the taking of a trick, with a higher wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

REVIE Re*vie", v. i.

1. To exceed an adversary's wager in card playing. [Obs.]

2. To make a retort; to bandy words. [Obs.]

REVIEW Re*view", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Review; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveiwing.] Etym: [Pref. re- + view. Cf. Riview, n. ]

1. To view or see again; to look back on [R.] "I shall review Sicilia." Shak.

2. To go over and examine critically or deliberately. Specifically: (a) To reconsider; to revise, as a manuscript before printing it, or a book for a new edition. (b) To go over with critical examination, in order to discover exellences or defects; hence, to write a critical notice of; as, to review a new novel. (c) To make a formal or official examination of the state of, as troops, and the like; as, to review a regiment. (d) (Law) To reëxamine judically; as, a higher court may review the proceedings and judgments of a lower one.

3. To retrace; to go over again. Shall I the long, laborious scene review Pope.

REVIEW Re*view", v. i.

Defn: To look back; to make a review.

REVIEW Re*view", n. Etym: [F. revue, fr. revu, p. p. of revoir to see again, L. revidere; pref. re- re- + videre to see. See View, and cf. Revise.]

1. A second or repeated view; a reëxamination; a retrospective survey; a looking over again; as, a review of one's studies; a review of life.

2. An examination with a view to amendment or improvement; revision; as, an author's review of his works.

3. A critical examination of a publication, with remarks; a criticism; a critique.

4. A periodical containing critical essays upon matters of interest, as new productions in literature, art, etc.

5. An inspection, as of troops under arms or of a naval force, by a high officer, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of discipline, equipments, etc.

6. (Law)

Defn: The judicial examination of the proceedings of a lower court by a higher.

7. A lesson studied or recited for a second time. Bill of review (Equity), a bill, in the nature of proceedings in error, filed to procure an examination and alteration or reversal of a final decree which has been duly signed and enrolled. Wharton. -- Commission of review (Eng. Eccl. Law), a commission formerly granted by the crown to revise the sentence of the court of delegates.

Syn. -- Reëxamination; resurvey; retrospect; survey; reconsideration; revisal; revise; revision.

REVIEWABLE Re*view"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being reviewed.

REVIEWAL Re*view"al, n.

Defn: A review. [R.] Southey.

REVIEWER Re*view"er, n.

Defn: One who reviews or reëxamines; an inspector; one who examines publications critically, and publishes his opinion upon their merits; a professional critic of books.

REVIGORATE Re*vig"or*ate, a. Etym: [LL. revigoratus, p. p. of revigorare; L. re- + vigor vigor.]

Defn: Having new vigor or strength; invigorated anew. [R.] Southey.

REVIGORATE Re*vig"or*ate, v. t.

Defn: To give new vigor to. [Obs.]

REVILE Re*vile", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Reviled; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviling.] Etym: [Pref. re- + OF. aviler to make vile, depreciate, F. avilir; à (L. ad.) + vil vile. See Vile.]

Defn: To address or abuse with opprobrious and contemptuous language; to reproach. "And did not she herself revile me there" Shak. Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again. 1 Pet. ii. 23.

Syn. -- To reproach; vilify; upbraid; calumniate.

REVILE Re*vile", n.

Defn: Reproach; reviling. [Obs.] The gracious Judge, without revile, replied. Milton.

REVILEMENT Re*vile"ment, n.

Defn: The act of reviling; also, contemptuous language; reproach; abuse. Spenser.

REVILER Re*vil"er, n.

Defn: One who reviles. 1. Cor. vi. 10.

REVILING Re*vil"ing, n.

Defn: Reproach; abuse; vilification. Neither be ye afraid of their revilings. Isa. li. 7.

REVILING Re*vil"ing, a.

Defn: Uttering reproaches; containing reproaches. -- Re*vil"ing*ly, adv.

REVINCE Re*vince", v. t. Etym: [See Revict.]

Defn: To overcome; to refute, as error. [Obs.] Foxe.

REVINDICATE Re*vin"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + vindicate. Cf. Revindicate, Revenge.]

Defn: To vindicate again; to reclaim; to demand and take back. Mitford.

REVIRESCENCE Rev`i*res"cence, n. Etym: [L. revirescens, p. pr. of revirescere to grow green again.]

Defn: A growing green or fresh again; renewal of youth or vigor. [Obs.]

REVISABLE Re*vis"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be revised.

REVISAL Re*vis"al, n. Etym: [From Revise.]

Defn: The act of revising, or reviewing and reëxamining for correction and improvement; revision; as, the revisal of a manuscript; the revisal of a proof sheet; the revisal of a treaty.

REVISE Re*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revised; p. pr. & vb. n. Revising.] Etym: [F. reviser, fr. L. revidere, revisum, to see again; pref. re- re- + videre, visum, tosee. See Review, View.]

1. To look at again for the detection of errors; to reëxamine; to review; to look over with care for correction; as, to revise a writing; to revise a translation.

2. (Print.)

Defn: To compare (a proof) with a previous proof of the same matter, and mark again such errors as have not been corrected in the type.

3. To review, alter, and amend; as, to revise statutes; to revise an agreement; to revise a dictionary. The Revised Version of the Bible, a version prepared in accordance with a resolution passed, in 1870, by both houses of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, England. Both English and American revisers were employed on the work. It was first published in a complete form in 1885, and is a revised form of the Authorized Version. See Authorized Version, under Authorized.

REVISE Re*vise", n.

1. A review; a revision. Boyle.

2. (Print.)

Defn: A second proof sheet; a proof sheet taken after the first or a subsequent correction.

REVISER Re*vis"er, n.

Defn: One who revises.

REVISION Re*vi"sion, n. Etym: [F. révision, L. revisio.]

1. The act of revising; reëxamination for correction; review; as, the revision of a book or writing, or of a proof sheet; a revision of statutes.

2. That which is made by revising.

Syn. -- Reëxamination; revisal; revise; review.

REVISIONAL; REVISIONARY Re*vi"sion*al, Re*vi"sion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to revision; revisory.

REVISIT Re*vis"it, v. t.

1. To visit again. Milton.

2. To revise. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

REVISITATION Re*vis`it*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of revisiting.

REVISORY Re*vi"so*ry, a.

Defn: Having the power or purpose to revise; revising. Story.

REVITALIZE Re*vi"tal*ize, v. t.

Defn: To restore vitality to; to bring back to life. L. S. Beale.

REVIVABLE Re*viv"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be revived.

REVIVAL Re*viv"al, n. Etym: [From Revive.]

Defn: The act of reviving, or the state of being revived. Specifically: (a) Renewed attention to something, as to letters or literature. (b) Renewed performance of, or interest in, something, as the drama and literature. (c) Renewed interest in religion, after indifference and decline; a period of religious awakening; special religious interest. (d) Reanimation from a state of langour or depression; -- applied to the health, spirits, and the like. (e) Renewed pursuit, or cultivation, or flourishing state of something, as of commerce, arts, agriculture. (f) Renewed prevalence of something, as a practice or a fashion. (g) (Law) Restoration of force, validity, or effect; renewal; as, the revival of a debt barred by limitation; the revival of a revoked will, etc. (h) Revivification, as of a metal. See Revivification, 2.

REVIVALISM Re*viv"al*ism, n.

Defn: The spirit of religious revivals; the methods of revivalists.

REVIVALIST Re*viv"al*ist, n.

Defn: A clergyman or layman who promotes revivals of religion; an advocate for religious revivals; sometimes, specifically, a clergyman, without a particular charge, who goes about to promote revivals. Also used adjectively.

REVIVALISTIC Re*viv`al*is"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to revivals.

REVIVE Re*vive", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revived; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviving.] Etym: [F. revivere, L. revivere; pref. re- re- + vivere to live. See Vivid.]

1. To return to life; to recover life or strength; to live anew; to become reanimated or reinvigorated. Shak. The Lord heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into again, and he revived. 1 Kings xvii. 22.

2. Hence, to recover from a state of oblivion, obscurity, neglect, or depression; as, classical learning revived in the fifteenth century.

3. (Old Chem.)

Defn: To recover its natural or metallic state, as a metal.

REVIVE Re*vive", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. reviver. See Revive, v. i.]

1. To restore, or bring again to life; to reanimate. Those bodies, by reason of whose mortality we died, shall be revived. Bp. Pearson.

2. To raise from coma,, languor, depression, or discouragement; to bring into action after a suspension. Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts. Shak. Your coming, friends, revives me. Milton.

3. Hence, to recover from a state of neglect or disuse; as, to revive letters or learning.

4. To renew in the mind or memory; to bring to recollection; to recall attention to; to reawaken. "Revive the libels born to die." Swift. The mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions which it has once had. Locke.

5. (Old Chem.)

Defn: To restore or reduce to its natural or metallic state; as, to revive a metal after calcination.

REVIVEMENT Re*vive"ment, n.

Defn: Revival. [R.]

REVIVER Re*viv"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, revives.

REVIVIFICATE Re`vi*vif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + vivificate: cf. L. revivificare, revivificatum. Cf. Revivify.]

Defn: To revive; to recall or restore to life. [R.]

REVIVIFICATION Re*viv`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. révivification.]

1. Renewal of life; restoration of life; the act of recaling, or the state of being recalled, to life.

2. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The reduction of a metal from a state of combination to its metallic state.

REVIVIFY Re*viv"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. révivifier, L. revivificare. See Vivify.]

Defn: To cause to revive. Some association may revivify it enough to make it flash, after a long oblivion, into consciousness. Sir W. Hamilton.

REVIVING Re*viv"ing, a. & n.

Defn: Returning or restoring to life or vigor; reanimating. Milton. -- Re*viv"ing*ly, adv.

REVIVISCENCE; REVIVISCENCY Rev`i*vis"cence, Rev`i*vis"cen*cy, n.

Defn: The act of reviving, or the state of being revived; renewal of life. In this age we have a sort of reviviscence, not, I fear, of the power, but of a taste for the power, of the early times. Coleridge.

REVIVISCENT Rev`i*vis"cent, a. Etym: [L. reviviscens, p. pr. ofreviviscere to revive; pref. re- re- + viviscere, v. incho. fr. vivere to live.]

Defn: Able or disposed to revive; reviving. E. Darwin.

REVIVOR Re*viv"or, n. (Eng. Law)

Defn: Revival of a suit which is abated by the death or marriage of any of the parties, -- done by a bill of revivor. Blackstone.

REVOCABILITY Rev`o*ca*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being revocable; as, the revocability of a law.

REVOCABLE Rev"o*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. revocabilis: cf. F. révocable. See Revoke.]

Defn: Capable of being revoked; as, a revocable edict or grant; a revocable covenant. -- Rev"o*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Rev"o*ca*bly, adv.

REVOCATE Rev"o*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. revocatus, p. p. of revocare. See Revoke.]

Defn: To recall; to call back. [Obs.]

REVOCATION Rev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. revocatio: cf. F. révocation.]

1. The act of calling back, or the state of being recalled; recall. One that saw the people bent for the revocation of Calvin, gave him notice of their affection. Hooker.

2. The act by which one, having the right, annuls an act done, a power or authority given, or a license, gift, or benefit conferred; repeal; reversal; as, the revocation of an edict, a power, a will, or a license.

REVOCATORY Rev"o**ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. revocatorius: cf. F. révocatoire.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to revocation; tending to, or involving, a revocation; revoking; recalling.

REVOICE Re*voice", v. t.

Defn: To refurnish with a voice; to refit, as an organ pipe, so as to restore its tone.

REVOKE Re*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revoked;p. pr. & vb. n. Revoking.] Etym: [F. révoquer, L. revocare; pref. re- re- + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Revocate.]

1. To call or bring back; to recall. [Obs.] The faint sprite he did revoke again, To her frail mansion of morality. Spenser.

2. Hence, to annul, by recalling or taking back; to repeal; to rescind; to cancel; to reverse, as anything granted by a special act; as, , to revoke a will, a license, a grant, a permission, a law, or the like. Shak.

3. To hold back; to repress; to restrain. [Obs.] [She] still strove their sudden rages to revoke. Spenser.

4. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] Spenser.

5. To call back to mind; to recollect. [Obs.] A man, by revoking and recollecting within himself former passages, will be still apt to inculcate these sad memoris to his conscience. South.

Syn. -- To abolish; recall; repeal; rescind; countermand; annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish.

REVOKE Re*voke", v. i. (Card Playing)

Defn: To fail to follow suit when holding a card of the suit led, in violation of the rule of the game; to renege. Hoyle.

REVOKE Re*voke", n. (Card Playing)

Defn: The act of revoking. She [Sarah Battle] never made a revoke. Lamb.

REVOKEMENT Re*voke"ment, n.

Defn: Revocation. [R.] Shak.

REVOKER Re*vok"er, n.

Defn: One who revokes.

REVOKINGLY Re*vok"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: By way of revocation.

REVOLT Re*volt", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolting.] Etym: [Cf. F. révoller, It. rivoltare. See Revolt, n.]

1. To turn away; to abandon or reject something; specifically, to turn away, or shrink, with abhorrence. But this got by casting pearl to hogs, That bawl for freedom in their senseless mood, And still revolt when trith would set them free. Milton. HIs clear intelligence revolted from the dominant sophisms of that time. J. Morley.

2. Hence, to be faithless; to desert one party or leader for another; especially, to renounce allegiance or subjection; to rise against a government; to rebel. Our discontented counties do revolt. Shak. Plant those that have revolted in the van. Shak.

3. To be disgusted, shocked, or grossly offended; hence, to feel nausea; -- with at; as, the stomach revolts at such food; his nature revolts at cruelty.

REVOLT Re*volt", v. t.

1. To cause to turn back; to roll or drive back; to put to flight. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To do violence to; to cause to turn away or shrink with abhorrence; to shock; as, to revolt the feelings. This abominable medley is made rather to revolt young and ingenuous minds. Burke. To derive delight from what inflicts pain on any sentient creatuure revolted his conscience and offended his reason. J. Morley.

REVOLT Re*volt", n. Etym: [F. révolte, It. rivolta, fr. rivolto, p. p. fr. L. revolvere, revolutum. See Revolve.]

1. The act of revolting; an uprising against legitimate authority; especially, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to a government; rebellion; as, the revolt of a province of the Roman empire. Who first seduced them to that foul revolt Milton.

2. A revolter. [Obs.] "Ingrate revolts." Shak.

Syn. -- Insurrection; sedition; rebellion; mutiny. See Insurrection.

REVOLTER Re*volt"er, n.

Defn: One who revolts.

REVOLTING Re*volt"ing, a.

Defn: Causing abhorrence mixed with disgust; exciting extreme repugnance; loathsome; as, revolting cruelty. -- Re*volt"ing*ly, adv.

REVOLUBLE Rev"o*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. revolubilis that may be rolled back. See Revolve.]

Defn: Capable of revolving; rotatory; revolving. [Obs.] Us, then, to whom the thrice three year Hath filled his revoluble orb since our arrival here, I blame not. Chapman.

REVOLUTE Rev"o*lute, a. Etym: [L. revolutus, p. p. of revolvere. See Revolve.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Rolled backward or downward.

Note: A revolute leaf is coiled downwards, with the lower surface inside the coil. A leaf with revolute margins has the edges rolled under, as in the Andromeda polifilia.

REVOLUTION Rev`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [F. révolution, L. revolutio. See Revolve.]

1. The act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center; the motion of a body round a fixed point or line; rotation; as, the revolution of a wheel, of a top, of the earth on its axis, etc.

2. Return to a point before occupied, or to a point relatively the same; a rolling back; return; as, revolution in an ellipse or spiral. That fear Comes thundering back, with dreadful revolution, On my defenseless head. Milton.

3. The space measured by the regular return of a revolving body; the period made by the regular recurrence of a measure of time, or by a succession of similar events. "The short revolution of a day." Dryden.

4. (Astron.)

Defn: The motion of any body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, until it returns to the same point again, or to a point relatively the same; -- designated as the annual, anomalistic, nodical, sidereal, or tropical revolution, according as the point of return or completion has a fixed relation to the year, the anomaly, the nodes, the stars, or the tropics; as, the revolution of the earth about the sun; the revolution of the moon about the earth.

Note: The term is sometimes applied in astronomy to the motion of a single body, as a planet, about its own axis, but this motion is usually called rotation.

5. (Geom.)

Defn: The motion of a point, line, or surface about a point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner that a moving point generates a curve, a moving line a surface (called a surface of revolution), and a moving surface a solid (called a solid of revolution); as, the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of its sides generates a cone; the revolution of a semicircle about the diameter generates a sphere.

6. A total or radical change; as, a revolution in one's circumstances or way of living. The ability . . . of the great philosopher speedily produced a complete revolution throughout the department. Macaulay.

7. (Politics)

Defn: A fundamental change in political organization, or in a government or constitution; the overthrow or renunciation of one government, and the substitution of another, by the governed. The violence of revolutions is generally proportioned to the degree of the maladministration which has produced them. Macaulay.

Note: When used without qualifying terms, the word is often applied specifically, by way of eminence, to: (a) The English Revolution in 1689, when William of Orange and Mary became the reigning sovereigns, in place of James II. (b) The American Revolution, beginning in 1775, by which the English colonies, since known as the United States, secured their independence. (c) The revolution in France in 1789, commonly called the French Revolution, the subsequent revolutions in that country being designated by their dates, as the Revolution of 1830, of 1848, etc.

REVOLUTIONARY Rev`o*lu"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révolutionnaire.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a revolution in government; tending to, or promoting, revolution; as, revolutionary war; revolutionary measures; revolutionary agitators.

REVOLUTIONARY Rev`o*lu"tion*a*ry, n.

Defn: A revolutionist. [R.] Dumfries was a Tory town, and could not tolerate a revolutionary. Prof. Wilson.

REVOLUTIONER Rev`o*lu"tion*er, n.

Defn: One who is engaged in effecting a revolution; a revolutionist. Smollett.

REVOLUTIONISM Rev`o*lu"tion*ism, n.

Defn: The state of being in revolution; revolutionary doctrines or principles.

REVOLUTIONIST Rev`o*lu"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One engaged in effecting a change of government; a favorer of revolution. Burke.

REVOLUTIONIZE Rev`o*lu"tion*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revolutioniezed; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolutionizing().]

Defn: To change completely, as by a revolution; as, to revolutionize a government. Ames. The gospel . . . has revolutionized his soul. J. M. Mason.

REVOLUTIVE Re*vol"u*tive, a.

Defn: Inclined to revolve things in the mind; meditative. [Obs.] Feltham.

REVOLVABLE Re*volv"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be revolved.

REVOLVE Re*volve", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolved(); p. pr. & vb. n. Revolving.] Etym: [L. revolvere, revolutum; pref. re- re- + volvere to roll, turn round. See Voluble, and cf. Revolt, revolution.]

1. To turn or roll round on, or as on, an axis, like a wheel; to rotate, -- which is the more specific word in this sense. If the earth revolve thus, each house pear the equator must move a thousand miles an hour. I. Watts.

2. To move in a curved path round a center; as, the planets revolve round the sun.

3. To pass in cycles; as, the centuries revolve.

4. To return; to pass. [R.] Ayliffe.

REVOLVE Re*volve", v. t.

1. To cause to turn, as on an axis. Then in the east her turn she shines, Revolved on heaven's great axile. Milton.

2. Hence, to turn over and over in the mind; to reflect repeatedly upon; to consider all aspects of. This having heard, straight I again revolved The law and prophets. Milton.

REVOLVEMENT Re*volve"ment, n.

Defn: Act of revolving. [R.]

REVOLVENCY Re*volv"en*cy, n.

Defn: The act or state of revolving; revolution. [Archaic] Its own revolvency upholds the world. Cowper.

REVOLVER Re*volv"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, revolves; specifically, a firearm ( commonly a pistol) with several chambers or barrels so arranged as to revolve on an axis, and be discharged in succession by the same lock; a repeater.

REVOLVING Re*volv"ing, a.

Defn: Making a revolution or revolutions; rotating; -- used also figuratively of time, seasons, etc., depending on the revolution of the earth. But grief returns with the revolving year. Shelley. Revolving seasons, fruitless as they pass. Cowper. Revolving firearm. See Revolver. -- Revolving light, a light or lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear at fixed intervals, either by being turned about an axis so as to show light only at intervals, or by having its light occasionally intercepted by a revolving screen.

REVULSE Re*vulse", v. t. Etym: [L. revulsus, p. p. of revellere.]

Defn: To pull back with force. [R.] Cowper.

REVULSION Re*vul"sion, n. Etym: [F. révulsion, L. revulsio, fr. revellere, revulsum, to pluck or pull away; pref. re- re- + vellere to pull. Cf. Convulse.]

1. A strong pulling or drawing back; withdrawal. "Revulsions and pullbacks." SSir T. Brovne.

2. A sudden reaction; a sudden and complete change; -- applied to the feelings. A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed. Macaulay.

3. (Med.)

Defn: The act of turning or diverting any disease from one part of the body to another. It resembles derivation, but is usually applied to a more active form of counter irritation.

REVULSIVE Re*vul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révulsif.]

Defn: Causing, or tending to, revulsion.

REVULSIVE Re*vul"sive, n.

Defn: That which causes revulsion; specifically (Med.), a revulsive remedy or agent.

REW Rew, n. Etym: [See Row a series.]

Defn: A row. [Obs.] Chaucer. "A rew of sundry colored stones." Chapman.

REWAKE Re*wake"", v. t. & i.

Defn: To wake again.

REWARD Re*ward", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rewarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rewarding.] Etym: [OF. rewarder, another form of regarder, of German origin. The original sense is, to look at, regard, hence, to regard as worthy, give a reward to. See Ward, Regard.]

Defn: To give in return, whether good or evil; -- commonly in a good sense; to requite; to recompense; to repay; to compensate. After the deed that is done, one doom shall reward, Mercy or no mercy as truth will accord. Piers Plowman. Thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil. 1 Sam. xxiv. 17. I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me. Deut. xxxii. 41. God rewards those that have made use of the single talent. Hammond.

REWARD Re*ward", n. Etym: [See Reward, v., and cf. Regard, n.]

1. Regard; respect; consideration. [Obs.] Take reward of thine own value. Chaucer.

2. That which is given in return for good or evil done or received; esp., that which is offered or given in return for some service or attainment, as for excellence in studies, for the return of something lost, etc.; recompense; requital. Thou returnest From flight, seditious angel, to receive Thy merited reward. Milton. Rewards and punishments do always presuppose something willingly done well or ill. Hooker.

3. Hence, the fruit of one's labor or works. The dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward. Eccl. ix. 5.

4. (Law)

Defn: Compensation or remuneration for services; a sum of money paid or taken for doing, or forbearing to do, some act. Burrill.

Syn. -- Recompense; compensation; remuneration; pay; requital; retribution; punishment.

REWARDABLE Re*ward"a*ble, a.

Defn: Worthy of reward. -- Re*ward"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*ward"a*bly, adv.

REWARDER Re*ward"er, n.

Defn: One who rewards.

REWARDFUL Re*ward"ful, a.

Defn: Yielding reward. [R.]

REWARDLESS Re*ward"less, a.

Defn: Having, or affording, no reward.

REWE Rewe, v. t. & i.

Defn: Tu rue. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REWEL BONE Rew"el bone`. Etym: [Perh. from F. rouelle, dim. of roue a wheel, L. rota.]

Defn: An obsolete phrase of disputed meaning, -- perhaps, smooth or polished bone. His saddle was of rewel boon. Chaucer.

REWET Rew"et, n. Etym: [See Rouet.]

Defn: A gunlock. [R.]

REWFUL Rew"ful, a.

Defn: Rueful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REWIN Re*win", v. t.

Defn: To win again, or win back. The Palatinate was not worth the rewinning. Fuller.

REWLE Rewle, n. & v.

Defn: Rule. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REWME Rewme, n.

Defn: Realm. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

REWORD Re*word", v. t.

1. To repeat in the same words; to reëcho. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To alter the wording of; to restate in other words; as, to reword an idea or a passage.

REWRITE Re*write", v. t.

Defn: To write again. Young.

REWTH Rewth, n.

Defn: Ruth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REX Rex, n.; pl. Reges. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A king. To play rex, to play the king; to domineer. [Obs.]

REYN Reyn, n.

Defn: Rain or rein. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REYNARD Rey"nard, n.

Defn: An appelation applied after the manner of a proper name to the fox. Same as Renard.

REYSE Reyse, v. t.

Defn: To raise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REYSE Reyse, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. reisen to travel.]

Defn: To go on a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

REZ-DE-CHAUSSEE Rez`-de-chaus`sée", n. [F., lit., level of the street. See Raze, v. t., and Causey.] (Arch.)

Defn: The ground story of a building, either on a level with the street or raised slightly above it; -- said esp. of buildings on the continent of Europe.

Tier above tier of neat apartments rise over the little shops which form the rez-de-chaussée. The Century.

RHABARBARATE Rha*bar"ba*rate, a. Etym: [From NL. rhabarbarum, an old name of rhubarb. See Rhubarb.]

Defn: Impregnated or tinctured with rhubarb. Floyer.

RHABARBARIN; RHABARBARINE Rha*bar"ba*rin, or; Rha*bar"ba*rine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: Chrysophanic acid.

RHABDITE Rhab"dite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A minute smooth rodlike or fusiform structure found in the tissues of many Turbellaria.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the hard parts forming the ovipositor of insects.

RHABDOCOELA Rhab`do*coe"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of Turbellaria including those that have a simple cylindrical, or saclike, stomach, without an intestine.

RHABDOCOELOUS Rhab`do*coe"lous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rhabdocoela.

RHABDOIDAL Rhab*doid"al, a.

Defn: See Sagittal.

RHABDOLITH Rhab"do*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + -lith.]

Defn: A minute calcareous rodlike structure found both at the surface and the bottom of the ocean; -- supposed by some to be a calcareous alga.

RHABDOLOGY Rhab*dol"o*gy, n.

Defn: Same as Rabdology.

RHABDOM Rhab"dom, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of numerous minute rodlike structures formed of two or more cells situated behind the retinulæ in the compound eyes of insects, etc. See Illust. under Ommatidium.

RHABDOMANCY Rhab"do*man`cy, n.

Defn: Same as Rabdomancy.

RHABDOMERE Rhab"do*mere, n. Etym: [Rhabdom + -mere.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the several parts composing a rhabdom.

RHABDOPHORA Rhab*doph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extinct division of Hydrozoa which includes the graptolities.

RHABDOPLEURA Rhab`do*pleu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata

RHABDOSPHERE Rhab"do*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + E. sphere.]

Defn: A minute sphere composed of rhabdoliths.

RHACHIALGIA Rha`chi*al"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Rachialgia.

RHACHIDIAN Rha*chid"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhachis; as, the rhachidian teeth of a mollusk.

RHACHIGLOSSA Rhach`i*glos"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Rhachis, and Glossa.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of marine gastropods having a retractile proboscis and three longitudinal rows of teeth on the radula. It includes many of the large ornamental shells, as the miters, murices, olives, purpuras, volutes, and whelks. See Illust. in Append.

RHACHILLA Rha*chil"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`chis the spine.] (Bot.)

Defn: A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag axis on which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses.

RHACHIODONT Rha"chi*o*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. "ra`chis, -ios, the spine + (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having gular teeth formed by a peculiar modification of the inferior spines of some of the vertebræ, as certain South African snakes (Dasypelits) which swallow birds' eggs and use these gular teeth to crush them.

RHACHIS Rha"chis, n.; pl. E. Rhachises, L. Rhachides. Etym: [See Rachis.] [Written also rechis.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The spine.

2. (Bot.) (a) The continued stem or midrib of a pinnately compound leaf, as in a rose leaf or a fern. (b) The principal axis in a raceme, spike, panicle, or corymb.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The shaft of a feather. The rhachis of the after-shaft, or plumule, is called the hyporhachis. (b) The central cord in the stem of a crinoid. (c) The median part of the radula of a mollusk. (d) A central cord of the ovary of nematodes.

RHACHITIS Rha*chi"tis, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Rachitis.

RHADAMANTHINE Rhad`a*man"thine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Rhadamanthus; rigorously just; as, a Rhadamanthine judgment.

RHADAMANTHUS; RHADAMANTHYS Rhad`a*man"thus, Rhad`a*man"thys, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Greek Mythol.)

Defn: One of the three judges of the internal regions; figuratively, a strictly just judge.

RHAETIAN Rhae"ti*an, a & n.

Defn: Rhetian.

RHAETIC; RHETIC Rhae"tic, Rhe"tic, a. Etym: [L. Rhaeticus Rhetian.] (Geol.)

Defn: Pertining to, or of the same horizon as, certain Mesozoic strata of the Rhetian Alps. These strata are regarded as closing the Triassic period. See the Chart of Geology.

RHAETIZITE; RHETIZITE Rhae"ti*zite, Rhe"ti*zite, n. Etym: [So called from L. Rhaetia, Raetia, the Rhetian Alps, where it is found.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of the mineral cyanite.

RHAMADAN Rham`a*dan", n.

Defn: See Ramadan.

RHAMNACEOUS Rham*na"ceous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of shrubs and trees (Rhamnaceæ, or Rhamneæ) of which the buckthorn (Rhamnus) is the type. It includes also the New Jersey tea, the supple-jack, and one of the plants called lotus (Zizyphus).

RHAMNUS Rham"nus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. rhamnos.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of shrubs and small trees; buckthorn. The California Rhamnus Purchianus and the European R. catharticus are used in medicine. The latter is used for hedges.

RHAMPHORHYNCHUS Rham`pho*rhyn"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of pterodactyls in which the elongated tail supported a leathery expansion at the tip.

RHAMPHOTHECA Rham`pho*the"ca, n.; pl. Rhamphothecæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr (Zoöl.)

Defn: The horny covering of the bill of birds.

RHAPHE Rha"phe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The continuation of the seed stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, forming a ridge or seam. [Written also raphe.] Gray.

RHAPHIDES Rhaph"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. raphides.] (Bot.)

Defn: Minute transparent, often needlle-shaped, crystals found in the tissues of plants. [Written also raphides.]

RHAPONTICINE Rha*pon"ti*cine (, n. Etym: [L. rhaponticum rhubarb. See Rhubarb.] (Chem.)

Defn: Chrysophanic acid.

RHAPSODE Rhap"sode, n. Etym: [Gr. Rhapsody.] (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A rhapsodist. [R.] Grote.

RHAPSODER Rhap"so*der, n.

Defn: A rhapsodist. [Obs.]

RHAPSODIC; RHAPSODIC Rhap*sod"ic, Rhap*sod"ic a. Etym: [Gr. rhapsodique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhapsody; consisting of rhapsody; hence, confused; unconnected. -- Rhap*sod"ic*al*ly, adv.

RHAPSODIST Rhap"so*dist, n. Etym: [From Rhapsody.]

1. Anciently, one who recited or composed a rhapsody; especially, one whose profession was to recite the verses of Hormer and other epic poets.

2. Hence, one who recites or sings poems for a livelihood; one who makes and repeats verses extempore. The same populace sit for hours listening to rhapsodists who recite Ariosto. Carlyle.

3. One who writes or speaks disconnectedly and with great excitement or affectation of feeling. I. Watts.

RHAPSODIZE Rhap"so*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rhapsodized; p. pr. & vb. n. Rhapsodizing.]

Defn: To utter as a rhapsody, or in the manner of a rhapsody Sterne.

RHAPSODIZE Rhap"so*dize, v. i.

Defn: To utter rhapsodies. Jefferson.

RHAPSODOMANCY Rhap"so*do*man`cy, n. Etym: [Rhapsody + -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of verses.

RHAPSODY Rhap"so*dy, n.; pl. Rhapsodies. Etym: [F. rhapsodie, L. rhapsodia, Gr. Ode.]

1. A recitation or song of a rhapsodist; a portion of an epic poem adapted for recitation, or usually recited, at one time; hence, a division of the Iliad or the Odyssey; -- called also a book.

2. A disconnected series of sentences or statements composed under excitement, and without dependence or natural connection; rambling composition. "A rhapsody of words." Shak. "A rhapsody of tales." Locke.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: A composition irregular in form, like an improvisation; as, Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies."

RHATANY; RHATANHY Rhat"a*ny, Rhat"an*hy, n. Etym: [Sp. ratania, rataña, Peruv. rataña.]

Defn: The powerfully astringent root of a half-shrubby Peruvian plant (Krameria triandra). It is used in medicine and to color port wine. [Written also ratany.] Savanilla rhatany, the root of Krameria Ixina, a native of New Granada.

RHEA Rhe"a, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The ramie or grass-cloth plant. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

RHEA Rhe"a, n. Etym: [L., a proper name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of three species of large South American ostrichlike birds of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. Called also the American ostrich.

Note: The common rhea, or nandou (Rhea Americana), ranges from Brazil to Patagonia. Darwin's rhea (Pterocnemia Darwinii), of Patagonia, is smaller, and has the legs feathered below the knee.

RHEAE Rhe"æ, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of struthious birds including the rheas.

RHEEBOC Rhee"boc, n. Etym: [D. reebok roebuck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The peele. [Written also reebok.]

RHEIC Rhe"ic, a. Etym: [NL. Rheum rhubarb, Gr. Rhubarb.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called chrysophanic acid) found in rhubarb (Rheum). [Obsoles.]

RHEIN Rhe"in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: Chrysophanic acid.

RHEINBERRY Rhein"ber*ry, n. Etym: [G. rheinbeere.] (Bot.)

Defn: One of the berries or drupes of the European buckthorn; also, the buckthorn itself.

RHEMATIC Rhe*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Rhetoric.] (Gram.)

Defn: Having a verb for its base; derived from a verb; as, rhematic adjectives. Ftzed. Hall.

RHEMATIC Rhe*mat"ic, n.

Defn: The doctrine of propositions or sentences. Coleridge.

RHEMISH Rhemish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Rheimis, or Reima, in France. Rhemish Testament, the English version of the New Testament used by Roman Catholics. See Douay Bible.

RHENISH Rhen"ish, a. Etym: [L. Rhenus the Rhine. ]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the river Rhine; as, Rhenish wine. -- n.

Defn: Rhine wine.

RHEOCHORD Rhe"o*chord, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.)

Defn: A metallic wire used for regulating the resistance of a circuit, or varying the strength of an electric current, by inserting a greater or less length of it in the circuit.

RHEOCRAT Rhe"o*crat, n. [Gr. "rei^n to flow + kratei^n to rule.] (Elec.)

Defn: A kind of motor speed controller permitting of very gradual variation in speed and of reverse. It is especially suitable for use with motor driven machine tools.

RHEOMETER Rhe*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] [Written also reometer.]

1. (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring currents, especially the force or intensity of electrical currents; a galvanometer.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood current in the arteries.

RHEOMETRIC Rhe`o*met"ric, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a rheometer or rheometry. Lardner.

RHEOMETRY Rhe*om"e*try, n.

1. The measurement of the force or intensity of currents.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The calculus; fluxions. [R.]

RHEOMOTOR Rhe"o*mo`tor, n. Etym: [Gr.motor.] (Elec.)

Defn: Any apparatus by which an electrical current is originated. [R.]

RHEOPHORE Rhe"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) (a) A connecting wire of an electric or voltaic apparatus, traversed by a current. (b) One of the poles of a voltaic battery; an electrode.

RHEOSCOPE Rhe"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for detecting the presence or movement of currents, as of electricity.

RHEOSTAT Rhe"o*stat, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.)

Defn: A contrivance for adjusting or regulating the strength of electrical currents, operating usually by the intercalation of resistance which can be varied at will. Wheatstone. --Rhe`o*stat"ic, a.

RHEOTOME Rhe"o*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.)

Defn: An instrument which periodically or otherwise interrupts an electric current. Wheatstone.

RHEOTROPE Rhe"o*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.)

Defn: An instrument for reversing the direction of an electric current. [Written also reotrope.]

RHESUS Rhe"sus, n. Etym: [L. Rhesus, a proper name, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A monkey; the bhunder.

RHETIAN Rhe"ti*an, a. Etym: [L. Rhaetius, Raetius: cf. F. rhétien.]

Defn: Pertaining to the ancient Rhæti, or Rhætians, or to Rhætia, their country; as, the Rhetian Alps, now the country of Tyrol and the Grisons.

RHETIC Rhe"tic, a. (Min.)

Defn: Same as Rhætic.

RHETIZITE Rhe"ti*zite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Same as Rhætizite.

RHETOR Rhe"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

Defn: A rhetorician. [Obs.] Hammond.

RHETORIC Rhet"o*ric, n. Etym: [F. rhétorique, L. rhetorica, Gr. word; cf.

1. The art of composition; especially, elegant composition in prose.

2. Oratory; the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force. Locke.

3. Hence, artificial eloquence; fine language or declamation without conviction or earnest feeling.

4. Fig. : The power of persuasion or attraction; that which allures or charms. Sweet, silent rhetoric of persuading eyes. Daniel.

RHETORICAL Rhe*tor"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. rhetoricus, Gr. Rhetoric.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhetoric; according to, or exhibiting, rhetoric; oratorical; as, the rhetorical art; a rhetorical treatise; a rhetorical flourish. They permit him to leave their poetical taste ungratified, provided that he gratifies their rhetorical sense. M. Arnold. -- Rhe*tor"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Rhe*tor"ic*al*ness, n.

RHETORICATE Rhe*tor"i*cate, v. i. Etym: [L. rhetoricari. See Rhetoric.]

Defn: To play the orator. [Obs.] South.

RHETORICATION Rhe*tor`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rhétorication.]

Defn: Rhetorical amplification. [Obs.] Waterland.

RHETORICIAN Rhet`o*ri"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rhétoricien.]

1. One well versed in the rules and principles of rhetoric. The understanding is that by which a man becomes a mere logician and a mere rhetorician. F. W. Robertson.

2. A teacher of rhetoric. The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, which ever had young auditors, lived till they were an hundred years old. Bacon.

3. An orator; specifically, an artificial orator without genuine eloquence; a declaimer. Macaulay.

RHETORICIAN Rhet`o*ri"cian, a.

Defn: Suitable to a master of rhetoric. "With rhetorician pride." Blackmore.

RHETORIZE Rhet"o*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhetorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Rhetorizing.]

Defn: To play the orator. Colgrave.

RHETORIZE Rhet"o*rize, v. t.

Defn: To represent by a figure of rhetoric, or by personification. Milton.

RHEUM Rhe"um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. Rha the river Volga, on the banks of which it grows. See Rhubarb.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants. See Rhubarb.

RHEUM Rheum, n. Etym: [OF. reume, rheume, F. rhume a cold,, L. rheuma rheum, from Gr. stream. See Stream, n., and cf. Hemorrhoids.] (Med.)

Defn: A serous or mucous discharge, especially one from the eves or nose. I have a rheum in mine eyes too. Shak. Salt rheum. (Med.) See Salt rheum, in the Vocab.

RHEUMATIC Rheu*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. rheumaticus, F. rhumatique. See Rheum, Rheumatism.]

1. Derived from, or having the character of, rheum; rheumic. [Obs.]

2. (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rheumatism; as, rheumatic pains or affections; affected with rheumatism; as, a rheumatic old man; causing rheumatism; as, a rheumatic day. That rheumatic diseases do abound. Shak.

RHEUMATIC Rheu*mat"ic, n.

Defn: One affected with rheumatism.

RHEUMATISM Rheu"ma*tism, n. Etym: [L. rheumatismus rheum, Gr. rheumatisme. See 2d Rheum.] (Med.)

Defn: A general disease characterized by painful, often multiple, local inflammations, usually affecting the joints and muscles, but also extending sometimes to the deeper organs, as the heart. Inflammatory rheumatism (Med.), acute rheumatism attended with fever, and attacking usually the larger joints, which become swollen, hot, and very painful. -- Rheumatism root. (Bot.) See Twinleaf.

RHEUMATISMAL Rheu`ma*tis"mal, a. (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rheumatism.

RHEUMATISMOID Rheu`ma*tis"moid, a. Etym: [Rheumatism + -oid.] (Med.)

Defn: Of or resembling rheum or rheumatism.

RHEUMIC Rheum"ic, a. (Med.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, rheum. Rheumic diathesis. See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous.

RHEUMIDES Rheu"mi*des, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Rheum.] (Med.)

Defn: The class of skin disease developed by the dartrous diathesis. See under Dartrous.

RHEUMY Rheum"y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to rheum; abounding in, or causing, rheum; affected with rheum. His head and rheumy eyes distill in showers. Dryden. And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air To add unto his sickness. Shak.

RHIGOLENE Rhig"o*lene, n. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons intermediate between gsolene and cymogene. It is obtained in the purification of crude petroleum, and is used as a refregerant.

RHIME Rhime, n.

Defn: See Rhyme. [Obs.]

RHINAL Rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Gr (Anat.)

Defn: Og or pertaining to the nose or olfactory organs.

RHINASTER Rhi*nas"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The borele.

RHINE Rhine, n. Etym: [AS. ryne. See Run.]

Defn: A water course; a ditch. [Written also rean.] [Prov. Eng.] Macaulay.

RHINENCEPHALIC Rhi`nen*ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinencephalon.

RHINENCEPHALON Rhi`nen*ceph"a*lon, n.; pl. Rhinencephala. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The division of the brain in front of the prosencephalon, consisting of the two olfactory lobes from which the olfactory nerves arise.

Note: The term is sometimes used for one of the olfactory lobes, the plural being used for the two taken together.

RHINESTONE Rhine"stone`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. rheinkiesel Rhine quartz.]

Defn: A colorless stone of high luster, made of paste. It is much used as an inexpensive ornament.

RHINITIS Rhi*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Infllammation of the nose; esp., inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils.

RHINO Rhi*no, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: Gold and silver, or money. [Cant] W. Wagstaffe. As long as the rhino lasted. Marryat.

RHINO- Rhi"no-.

Defn: A combining form from Greek the nose, as in rhinolith, rhinology.

RHINOCERIAL; RHINOCERICAL Rhi`no*ce"ri*al, Rhi`no*cer"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros; resembling the rhinoceros, or his horn. Tatler.

RHINOCEROS Rhi*noc"e*ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. rhinocéros. See Horn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any pachyderm belonging to the genera Rhinoceros, Atelodus, and several allied genera of the family Rhinocerotidæ, of which several living, and many extinct, species are known. They are large and powerful, and usually have either one or two stout conical median horns on the snout.

Note: The Indian, or white, and the Javan rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros Indicus and R. Sondaicus) have incisor and canine teeth, but only one horn, and the very thick skin forms shieldlike folds. The two or three African species belong to Atelodus, and have two horns, but lack the dermal folds, and the incisor and canine teeth. The two Malay, or East Indian, two-horned species belong to Ceratohinus, in which incisor and canine teeth are present. See Borele, and Keitloa. Rhinoceros auk (Zoöl.), an auk of the North Pacific (Cerorhina monocrata) which has a deciduous horn on top of the bill. -- Rhinoceros beetle (Zoöl.), a very large beetle of the genus Dynastes, having a horn on the head. -- Rhinoceros bird. (Zoöl.) (a) A large hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), native of the East Indies. It has a large hollow hornlike process on the bill. Called also rhinoceros hornbill. See Hornbill. (b) An African beefeater (Buphaga Africana). It alights on the back of the rhinoceros in search of parasitic insects.

RHINOCEROTE Rhi*noc"e*rote, n.

Defn: A rhinoceros. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

RHINOCEROTIC Rhi*noc`e*rot"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros. [R.]

RHINOLITE; RHINOLITH Rhi"no*lite Rhi"no*lith, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -lite, -lith.] (Med.)

Defn: A concretion formed within the cavities of the nose.

RHINOLOGICAL Rhi`no*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinology.

RHINOLOGIST Rhi*nol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in rhinology.

RHINOLOGY Rhi*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -logy.]

Defn: The science which treats of the nose, and its diseases.

RHINOLOPHID Rhi*nol"o*phid, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of the genus Rhinilophus, or family Rhinolophidæ, having a horseshoe-shaped nasal crest; a horseshoe bat.

RHINOLOPHINE Rhi*nol"o*phine, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or pertaining to the rhinolophids, or horseshoe bats.

RHINOPHORE Rhi"no*phore, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the two tentacle-like organs on the back of the head or neck of a nudibranch or tectibranch mollusk. They are usually retractile, and often transversely furrowed or plicate, and are regarded as olfactory organs. Called also dorsal tentacles. See Illust. under Pygobranchia, and Opisthobranchia.

RHINOPLASTIC Rhi`no*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Rhino- + -plastic: cf. F. rhinoplastique.] (Surg.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinoplasty; as, a rhinoplastic operation.

RHINOPLASTY Rhi"no*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -plasty: cf. F. rhinoplastie.]

Defn: Plastic surgery of the nose to correct deformity or to replace lost tissue. Tissue may be transplanted from the patient's cheek, forehead, arm, etc., or even from another person.

RHINOPOME Rhi"no*pome, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. pw^ma a lid. ] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any old-world bat of the genus Rhinopoma. The rhinopomes have a long tail extending beyond the web, and inhabit caves and tombs.

RHINOSCLEROMA Rhi`no*scle*ro"ma, n. Etym: [Rhino- + scleroma.] (Med.)

Defn: A rare disease of the skin, characterized by the development of very hard, more or less flattened, prominences, appearing first upon the nose and subsequently upon the neighboring parts, esp. the lips, palate, and throat. J. V. Shoemaker.

RHINOSCOPE Rhi"no*scope, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -scope.]

Defn: A small mirror for use in rhinoscopy.

RHINOSCOPIC Rhi`no*scop"ic, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinoscopy.

RHINOSCOPY Rhi*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -scopy.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The examination or study of the soft palate, posterior nares, etc., by means of a laryngoscopic mirror introduced into the pharynx.

RHINOTHECA Rhi`no*the"ca, n.; pl. Rhinothecæ. Etym: [NL., from gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The sheath of the upper mandible of a bird.

RHIPIDOGLOSSA Rhi*pi`do*glos"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of gastropod mollusks having a large number of long, divergent, hooklike, lingual teeth in each transverse row. It includes the scutibranchs. See Illustration in Appendix.

RHIPIPTER Rhi*pip"ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rhipiptera, a group of insects having wings which fold like a fan; a strepsipter.

RHIPIPTERAN Rhi*pip"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Rhipipter.

RHIZANTHOUS Rhi*zan"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Producing flowers from a rootstock, or apparently from a root.

RHIZINE Rhi"zine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A rootlike filament or hair growing from the stems of mosses or on lichens; a rhizoid.

RHIZOCARPOUS Rhi`zo*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having perennial rootstocks or bulbs, but annual flowering stems; -- said of all perennial herbs.

RHIZOCEPHALA Rhi`zo*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Pectostraca including saclike parasites of Crustacea. They adhere by rootlike extensions of the head. See Illusration in Appendix.

RHIZODONT Rhiz"o*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A reptile whose teeth are rooted in sockets, as the crocodile.

RHIZOGAN Rhiz"o*gan, a. Etym: [Gr. -gen: cf. F. rhizogène.] (Bot.)

Defn: Prodicing roots.

RHIZOGEN Rhiz"o*gen, n. (Bot.)

Defn: One of a proposed class of flowering plants growning on the roots of other plants and destitute of green foliage.

RHIZOID Rhi"zoid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Bot.)

Defn: A rootlike appendage.

RHIZOMA Rhi*zo"ma, n.; pl. Rhizomata. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.)

Defn: SAme as Rhizome.

RHIZOMATOUS Rhi*zo"ma*tous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the nature or habit of a rhizome or rootstock.

RHIZOME Rhi*zome", n. Etym: [Gr. rhizome.] (Bot.)

Defn: A rootstock. See Rootstock.

RHIZOPHAGA Rhi*zoph"a*ga, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of marsupials. The wombat is the type.

RHIZOPHAGOUS Rhi*zoph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Feeding on roots; root-eating.

RHIZOPHORA Rhi*zoph"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Rhizophorous.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees including the mangrove. See Mangrove.

RHIZOPHOROUS Rhi*zoph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Bearing roots.

RHIZOPOD Rhiz"o*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rhizopoda.

Note: The rhizopods belonging to the Radiolaria and Foraminifera have been of great geological importance, especially in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Chalk is mostly made from the shells of Foraminifera. The nummulites are the principal ingredient of a limestone which is of great extent in Europe and Asia, and is the material of which some of the pyramids of Egypt are made. The shells are abundant in deepsea mud, and are mostly minute, seldom larger than a small grain of sand, except in the case of the nummulities, which are sometimes an inch in diameter.

RHIZOPODA Rhi*zop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Amoebea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia). See Protozoa.

RHIZOPODOUS Rhi*zop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhizopods.

RHIZOSTOMATA Rhi`zo*stom"a*ta, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of Medusæ which includes very large species without marginal tentacles, but having large mouth lobes closely united at the edges. See Illust. in Appendix.

RHIZOSTOME Rhiz"o*stome, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rhizostomata.

RHIZOTAXIS Rhi`zo*tax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The arrangement of the roots of plants.

RHOB Rhob, n.

Defn: See 1st Rob.

RHODAMMONIUM Rho`dam*mo"ni*um, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, rhodium and ammonia; -- said of certain complex compounds.

RHODANATE Rho"da*nate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of rhodanic acid; a sulphocyanate. [Obsoles.]

RHODANIC Rho*dan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called sulphocyanic acid) which frms a red color with ferric salts. [Obsoles.]

RHODEORETIN Rho`de*o*re"tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Convolvuln.

RHODIAN Rho"di*an, a. Etym: [L. Rhodius: cf. F. rhodien.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Rhodes.

RHODIC Rho"dic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rhodium; containing rhodium.

RHODIUM Rho"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ro`don the rose. So called from the rose-red color of certain of its solutions. See Rhododendron.] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare element of the light platinum group. It is found in platinum ores, and obtained free as a white inert metal which it is very difficult to fuse. Symbol Rh. Atomic weight 104.1. Specific gravity 12.

RHODIZONIC Rho`di*zon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a colorless crystalline substance (called rhodizonic acid, and carboxylic acid) obtained from potassium carboxide and from certain quinones. It forms brilliant red, yellow, and purple salts.

RHODOCHROSITE Rho`do*chro"site, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + (Min.)

Defn: Manganese carbonate, a rose-red mineral sometimes occuring crystallized, but generally massive with rhombohedral cleavage like calcite; -- called also dialogite.

RHODOCRINITE Rho*doc"ri*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don rose + (Paleon.)

Defn: A rose encrinite.

RHODODENDRON Rho`do*den"dron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. "rodo`dendron, literally, rose tree; "ro`don rose + de`ndron tree. See Rose.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of shrubs or small trees, often having handsome evergreen leaves, and remarkable for the beauty of their flowers; rosebay.

RHODOMONTADE Rhod`o*mon*tade", n.

Defn: See Rodomontade.

RHODOMONTADER Rhod`o*mon*tad"er, n.

Defn: See Rodomontador.

RHODONITE Rho"don*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose. ] (Min.)

Defn: Manganese spar, or silicate of manganese, a mineral occuring crystallised and in rose-red masses. It is often used as an ornamental stone.

RHODOPHANE Rho"do*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + (Physiol.)

Defn: The red pigment contained in the inner segments of the cones of the retina in animals. See Chromophane. W. KÜhne.

RHODOPSIN Rho*dop"sin, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don rose + "w`ps eye.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The visual purple. See under Visual.

RHODOSPERM Rho"do*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + spe`rma a seed.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any seaweed with red spores.

Note: As the name of a subclass, Rhodosperms, or Rhodospermeæ, is synonymous with Florideæ (which see.)

RHOMB Rhomb, n. Etym: [L. rhombus, Gr. wrench: cf. F. rhombe. Cf. Rhombus, Rhumb.]

1. (Geom.)

Defn: An equilateral parallelogram, or quadrilateral figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides parallel. The angles may be unequal, two being obtuse and two acute, as in the cut, or the angles may be equal, in which case it is usually called a square.

2. (Geom.)

Defn: A rhombohedron. Fresnel's rhomb (Opt.), a rhomb or oblique parallelopiped of crown or St. Gobain glass so cut that a ray of light entering one of its faces at right angles shall emerge at right angles at the opposite face, after undergoing within the rhomb, at other faces, two reflections. It is used to produce a ray circularly polarized from a plane-polarized ray, or the reverse. Nichol.

RHOMBIC Rhom"bic, a.

1. Shaped like a rhomb.

2. (Crystallog.)

Defn: Same as Orthorhombic.

RHOMBOGANOID Rhom`bo*ga"noid, n. Etym: [Rhomb + ganoid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A ganoid fish having rhombic enameled scales; one of the Rhomboganoidei.

RHOMBOGANOIDEI Rhom`bo*ga*noi"de*i, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Ginglymodi.

RHOMBOGENE Rhom"bo*gene, n. Etym: [Rhomb + root of Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A dicyemid which produces infusorialike embryos; -- opposed to nematogene. See Dicyemata. [Written also rhombogen.]

RHOMBOHEDRAL Rhom`bo*he"dral, a. (Geom. & Crystallog.)

Defn: Related to the rhombohedron; presenting the form of a rhombohedron, or a form derivable from a rhombohedron; relating to a system of forms including the rhombohedron and scalenohedron. Rhombohedral iron ore (Min.) See Hematite. -- Rhombohedral system (Crystallog.), a division of the hexagonal system embracing the rhombohedron, scalenohedron, etc.

RHOMBOHEDRIC Rhom`bo*hed"ric, a. (Geom. & Crystallog.)

Defn: Rhombohedral.

RHOMBOHEDRON Rhom`bo*he"dron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Geom. & Crystallog.)

Defn: A solid contained by six rhomboids; a parallelopiped.

RHOMBOID Rhom"boid, n. Etym: [Gr. rhomboïde.] (Geom.)

Defn: An oblique-angled parallelogram like a rhomb, but having only the opposite sides equal, the length and with being different.

RHOMBOID Rhom"boid, a.

Defn: Same as Rhomboidal.

RHOMBOIDAL Rhom*boid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rhomboïdal.]

Defn: Having, or approaching, the shape of a rhomboid.

RHOMBOIDES Rhom*boid"es, n.

Defn: A rhomboid. [R.] Milton.

RHOMBOID-OVATE Rhom`boid-o"vate, a.

Defn: Between rhomboid and ovate, or oval, in shape.

RHOMB SPAR Rhomb" spar`. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of dolomite.

RHOMBUS Rhom"bus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Same as Rhomb, 1.

RHONCHAL Rhon`chal, a. (Med.)

Defn: Rhonchial.

RHONCHIAL Rhon"chi*al, a. (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a rhonchus; produced by rhonchi. Rhonchial fremitus. Etym: [L. fremitus a dull roaring or murmuring.] (Med.) A vibration of the chest wall that may be felt by the hand laid upon its surface. It is caused in the production of rhonchi in the bronchial tubes.

RHONCHISONANT Rhon*chis"o*nant, a. Etym: [L. rhonchus a snoring + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.]

Defn: Making a snorting noise; snorting. [R.]

RHONCHUS Rhon"chus, n.; pl. Rhonchi. Etym: [L., a snoring, a croaking.] (Med.)

Defn: An adventitious whistling or snoring sound heard on auscultation of the chest when the air channels are partially obstructed. By some writers the term rhonchus is used as equivalent to râle in its widest sense. See Râle.

RHOPALIC Rho*pal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. rhopalique.] (Pros.)

Defn: Applied to a line or verse in which each successive word has one more syllable than the preceding.

RHOPALIUM Rho*pa"li*um, n.; pl. Rhopalia. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the marginal sensory bodies of medusæ belonging to the Discophora.

RHOPALOCERA Rhop`a*loc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Lepidoptera including all the butterflies. They differ from other Lepidoptera in having club-shaped antennæ.

RHOTACISM Rho"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. "rwtaki`zein to use the letter r (r) overmuch: cf. F. rhotacisme.]

Defn: An oversounding, or a misuse, of the letter r; specifically (Phylol.), the tendency, exhibited in the Indo-European languages, to change s to r, as wese to were.

RHUBARB Rhu"barb, n. Etym: [F. rhubarbe, OF. rubarbe, rheubarbe, reubarbare, reobarbe, LL. rheubarbarum for rheum barbarum, Gr. Rha (the Volga) on whose banks it grew. Originally, therefore, it was the barbarian plant from the Rha. Cf. Barbarous, Rhaponticine.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several large perennial herbs of the genus Rheum and order Polygonaceæ.

2. The large and fleshy leafstalks of Rheum Rhaponticum and other species of the same genus. They are pleasantly acid, and are used in cookery. Called also pieplant.

3. (Med.)

Defn: The root of several species of Rheum, used much as a cathartic medicine. Monk's rhubarb. (Bot.) See under Monk. -- Turkey rhubarb (Med.), the roots of Rheum Emodi.

RHUBARBY Rhu"barb*y, a.

Defn: Like rhubarb.

RHUMB Rhumb, n. Etym: [F. rumb, Sp. rumbo, or Pg. rumbo, rumo, probably fr. Gr. Rhomb.] (Navigation)

Defn: A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle; -- called also rhumb line, and loxodromic curve. See Loxodromic. To sail on a rhumb, to sail continuously on one course, following a rhumb line.

RHUS Rhus, n. Etym: [L., sumac, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of shrubs and small treets. See Sumac.

RHUSMA Rhus"ma, n. Etym: [See Rusma.]

Defn: A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, -- used in the depilation of hides. Knight.

RHYME Rhyme, n. Etym: [OE. ryme, rime, AS. rim number; akin to OHG. rim number, succession, series, G. reim rhyme. The modern sense is due to the influence of F. rime, which is of German origin, and originally the same word.] [The Old English spelling rime is becoming again common. See Note under Prime.]

1. An expression of thought in numbers, measure, or verse; a composition in verse; a rhymed tale; poetry; harmony of language. "Railing rhymes." Daniel. A ryme I learned long ago. Chaucer. He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rime. Milton.

2. (Pros.)

Defn: Correspondence of sound in the terminating words or syllables of two or more verses, one succeeding another immediately or at no great distance. The words or syllables so used must not begin with the same consonant, or if one begins with a vowel the other must begin with a consonant. The vowel sounds and accents must be the same, as also the sounds of the final consonants if there be any. For rhyme with reason may dispense, And sound has right to govern sense. Prior.

3. Verses, usually two, having this correspondence with each other; a couplet; a poem containing rhymes.

4. A word answering in sound to another word. Female rhyme. See under Female. -- Male rhyme. See under Male. -- Rhyme or reason, sound or sense. -- Rhyme royal (Pros.), a stanza of seven decasyllabic verses, of which the first and third, the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and seventh rhyme.

RHYME Rhyme, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhymed;p. pr. & vb. n. Rhyming.] Etym: [OE. rimen, rymen, AS. riman to count: cf. F. rimer to rhyme. See Rhyme, n.]

1. To make rhymes, or verses. "Thou shalt no longer ryme." Chaucer. There marched the bard and blockhead, side by side, Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride. Pope.

2. To accord in rhyme or sound. And, if they rhymed and rattled, all was well. Dryden.

RHYME Rhyme, v. t.

1. To put into rhyme. Sir T. Wilson.

2. To influence by rhyme. Hearken to a verser, who may chance Rhyme thee to good. Herbert.

RHYMELESS Rhyme"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of rhyme. Bp. Hall.

RHYMER Rhym"er, n.

Defn: One who makes rhymes; a versifier; -- generally in contempt; a poor poet; a poetaster. This would make them soon perceive what despicaple creatures our common rhymers and playwriters be. Milton.

RHYMERY Rhym"er*y, n.

Defn: The art or habit of making rhymes; rhyming; -- in contempt.

RHYMESTER Rhyme"ster, n.

Defn: A rhymer; a maker of poor poetry. Bp. Hall. Byron.

RHYMIC Rhym"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to rhyme.

RHYMIST Rhym"ist, n.

Defn: A rhymer; a rhymester. Johnston.

RHYNCHOBDELLEA Rhyn`chob*del"le*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type.

RHYNCHOCEPHALA Rhyn`cho*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebræ, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles. See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia.

RHYNCHOCOELA Rhyn`cho*coe"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Nemertina. -- Rhyn`cho*coe"lous, a.

RHYNCHOLITE Rhyn"cho*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lie: cf. F. rhyncholithe.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil cephalopod beak.

RHYNCHONELLA Rhyn`cho*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil.

RHYNCHOPHORA Rhyn*choph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils.

RHYNCHOPHORE Rhyn"cho*phore, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rhynchophora.

RHYNCHOTA Rhyn*cho"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ry`gchos snout.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Hemiptera. [Written also Rhyncota.]

RHYOLITE Rhy"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A quartzose trachyte, an igneous rock often showing a fluidal structure. -- Rhy`o*lit"ic, a.

RHYPAROGRAPHY Rhy`pa*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. "ryparo`s filthy, dirty + gra`fein to write, paint.]

Defn: In ancient art, the painting of genre or still-life pictures.

RHYSIMETER Rhy*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.]

Defn: An instrument, acting on the principle of Pitot's tube, for measuring the velocity of a fluid current, the speed of a ship, etc.

RHYTHM Rhythm, n. Etym: [F. rhythme, rythme, L. rhythmus, fr. GR. Stream.]

1. In the widest sense, a dividing into short portions by a regular succession of motions, impulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable effect, as in music poetry, the dance, or the like.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Movement in musical time, with periodical recurrence of accent; the measured beat or pulse which marks the character and expression of the music; symmetry of movement and accent. Moore (Encyc. )

3. A division of lines into short portions by a regular succession of arses and theses, or percussions and remissions of voice on words or syllables.

4. The harmonious flow of vocal sounds.

RHYTHMER Rhyth"mer, n.

Defn: One who writes in rhythm, esp. in poetic rhythm or meter. [R.] One now scarce counted a rhythmer, formerly admitted for a poet. Fuller.

RHYTHMIC; RHYTHMICAL Rhyth"mic, Rhyth"mic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. rhythmicus, F. rhythmique.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, rhythm DAy and night I worked my rhythmic thought. Mrs. Browning. Rhythmical accent. (Mus.) See Accent, n., 6 (c).

RHYTHMICALLY Rhyth"mic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rhythmical manner.

RHYTHMICS Rhyth"mics, n.

Defn: The department of musical science which treats of the length of sounds.

RHYTHMING Rhyth"ming, a.

Defn: Writing rhythm; verse making. "The rhythming monk." Fuller.

RHYTHMLESS Rhythm"less, a.

Defn: Being without rhythm. Coleridge.

RHYTHMOMETER Rhyth*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Rhythm + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for marking time in musical movements. See Metronome.

RHYTHMUS Rhyth"mus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Rhythm.

RHYTINA Rhyt"i*na, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Rytina.

RIAL Ri"al (, n.

Defn: A Spanish coin. See Real. [Obs.]

RIAL Ri*al", a.

Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RIAL Ri"al, n. Etym: [From Royal.]

Defn: A gold coin formerly current in England, of the value of ten shillings sterling in the reign of Henry VI., and of fifteen shillings in the reign of Elizabeth. [Spelt also ryal.] Brande & C.

RIANT Ri`ant", a. Etym: [F. riant, p. pr. of rire to laugh, L. ridere.]

Defn: Laughing; laughable; exciting gayety; gay; merry; delightful to the view, as a landscape. In such cases the sublimity must be drawn from the other sources, with a strict caution, howewer, against anything light and riant. Burke.

RIB Rib, n. Etym: [AS. rib, ribb; akin to D. rib, G. rippe, OHG. rippa, rippi, Dan. ribbe, Icel. rif, Russ. rebro.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax.

Note: In man there are twelve ribs on each side, of which the upper seven are directly connected with the sternum by cartilages, and are called sternal, or true, ribs. The remaining five pairs are called asternal, or false, ribs, and of these each of the three upper pairs is attached to the cartilage of the rib above, while the two lower pairs are free at the ventral ends, and are called floating ribs. See Thorax.

2. That which resembles a rib in form or use. Specifically: (a) (Shipbuilding) One of the timbers, or bars of iron or steel, that branch outward and upward from the keel, to support the skin or planking, and give shape and strength to the vessel. (b) (Mach. & Structures)

Defn: A ridge, fin, or wing, as on a plate, cylinder, beam, etc., to strengthen or stiffen it. (c) One of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is extended. (d) A prominent line or ridge, as in cloth. (e) A longitudinal strip of metal uniting the barrels of a double- barreled gun.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The chief nerve, or one of the chief nerves, of a leaf. (b) Any longitudinal ridge in a plant.

4. (Arch.) (a) In Gothic vaulting, one of the primary members of the vault. These are strong arches, meeting and crossing one another, dividing the whole space into triangles, which are then filled by vaulted construction of lighter material. Hence, an imitation of one of these in wood, plaster, or the like. (b) A projecting mold, or group of moldings, forming with others a pattern, as on a ceiling, ornamental door, or the like.

5. (Mining) (a) Solid coal on the side of a gallery; solid ore in a vein. (b) An elongated pillar of ore or coal left as a support. Raymond.

6. A wife; -- in allusion to Eve, as made out of Adam's rib. [Familiar & Sportive] How many have we known whose heads have been broken with their own rib. Bp. Hall. Chuck rib, a cut of beef immediately in front of the middle rib. See Chuck. -- Fore ribs, a cut of beef immediately in front of the sirloin. -- Middle rib, a cut of beef between the chuck rib and the fore ribs. -- Rib grass. (Bot.) Same as Ribwort.

RIB Rib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ribbing.]

1. To furnish with ribs; to form with rising lines and channels; as, to rib cloth.

2. To inclose, as with ribs, and protect; to shut in. It [lead] were too gross To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave. Shak. To rib land, to leave strips of undisturbed ground between the furrows in plowing.

RIBALD Rib"ald, n./ Etym: [OE. ribald, ribaud, F. ribaud, OF. ribald, ribault, LL. ribaldus, of German origin; cf. OHG hripa prostitute. For the ending -ald cf. E. Herald.]

Defn: A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. Spenser. Pope. Ribald was almost a class name in the feudal system . . . He was his patron's parasite, bulldog, and tool . . . It is not to be wondered at that the word rapidly became a synonym for everything ruffianly and brutal. Earle.

RIBALD Rib"ald, a.

Defn: Low; base; mean; filthy; obscene. The busy day, Waked by the lark, hath roused the ribald crows. Shak.

RIBALDISH Rib"ald*ish, a.

Defn: Like a ribald. Bp. Hall.

RIBALDROUS Rib"ald*rous, a.

Defn: Of a ribald quality. [R.]

RIBALDRY Rib"ald*ry, n. Etym: [OE. ribaldrie, ribaudrie, OF. ribalderie, ribauderie.]

Defn: The talk of a ribald; low, vulgar language; indecency; obscenity; lewdness; -- now chiefly applied to indecent language, but formerly, as by Chaucer, also to indecent acts or conduct. The ribaldry of his conversation moved Macaulay.

RIBAN Rib"an, n.

Defn: See Ribbon. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

RIBAND Rib"and, n.

Defn: See Ribbon. Riband jasper (Min.), a variety of jasper having stripes of different colors, as red and green.

RIBAND Rib"and, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Rib-band. Totten.

RIBANDED Rib"and*ed, a.

Defn: Ribboned. B. Jonson.

RIBAUD Rib"aud, n.

Defn: A ribald. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

RIBAUDEQUIN Ri*bau"de*quin, n. Etym: [F.]

1. An engine of war used in the Middle Ages, consisting of a protected elevated staging on wheels, and armed in front with pikes. It was (after the 14th century) furnished with small cannon.

2. A huge bow fixed on the wall of a fortified town for casting javelins.

RIBAUDRED; RIBAUDROUS Rib"aud*red, Rib"aud*rous, a.

Defn: Filthy; obscene; ribald. [Obs.]

RIBAUDRY Rib"aud*ry, n.

Defn: Ribaldry. [Obs.] Spenser.

RIBAUDY Rib"aud*y, n.

Defn: Ribaldry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RIBAULD Rib"auld, n.

Defn: A ribald. [Obs.] Spenser.

RIBBAND Rib"band, n.

Defn: A ribbon. Pope.

RIBBAND Rib"*band`, n. Etym: [Rib + band.] Etym: [Written also riband, and ribbon.] (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A long, narrow strip of timber bent and bolted longitudinally to the ribs of a vessel, to hold them in position, and give rigidity to the framework. Rib-band lines, oblique longitudinal sectionss of the hull of a vessel. Knight.

RIBBED Ribbed, a.

1. Furnished or formed with ribs; as, a ribbed cylinder; ribbed cloth.

2. (Mining)

Defn: Intercalated with slate; -- said of a seam of coal. Raymond.

RIBBING Rib"bing, n.

Defn: An assemblage or arrangement of ribs, as the timberwork for the support of an arch or coved ceiling, the veins in the leaves of some plants, ridges in the fabric of cloth, or the like.

RIBBON Rib"bon, n. Etym: [OE. riban, OF. riban, F. ruban, probably of German origin; cf. D. ringband collar, necklace, E. ring circle, and band.] [Written also riband, ribband.]

1. A fillet or narrow woven fabric, commonly of silk, used for trimming some part of a woman's attire, for badges, and other decorative purposes.

2. A narrow strip or shred; as, a steel or magnesium ribbon; sails torn to ribbons.

3. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: Same as Rib-band.

4. pl.

Defn: Driving reins. [Cant] London Athenæum.

5. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing similar to the bend, but only one eighth as wide.

6. (Spinning)

Defn: A silver.

Note: The blue ribbon, and The red ribbon, are phrases often used to designate the British orders of the Garter and of the Bath, respectively, the badges of which are suspended by ribbons of these colors. See Blue ribbon, under Blue. Ribbon fish. (Zoöl.) (a) Any elongated, compressed, ribbon-shaped marine fish of the family Trachypteridæ, especially the species of the genus Trachypterus, and the oarfish (Regelecus Banksii) of the North Atlantic, which is sometimes over twenty feet long. (b) The hairtail, or bladefish. (c) A small compressed marine fish of the genus Cepola, having a long, slender, tapering tail. The European species (C. rubescens) is light red throughout. Called also band fish. -- Ribbon grass (Bot.), a variety of reed canary grass having the leaves stripped with green and white; -- called also Lady's garters. See Reed grass, under Reed. -- Ribbon seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Histriophoca fasciata). The adult male is dark brown, conspicuously banded and striped with yellowish white. -- Ribbon snake (Zoöl.), a common North American snake (Eutainia saurita). It is conspicuously striped with bright yellow and dark brown. -- Ribbon Society, a society in Ireland, founded in the early part of the 19th century in antagonism to the Orangemen. It afterwards became an organization of tennant farmers banded together to prevent eviction by landlords. It took its name from the green ribbon worn by members as a badge. -- Ribborn worm. (Zoöl.) (a) A tapeworm. (b) A nemertean.

RIBBON Rib"bon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribboned; p. pr. & vb. n. Ribboning.]

Defn: To adorn with, or as with, ribbons; to mark with stripes resembling ribbons.

RIBBONISM Rib"bon*ism, n.

Defn: The principles and practices of the Ribbonmen. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon.

RIBBONMAN Rib"bon*man, n; pl. -men.

Defn: A member of the Ribbon Society. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon.

RIBBONWOOD Rib"bon*wood`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A malvaceous tree (Hoheria populnea) of New Zealand, the bark of which is used for cordage.

RIBES Ri"bes, n.Etym: [NL.; cf. Dan. ribs, and Ar. ribas a plant with an acid juice.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of shrubs including gooseberries and currants of many kinds.

RIBIBE Rib"ibe, n. Etym: [See Rebec.]

1. A sort of stringed instrument; a rebec. [Obs.] Nares.

2. An old woman; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A bawd; a prostitute. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

RIBIBLE Rib"i*ble, n. Etym: [See Ribibe.]

Defn: A small threestringed viol; a rebec. Moore (Encyc. of Music). All can be play on gittern or ribible. Chaucer.

RIBLESS Rib"less, a.

Defn: Having no ribs.

RIBROAST Rib"roast`, v. t.

Defn: To beat soundly. [Slang]

RIBWORT Rib"wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with long, narrow, ribbed leaves; -- called also rib grass, ripple grass, ribwort plantain.

-RIC -ric. Etym: [AS rice kingdom, dominion. See Rich.]

Defn: A suffix signifying dominion, jurisdiction; as, bishopric, the district over which a bishop exercises authority.

RICE Rice, n. Etym: [F. riz (cf. Pr. ris, It. riso), L. oryza, Gr. brizi, akin to Skr. vrihi; or perh. akin to E. rye. Cf. Rye.] (Bot.)

Defn: A well-known cereal grass (Oryza sativa) and its seed. This plant is extensively cultivated in warm climates, and the grain forms a large portion of the food of the inhabitants. In America it grows chiefly on low, moist land, which can be overflowed. Ant rice. (Bot.) See under Ant. -- French rice. (Bot.) See Amelcorn. -- Indian rice., a tall reedlike water grass (Zizania aquatica), bearing panicles of a long, slender grain, much used for food by North American Indians. It is common in shallow water in the Northern States. Called also water oat, Canadian wild rice, etc. -- Mountain rice, any species of an American genus (Oryzopsis) of grasses, somewhat resembling rice. -- Rice bunting. (Zoöl.) Same as Ricebird. -- Rice hen (Zoöl.), the Florida gallinule. -- Rice mouse (Zoöl.), a large dark-colored field mouse (Calomys palistris) of the Southern United States. -- Rice paper, a kind of thin, delicate paper, brought from China, - - used for painting upon, and for the manufacture of fancy articles. It is made by cutting the pith of a large herb (Fatsia papyrifera, related to the ginseng) into one roll or sheet, which is flattened out under pressure. Called also pith paper. -- Rice troupial (Zoöl.), the bobolink. -- Rice water, a drink for invalids made by boiling a small quantity of rice in water. -- Rice-water discharge (Med.), a liquid, resembling rice water in appearance, which is vomited, and discharged from the bowels, in cholera. -- Rice weevil (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Calandra, or Sitophilus, oryzæ) which destroys rice, wheat, and Indian corn by eating out the interior; -- called also black weevil.

RICEBIRD Rice"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The Java sparrow. (b) The bobolink.

RICE-SHELL Rice"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of small white polished marine shells of the genus Olivella.

RICH Rich, (rîch), a. [Compar. Richer (; superl. Richest.] Etym: [OE. riche, AS. rice rich, powerful; akin to OS. riki, D. rijk, G. reich, OHG. rihhi, Icel. rikr, Sw. rik, Dan. rig, Goth. reiks; from a word meaning, ruler, king, probably borrowed from Celtic, and akin to L. rex, regis, king, regere to guide, rule. sq. root283. See Right, and cf. Derrick, Enrich, Rajah, Riches, Royal.]

1. Having an abundance of material possessions; possessed of a large amount of property; well supplied with land, goods, or money; wealthy; opulent; affluent; -- opposed to Ant: poor. "Rich merchants." Chaucer. The rich [person] hath many friends. Prov. xiv. 20. As a thief, bent to unhoard the cash Of some rich burgher. Milton.

2. Hence, in general, well supplied; abounding; abundant; copious; bountiful; as, a rich treasury; a rich entertainment; a rich crop. If life be short, it shall be glorious; Each minute shall be rich in some great action. Rowe. The gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. Milton.

3. Yielding large returns; productive or fertile; fruitful; as, rich soil or land; a rich mine.

4. Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; procured at great outlay; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; costly; as, a rich dress; rich silk or fur; rich presents. Like to rich and various gems. Milton.

5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive qualities; -- especially applied to articles of food or drink which are high-seasoned or abound in oleaginous ingredients, or are sweet, luscious, and high- flavored; as, a rich dish; rich cream or soup; rich pastry; rich wine or fruit. Sauces and rich spices are fetched from India. Baker.

6. Not faint or delicate; vivid; as, a rich color.

7. Full of sweet and harmonius sounds; as, a rich voice; rich music.

8. Abounding in beauty; gorgeous; as, a rich landscape; rich scenery.

9. Abounding in humor; exciting amusement; entertaining; as, the scene was a rich one; a rich incident or character. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Note: Rich is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, rich-fleeced, rich-jeweled, rich-laden, rich-stained.

Syn. -- Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abundant; plentiful; fruitful; costly; sumptuous; precious; generous; luscious.

RICH Rich, v. t.

Defn: To enrich. [Obs.] Gower.

RICHES Rich"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. richesse, F. richesse, from riche rich, of German origin. See Rich,a.]

1. That which makes one rich; an abundance of land, goods, money, or other property; wealth; opulence; affluence. Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but in having more in proportion, than our neighbors. Locke.

2. That which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, or the like. The riche of heaven's pavement, trodden gold. Milton.

Note: Richesse, the older form of this word, was in the singular number. The form riches, however, is plural in appearance, and has now come to be used as a plural. Against the richesses of this world shall they have misease of poverty. Chaucer. In one hour so great riches is come to nought. Rev. xviii. 17. And for that riches where is my deserving Shak.

Syn. -- Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthiness; richness; plenty; abundance.

RICHESSE Rich"esse, n. Etym: [F. See Riches.]

Defn: Wealth; riches. See the Note under Riches. [Obs.] Some man desireth for to have richesse. Chaucer. The richesse of all heavenly grace. Spenser.

RICHLY Rich"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rich manner.

RICHNESS Rich"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rich (in any sense of the adjective).

RICHWEED Rich"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An herb (Pilea pumila) of the Nettle family, having a smooth, juicy, pellucid stem; -- called also clearweed.

RICINELAIDIC Ric`in*e`la*id"ic, a. Etym: [Ricinoleic + elaidic.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric modification of ricinoleic acid obtained as a white crystalline solid.

RICINELAIDIN Ric`in*e*la"i*din, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The glycerin salt of ricinelaidic acid, obtained as a white crystalline waxy substance by treating castor oil with nitrous acid.

RICINIC Ri*cin"ic, a. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, castor oil; formerly, designating an acid now called ricinoleic acid.

RICININE Ric"i*nine, n. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the castor-oil plant.

RICINOLEATE Ric`in*o"le*ate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of ricinoleic acid; -- formerly called palmate.

RICINOLEIC Ric`in*o"le*ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a fatty acid analogous to oleic acid, obtained from castor oil as an oily substance, Cricinolic.

RICINOLEIN Ric`in*o"le*in, n. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant + oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: The glycerin salt of ricinoleic acid, occuring as a characteristic constituent of castor oil; -- formerly called palmin.

RICINOLIC Ric`i*nol"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Ricinoleic.

RICINUS Ric"i*nus (, n. Etym: [L., the castor-oil plant.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants of the Spurge family, containing but one species (R. communis), the castor-oil plant. The fruit is three- celled, and contains three large seeds from which castor oil iss expressed. See Palma Christi.

RICK Rick, n. Etym: [OE. reek, rek, AS. hreác a heap; akin to hryce rick, Icel. hraukr.]

Defn: A stack or pile, as of grain, straw, or hay, in the open air, usually protected from wet with thatching. Golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows. G. Eliot.

RICK Rick, v. t.

Defn: To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc.

RICKER Rick"er, n.

Defn: A stout pole for use in making a rick, or for a spar to a boat.

RICKETISH Rick"et*ish, a.

Defn: Rickety. [Obs.] Fuller.

RICKETS Rick"ets, n. pl. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; but cf. AS. wrigian to bend, D. wrikken to shake, E. wriggle.] (Med.)

Defn: A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphyses, tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. The essential cause of the disease appears to be the nondeposition of earthy salts in the osteoid tissues. Children afflicted with this malady stand and walk unsteadily. Called also rachitis.

RICKETY Rick"et*y, a.

1. Affected with rickets.

2. Feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak; shaky.

RICKRACK Rick"rack`, n.

Defn: A kind of openwork edging made of serpentine braid.

RICKSTAND Rick"stand`, n.

Defn: A flooring or framework on which a rick is made.

RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A rebound or skipping, as of a ball along the ground when a gun is fired at a low angle of elevation, or of a fiat stone thrown along the surface of water. Ricochet firing (Mil.), the firing of guns or howitzers, usually with small charges, at an elevation of only a few degrees, so as to cause the balls or shells to bound or skip along the ground.

RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ricochetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ricochetting.]

Defn: To operate upon by ricochet firing. See Ricochet, n. [R.]

RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", v. i.

Defn: To skip with a rebound or rebounds, as a flat stone on the surface of water, or a cannon ball on the ground. See Ricochet, n.

RICTAL Ric"tal, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rictus; as, rictal bristles.

RICTURE Ric"ture, n. Etym: [L. ringi, rictus, to open wide the mouth, to gape.]

Defn: A gaping. [Obs.]

RICTUS Ric"tus, n. Etym: [L., the aperture of the mouth.]

Defn: The gape of the mouth, as of birds; -- often resricted to the corners of the mouth.

RID Rid,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic] He rid to the end of the village, where he alighted. Thackeray.

RID Rid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rid or Ridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridding.] Etym: [OE. ridden, redden, AS. hreddan to deliver, liberate; akin to D. & LG. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, Sw. rädda, and perhaps to Skr. to loosen.]

1. To save; to rescue; to deliver; -- with out of. [Obs.] Deliver the poor and needy; rid them out of the hand of the wicked. Ps. lxxxii. 4.

2. To free; to clear; to disencumber; -- followed by of. "Rid all the sea of pirates." Shak. In never ridded myself of an overmastering and brooding sense of some great calamity traveling toward me. De Quincey.

3. To drive away; to remove by effort or violence; to make away with; to destroy. [Obs.] I will red evil beasts out of the land. Lev. xxvi. 6. Death's men, you have rid this sweet young prince! Shak.

4. To get over; to dispose of; to dispatch; to finish. [R.] "Willingness rids way." Shak. Mirth will make us rid ground faster than if thieves were at our tails. J. Webster. To be rid of, to be free or delivered from. -- To get rid of, to get deliverance from; to free one's self from.

RIDABLE Rid"a*ble, a.

Defn: Suitable for riding; as, a ridable horse; a ridable road.

RIDDANCE Rid"dance, n.

1. The act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a cleaning up or out. Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field. Lev. xxiii. 22.

2. The state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. "Riddance from all adversity." Hooker.

RIDDEN Rid"den,

Defn: p. p. of Ride.

RIDDER Rid"der, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, rids.

RIDDLE Rid"dle, n. Etym: [OE. ridil, AS. hridder; akin to G. reiter, L. cribrum, and to Gr. rein clean. See Crisis, Certain.]

1. A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand.

2. A board having a row of pins, set zigzag, between which wire is drawn to straighten it.

RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Riddling.]

1. To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as, riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel.

2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as, a house riddled with shot.

RIDDLE Rid"dle, n. Etym: [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plural ending; OE. ridels, redels. AS. rraadsel, G. räthsel; fr. AS. r to counsel or advise, also, to guess. sq. root116. Cf. Read.]

Defn: Something proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture; a puzzling question; an ambiguous proposition; an enigma; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling. To wring from me, and tell to them, my secret, That solved the riddle which I had proposed. Milton. 'T was a strange riddle of a lady. Hudibras.

RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. t.

Defn: To explain; to solve; to unriddle. Riddle me this, and guess him if you can. Dryden.

RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. i.

Defn: To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. "Lysander riddels very prettily." Shak.

RIDDLER Rid"dler, n.

Defn: One who riddles (grain, sand, etc.).

RIDDLER Rid"dler, n.

Defn: One who speaks in, or propounds, riddles.

RIDDLING Rid"dling, a.

Defn: Speaking in a riddle or riddles; containing a riddle. "Riddling triplets." Tennyson. -- Rid"dling, adv.

RIDE Ride, v. i. [imp. Rode (rod) (Rid [rîd], archaic); p. p. Ridden ( (Rid, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Riding (.] Etym: [AS. ridan; akin to LG. riden, D. rijden, G. reiten, OHG. ritan, Icel. riedha, Sw. rida, Dan. ride; cf. L. raeda a carriage, which is from a Celtic word. Cf. Road.]

1. To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse. To-morrow, when ye riden by the way. Chaucer. Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after him. Swift.

2. To be borne in a carriage; as, to ride in a coach, in a car, and the like. See Synonym, below. The richest inhabitants exhibited their wealth, not by riding in gilden carriages, but by walking the streets with trains of servants. Macaulay.

3. To be borne or in a fluid; to float; to lie. Men once walked where ships at anchor ride. Dryden.

4. To be supported in motion; to rest. Strong as the exletree On which heaven rides. Shak. On whose foolish honesty My practices ride easy! Shak.

5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian. He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease. Dryden.

6. To support a rider, as a horse; to move under the saddle; as, a horse rides easy or hard, slow or fast. To ride easy (Naut.), to lie at anchor without violent pitching or straining at the cables. -- To ride hard (Naut.), to pitch violently. -- To ride out. (a) To go upon a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To ride in the open air. [Colloq.] -- To ride to hounds, to ride behind, and near to, the hounds in hunting.

Syn. -- Drive. -- Ride, Drive. Ride originally meant (and is so used throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage; as, a drive around the park, etc.; while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse. Johnson seems to sanction this distinction by giving "to travel on horseback" as the leading sense of ride; though he adds "to travel in a vehicle" as a secondary sense. This latter use of the word still occurs to some extent; as, the queen rides to Parliament in her coach of state; to ride in an omnibus. "Will you ride over or drive" said Lord Willowby to his quest, after breakfast that morning. W. Black.

RIDE Ride, v. t.

1. To sit on, so as to be carried; as, to ride a horse; to ride a bicycle. [They] rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air In whirlwind. Milton.

2. To manage insolently at will; to domineer over. The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers, cobblers, and brewers. Swift.

3. To convey, as by riding; to make or do by riding. Tue only men that safe can ride Mine errands on the Scottish side. Sir W. Scott.

4. (Surg.)

Defn: To overlap (each other); -- said of bones or fractured fragments. To ride a hobby, to have some favorite occupation or subject of talk. -- To ride and tie, to take turn with another in labor and rest; -- from the expedient adopted by two persons with one horse, one of whom rides the animal a certain distance, and then ties him for the use of the other, who is coming up on foot. Fielding. -- To ride down. (a) To ride over; to trample down in riding; to overthrow by riding against; as, to ride down an enemy. (b) (Naut.) To bear down, as on a halyard when hoisting a sail. -- To ride out (Naut.), to keep safe afloat during (a storm) while riding at anchor or when hove to on the open sea; as, to ride out the gale. to ride the lightning, (Colloq.) to be executed by electrocution in an electric chair.

RIDE Ride, n.

1. The act of riding; an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle.

2. A saddle horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

3. A road or avenue cut in a wood, or through grounds, to be used as a place for riding; a riding.

RIDEAU Ri*deau", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A small mound of earth; ground slightly elevated; a small ridge.

RIDEN Rid"en, obs.

Defn: imp. pl. & p. p. of Ride. Chaucer.

RIDENT Ri"dent, a. Etym: [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to laugh.]

Defn: Laughing. [R.] Thackeray.

RIDER Rid"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rides.

2. Formerly, an agent who went out with samples of goods to obtain orders; a commercial traveler. [Eng.]

3. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak.

4. An addition or amendment to a manuscript or other document, which is attached on a separate piece of paper; in legislative practice, an additional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage; something extra or burdensome that is imposed. After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider. Macaulay. This [question] was a rider which Mab found difficult to answer. A. S. Hardy.

5. (Math.)

Defn: A problem of more than usual difficulty added to another on an examination paper.

6. Etym: [D. rijder.]

Defn: A Dutch gold coin having the figure of a man on horseback stamped upon it. His moldy money ! half a dozen riders. J. Fletcher.

7. (Mining)

Defn: Rock material in a vein of ore, dividing it.

8. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: An interior rib occasionally fixed in a ship's hold, reaching from the keelson to the beame of the lower deck, to strengthen her frame. Totten.

9. (Naut.)

Defn: The second tier of casks in a vessel's hold.

10. A small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance, along which it can be moved in the manner of the weight on a steelyard.

11. A robber. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drummond. Rider's bone (Med.), a bony deposit in the muscles of the upper and inner part of the thigh, due to the pressure and irritation caused by the saddle in riding.

RIDERLESS Rid"er*less, a.

Defn: Having no rider; as, a riderless horse. H. Kingsley.

RIDGE Ridge, n. Etym: [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg; akin to D. rug, G. rÜcken, OHG. rucki, hrukki, Icel. hryggr, Sw. rugg, Dan. ryg. sq. root16.]

1. The back, or top of the back; a crest. Hudibras.

2. A range of hills or mountains, or the upper part of such a range; any extended elevation between valleys. "The frozen ridges of the Alps." Shak. Part rise crystal wall, or ridge direct. Milton.

3. A raised line or strip, as of ground thrown up by a plow or left between furrows or ditches, or as on the surface of metal, cloth, or bone, etc.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: The intersection of two surface forming a salient angle, especially the angle at the top between the opposite slopes or sides of a roof or a vault.

5. (Fort.)

Defn: The highest portion of the glacis proceeding from the salient angle of the covered way. Stocqueler.

RIDGE Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridging.]

1. To form a ridge of; to furnish with a ridge or ridges; to make into a ridge or ridges. Bristles ranged like those that ridge the back Of chafed wild boars. Milton.

2. To form into ridges with the plow, as land.

3. To wrinkle. "With a forehead ridged." Cowper.

RIDGEBAND Ridge"band`, n.

Defn: The part of a harness which passes over the saddle, and supports the shafts of a cart; -- called also ridgerope, and ridger. Halliwell.

RIDGEBONE Ridge"bone`, n.

Defn: The backbone. [Obs.] Blood . . . lying cluttered about the ridgebone. Holland.

RIDGEL Ridg"el, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Ridgelling.

RIDGELET Ridge"let, n.

Defn: A little ridge.

RIDGELING Ridge"ling, n. Etym: [Prov. E. riggilt, riggot, ananimal half castrated, a sheep having only one testicle; cf. Prov. G. rigel, rig, a barrow hog, rigler a cock half castrated.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A half-castrated male animal.

RIDGEPIECE; RIDGEPLATE Ridge"piece`, Ridge"plate`, n.

Defn: See Ridgepole.

RIDGEPOLE Ridge"pole`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The timber forming the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are secured.

RIDGEROPE Ridge"rope`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Life line (a), under Life.

RIDGINGLY Ridg"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to form ridges.

RIDGY Ridg"y, a.

Defn: Having a ridge or ridges; rising in a ridge. "Lifted on a ridgy wave." Pope.

RIDICLE Rid"i*cle, n.

Defn: Ridicule. [Obs.] Foxe.

RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, n. Etym: [F. ridicule, L. ridiculum a jest, fr. ridiculus. See Ridiculous.]

1. An object of sport or laughter; a laughingstock; a laughing matter. [Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries. Buckle. To the people . . . but a trifle, to the king but a ridicule. Foxe.

2. Remarks concerning a subject or a person designed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt; wit of that species which provokes contemptuous laughter; disparagement by making a person an object of laughter; banter; -- a term lighter than derision. We have in great measure restricted the meaning of ridicule, which would properly extend over whole region of the ridiculous, -- the laughable, -- and we have narrowed it so that in common usage it mostly corresponds to "derision", which does indeed involve personal and offensive feelings. Hare. Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne, Yet touched and shamed by ridicule alone. Pope.

3. Quality of being ridiculous; ridiculousness. [Obs.] To see the ridicule of this practice. Addison.

Syn. -- Derision; banter; raillery; burlesque; mockery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. -- Ridicule, Derision, Both words imply disapprobation; but ridicule usually signifies good-natured, fun-loving opposition without manifest malice, while derision is commonly bitter and scornful, and sometimes malignant.

RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridiculed;p. pr. & vb. n. Ridiculing.]

Defn: To laugh at mockingly or disparagingly; to awaken ridicule toward or respecting. I 've known the young, who ridiculed his rage. Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To deride; banter; rally; burlesque; mock; satirize; lampoon. See Deride.

RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Ridiculous. [Obs.] This action . . . became so ridicule. Aubrey.

RIDICULER Rid"i*cu`ler, n.

Defn: One who ridicules.

RIDICULIZE Ri*dic"u*lize, v. t.

Defn: To make ridiculous; to ridicule. [Obs.] Chapman.

RIDICULOSITY Ri*dic`u*los"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being ridiculous; ridiculousness; also, something ridiculous. [Archaic] Bailey.

RIDICULOUS Ri*dic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. ridiculosus, ridiculus, fr. ridere to laigh. Cf. Risible.]

1. Fitted to excite ridicule; absurd and laughable; unworthy of serious consideration; as, a ridiculous dress or behavior. Agricola, discerning that those little targets and unwieldy glaives ill pointed would soon become ridiculous against the thrust and close, commanded three Batavian cohorts . . . to draw up and come to handy strokes. Milton.

2. Involving or expressing ridicule. [r.] [It] provokes me to ridiculous smiling. Shak.

Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; risible; droll; comical; absurd; preposterous. See Ludicrous. --- Ri*dic"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Ri*dic"u*lous*ness, n.

RIDING Rid"ing, n. Etym: [For thriding, Icel. pr the third part, fr. pri third, akin to E. third. See Third.]

Defn: One of the three jurisdictions into which the county of York, in England, is divided; -- formerly under the government of reeve. They are called the North, the East, and the West, Riding. Blackstone.

RIDING Rid"ing, a.

1. Employed to travel; traveling; as, a riding clerk. "One riding apparitor." Ayliffe.

2. Used for riding on; as, a riding horse.

3. Used for riding, or when riding; devoted to riding; as, a riding whip; a riding habit; a riding day. Riding clerk. (a) A clerk who traveled for a commercial house. [Obs. Eng.] (b) One of the "six clerks" formerly attached to the English Court of Chancery. -- Riding hood. (a) A hood formerly worn by women when riding. (b) A kind of cloak with a hood. -- Riding master, an instructor in horsemanship. -- Riding rhyme (Pros.), the meter of five accents, with couplet rhyme; -- probably so called from the mounted pilgrims described in the Canterbury Tales. Dr. Guest. -- Riding school, a school or place where the art of riding is taught.

RIDING Rid"ing, n.

1. The act or state of one who rides.

2. A festival procession. [Obs.] When there any riding was in Cheap. Chaucer.

3. Same as Ride, n., 3. Sir P. Sidney.

4. A district in charge of an excise officer. [Eng.]

RIDOTTO Ri*dot"to, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. reductus a retreat. See Redoubt.]

Defn: A favorite Italian public entertainment, consisting of music and dancing, -- held generally on fast eves. Brande & C. There are to be ridottos at guinea tickets. Walpole.

RIDOTTO Ri*dot"to, v. i.

Defn: To hold ridottos. [R.] J. G. Cooper.

RIE Rie, n.

Defn: See Rye. [Obs.] Holland. Rie grass. (Bot.) (a) A kind of wild barley (Hordeum pratense). Dr. Prior. (b) Ray grass. Dr. Prior.

RIEF Rief, n. Etym: [See Reave.]

Defn: Robbery. [Obs. or Scot.]

RIETBOC Riet"boc, n. Etym: [D. riet reed + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The reedbuck, a South African antelope (Cervicapra arundinacea); -- so called from its frequenting dry places covered with high grass or reeds. Its color is yellowish brown. Called also inghalla, and rietbok.

RIFACIMENTO Ri*fa`ci*men"to, n.; pl. Rifacimenti (#). [It.]

Defn: A remaking or recasting; an adaptation, esp. of a literary work or musical composition.

RIFE Rife, a. Etym: [AS. rif abundant, or Icel. rifr munificent; akin to OD. riff, rijve, abundant.]

1. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs were rife and mortal. Arbuthnot. Even now the tumult of loud mirth Was rife, and perfect in may listening ear. Milton.

2. Having power; active; nimble. [Obs.] What! I am rife a little yet. J. Webster. -- Rife"ly, adv. -- Rife"ness, n.

RIFFLE Rif"fle, n. Etym: [CF. G. riffeln, riefeln, to groove. Cf. Rifle a gun.] (Mining)

Defn: A trough or sluice having cleats, grooves, or steps across the bottom for holding quicksilver and catching particles of gold when auriferous earth is washed; also, one of the cleats, grooves, or steps in such a trough. Also called ripple.

RIFFLER Rif"fler, n. Etym: [See Riffle.]

Defn: A curved file used in carving wool and marble.

RIFFRAFF Riff"raff`, n. Etym: [OE. rif and raf every particle, OF. rif et raf. CF. Raff, and 1st Rifle.]

Defn: Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order of society. Beau & Fl.

RIFLE Ri"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifling.] Etym: [F. rifler to rifle, sweep away; of uncertain origin. CF. Raff.]

1. To seize and bear away by force; to snatch away; to carry off. Till time shall rifle every youthful grace. Pope.

2. To strip; to rob; to pillage. Piers Plowman. Stand, sir, and throw us that you have about ye: If not, we'll make you sit and rifle you. Shak.

3. To raffle. [Obs.] J. Webster.

RIFLE Ri"fle, v. i.

1. To raffle. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. To commit robbery. [R.] Bp. Hall.

RIFLE Ri"fle, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. rifle, or riffel, the rifle of a gun, a chamfer (cf. riffel, riffelbösse, a rifle gun, rifle to rifle a gun, G. riefeln, riefen, to chamfer, groove), and E. rive. See Rive, and cf. Riffle, Rivel.]

1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel is grooved with spiral channels, thus giving the ball a rotary motion and insuring greater accuracy of fire. As a military firearm it has superseded the musket.

2. pl. (Mil.)

Defn: A body of soldiers armed with rifles.

3. A strip of wood covered with emery or a similar material, used for sharpening scythes. Rifle pit (Mil.), a trench for sheltering sharpshooters.

RIFLE Ri"fle, v. t.

1. To grove; to channel; especially, to groove internally with spiral channels; as, to rifle a gun barrel or a cannon.

2. To whet with a rifle. See Rifle, n., 3.

RIFLEBIRD Ri"fle*bird`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of beautiful birds of Australia and New Guinea, of the genera Ptiloris and Craspidophora, allied to the paradise birds.

Note: The largest and best known species is Ptiloris paradisea of Australia. Its general color is rich velvety brown, glossed with lilac; the under parts are varied with rich olive green, and the head, throat, and two middle tail feathers are brilliant metallic green.

RIFLEMAN Ri"fle*man, n.; pl. Rifleman (. (Mil.)

Defn: A soldier armed with a rifle.

RIFLER Ri"fler, n.

Defn: One who rifles; a robber.

RIFLING Ri"fling, n. (a) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel. (b) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon. Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves.

RIFT Rift, obs.

Defn: p. p. of Rive. Spenser.

RIFT Rift, n. [Written also reft.] Etym: [Dan. rift, fr. rieve to rend. See Rive.]

1. An opening made by riving or splitting; a cleft; a fissure. Spenser.

2. A shallow place in a stream; a ford.

RIFT Rift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifting.]

Defn: To cleave; to rive; to split; as, to rift an oak or a rock; to rift the clouds. Longfellow. To dwell these rifted rocks between. Wordsworth.

RIFT Rift, v. i.

1. To burst open; to split. Shak. Timber . . . not apt to rif with ordnance. Bacon.

2. To belch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

RIFTER Rift"er, n.

Defn: A rafter. [Obs.] Holland.

RIG Rig, n. Etym: [See Ridge.]

Defn: A ridge. [Prov. or Scott.]

RIG Rig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rigging.] Etym: [Norweg. rigga to bind, particularly, to wrap round, rig; cf. AS. wrihan to cover.]

1. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with tackling.

2. To dress; to equip; to clothe, especially in an odd or fanciful manner; -- commonly followed by out. Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace. L'Estrange. To rig a purchase, to adapt apparatus so as to get a purchase for moving a weight, as with a lever, tackle, capstan, etc. -- To rig a ship (Naut.), to fit the shrouds, stays, braces, etc., to their respective masts and yards.

RIG Rig, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The peculiar fitting in shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts, by which different types of vessels are distinguished; as, schooner rig, ship rig, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Dress; esp., odd or fanciful clothing. [Colloq.]

RIG Rig, n Etym: [Cf. Wriggle.]

1. A romp; a wanton; one given to unbecoming conduct. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. A sportive or unbecoming trick; a frolic.

3. A blast of wind. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. That uncertain season before the rigs of Michaelmas were yet well composed. Burke. To run a rig, to play a trick; to engage in a frolic; to do something strange and unbecoming. He little dreamt when he set out Of running such a rig. Cowper.

RIG Rig, v. i.

Defn: To play the wanton; to act in an unbecoming manner; to play tricks. "Rigging and rifling all ways." Chapman.

RIG Rig, v. t.

Defn: To make free with; hence, to steal; to pilfer. [Obs. or Prov.] Tusser. To rig the market (Stock Exchange), to raise or lower market prices, as by some fraud or trick. [Cant]

RIGADOON Rig`a*doon", n. Etym: [F. rigadon, rigaudon.]

Defn: A gay, lively dance for one couple, -- said to have been borrowed from Provence in France. W. Irving. Whose dancing dogs in rigadoons excel. Wolcott.

RIGA FIR Ri"ga fir` Etym: [So called from Riga, a city in Russia.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of pine (Pinus sylvestris), and its wood, which affords a valuable timber; -- called also Scotch pine, and red or yellow deal. It grows in all parts of Europe, in the Caucasus, and in Siberia.

RIGARION Ri*ga"rion, n. Etym: [L. rigatio, fr. rigare to water.]

Defn: See Irrigation. [Obs.]

RIGEL Ri"gel, n. Etym: [Ar. rijl, properly, foot.] (Astron.)

Defn: A fixed star of the first magnitude in the left foot of the constellation Orion. [Written also Regel.]

RIGESCENT Ri*ges"cent, a. Etym: [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. rigescere to grow stiff.]

Defn: Growing stiff or numb.

RIGGER Rig"ger, n.

1. One who rigs or dresses; one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship.

2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. [R.]

RIGGING Rig"ging, n.

Defn: DRess; tackle; especially (Naut.), the ropes, chains, etc., that support the masts and spars of a vessel, and serve as purchases for adjusting the sails, etc. See Illustr. of Ship and Sails. Running rigging (Naut.), all those ropes used in bracing the yards, making and shortening sail, etc., such as braces, sheets, halyards, clew lines, and the like. -- Standing rigging (Naut.), the shrouds and stays.

RIGGISH Rig"gish, a.

Defn: Like a rig or wanton. [Obs.] "Riggish and unmaidenly." Bp. Hall.

RIGGLE Rig"gle, v. i.

Defn: See Wriggle.

RIGGLE Rig"gle, n.

Defn: The European lance fish. [Prov. Eng.]

RIGHT Right, a. Etym: [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. rätt, Icel. rëttr, Goth. raíhts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. straight, right. sq. root115. Cf. Adroit,Alert, Correct, Dress, Regular, Rector, Recto, Rectum, Regent, Region, Realm, Rich, Riyal, Rule.]

1. Straight; direct; not crooked; as, a right line. "Right as any line." Chaucer

2. Upright; erect from a base; having an upright axis; not oblique; as, right ascension; a right pyramid or cone.

3. Conformed to the constitution of man and the will of God, or to justice and equity; not deviating from the true and just; according with truth and duty; just; true. That which is conformable to the Supreme Rule is absolutely right, and is called right simply without relation to a special end. Whately.

2. Fit; suitable; proper; correct; becoming; as, the right man in the right place; the right way from London to Oxford.

5. Characterized by reality or genuineness; real; actual; not spurious. "His right wife." Chaucer. In this battle, . . . the Britons never more plainly manifested themselves to be right barbarians. Milton.

6. According with truth; passing a true judgment; conforming to fact or intent; not mistaken or wrong; not erroneous; correct; as, this is the right faith. You are right, Justice, and you weigh this well. Shak. If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is . . . right, "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." Locke.

7. Most favorable or convenient; fortunate. The lady has been disappointed on the right side. Spectator.

8. Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action is usually stronger than on the other side; -- opposed to left when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the right side, hand, arm. Also applied to the corresponding side of the lower animals. Became the sovereign's favorite, his right hand. Longfellow.

Note: In designating the banks of a river, right and left are used always with reference to the position of one who is facing in the direction of the current's flow.

9. Well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; well regulated; correctly done.

10. Designed to be placed or worn outward; as, the right side of a piece of cloth. At right angles, so as to form a right angle or right angles, as when one line crosses another perpendicularly. -- Right and left, in both or all directions. [Colloq.] -- Right and left coupling (Pipe fitting), a coupling the opposite ends of which are tapped for a right-handed screw and a left-handed screw, respectivelly. -- Right angle. (a) The angle formed by one line meeting another perpendicularly, as the angles ABD, DBC. (b) (Spherics) A spherical angle included between the axes of two great circles whose planes are perpendicular to each other. -- Right ascension. See under Ascension. -- Right Center (Politics), those members belonging to the Center in a legislative assembly who have sympathies with the Right on political questions. See Center, n., 5. -- Right cone, Right cylinder, Right prism, Right pyramid (Geom.), a cone, cylinder, prism, or pyramid, the axis of which is perpendicular to the base. -- Right line. See under Line. -- Right sailing (Naut.), sailing on one of the four cardinal points, so as to alter a ship's latitude or its longitude, but not both. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Right sphere (Astron. & Geol.), a sphere in such a position that the equator cuts the horizon at right angles; in spherical projections, that position of the sphere in which the primitive plane coincides with the plane of the equator.

Note: Right is used elliptically for it is right, what you say is right, true. "Right," cries his lordship. Pope.

Syn. -- Straight; direct; perpendicular; upright; lawful; rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; suitable; becoming.

RIGHT Right, adv.

1. In a right manner.

2. In a right or straight line; directly; hence; straightway; immediately; next; as, he stood right before me; it went right to the mark; he came right out; he followed right after the guide. Unto Dian's temple goeth she right. Chaucer. Let thine eyes look right on. Prov. iv. 25. Right across its track there lay, Down in the water, a long reef of gold. Tennyson.

3. Exactly; just. [Obs. or Colloq.] Came he right now to sing a raven's note Shak.

4. According to the law or will of God; conforming to the standard of truth and justice; righteously; as, to live right; to judge right.

5. According to any rule of art; correctly. You with strict discipline instructed right. Roscommon.

6. According to fact or truth; actually; truly; really; correctly; exactly; as, to tell a story right. "Right at mine own cost." Chaucer. Right as it were a steed of Lumbardye. Chaucer. His wounds so smarted that he slept right naught. Fairfax.

7. In a great degree; very; wholly; unqualifiedly; extremely; highly; as, right humble; right noble; right valiant. "He was not right fat". Chaucer. For which I should be right sorry. Tyndale. [I] return those duties back as are right fit. Shak.

Note: In this sense now chiefly prefixed to titles; as, right honorable; right reverend. Right honorable, a title given in England to peers and peeresses, to the eldest sons and all daughters of such peers as have rank above viscounts, and to all privy councilors; also, to certain civic officers, as the lord mayor of London, of York, and of Dublin.

Note: Right is used in composition with other adverbs, as upright, downright, forthright, etc. Right along, without cessation; continuously; as, to work right along for several hours. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Right away, or Right off, at once; straightway; without delay. [Colloq. U.S.] "We will . . . shut ourselves up in the office and do the work right off." D. Webster.

RIGHT Right, n. Etym: [AS. right. See Right, a.]

1. That which is right or correct. Specifically: (a) The straight course; adherence to duty; obedience to lawful authority, divine or human; freedom from guilt, -- the opposite of moral wrong. (b) A true statement; freedom from error of falsehood; adherence to truth or fact. Seldom your opinions err; Your eyes are always in the right. Prior.

(c) A just judgment or action; that which is true or proper; justice; uprightness; integrity. Long love to her has borne the faithful knight, And well deserved, had fortune done him right. Dryden.

2. That to which one has a just claim. Specifically: (a) That which one has a natural claim to exact. There are no rights whatever, without corresponding duties. Coleridge.

(b) That which one has a legal or social claim to do or to exact; legal power; authority; as, a sheriff has a right to arrest a criminal. (c) That which justly belongs to one; that which one has a claim to possess or own; the interest or share which anyone has in a piece of property; title; claim; interest; ownership. Born free, he sought his right. Dryden. Hast thou not right to all created things Milton. Men have no right to what is not reasonable. Burke.

(d) Privilege or immunity granted by authority.

3. The right side; the side opposite to the left. Led her to the Souldan's right. Spenser.

4. In some legislative bodies of Europe (as in France), those members collectively who are conservatives or monarchists. See Center, 5.

5. The outward or most finished surface, as of a piece of cloth, a carpet, etc. At all right, at all points; in all respects. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bill of rights, a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. See under Bill. -- By right, By rights, or By good rights, rightly; properly; correctly. He should himself use it by right. Chaucer. I should have been a woman by right. Shak. -- Divine right, or Divine right of kings, a name given to the patriarchal theory of government, especially to the doctrine that no misconduct and no dispossession can forfeit the right of a monarch or his heirs to the throne, and to the obedience of the people. -- To rights. (a) In a direct line; straight. [R.] Woodward. (b) At once; directly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Swift. -- To set to rights, To put to rights, to put in good order; to adjust; to regulate, as what is out of order. -- Writ of right (Law), a writ which lay to recover lands in fee simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. Blackstone.

RIGHT Right, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Righted; p. pr. & vb. n. Righting.] Etym: [AS. rihtan. See Right, a.]

1. To bring or restore to the proper or natural position; to set upright; to make right or straight (that which has been wrong or crooked); to correct.

2. To do justice to; to relieve from wrong; to restore rights to; to assert or regain the rights of; as, to right the oppressed; to right one's self; also, to vindicate. So just is God, to right the innocent. Shak. All experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. Jefferson. To right a vessel (Naut.), to restore her to an upright position after careening. -- To right the helm (Naut.), to place it in line with the keel.

RIGHT Right, v. i.

1. To recover the proper or natural condition or position; to become upright.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Hence, to regain an upright position, as a ship or boat, after careening.

RIGHT-ABOUT Right"-a*bout`, n. Etym: [Right, adv. + about, adv.]

Defn: A turning directly about by the right, so as to face in the opposite direction; also, the quarter directly opposite; as, to turn to the right-about. To send to the right-about, to cause to turn toward the opposite point or quarter; -- hence, of troops, to cause to turn and retreat. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

RIGHT-ANGLED Right"-an`gled, a.

Defn: Containing a right angle or right angles; as, a right-angled triangle.

RIGHTEN Right"en, v. t.

Defn: To do justice to. [Obs.] Relieve [marginal reading, righten] the opressed. Isa. i. 17.

RIGHTEOUS Right"eous, a. Etym: [OE. rightways, rightwise, AS.rightwis; riht right + wis wise, having wisdom, prudent. See Right, a., Wise, a.]

Defn: Doing, or according with, that which is right; yielding to all their due; just; equitable; especially, free from wrong, guilt, or sin; holy; as, a righteous man or act; a righteous retribution. Fearless in his righteous cause. Milton.

Syn. -- Upright; just; godly; holy; uncorrupt; virtuous; honest; equitable; rightful.

RIGHTEOUSED Right"eoused, a.

Defn: Made righteous. [Obs.]

RIGHTEOUSLY Right"eous*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. rightwislice.]

Defn: In a righteous manner; as, to judge righteously.

RIGHTEOUSNESS Right"eous*ness, n. Etym: [AS. rihtwisnes.]

1. The quality or state of being righteous; holiness; purity; uprightness; rectitude.

Note: Righteousness, as used in Scripture and theology, in which it chiefly occurs, is nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy principles and affections of heart, and conformity of life to the divine law.

2. A righteous act, or righteous quality. All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags. Isa. lxiv. 6.

3. The act or conduct of one who is righteous. Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth right at all times. Ps. cvi. 3.

4. (Theol.)

Defn: The state of being right with God; justification; the work of Christ, which is the ground justification. There are two kinds of Christian righteousness: the one without us, which we have by imputation; the other in us, which consisteth of faith, hope, and charity, and other Christian virtues. Hooker. Only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone. Westminster Catechism.

Syn. -- Uprightness; holiness; godliness; equity; justice; rightfulness; integryty; honesty; faithfulness.

RIGHTER Right"er, n.

Defn: One who sets right; one who does justice or redresses wrong. Shelton.

RIGHTFUL Right"ful, a.

1. Righteous; upright; just; good; -- said of persons. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Consonant to justice; just; as, a rightful cause.

3. Having the right or just claim according to established laws; being or holding by right; as, the rightful heir to a throne or an estate; a rightful king.

4. Belonging, held, or possessed by right, or by just claim; as, a rightful inheritance; rightful authority.

Syn. -- Just; lawful; true; honest; equitable; proper.

RIGHTFULLY Right"ful*ly, adv.

Defn: According to right or justice.

RIGHTFULNESS Right"ful*ness, n.

1. The quality or state of being rightful; accordance with right and justice.

2. Moral rectitude; righteousness. [Obs.] Wyclif. We fail of perfect rightfulness. Sir P. Sidney.

RIGHT-HAND Right"-hand`, a.

1. Situated or being on the right; nearer the right hand than the left; as, the right-hand side, room, or road.

2. Chiefly relied on; almost indispensable. Mr. Alexander Truncheon, who is their right-hand man in the troop. Addison. Right-hand rope, a rope which is laid up and twisted with the sun, that is, in the same direction as plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage.

RIGHT-HANDED Right"-*hand`ed, a.

1. Using the right hand habitually, or more easily than the left.

2. Having the same direction or course as the movement of the hands of a watch seen in front; -- said of the motion of a revolving object looked at from a given direction.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the whorls rising from left to right; dextral; -- said of spiral shells. See Illust. of Scalaria. Right-handed screw, a screw, the threads of which, like those of a common wood screw, wind spirally in such a direction that screw advances away from the observer when turned with a right-handed movement in a fixed nut.

RIGHT-HANDEDNESS Right"-hand`ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being right-handed; hence, skill; dexterity.

RIGHT-HEARTED Right"-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Having a right heart or disposition. -- Right"-heart`ed*ness, n.

RIGHTLESS Right"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of right. Sylvester.

RIGHT-LINED Right"-lined`, a.

Defn: Formed by right lines; rectilineal; as, a right-lined angle.

RIGHTLY Right"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. richtlice.]

1. Straightly; directly; in front. [Obs.] Shak.

2. According to justice; according to the divine will or moral rectitude; uprightly; as, duty rightly performed.

3. Properly; fitly; suitably; appropriately. Eve rightly called, Mother of all mankind. Milton.

4. According to truth or fact; correctly; not erroneously; exactly. "I can not rightly say." Shak. Thou didst not rightly see. Dryden.

RIGHT-MINDED Right"-mind`ed, a.

Defn: Having a right or honest mind. -- Right"-mind`ed*ness, n.

RIGHTNESS Right"ness, n. Etym: [AS. richtnes.] .

Defn: Straightness; as, the rightness of a line. Bacon.

2. The quality or state of being right; right relation. The craving for rightness with God. J. C. Shairp.

RIGHT-RUNNING Right"-run`ning, a.

Defn: Straight; direct.

RIGHTWARD Right"ward, adv.

Defn: Toward the right. Rightward and leftward rise the rocks. Southey.

RIGHT WHALE Right" whale`. (Zoöl.) (a) The bowhead, Arctic, or Greenland whale (Balæna mysticetus), from whose mouth the best whalebone is obtained. (b) Any other whale that produces valuable whalebone, as the Atlantic, or Biscay, right whale (Balæna cisarctica), and the Pacific right whale (B. Sieboldii); a bone whale. Pygmy right whale (Zoöl.), a small New Zealand whale (Neobalæna marginata) which is only about sixteen feet long. It produces short, but very elastic and tough, whalebone.

RIGHTWISE Right"wise`, a.

Defn: Righteous. [Obs.] Wyclif.

RIGHTWISE Right"wise`, v. t.

Defn: To make righteous. [Obs.]

RIGHTWISELY Right"wise`ly, adv.

Defn: Righteously. [Obs.]

RIGHTWISENESS Right"wise`ness, n.

Defn: Righteousness. [Obs.] In doom and eke in rightwisnesse. Chaucer.

RIGID Rig"id, a. Etym: [L. rigidus, fr. rigere to be stiff or numb: cf. F. rigide. Cf. Rigor. ]

1. Firm; stiff; unyielding; not pliant; not flexible. Upright beams innumerable Of rigid spears. Milton.

2. Hence, not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; strict; as, a rigid father or master; rigid discipline; rigid criticism; a rigid sentence. The more rigid order of principles in religion and government. Hawthorne.

Syn. -- Stiff; unpliant; inflexible; unyielding; strict; exact; severe; austere; stern; rigorous; unmitigated.

RIGIDITY Ri*gid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rigiditas: cf. F. rigidité. See Rigid.]

1. The quality or state of being rigid; want of pliability; the quality of resisting change of from; the amount of resistance with which a body opposes change of form; -- opposed to flexibility, ductility, malleability, and softness.

2. Stiffness of appearance or manner; want of ease or elegance. Sir H. Wotton.

3. Severity; rigor. [Obs. orR.] Bp. Burnet.

Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility.

RIGIDLY Rig"id*ly, v.

Defn: In a rigid manner; stiffly.

RIGIDNESS Rig"id*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rigid.

RIGIDULOUS Ri*gid"u*lous, a. Etym: [Dim. from rigid.] (Bot.)

Defn: Somewhat rigid or stiff; as, a rigidulous bristle.

RIGLET Rig"let, n. (Print.)

Defn: See Reglet.

RIGMAROLE Rig"ma*role, n. Etym: [For ragman roll. See Ragman's roll.]

Defn: A succession of confused or nonsencial statements; foolish talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Often one's dear friend talks something which one scruples to call rigmarole. De Quincey.

RIGMAROLE Rig"ma*role, a.

Defn: Consisting of rigmarole; frovolous; nonsensical; foolish.

RIGOL Rig"ol, n. Etym: [OE. also ringol. Cf. Ring.]

Defn: A circle; hence, a diadem. [Obs.] Shak.

RIGOLETTE Rig`o*lette", n. [Prob. fr. Rigolette, name of a girl in Eugene Sue's novel "Mystères de Paris."]

Defn: A woman's light scarflike head covering, usually knit or crocheted of wool.

RIGOLL Rig"oll, n. Etym: [Corruupted fr. regal.]

Defn: A musical instrument formerly in use, consisting of several sticks bound together, but separated by beads, and played with a stick with a ball at its end. Moore (Encyc. of Music. ).

RIGOR Ri"gor, n. Etym: [L. See Rigor., below.]

1. Rigidity; stiffness.

2. (ed.)

Defn: A sense of chilliness, with contraction of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or tremor, as in the chill preceeding a fever. Rigor caloris ( Etym: [L., rigor of heat] (Physiol.), a form of rigor mortis induced by heat, as when the muscle of a mammal is heated to about 50ºC. -- Rigor mortis ( Etym: [L. , rigor of death] , death stiffening; the rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death and lasts till decomposition sets in. It is due to the formation of myosin by the coagulation of the contents of the individual muscle fibers.

RIGOR Rig"or, n. Etym: [OE. rigour, OF. rigour, F. rigueur, from L. rigor, fr. rigere to be stiff. See Rigid.] [Written also rigour.]

1. The becoming stiff or rigid; the state of being rigid; rigidity; stiffness; hardness. The rest his look Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move. Milton.

2. (Med.)

Defn: See 1st Rigor, 2.

3. Severity of climate or season; inclemency; as, the rigor of the storm; the rigors of winter.

4. Stiffness of opinion or temper; rugged sternness; hardness; relentless severity; hard-heartedness; cruelty. All his rigor is turned to grief and pity. Denham. If I shall be condemn'd Upon surmises, . . . I tell you 'T is rigor and not law. Shak.

5. Exactness without allowance, deviation, or indulgence; strictness; as, the rigor of criticism; to execute a law with rigor; to enforce moral duties with rigor; -- opposed to Ant: lenity.

6. Severity of life; austerity; voluntary submission to pain, abstinence, or mortification. The prince lived in this convent with all the rigor and austerity of a capuchin. Addison.

7. Violence; force; fury. [Obs.] Whose raging rigor neither steel nor brass could stay. Spenser.

Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility; severity; austerity; sternness; harshness; strictness; exactness.

RIGORISM Rig"or*ism, n.

1. Rigidity in principle or practice; strictness; -- opposed to laxity.

2. Severity, as of style, or the like. Jefferson.

RIGORIST Rig"or*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rigoriste.]

Defn: One who is rigorous; -- sometimes applied to an extreme Jansenist.

RIGOROUS Rig"or*ous, a. Etym: [F. rigoureux, LL. rigorosus. See Rigor.]

1. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring rigor; allowing no abatement or mitigation; scrupulously accurate; exact; strict; severe; relentless; as, a rigorous officer of justice; a rigorous execution of law; a rigorous definition or demonstration. He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock With rigorous hands. Shak. We do not connect the scattered phenomena into their rigorous unity. De Quincey.

2. Severe; intense; inclement; as, a rigorous winter.

3. Violent. [Obs.] "Rigorous uproar." Spenser.

Syn. -- Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; severe; austere; stern; harsh; strict; exact. -- Rig"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Rig"or*ous*ness, n.

RIGSDAG Rigs"dag, n. [Dan. Cf. Reichstag.]

Defn: See Legislature, Denmark.

RIGSDALER Rigs"da`ler, n. Etym: [Dan. See Rix-dollar.]

Defn: A Danish coin worth about fifty-four cents. It was former unit of value in Denmark.

RIG-VEDA Rig`-Ve"da.

Defn: See Veda.

RIKSDALER Riks"da`ler, n. Etym: [Sw. See Rix-dollar.]

Defn: A Swedish coin worth about twenty-seven cents. It was formerly the unit of value in Sweden.

RILE Rile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riled; p. pr. & vb. n. Riling.] Etym: [See Roil.]

1. To render turbid or muddy; to stir up; to roil.

2. To stir up in feelings; to make angry; to vex.

Note: In both senses provincial in England and colloquial in the United States.

RILIEVO Ri*lie"vo, n.Etym: [It. See Relief.] (Sculp. & Arch.)

Defn: Same as Relief, n.,5.

RILL Rill, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. rille a small channel or brook, a furrow, a chamfer, OE. rigol a small brook, F. rigole a trench or furrow for water, W. rhill a row, rhigol a little ditch. sq. root11.]

1. A very small brook; a streamlet.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: See Rille.

RILL Rill, v. i.

Defn: To run a small stream. [R.] Prior.

RILLE Rille, n. Etym: [G. rille a furrow.] (Astron.)

Defn: One of certain narrow, crooked valleys seen, by aid of the telescope, on the surface of the moon.

RILLET Rill"et, n.

Defn: A little rill. Burton.

RILY Ri"ly, a.

Defn: Roily. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

RIM Rim, n. Etym: [As. rima, reoma, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, a rim, edge, boundary, termination, Armor, rim. Cf. Rind.]

1. The border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something circular or curving; as, the rim of a kettle or basin.

2. The lower part of the abdomen. [Obs.] Shak. Arch rim (Phonetics), the line between the gums and the palate. -- Rim-fire cartridge. (Mil.) See under Cartridge. -- Rim lock. See under Lock.

RIM Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rimming.]

Defn: To furnish with a rim; to border.

RIMA Ri"ma, n.; pl. Rimæ. Etym: [L.] (Anat.)

Defn: A narrow and elongated aperture; a cleft; a fissure.

RIMAU DAHAN Ri"mau da"han. Etym: [From the native Oriental name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The clouded tiger cat (Felis marmorata) of Southern Asia and the East Indies.

RIMBASE Rim"base`, n. (Mil.)

Defn: A short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon. See Illust. of Cannon.

RIME Rime, n. Etym: [L. rima.]

Defn: A rent or long aperture; a chink; a fissure; a crack. Sir T. Browne.

RIME Rime, n. Etym: [AS. hrim; akin to D. rijm, Icel. hrim, Dan. rim, Sw. rim; cf. D. rijp, G. reif, OHG. rifo, hrifo.]

Defn: White frost; hoarfrost; congealed dew or vapor. The trees were now covered with rime. De Quincey.

RIME Rime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Riming.]

Defn: To freeze or congeal into hoarfrost.

RIME Rime, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A step or round of a ladder; a rung.

RIME Rime, n.

Defn: Rhyme. See Rhyme. Coleridge. Landor.

Note: This spelling, which is etymologically preferable, is coming into use again.

RIME Rime, v. i. & t.

Defn: To rhyme. See Rhyme.

RIMER Rim"er, n.

Defn: A rhymer; a versifier.

RIMER Rim"er, n.

Defn: A tool for shaping the rimes of a ladder.

RIMEY Rim"ey, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. rimoier. See Ryime.]

Defn: To compose in rhyme; to versify. [Obs.] [Lays] rimeyed in their first Breton tongue. Chaucer.

RIM-FIRE Rim"-fire`, a.

Defn: Having the percussion fulminate in a rim surrounding the base, distinguished from center-fire; -- said of cartridges; also, using rim-fire cartridges; as, a rim-fire gun. Such cartridges are now little used.

RIMMER Rim"mer, n.

Defn: An implement for cutting, trimming, or ornamenting the rim of anything, as the edges of pies, etc.; also, a reamer. Knight.

RIMOSE Ri*mose", a. Etym: [L. rimosus, fr. rima a chink: cf. F. rimeux.]

1. Full of rimes, fissures, or chinks.

2. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: Having long and nearly parallel clefts or chinks, like those in the bark of trees.

RIMOSELY Ri*mose"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rimose manner.

RIMOSITY Ri*mos"i*ty, n.

Defn: State of being rimose.

RIMOUS Rim"ous, a.

Defn: Rimose.

RIMPLE Rim"ple, n. Etym: [AS. hrimpele, or rimpel. See Rumple.]

Defn: A fold or wrinkle. See Rumple.

RIMPLE Rim"ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rimpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rimpling.]

Defn: To rumple; to wrinkle.

RIMY Rim"y, a.

Defn: Abounding with rime; frosty.

RINCON Rin*con", n.; pl. Rincones (#). [Sp. rincón.]

Defn: An interior corner; a nook; hence, an angular recess or hollow bend in a mountain, river, cliff, or the like. [Western & Southern U. S.] D. S. Jordan.

RIND Rind, n. Etym: [AS. rind bark, crust of bread; akin rinta, G. rinde, and probably to E. rand, rim; cf. Skr. ram to end, rest.]

Defn: The external covering or coat, as of flesh, fruit, trees, etc.; skin; hide; bark; peel; shell. Thou canst not touch the freedom of my mind With all thy charms, although this corporal rind Thou hast immanacled. Milton. Sweetest nurind. Shak.

RIND Rind, v. t.

Defn: To remove the rind of; to bark. [R.]

RINDERPEST Rin"der*pest, n. Etym: [G., fr. rind, pl. rinder, cattle + pest pest, plague.]

Defn: A highly contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle, and less commonly sheep and goats; -- called also cattle plague, Russian cattle plague, and steppe murrain.

RINDLE Rin"dle, n. Etym: [AS. rynele. sq. root11. See Run.]

Defn: A small water course or gutter. Ash.

RINDLESS Rind"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of a rind.

RINDY Rind"y, a.

Defn: Having a rind or skin. Ash.

RINE Rine, n.

Defn: See Rind. [Obs.] Spenser.

RINED Rined, a.

Defn: Having a rind [Obs.] Milton.

RINFORZANDO Rin`for*zan"do, a. Etym: [It., fr. rinfor to reënforce, strengthen.] (Mus.)

Defn: Increasing; strengthening; -- a direction indicating a sudden increase of force (abbreviated rf., rfz.) Cf. Forzando, and Sforzando.

RING Ring, v. t. [imp. Rang or Rung (; p. p. Rung; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] Etym: [AS. hringan; akin to Icel. hringja, Sw. ringa, Dan. ringe, OD. ringhen, ringkelen. sq. root19.]

1. To cause to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body; as, to ring a bell.

2. To make (a sound), as by ringing a bell; to sound. The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums, Hath rung night's yawning peal. Shak.

3. To repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. To ring a peal, to ring a set of changes on a chime of bells. -- To ring the changes upon. See under Change. -- To ring in or out, to usher, attend on, or celebrate, by the ringing of bells; as, to ring out the old year and ring in the new. Tennyson. -- To ring the bells backward, to sound the chimes, reversing the common order; -- formerly done as a signal of alarm or danger. Sir W. Scott.

RING Ring, v. i.

1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body, particularly a metallic one. Now ringen trompes loud and clarion. Chaucer. Why ring not out the bells Shak.

2. To practice making music with bells. Holder.

3. To sound loud; to resound; to be filled with a With sweeter notes each rising temple rung. Pope. The hall with harp and carol rang. Tennyson. My ears still ring with noise. Dryden.

4. To continue to sound or vibrate; to resound. The assertion is still ringing in our ears. Burke.

5. To be filled with report or talk; as, the whole town rings with his fame.

RING Ring, n.

1. A sound; especially, the sound of vibrating metals; as, the ring of a bell.

2. Any loud sound; the sound of numerous voices; a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated. The ring of acclamations fresh in his ears. Bacon

3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. As great and tunable a ring of bells as any in the world. Fuller.

RING Ring, n. Etym: [AS. hring, hrinc; akin to Fries. hring, D. & G. ring, OHG. ring, hring, Icel. hringr, DAn. & SW. ring; cf. Russ. krug'. Cf. Harangue, Rank a row,Rink.]

Defn: A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the form of a circular line or hoop.

2. Specifically, a circular ornament of gold or other precious material worn on the finger, or attached to the ear, the nose, or some other part of the person; as, a wedding ring. Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring. Chaucer. The dearest ring in Venice will I give you. Shak.

3. A circular area in which races are or run or other sports are performed; an arena. Place me. O, place me in the dusty ring, Where youthful charioteers contened for glory. E. Smith.

4. An inclosed space in which pugilists fight; hence, figuratively, prize fighting. "The road was an institution, the ring was an institution." Thackeray.

5. A circular group of persons. And hears the Muses in a Aye round about Jove's alter sing. Milton.

6. (Geom.) (a) The plane figure included between the circumferences of two concentric circles. (b) The solid generated by the revolution of a circle, or other figure, about an exterior straight line (as an axis) lying in the same plane as the circle or other figure.

7. (Astron. & Navigation)

Defn: An instrument, formerly used for taking the sun's altitude, consisting of a brass ring suspended by a swivel, with a hole at one side through which a solar ray entering indicated the altitude on the graduated inner surface opposite.

8. (Bot.)

Defn: An elastic band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns. See Illust. of Sporangium.

9. A clique; an exclusive combination of persons for a selfish purpose, as to control the market, distribute offices, obtain contracts, etc. The ruling ring at Constantinople. E. A. Freeman. Ring armor, armor composed of rings of metal. See Ring mail, below, and Chain mail, under Chain. -- Ring blackbird (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- Ring canal (Zoöl.), the circular water tube which surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms. -- Ring dotterel, or Ringed dotterel. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel, and Illust. of Pressiroster. -- Ring dropper, a sharper who pretends to have found a ring (dropped by himself), and tries to induce another to buy it as valuable, it being worthless. -- Ring fence. See under Fence. -- Ring finger, the third finger of the left hand, or the next the little finger, on which the ring is placed in marriage. -- Ring formula (Chem.), a graphic formula in the shape of a closed ring, as in the case of benzene, pyridine, etc. See Illust. under Benzene. -- Ring mail, a kind of mail made of small steel rings sewed upon a garment of leather or of cloth. -- Ring micrometer. (Astron.) See Circular micrometer, under Micrometer. -- Saturn's rings. See Saturn. -- Ring ousel. (Zoöl.) See Ousel. -- Ring parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World parrakeets having a red ring around the neck, especially Palæornis torquatus, common in India, and P. Alexandri of Java. -- Ring plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The ringed dotterel. (b) Any one of several small American plovers having a dark ring around the neck, as the semipalmated plover (Ægialitis semipalmata). -- Ring snake (Zoöl.), a small harmless American snake (Diadophis punctatus) having a white ring around the neck. The back is ash- colored, or sage green, the belly of an orange red. -- Ring stopper. (Naut.) See under Stopper. -- Ring thrush (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- The prize ring, the ring in which prize fighters contend; prize fighters, collectively. -- The ring. (a) The body of sporting men who bet on horse races. [Eng.] (b) The prize ring.

RING Ring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.]

1. To surround with a ring, or as with a ring; to encircle. "Ring these fingers." Shak.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: To make a ring around by cutting away the bark; to girdle; as, to ring branches or roots.

3. To fit with a ring or with rings, as the fingers, or a swine's snout.

RING Ring, v. i. (Falconry)

Defn: To rise in the air spirally.

RING ARMATURE Ring armature. (Elec.)

Defn: An armature for a dynamo or motor having the conductors wound on a ring.

RINGBILL Ring"bill`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ring-necked scaup duck; -- called also ring-billed blackhead. See Scaup.

RINGBIRD Ring"bird`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The reed bunting. It has a collar of white feathers. Called also ring bunting.

RINGBOLT Ring"bolt`, n.

Defn: An eyebolt having a ring through the eye.

RINGBONE Ring"bone`, n. (Far.)

Defn: A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter between or on the small pastern and the great pastern bones. J. H. Walsh.

RINGDOVE Ring"dove`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European wild pigeon (Columba palumbus) having a white crescent on each side of the neck, whence the name. Called also wood pigeon, and cushat.

RINGED Ringed, a.

1. Encircled or marked with, or as with, a ring or rings.

2. Wearning a wedding ring; hence, lawfully wedded. "A ringed wife." Tennyson. Ringed seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Phoca foetida) having ringlike spots on the body. -- Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a harmless European snake (Tropidonotus natrix) common in England. -- Ringed worm (Zoöl.), an annelid.

RINGENT Rin"gent, a. Etym: [L. ringens, -entis, p. pr. of ringi to open wide the mouth: cf. F. ringent.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the lips widely separated and gaping like an open mouth; as a ringent bilabiate corolla.

RINGER Ring"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rings; especially, one who rings chimes on bells.

2. (Mining)

Defn: A crowbar. Simmonds.

RINGER Ring"er, n. (Horse Racing)

Defn: A horse that is not entitled to take part in a race, but is fraudulently got into it.

RINGHEAD Ring"head`, n. (Cloth Manuf.)

Defn: An instrument used for stretching woolen cloth.

RINGING Ring"ing,

Defn: a & n. from Ring, v. Ringing engine, a simple form of pile driver in which the monkey is lifted by men pulling on ropes.

RINGINGLY Ring"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ringing manner.

RINGLEADER Ring"lead`er, n.

1. The leader of a circle of dancers; hence, the leader of a number of persons acting together; the leader of a herd of animals. A primacy of order, such an one as the ringleader hath in a dance. Barrow.

2. Opprobriously, a leader of a body of men engaged in the violation of law or in an illegal enterprise, as rioters, mutineers, or the like. The ringleaders were apprehended, tried, fined, and imprisoned. Macaulay.

RINGLESTONE Ring"le*stone`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ringed dotterel, or ring plover. [Prov.Eng.]

RINGLET Ring"let, n. Etym: [Ring + -let.]

1. A small ring; a small circle; specifically, a fairy ring. You demi-puppets, that By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make, Whereof the ewe not bites. Shak.

2. A curl; especially, a curl of hair. [Her golden tresses] in wanton ringlets waved. Milton.

RINGMAN Ring"man, n.; pl. Ringmen (.

Defn: The ring finger. [Obs.] Ascham

RINGMASTER Ring"mas`ter, n.

Defn: One in charge of the performances (as of horses) within the ring in a circus.

RINGNECK Ring"neck`, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of small plovers of the genus Ægialitis, having a ring around the neck. The ring is black in summer, but becomes brown or gray in winter. The semipalmated plover (Æ. semipalmata) and the piping plover (Æ. meloda) are common North American species. Called also ring plover, and ring-necked plover.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ring-necked duck.

RING-NECKED Ring"-necked`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a well defined ring of color around the neck. Ring- necked duck (Zool.), an American scaup duck (Aythya collaris). The head, neck, and breast of the adult male are black, and a narrow, but conspicuous, red ring encircles the neck. This ring is absent in the female. Called also ring-neck, ring-necked blackhead, ringbill, tufted duck, and black jack.

RINGSAIL Ring"sail`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Ringtail,2.

RINGSTRAKED Ring"straked`, a.

Defn: Ring-streaked. Cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted. Gen. xxx. 39.

RING-STREAKED Ring"-streaked`, a.

Defn: Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as, ring-streaked goats.

RINGTAIL Ring"tail`, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird having a distinct band of color across the tail, as the hen harrier.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A light sail set abaft and beyong the leech of a boom-and-gaff sail; -- called also ringsail. Ringtail boom (Naut.), a spar which is rigged on a boom for setting a ringtail.

RING-TAILED Ring"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the tail crossed by conspicuous bands of color. Ring- tailed cat (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. -- Ring-tailed eagle (Zoöl.), a young golden eagle.

RINGTOSS Ring"toss`, n.

Defn: A game in which the object is to toss a ring so that it will catch upon an upright stick.

RING WINDING Ring winding. (Elec.)

Defn: Armature winding in which the wire is wound round the outer and inner surfaces alternately of an annular or cylindrical core.

RINGWORM Ring"worm", n. (Med.)

Defn: A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton).

RINK Rink, n. Etym: [Scot. renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race; probably fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.]

1. The smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game of curling.

2. An artificial sheet of ice, generally under cover, used for skating; also, a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, or a building with such a floor.

RINKER Rink"er, n.

Defn: One who skates at a rink. [Colloq.]

RINKING Rink"ing, n.

Defn: Skating in a rink. [Colloq.]

RINSE Rinse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rinsing.] Etym: [OE., fr. OF. rincer, rimser, reinser, raïncier, F. rincer; of uncertain origin.]

1. To wash lightly; to cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing.

2. To cleancse by the introduction of water; -- applied especially to hollow vessels; as, to rinse a bottle. "Like a glass did break i' the rinsing." Shak.

RINSE Rinse, n.

Defn: The act of rinsing.

RINSER Rins"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, rinses.

RIOT Ri"ot, n. Etym: [OF. riote, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. revot, ravot.]

1. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult. His headstrong riot hath no curb. Shak.

2. Excessive and exxpensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry. Venus loveth riot and dispense. Chaucer. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope.

3. (Law)

Defn: The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object. To run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint.

RIOT Ri"ot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rioting.] Etym: [OF. rioter; cf. OD. ravotten.]

1. To engage in riot; to act in an unrestrained or wanton manner; to indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, or the like; to revel; to run riot; to go to excess. Now he exact of all, wastes in delight, Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law. Daniel. No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope.

2. (Law)

Defn: To disturb the peace; to raise an uproar or sedition. See Riot, n., 3. Johnson.

RIOT Ri"ot, v. t.

Defn: To spend or pass in riot. [He] had rioted his life out. Tennyson.

RIOTER Ri"ot*er, n.

1. One who riots; a reveler; a roisterer. Chaucer.

2. (Law)

Defn: One who engages in a riot. See Riot, n., 3.

RIOTISE Ri"ot*ise, n.

Defn: Excess; tumult; revelry. [Obs.] His life he led in lawless riotise. Spenser.

RIOTOUR Ri"ot*our (-oor), n.

Defn: A rioter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RIOTOUS Ri"ot*ous, a. Etym: [OF. rioteux.]

1. Involving, or engaging in, riot; wanton; unrestrained; luxurious. The younger son . . . took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13.

2. Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts; seditious. -- Ri"ot*ous*ly, adv. -- Ri"ot*ous*ness, n.

RIOTRY Ri"ot*ry, n.

Defn: The act or practice of rioting; riot. "Electioneering riotry." Walpole.

RIP Rip, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hrip a box or basket; perhaps akin to E. corb. Cf. Ripier.]

Defn: A wicker fish basket.

RIP Rip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ripped; p. pr. & vb. n. Ripping.] Etym: [Cf. AS. rypan, also Sw. repa to ripple flax, D. repelen, G. reffen, riffeln, and E. raff, raffle. Cf. Raff, Ripple of flax.]

1. To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off; to tear off or out by violence; as, to rip a garment by cutting the stitches; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip up a floor; -- commonly used with up, open, off.

2. To get by, or as by, cutting or tearing. He 'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granville.

3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alteration; to search to the bottom; to discover; to disclose; -- usually with up. They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning of the rebellion. Clarendon. For brethern to debate and rip up their falling out in the ear of a common enemy . . . is neither wise nor comely. Milton.

4. To saw (wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber. Ripping chisel (Carp.), a crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. Knight. -- Ripping iron. (Shipbuilding) Same as Ravehook. -- Ripping saw. (Carp.) See Ripsaw. -- To rip out, to rap out, to utter hastily and violently; as, to rip out an oath. [Colloq.] See To rap out, under Rap, v. t.

RIP Rip, n.

1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration.

2. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of the first syllable of reprobate.]

Defn: A term applied to a mean, worthless thing or person, as to a scamp, a debauchee, or a prostitute, or a worn-out horse. [Slang.]

3. A body of water made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents.

RIPARIAN Ri*pa"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank. See River, and cf. Arrive.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as, riparian rights.

RIPARIOUS Ri*pa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. riparius.]

Defn: Growing along the banks of rivers; riparian.

RIP CORD Rip cord. (Aëronautics)

Defn: A cord by which the gas bag of a balloon may be ripped open for a limited distance to release the gas quickly and so cause immediate descent.

RIPE Ripe, n. Etym: [L. ripa.]

Defn: The bank of a river. [Obs.]

RIPE Ripe, a. [Compar. Riper; superl. Ripest.] Etym: [AS. ripe; akin to OS. ripi, D. rijp, G. rief, OHG. rift; cf. AS. rip harvest, ripan to reap. Cf. Reap.]

1. Ready for reaping or gathering; having attained perfection; mature; -- said of fruits, seeds, etc.; as, ripe grain. So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop Into thy mother's lap. Milton.

2. Advanced to the state of fitness for use; mellow; as, ripe cheese; ripe wine.

3. Having attained its full development; mature; perfected; consummate. "Ripe courage." Chaucer. He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one. Shak.

4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to discharge; -- said of sores, tumors, etc.

5. Ready for action or effect; prepared. While things were just ripe for a war. Addison. I am not ripe to pass sentence on the gravest public bodies. Burke.

6. Like ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness. Those happy smilets, That played on her ripe lip. Shak.

7. Intoxicated. [Obs.] "Reeling ripe." Shak.

Syn. -- Mature; complete; finished. See Mature.

RIPE Ripe, v. i. Etym: [AS. ripian.]

Defn: To ripen; to grow ripe. [Obs.]

RIPE Ripe, v. t.

Defn: To mature; to ripen. [Obs.] Shak.

RIPELY Ripe"ly, adv.

Defn: Maturely; at the fit time. Shak.

RIPEN Rip"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ripened;p. pr. & vb. n. Ripening.]

1. To grow ripe; to become mature, as grain, fruit, flowers, and the like; as, grapes ripen in the sun.

2. To approach or come to perfection.

RIPEN Rip"en, v. t.

1. To cause to mature; to make ripe; as, the warm days ripened the corn.

2. To mature; to fit or prepare; to bring to perfection; as, to ripen the judgment. When faith and love, which parted from thee never, Had ripined thy iust soul to dwell with God. Milton.

RIPENESS Ripe"ness, n. Etym: [AS. ripness.]

Defn: The state or quality of being ripe; maturity;; completeness; perfection; as, the ripeness of grain; ripeness of manhood; ripeness of judgment. Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham.

RIPIDOLITE Ri*pid"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A translucent mineral of a green color and micaceous structure, belonging to the chlorite group; a hydrous silicate of alumina, magnesia, and iron; -- called also clinochlore.

RIPIENIST Ri*pi*e"nist, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A player in the ripieno portion of an orchestra. See Ripieno.

RIPIENO Ri*pi*e"no, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: Filling up; supplementary; supernumerary; -- a term applied to those instruments which only swell the mass or tutti of an orchestra, but are not obbligato.

RIPLER; RIPPER Rip"ler, Rip"per, n. Etym: [Cf. Rip a basket, or Riparian.] (O.E. Law)

Defn: One who brings fish from the seacoast to markets in inland towns. [Obs.] But what's the action we are for now Robbing a ripper of his fish. Beau & Fl.

RIPOST Ri*post", n. Etym: [F. riposte.]

1. In fencing, a return thrust after a parry.

2. A quick and sharp refort; a repartee. J. Morley.

RIPPER Rip"per, n.

1. One who, or that which, rips; a ripping tool.

2. A tool for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

3. Anything huge, extreme, startling, etc. [Slang.]

RIPPER ACT; RIPPER BILL Rip"per act or bill.

Defn: An act or a bill conferring upon a chief executive, as a governor or mayor, large powers of appointment and removal of heads of departments or other subordinate officials. [Polit. Cant, U. S.]

RIPPING CORD Rip"ping cord. (Aëronautics)

Defn: = Rip cord.

RIPPING PANEL Ripping panel. (Aëronautics)

Defn: A long patch, on a balloon, to be ripped off, by the rip cord, at landing, in order to allow the immediate escape of gas and instant deflation of the bag.

RIPPING STRIP Ripping strip.

Defn: = Ripping panel.

RIPPLE Rip"ple, n. Etym: [FRom Rip, v.]

Defn: An implement, with teeth like those of a comb, for removing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc.

RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. t.

1. To remove the seeds from (the stalks of flax, etc.), by means of a ripple.

2. Hence, to scratch or tear. Holland.

RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rippled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rippling.] Etym: [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.]

1. To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water when agitated or running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations, as a field of grain.

2. To make a sound as of water running gently over a rough bottom, or the breaking of ripples on the shore.

RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. t.

Defn: To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water; to cover with small waves or undulations; as, the breeze rippled the lake.

RIPPLE Rip"ple, n.

1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface, as of running water; little curling waves.

2. A little wave or undulation; a sound such as is made by little waves; as, a ripple of laughter. Ripple grass. (Bot.) See Ribwort. -- Ripple marks, a system of parallel ridges on sand, produced by wind, by the current of a steam, or by the agitation of wind waves; also (Geol.), a system of parallel ridges on the surface of a sandstone stratum.

RIPPLE-MARKED Rip"ple-marked`, a.

Defn: HAving ripple marks.

RIPPLET Rip"plet, n.

Defn: A small ripple.

RIPPLINGLY Rip"pling*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rippling manner.

RIPPLY Rip"ply, a.

Defn: Having ripples; as, ripply water; hence, resembling the sound of rippling water; as, ripply laughter; a ripply cove. Keats.

RIPRAP Rip"rap`, n. Etym: [Cf. Rap.] (Masonry)

Defn: A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom.

RIPRAP Rip"rap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riprapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Riprapping.]

Defn: To form a riprap in or upon.

RIPSAW Rip"saw`, Etym: [See Rip, v. t., 4.] (Carp.)

Defn: A handsaw with coarse teeth which have but a slight set, used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber; -- called also ripping saw.

RIPTOWEL Rip"tow*el, n. Etym: [AS. rip. harvest + a word of uncertain etymology.] (Feud. Law)

Defn: A gratuity given to tenants after they had reaped their lord's corn. [Obs.]

RIS Ris, n. Etym: [AS. hris; akin to D. rils, G. reis, OHG. hris.]

Defn: A bough or branch; a twig. [Obs.] As white as is the blossom upon the ris. Chaucer.

RISE Rise, v. i. [imp. Rose; p. p. Risen; p. pr. & vb. n. Rising.] Etym: [AS. risan; akin to OS. risan, D. rijzen, OHG. risan to rise, fall, Icel. risa, Goth. urreisan, G. reise journey. CF. Arise, Raise, Rear, v.]

1. To move from a lower position to a higher; to ascend; to mount up. Specifically: -- (a) To go upward by walking, climbing, flying, or any other voluntary motion; as, a bird rises in the air; a fish rises to the bait. (b) To ascend or float in a fluid, as gases or vapors in air, cork in water, and the like. (c) To move upward under the influence of a projecting force; as, a bullet rises in the air. (d) To grow upward; to attain a certain heght; as, this elm rises to the height of seventy feet. (e) To reach a higher level by increase of quantity or bulk; to swell; as, a river rises in its bed; the mercury rises in the thermometer. (f) To become erect; to assume an upright position; as, to rise from a chair or from a fall. (g) To leave one's bed; to arise; as, to rise early. He that would thrive, must rise by five. Old Proverb.

(h) To tower up; to be heaved up; as, the Alps rise far above the sea. (i) To slope upward; as, a path, a line, or surface rises in this direction. "A rising ground." Dryden. (j) To retire; to give up a siege. He, rising with small honor from Gunza, . . . was gone. Knolles.

(k) To swell or puff up in the process of fermentation; to become light, as dough, and the like.

2. To have the aspect or the effect of rising. Specifically: -- (a) To appear above the horizont, as the sun, moon, stars, and the like. "He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good." Matt. v. 45. (b) To become apparent; to emerge into sight; to come forth; to appear; as, an eruption rises on the skin; the land rises to view to one sailing toward the shore. (c) To become perceptible to other senses than sight; as, a noise rose on the air; odor rises from the flower. (d) To have a beginning; to proceed; to originate; as, rivers rise in lakes or springs. A scepter shall rise out of Israel. Num. xxiv. 17. Honor and shame from no condition rise. Pope.

3. To increase in size, force, or value; to proceed toward a climax. Specifically: -- (a) To increase in power or fury; -- said of wind or a storm, and hence, of passion. "High winde . . . began to rise, high passions -- anger, hate." Milton. (b) To become of higher value; to increase in price. Bullion is risen to six shillings . . . the ounce. Locke.

(c) To become larger; to swell; -- said of a boil, tumor, and the like. (d) To increase in intensity; -- said of heat. (e) To become louder, or higher in pitch, as the voice. (f) To increase in amount; to enlarge; as, his expenses rose beyond his expectations.

4. In various figurative senses. Specifically: -- (a) To become excited, opposed, or hostile; to go to war; to take up arms; to rebel. At our heels all hell should rise With blackest insurrection. Milton. No more shall nation against nation rise. Pope.

(b) To attain to a better social position; to be promoted; to excel; to succeed. Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Shak.

(c) To become more and more dignified or forcible; to increase in interest or power; -- said of style, thought, or discourse; as, to rise in force of expression; to rise in eloquence; a story rises in interest. (d) To come to mind; to be suggested; to occur. A thought rose in me, which often perplexes men of contemplative natures. Spectator.

(e) To come; to offer itself. There chanced to the prince's hand to rise An ancient book. Spenser.

5. To ascend from the grave; to come to life. But now is Christ risen from the dead. 1. Cor. xv. 20.

6. To terminate an official sitting; to adjourn; as, the committee rose after agreeing to the report. It was near nine . . . before the House rose. Macaulay.

7. To ascend on a musical scale; to take a higher pith; as, to rise a tone or semitone.

8. (Print.)

Defn: To be lifted, or to admit of being lifted, from the imposing stone without dropping any of the type; -- said of a form.

Syn. -- To arise; mount; ascend; climb; scale. -- Rise, Appreciate. Some in America use the word appreciate for "rise in value;" as, stocks appreciate, money appreciates, etc. This use is not unknown in England, but it is less common there. It is undesirable, because rise sufficiently expresses the idea, and appreciate has its own distinctive meaning, which ought not to be confused with one so entirely different.

RISE Rise, n.

1. The act of rising, or the state of being risen.

2. The distance through which anything rises; as, the rise of the thermometer was ten degrees; the rise of the river was six feet; the rise of an arch or of a step.

3. Land which is somewhat higher than the rest; as, the house stood on a rise of land. [Colloq.]

4. Spring; source; origin; as, the rise of a stream. All wickednes taketh its rise from the heart. R. Nelson.

5. Appearance above the horizon; as, the rise of the sun or of a planet. Shak.

6. Increase; advance; augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, and the like. The rise or fall that may happen in his constant revenue by a Spanish war. Sir W. Temple.

7. Increase of sound; a swelling of the voice. The ordinary rises and falls of the voice. Bacon.

8. Elevation or ascent of the voice; upward change of key; as, a rise of a tone or semitone.

9. The spring of a fish to seize food (as a fly) near the surface of the water.

RISEN Ris"en.

1. p. p. & a. from Rise. "Her risen Son and Lord." Keble.

2. Obs. imp. pl. of Rise. Chaucer.

RISER Ris"er, n.

1. One who rises; as, an early riser.

2. (Arch.) (a) The upright piece of a step, from tread to tread. Hence: (b) Any small upright face, as of a seat, platform, veranda, or the like.

3. (Mining)

Defn: A shaft excavated from below upward.

4. (Founding)

Defn: A feed head. See under Feed, n.

RISH Rish, n.

Defn: A rush (the plant). [Obs.] Chaucer.

RISIBILITY Ris`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [CF. F. risibilité.]

Defn: The quality of being risible; as, risibility is peculiar to the human species. A strong and obvious disposition to risibility. Sir W. Scott.

RISIBLE Ris"i*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, risum, to laugh. Cf. Ridiculous.]

1. Having the faculty or power of laughing; disposed to laugh. Laughing is our busines, . . . it has been made the definition of man that he is risible. Dr. H. More.

2. Exciting laughter; worthy to be laughed at; amusing. "Risible absurdities." Johnson. I hope you find nothing risible in my complaisance. Sir W. Scott.

3. Used in, or expressing, laughter; as, risible muscles.

Note: Risible is sometimes used as a noun, in the plural, for the feeling of amusement and for the muscles and other organs used in laughing, collectively; as, unable to control one's risibles.

Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; amusing; ridiculous -- Risible, Ludicrous, Ridiculous. Risible differs from ludicrous as species from genus; ludicrous expressing that which is playful and sportive; risible, that which may excite laughter. Risible differs from ridiculous, as the latter implies something contemptuous, and risible does not.

--Ris"i*ble*ness(#), n. -- Ris"i*bly, adv.

RISING Ris"ing, a.

1. Attaining a higher place; taking, or moving in, an upward direction; appearing above the horizon; ascending; as, the rising moon.

2. Increasing in wealth, power, or distinction; as, a rising state; a rising character. Among the rising theologians of Germany. Hare.

3. Growing; advancing to adult years and to the state of active life; as, the rising generation.

RISING Ris"ing, prep.

Defn: More than; exceeding; upwards of; as, a horse rising six years of age. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.]

RISING Ris"ing, n.

1. The act of one who, or that which, rises (in any sense).

2. That which rises; a tumor; a boil. Lev. xiii. 10. Rising main (Waterworks), the pipe through which water from an engine is delivered to an elevated reservoir.

RISK Risk, n. Etym: [F. risque; cf. It. risco, risico, rischio, Pg. risco, Sp. riesgo, and also Sp. risco a steep rock; all probably fr. L. resceare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut; -- the word having been probably first used among sailors. See Section.]

1. Hazard; danger; peril; exposure to loss, injury, or destruction. The imminent and constant risk of assassination, a risk which has shaken very strong nerves. Macaulay.

2. (Com.)

Defn: Hazard of loss; liabillity to loss in property. To run a risk, to incur hazard; to encounter danger.

Syn. -- Danger; hazard; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Danger.

RISK Risk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Risked; p. pr. & vb. n. Risking.] Etym: [CF. F. risquer. See Risk, n.]

1. To expose to risk, hazard, or peril; to venture; as, to risk goods on board of a ship; to risk one's person in battle; to risk one's fame by a publication.

2. To incur the risk or danger of; as, to risk a battle.

Syn. -- To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard.

RISKER Risk"er, n.

Defn: One who risks or hazards. Hudibras.

RISKFUL Risk"ful, a.

Defn: Risky. [R.] Geddes.

RISKY Risk"y, a.

Defn: Attended with risk or danger; hazardous. "A risky matter." W. Collins. Generalization are always risky. Lowell.

RISORIAL Ri*so"ri*al, a.Etym: [L. ridere, risum, to laugh.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, laughter; as, the risorial muscles.

RISOTTO Ri*sot"to, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: A kind of pottage.

RISQUE; RISQUEE Ris`qué", a. masc., Ris`quée", a. fem.,. [F., p.p. of risquer to risk.]

Defn: Hazardous; risky; esp., fig., verging upon impropriety; dangerously close to, or suggestive of, what is indecent or of doubtful morality; as, a risqué story. Henry Austin.

RISSE Risse, obs.

Defn: imp. of Rise. B. Jonson.

RISSOID Ris"soid, n. Etym: [NL. Rissoa, the typical genus ( fr. A.Risso, an Italian naturalist) + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of very numerous species of small spiral gastropods of the genus Rissoa, or family Rissoidæ, found both in fresh and salt water.

RISSOLE Ris`sole", n. Etym: [F., fr. rissoler to fry meat till it is brown.] (Cookery)

Defn: A small ball of rich minced meat or fish, covered with pastry and fried.

RIST Rist, obs.

Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Rise, contracted from riseth. Chaucer.

RIT Rit, obs.

Defn: 3d pers. ssing. pres. of Ride, contracted from rideth. Chaucer.

RITARDANDO Ri`tar*dan"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: Retarding; -- a direction for slower time; rallentado.

RITE Rite, n. Etym: [L. ritus; cf. Skr. riti a stream, a running, way, manner, ri to flow: cf. F. rit, rite. CF. Rivulet.]

Defn: The act of performing divine or solemn service, as established by law, precept, or custom; a formal act of religion or other solemn duty; a solemn observance; a ceremony; as, the rites of freemasonry. He looked with indifference on rites, names, and forms of ecclesiastical polity. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance.

RITENUTO Ri`te*nu"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: Held back; holding back; ritardando.

RITORNELLE; RITORNELLO Rit`or*nelle", Ri`tor*nel"lo, n. Etym: [It. ritornello, dim. of ritorno return, fr. ritornare to return: cf. F. ritournelle.] (Mus.) (a) A short return or repetition; a concluding symphony to an air, often consisting of the burden of the song. (a) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental passage, in the course of a vocal piece; an interlude.

RITRATTO Ri*trat"to, n.Etym: [It.]

Defn: A picture. Sterne.

RITUAL Rit"u*al, a.Etym: [L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite: cf. F. rituel.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.

RITUAL Rit"u*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rituel.]

1. A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual.

2. Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons.

3. A book containing the rites to be observed.

RITUALISM Rit"u*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ritualisme.]

1. A system founded upon a ritual or prescribed form of religious worship; adherence to, or observance of, a ritual.

2. Specifically :(a) The principles and practices of those in the Church of England, who in the development of the Oxford movement, so- called, have insisted upon a return to the use in church services of the symbolic ornaments (altar cloths, encharistic vestments, candles, etc.) that were sanctioned in the second year of Edward VI., and never, as they maintain, forbidden by competennt authority, although generally disused. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. (b) Also, the principles and practices of those in the Protestant Episcopal Church who sympathize with this party in the Church of England.

RITUALIST Rit"u*al*ist, n. Etym: [CF. F. ritualiste.]

Defn: One skilled un, or attached to, a ritual; one who advocates or practices ritualism.

RITUALISTIC Rit`u*al*is"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or in accordance with, a ritual; adhering to ritualism.

RITUALLY Rit"u*al*ly, adv.

Defn: By rites, or by a particular rite.

RIVAGE Riv"age, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ripa bank, shore.]

1. A bank, shore, or coast. [Archaic] Spenser. From the green rivage many a fall Of diamond rillets musical. Tennyson.

2. (O.Eng.Law)

Defn: A duty paid to the crown for the passage of vessels on certain rivers.

RIVAL Ri"val, n. Etym: [F. rival (cf. It. rivale), L. rivales two neigbors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivalis belonging to a brook, fr. rivus a brook. Cf. Rivulet, Rete.]

1. A person having a common right or privilege with another; a partner. [Obs.] If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste. Shak.

2. One who is in pursuit of the same object as another; one striving to reach or obtain something which another is attempting to obtain, and which one only can posses; a competitor; as, rivals in love; rivals for a crown.

Note: "Rivals, in the primary sense of the word, are those who dwell on the banks of the same stream. But since, as all experience shows, there is no such fruitful source of coutention as a water right, it would continually happen that these occupants of the opposite banks would be at strife with one another in regard of the periods during which they severally had a right to the use of the stream . . . And thus 'rivals' . . . came to be used of any who were on any grounds in more or less unfriendly competition with one another." Trench.

Syn. -- Competitor; emulator; antagonist.

RIVAL Ri"val, a.

Defn: Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in competition for superiority; as, rival lovers; rival claims or pretensions. The strenuous conflicts and alternate victories of two rival confederacies of statesmen. Macaulay.

RIVAL Ri"val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rivaled or Rivalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rivaling or Rivalling.]

1. To stand in competition with; to strive to gain some object in opposition to; as, to rival one in love.

2. To strive to equal or exel; to emulate. To rival thunder in its rapid course. Dryden.

RIVAL Ri"val, v. i.

Defn: To be in rivalry. [Obs.] Shak.

RIVALESS Ri"val*ess, n.

Defn: A female rival. [Obs.] Richardson.

RIVALITY Ri*val"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rivalitas: cf. F. rivalité.]

1. Rivalry; competition. [Obs.]

2. Equality, as of right or rank. [Obs.] hak.

RIVALRY Ri"val*ry, n.; pl. Rivalries (.

Defn: The act of rivaling, or the state of being a rival; a competition. "Keen contention and eager rivalries." Jeffrey.

Syn. -- Emulation; competition. See Emulation.

RIVALSHIP Ri"val*ship, n.

Defn: Rivalry. [R.] B. Jonson.

RIVE Rive, v. t. [imp. Rived; p. p. Rived or Riven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Riving.] Etym: [Icel. rifa, akin to Sw. rifva to pull asunder, burst, tear, Dan. rive to rake, pluck, tear. Cf. Reef of land, Rifle a gun, Rift, Rivel.]

Defn: To rend asunder by force; to split; to cleave; as, to rive timber for rails or shingles. I shall ryve him through the sides twain. Chaucer. The scolding winds have rived the knotty oaks. Shak. Brutus hath rived my heart. Shak.

RIVE Rive, v. i.

Defn: To be split or rent asunder. Freestone rives, splits, and breaks in any direction. Woodward.

RIVE Rive, n.

Defn: A place torn; a rent; a rift. [Prov. Eng.]

RIVEL Riv"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveled;p. pr. & vb. n. Riveling.] Etym: [AS. gerifled, geriflod, gerifod, wrinkled, geriflian, gerifian, to wrinkle. See Rifle a gun, Rive.]

Defn: To contract into wrinkles; to shrivel; to shrink; as, riveled fruit; riveled flowers. [Obs.] Pope. "Riveled parchments." Walpole.

RIVEL Riv"el, n.

Defn: A wrinkle; a rimple. [Obs.] Holland.

RIVEN Riv"en,

Defn: p. p. & a. from Rive.

RIVER Riv"er, n.

Defn: One who rives or splits.

RIVER Riv"er, n. Etym: [F. rivère a river, LL. riparia river, bank of a river, fr. L. riparius belonging to a bank or shore, fr. ripa a bank or shore; of uncertain origin. Cf. Arrive, Riparian.]

1. A large stream of water flowing in a bed or channel and emptying into the ocean, a sea, a lake, or another stream; a stream larger than a rivulet or brook. Transparent and sparkling rivers, from which it is delightful to drink as they flow. Macaulay.

2. Fig.: A large stream; copious flow; abundance; as, rivers of blood; rivers of oil. River chub (Zoöl.), the hornyhead and allied species of fresh-water fishes. -- River crab (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water crabs of the genus Thelphusa, as T. depressa of Southern Europe. -- River dragon, a crocodile; -- applied by Milton to the king of Egypt. -- River driver, a lumberman who drives or conducts logs down rivers. Bartlett. -- River duck (Zoöl.), any species of duck belonging to Anas, Spatula, and allied genera, in which the hind toe is destitute of a membranous lobe, as in the mallard and pintail; -- opposed to sea duck. -- River god, a deity supposed to preside over a river as its tutelary divinity. -- River herring (Zoöl.), an alewife. -- River hog. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of African wild hogs of the genus Potamochoerus. They frequent wet places along the rivers. (b) The capybara. -- River horse (Zoöl.), the hippopotamus. -- River jack (Zoöl.), an African puff adder (Clotho nasicornis) having a spine on the nose. -- River limpet (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, air-breathing mollusk of the genus Ancylus, having a limpet-shaped shell. -- River pirate (Zoöl.), the pike. -- River snail (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water gastropods of Paludina, Melontho, and allied genera. See Pond snail, under Pond. -- River tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous fresh-water tortoises inhabiting rivers, especially those of the genus Trionyx and allied genera. See Trionyx.

RIVER Riv"er, v. i.

Defn: To hawk by the side of a river; to fly hawks at river fowl. [Obs.] Halliwell.

RIVERED Riv"ered, a.

Defn: Supplied with rivers; as, a well rivered country.

RIVERET Riv"er*et, n.

Defn: A rivulet. [Obs.] Drayton.

RIVERHOOD Riv"er*hood, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being a river. "Useful riverhood." H. Miller.

RIVERLING Riv"er*ling, n.

Defn: A rivulet. [R.] Sylvester.

RIVERSIDE Riv"er*side`, n.

Defn: The side or bank of a river.

RIVERY Riv"er*y, a.

Defn: Having rivers; as, a rivery country. Drayton.

RIVET Riv"et, n. Etym: [F., fr. river to rivet; perh. fr. Icel. rifa to fasten together. Cf. Reef part of a sail.]

Defn: A metallic pin with a head, used for uniting two plates or pieces of material together, by passing it through them and then beating or pressing down the point so that it shall spread out and form a second head; a pin or bolt headed or clinched at both ends. With busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak. Rivet joint, or Riveted joint, a joint between two or more pieces secured by rivets.

RIVET Riv"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted; p. pr. & vb. n. Riveting.]

1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets; as, to rivet two pieces of iron.

2. To spread out the end or point of, as of a metallic pin, rod, or bolt, by beating or pressing, so as to form a sort of head.

3. Hence, to fasten firmly; to make firm, strong, or immovable; as, to rivet friendship or affection. Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye powers! Congreve. Thus his confidence was riveted and confirmed. Sir W. Scott.

RIVETER Riv"et*er, n.

Defn: One who rivets.

RIVETING Riv"et*ing, n.

1. The act of joining with rivets; the act of spreading out and clinching the end, as of a rivet, by beating or pressing.

2. The whole set of rivets, collectively. Tomlinsin. Butt riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates form a butt joint, and are fastened together by being riveted to a narrow strip which covers the joint. -- Chain riveting, riveting in which the rivets, in two or more rows along the seam, are set one behind the other. -- Crossed riveting, riveting in which the rivets in one row are set opposite the spaces between the rivets in the next row. -- Double riveting, in lap riveting, two rows of rivets along the seam; in butt riveting, four rows, two on each side of the joint. -- Lap riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates overlap and are riveted together.

RIVIERE Ri`vière", n. [F.]

Defn: A necklace of diamonds or other precious stones, esp. one of several strings.

RIVOSE Ri*vose", a. Etym: [From L. rivus a brook, channel.]

Defn: Marked with sinuate and irregular furrows.

RIVULET Riv"u*let, n. Etym: [Earlier rivolet, It. rivoletto, a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook. CF. Rival, Rite.]

Defn: A small stream or brook; a streamlet. By fountain or by shady rivulet He sought them. Milton.

RIXATION Rix*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. rixari, p. p. rixatus, to brawl, fr. rixa a quarrel.]

Defn: A brawl or quarrel. [Obs.]

RIXATRIX Rix*a"trix, n. Etym: [L.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: A scolding or quarrelsome woman; a scold. Burrill.

RIXDALER Rix"da`ler, n.

Defn: A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.00.

RIX-DOLLAR Rix"-dol`lar, n. Etym: [Sw. riksdaler, or Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, literally, dollar of the empire or realm, fr. words akin to E. rich, and dollar. See Rich, Dollar.]

Defn: A name given to several different silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden,, NOrway, etc., varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also, a British coin worth about 36 cents, used in Ceylon and at the Cape of Good Hope. See Rigsdaler, Riksdaler, and Rixdaler.

Note: Most of these pieces are now no longer coined, but some remain in circulation.

RIZZAR Riz"zar, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: To dry in the sun; as, rizzared haddock. [Scot.]

ROACH Roach, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cockroach.

ROACH Roach, n. Etym: [OE. rroche; cf. AS. reohha, D. rog, roch, G. roche, LG. ruche, Dan. rokke ray, Sw. rocka, and E. ray a fish.]

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fresh-water fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus rutilus). It is silver-white, with a greenish back. (b) An American chub (Semotilus bullaris); the fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A convex curve or arch cut in the edge of a sail to prevent chafing, or to secure a better fit. As sound as a roach Etym: [roach perhaps being a corruption of a F. roche a rock], perfectly sound.

ROACH Roach, v. t.

1. To cause to arch.

2. To cut off, as a horse's mane, so that the part left shall stand upright.

ROACH-BACKED Roach"-backed`, a.

Defn: Having a back like that of roach; -- said of a horse whose back a convex instead of a concave curve.

ROAD Road, n. Etym: [AS. rad a riding, that on which one rides or travels, a road, fr. ridan to ride. See Ride, and cf. Raid.]

1. A journey, or stage of a journey. [Obs.] With easy roads he came to Leicester. Shak.

2. An inroad; an invasion; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another. The most villainous house in all the London road. Shak.

Note: The word is generally applied to highways, and as a generic term it includes highway, street, and lane.

4. Etym: [Possibly akin to Icel. reithi the rigging of a ship, E. ready.]

Defn: A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead; -- often in the plural; as, Hampton Roads. Shak.

Now strike your saile, ye jolly mariners, For we be come unto a quiet rode [road]. Spenser. On, or Upon, the road, traveling or passing over a road; coming or going; on the way. My hat and wig will soon be here, They are upon the road. Cowper. -- Road agent, a highwayman, especially on the stage routes of the unsettled western parts of the United States; -- a humorous euphemism. [Western U.S.] The highway robber -- road agent he is quaintly called. The century. -- Road book, a quidebook in respect to roads and distances. -- Road metal, the broken, stone used in macadamizing roads. -- Road roller, a heavy roller, or combinations of rollers, for making earth, macadam, or concrete roads smooth and compact. -- often driven by steam. -- Road runner (Zoöl.), the chaparral cock. -- Road steamer, a locomotive engine adapted to running on common roads. -- To go on the road, to engage in the business of a commercial traveler. [Colloq.] -- To take the road, to begin or engage in traveling. -- To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways.

Syn. -- Way; highway; street; lane; pathway; route; passage; course. See Way.

ROADBED Road"bed`, n.

Defn: In railroads, the bed or foundation on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in common roads, the whole material laid in place and ready for travel.

ROADLESS Road"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of roads.

ROADMAKER Road"mak`er, n.

Defn: One who makes roads.

ROADSIDE Road"side`, n.

Defn: Land adjoining a road or highway; the part of a road or highway that borders the traveled part. Also used ajectively.

ROADSTEAD Road"stead, n. Etym: [Road,4 + stead a place.]

Defn: An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 4. Moored in the neighboring roadstead. Longfellow.

ROADSTER Road"ster, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A clumsy vessel that works its way from one anchorage to another by means of the tides. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

2. A horse that is accustomed to traveling on the high road, or is suitable for use on ordinary roads. A sound, swift, well-fed hunter and roadster. Thackeray.

3. A bicycle or tricycle adapted for common roads rather than for the racing track.

4. One who drives much; a coach driver. [Eng.]

5. A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country. [Eng. Slang.]

ROADWAY Road"way`, n.

Defn: A road; especially, the part traveled by carriages. Shak.

ROAM Roam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roaming.] Etym: [OE. romen, ramen; cf. AS. ar to raise, rise, D. ramen to hit, plan, aim, OS. r to strive after, OHG. ramen. But the word was probably influenced by Rome; cf. OF. romier a pilgrim, originally, a pilgrim going to Rome, It. romeo, Sp. romero. Cf. Ramble.]

Defn: To go from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to rove; to wander. He roameth to the carpenter's house. Chaucer. Daphne roaming through a thorny wood. Shak.

Syn. -- To wander; rove; range; stroll; ramble.

ROAM Roam, v. t.

Defn: To range or wander over. And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam. Milton.

ROAM Roam, n.

Defn: The act of roaming; a wandering; a ramble; as, he began his roam o'er hill amd dale. Milton.

ROAMER Roam"er, n.

Defn: One who roams; a wanderer.

ROAN Roan, a. Etym: [F. rouan; cf. Sp. roano, ruano, It. rovano, roano.]

1. Having a bay, chestnut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly interspersed; -- said of a horse. Give my roan a drench. Shak.

2. Made of the leather called roan; as, roan binding. Roan antelope (Zoöl.), a very large South African antelope (Hippotragus equinus). It has long sharp horns and a stiff bright brown mane. Called also mahnya, equine antelope, and bastard gemsbok.

ROAN Roan, n.

1. The color of a roan horse; a roan color.

2. A roan horse.

3. A kind of leather used for slippers, bookbinding, etc., made from sheepskin, tanned with sumac and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. DeColange. Roan tree. (Bot.) See Rowan tree.

ROAR Roar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roared; p. pr. & vvb. n. Roaring.] Etym: [OE. roren, raren, AS. rarian; akin to G. röhten, OHG. r. sq. root112.]

1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specifically: (a) To bellow, or utter a deep, loud cry, as a lion or other beast. Roaring bulls he would him make to tame. Spenser.

(b) To cry loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger. Sole on the barren sands, the suffering chief Roared out for anguish, and indulged his grief. Dryden. He scorned to roar under the impressions of a finite anger. South.

2. To make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, a crowd of persons when shouting together, or the like. The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar. Milton. How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roar. Gay.

3. To be boisterous; to be disorderly. It was a mad, roaring time, full of extravagance. Bp. Burnet.

4. To laugh out loudly and continuously; as, the hearers roared at his jokes.

5. To make a loud noise in breathing, as horses having a certain disease. See Roaring, 2. Roaring boy, a roaring, noisy fellow; -- name given, at the latter end Queen Elizabeth's reign, to the riotous fellows who raised disturbances in the street. "Two roaring boys of Rome, that made all split." Beau & Fl. -- Roaring forties (Naut.), a sailor's name for the stormy tract of ocean between 40º and 50º north latitude.

ROAR Roar, v. t.

Defn: To cry aloud; to proclaim loudly. This last action will roar thy infamy. Ford.

ROAR Roar, n.

Defn: The sound of roaring. Specifically: (a) The deep, loud cry of a wild beast; as, the roar of a lion. (b) The cry of one in pain, distress, anger, or the like. (c) A loud, continuous, and confused sound; as, the roar of a cannon, of the wind, or the waves; the roar of ocean. Arm! arm! it is, it is the cannon's opening roar! Byron.

(d) A boisterous outcry or shouting, as in mirth. Pit, boxes, and galleries were in a constant roar of laughter. Macaulay.

ROARER Roar"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, roars. Specifically: (a) A riotous fellow; a roaring boy. A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses. Massinger. (b) (Far.)

Defn: A horse subject to roaring. See Roaring, 2.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The barn owl. [Prov.Eng.]

ROARING Roar"ing, n.

1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of a large beast, or of a person in distress, anger, mirth, etc., or of a noisy congregation.

2. (Far.)

Defn: An affection of the windpipe of a horse, causing a loud, peculiar noise in breathing under exertion; the making of the noise so caused. See Roar, v. i., 5.

ROARING FORTIES Roar"ing for"ties. (Naut.)

Defn: The middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere. So called from the boisterous and prevailing westerly winds, which are especially strong in the South Indian Ocean up to 50º S.

ROARINGLY Roar"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a roaring manner.

ROAST Roast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roasting.] Etym: [OE. rosten, OF. rostir, F. rôtir; of German origin; cf. OHG. rosten, G. rösten, fr. OHG. rost, rosta, gridiron, G. rost; cf. AS. hyrstan to roast.]

1. To cook by exposure to radiant heat before a fire; as, to roast meat on a spit, or in an oven open toward the fire and having reflecting surfaces within; also, to cook in a close oven.

2. To cook by surrounding with hot embers, ashes, sand, etc.; as, to roast a potato in ashes. In eggs boiled and roasted there is scarce difference to be discerned. BAcon.

3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat; as, to roast coffee; to roast chestnuts, or peanuts.

4. Hence, to heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn. "Roasted in wrath and fire." Shak.

5. (Metal.)

Defn: To dissipate by heat the volatile parts of, as ores.

6. To banter severely. [Colloq.] Atterbury.

ROAST Roast, v. i.

1. To cook meat, fish, etc., by heat, as before the fire or in an oven. He could roast, and seethe, and broil, and fry. Chaucer.

2. To undergo the process of being roasted.

ROAST Roast, n.

Defn: That which is roasted; a piece of meat which has been roasted, or is suitable for being roasted. A fat swan loved he best of any roost [roast]. Chaucer. To rule the roast, to be at the head of affairs. "The new-made duke that rules the roast." Shak.

ROAST Roast, a. Etym: [For roasted.]

Defn: Roasted; as, roast beef.

ROASTER Roast"er, n.

1. One who roasts meat.

2. A contrivance for roasting.

3. A pig, or other article of food fit for roasting.

ROASTING Roast"ing,

Defn: a. & n., from Roast, v. Roasting ear, an ear of Indian corn at that stage of development when it is fit to be eaten roasted. -- Roasting jack, a machine for turning a spit on which meat is roasted.

ROB Rob, n. Etym: [F.; cf. Sp. rob, It. rob, robbo, Pg. robe, arrobe, Ar. rubb, robb, Per. rub.]

Defn: The inspissated juice of ripe fruit, obtained by evaporation of the juice over a fire till it acquires the consistence of a sirup. It is sometimes mixed with honey or sugar. [Written also rhob, and rohob.]

ROB Rob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Robbing.] Etym: [OF. rober, of German origin; cf. OHG. roub, G. rauben, and OHG. roub robbing, booty, G. raub. sq. root114. See Reave,and cf. Robe.]

1. To take (something) away from by force; to strip by stealing; to plunder; to pillage; to steal from. Who would rob a hermit of his weeds, His few books, or his beads, or maple dish Milton. He that is robbed, not wanting what is stolen, Let him not know it, and he's not robbed at all. Shak. To be executed for robbing a church. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: To take the property of (any one) from his person, or in his presence, feloniously, and against his will, by violence or by putting him in fear.

3. To deprive of, or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously; to defraud; as, to rob one of his rest, or of his good name; a tree robs the plants near it of sunlight. I never robbed the soldiers of their pay. Shak.

ROB Rob, v. i.

Defn: To take that which belongs to another, without right or permission, esp. by violence. I am accursed to rob in that thief's company. Shak.

ROBALO; ROBALITO Rob"a*lo, n. [Sp. róbalo.]

Defn: Any of several pikelike marine fishes of the West Indies and tropical America constituting the family Oxylabracidæ, esp. the largest species (Oxylabrax, syn. Centropomus, undecimalis), a valuable food fish called also snook, the smaller species being called Rob`a*li"to.

ROBAND Rob"and, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Roperand.

ROBBER Rob"ber, n.

Defn: One who robs; in law, one who feloniously takes goods or money from the person of another by violence or by putting him in fear. Some roving robber calling to his fellows. Milton.

Syn. -- Thief; depredator; despoiler; plunderer; pillager; rifler; brigang; freebooter; pirate. See Thief. Robber crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A purse crab. (b) Any hermit crab. -- Robber fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Hornet fly, under Hornet. -- Robber gull (Zoöl.), a jager gull.

ROBBERY Rob"ber*y, n.; pl. Robberies. Etym: [OF. roberie.]

1. The act or practice of robbing; theft. Thieves for their robbery have authority When judges steal themselves. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: The crime of robbing. See Rob, v. t., 2.

Note: Robbery, in a strict sense, differs from theft, as it is effected by force or intimidation, whereas theft is committed by stealth, or privately.

Syn. -- Theft; depredation; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; plunder; pillage; rapine; larceny; freebooting; piracy.

ROBBIN Rob"bin, n. (Com.)

Defn: A kind of package in which pepper and other dry commodities are sometimes exported from the East Indies. The robbin of rice in Malabar weighs about 84 pounds. Simmonds.

ROBBIN Rob"bin, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Ropeband.

ROBE Robe, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. rauba a gown, dress, garment; originally, booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t., and cf. Rubbish.]

1. An outer garment; a dress of a rich, flowing, and elegant style or make; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, or the like. Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all. Shak.

2. A skin of an animal, especially, a skin of the bison, dressed with the fur on, and used as a wrap. [U.S.] Master of the robes, an officer of the English royal household (when the sovereign is a king) whose duty is supposed to consist in caring for the royal robes. -- Mistress of the robes, a lady who enjoys the highest rank of the ladies in the service of the English sovereign (when a queen), and is supposed to have the care her robes.

ROBE Robe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robed; p. pr. & vb. n. Robing.]

Defn: To invest with a robe or robes; to dress; to array; as, fields robed with green. The sage Chaldeans robed in white appeared. Pope. Such was his power over the expression of his countenance, that he could in an instant shake off the sternness of winter, and robe it in the brightest smiles of spring. Wirt.

ROBE-DE-CHAMBRE Robe`-de-cham"bre, n. Etym: [F., lit., a chamber gown.]

Defn: A dressing gown, or morning gown.

ROBERDSMAN; ROBERTSMAN Rob"erds*man, Rob"erts*man, n.; pl. -men. ( (Old Statutes of Eng.)

Defn: A bold, stout robber, or night thief; -- said to be so called from Robin Hood.

ROBERT Rob"ert, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Herb Robert, under Herb.

ROBIN Rob"in, n. Etym: [Properly a pet name for Robert, originally meaning, famebright; F., fron OHG. Roudperht; ruod (in comp.; akin to AS. hr glory, fame, Goth. hr victorius) + beraht bright. See Bright, Hob a clown.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European singing bird (Erythacus rubecula), having a reddish breast; -- called also robin redbreast, robinet, and ruddock. (b) An American singing bird (Merula migratoria), having the breast chestnut, or dull red. The upper parts are olive-gray, the head and tail blackish. Called also robin redbreast, and migratory thrush. (c) Any one of several species of Australian warblers of the genera Petroica, Melanadrays, and allied genera; as, the scarlet-breasted robin (Petroica mullticolor) (d) Any one of several Asiatic birds; as, the Indian robins. See Indian robin, below. Beach robin (Zoöl.), the robin snipe, or knot. See Knot. -- Blue-throated robin. (Zoöl.) See Bluethroat. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird. -- Golden robin (Zoöl.), the Baltimore oriole. -- Ground robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Indian robin (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic saxoline birds of the genera Thamnobia and Pratincola. They are mostly black, usually with some white on the wings. -- Magrie robin (Zoöl.), an Asiatic singing bird (Corsycus saularis), having the back, head, neck, and breast black glossed with blue, the wings black, and the belly white. -- Ragged robin. (Bot.) See under Ragged. -- Robin accentor (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic singing bird (Accentor rubeculoides), somewhat resembling the European robin. -- Robin redbreast. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. (c) The American bluebird. -- Robin snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-breasted snipe, or dowitcher. (b) The red-breasted sandpiper, or knot. -- Robin's plantain. (Bot.) See under Plantain. -- Sea robin. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of American gurnards of the genus Prionotus. They are excellent food fishes. Called also wingfish. The name is also applied to a European gurnard. (b) The red-breasted merganser, or sheldrake. [Local, U.S.] -- Water robin (Zoöl.), a redstart (Ruticulla fuliginosa), native of India.

ROBINET Rob"i*net, n.

1. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; -- called also roberd. (b) The European robin.

2. A military engine formerly used for throwing darts and stones.

ROBING Rob"ing, n.

Defn: The act of putting on a robe. Robing room, a room where official robes are put on, as by judges, etc.

ROBIN GOODFELLOW Rob"in Good"fel`low.

Defn: A celebrated fairy; Puck. See Puck. Shak.

ROBINIA Ro**bin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called after Jean Robin, a French herbalist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leguminous trees including the common locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia).

ROBLE Ro"ble, n. [Sp., oak.] (Bot.)

Defn: The California white oak (Quercus lobata).

ROBORANT Rob"o*rant, a. Etym: [L. roborans, p. pr. See Roborate.]

Defn: Strengthening. -- n. (Med.)

Defn: A strengthening medicine; a tonic.

ROBORATE Rob"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. roboratus, p. pr. of roborare to strengthen, fr. robur, roboris, strength.]

Defn: To give strength or support to; to confirm. [Obs.] Fuller.

ROBORATION Rob`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. roboratio.]

Defn: The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Coles.

ROBOREAN; ROBOREOUS Ro*bo"re*an, Ro*bo"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. roboreus.]

Defn: Made of oak. [Obs.]

ROBUST Ro*bust", a. Etym: [L. robustus oaken, hard, strong, fr. robur strength, a very hard kind of oak; cf. Skr. rabhas violence: cf. F. robuste.]

1. Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; strong; sinewy; muscular; vigorous; sound; as, a robust body; robust youth; robust health.

2. Violent; rough; rude. While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson.

3. Requiring strength or vigor; as, robust employment. Locke.

Syn. -- Strong; lusty; sinewy; sturdy; muscular; hale; hearty; vigorous; forceful; sound. -- Robust, Strong. Robust means, literally, made of oak, and hence implies great compactness and toughness of muscle, connected with a thick-set frame and great powers of endurance. Strong denotes the power of exerting great physical force. The robust man can bear heat or cold, excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hardship; the strong man can lift a great weight, can give a heavy blow, and a hard gripe. "Robust, tough sinews bred to toil." Cowper. Then 'gan the villain wax so fierce and strong, That nothing may sustain his furious force. Spenser.

ROBUSTIOUS Ro*bus"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. L. robusteus of oak.]

Defn: Robust. [Obs. or Humorous] W. Irving. In Scotland they had handled the bishops in a more robustious manner. Milton. -- Ro*bus"tious*ly, adv. -- Ro*bus"tious*ness, n.

ROBUSTLY Ro*bust"ly, adv.

Defn: In a robust manner.

ROBUSTNESS Ro*bust"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being robust.

ROC Roc, n. Etym: [Ar. & Per. rokh or rukh. Cf. Rook a castle.]

Defn: A monstrous bird of Arabian mythology. [Written also rock, and rukh.] Brande & C.

ROCAILLE Ro`caille", n. [F. Cf. Rock a stone.] (Art) (a) Artificial rockwork made of rough stones and cement, as for gardens. (b) The rococo system of scroll ornament, based in part on the forms of shells and water-worn rocks.

ROCAMBOLE Roc"am*bole, n. Etym: [F.] [Written also rokambole.] (Bot.)

Defn: A name of Allium Scorodoprasum and A. Ascalonium, two kinds of garlic, the latter of which is also called shallot.

ROCCELLIC Roc*cel"lic, a. Etym: [F. roccellique, fr. roccelle archil, It. & NL. roccella, fr. It. rocca a rock, because archil grows on rock.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the oxalic series found in archil (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), and other lichens, and extracted as a white crystalline substance C17H32O4.

ROCCELLIN Roc*cel"lin, n.

Defn: A red dyestuff, used as a substitute for cochineal, archil, etc. It consists of the sodium salt of a complex azo derivative of naphtol.

ROCHE Roche, n. Etym: [See Rock.]

Defn: Rock. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROCHE ALUM Roche" al`um. (Chem.)

Defn: A kind of alum occuring in small fragments; -- so called from Rocca, in Syria, whence alum is said to have been obtained; -- also called rock alum.

ROCHELIME Roche"lime`, n. Etym: [F. roche rock + E. lime.]

Defn: Lime in the lump after it is burned; quicklime. [Eng.]

ROCHELLE Ro*chelle", n.

Defn: A seaport town in France. Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. -- Rochelle salt (Chem.), the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, a white crystalline substance. It has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste and is employed as a mild purgative. It was discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle, and is called also Seignete's salt.

ROCHE MOUTONNEE Roche" mou`ton`née". Etym: [F., sheep-shaped rock.] (Geol.)

Defn: See Sheepback.

ROCHET Roch"et, n. Etym: [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, G. rock.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: A linen garment resembling the surplise, but with narrower sleeves, also without sleeves, worn by bishops, and by some other ecclesiastical dignitaries, in certain religious ceremonies. They see no difference between an idler with a hat and national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet. Burke.

2. A frock or outer garment worn in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

ROCHET Roch"et, n. Etym: [Probably corrupted fr. F. rouget the red gurnet, from rouge red. CF. Rouge.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The red gurnard, or gurnet. See Gurnard.

ROCHING CASK Roch"ing cask`. Etym: [Probably from F. roche a rock.]

Defn: A tank in which alum is crystallized from a solution.

ROCK Rock, n.

Defn: See Roc.

ROCK Rock, n. Etym: [OE. rocke; akin to D. rok, rokken, G. rocken, OHG. roccho, Dan. rok, Icel. rokkr. Cf. Rocket a firework.]

Defn: A distaff used in spinning; the staff or frame about which flax is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in spinning. Chapman. Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thread By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid. Spenser.

ROCK Rock, n. Etym: [OF. roke, F. roche; cf. Armor. roc'h, and AS. rocc.]

1. A large concreted mass of stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. See Stone. Come one, come all! this rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: Any natural deposit forming a part of the earth's crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds.

3. That which resembles a rock in firmness; a defense; a support; a refuge. The Lord is my rock, and my fortress. 2 Sam. xxii. 2.

4. Fig.: Anything which causes a disaster or wreck resembling the wreck of a vessel upon a rock.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The striped bass. See under Bass.

Note: This word is frequently used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, rock-bound, rock-built, rock-ribbed, rock- roofed, and the like. Rock alum. Etym: [Probably so called by confusion with F. roche a rock.] Same as Roche alum. -- Rock barnacle (Zoöl.), a barnacle (Balanus balanoides) very abundant on rocks washed by tides. -- Rock bass. (Zoöl.) (a) The stripped bass. See under Bass. (b) The goggle-eye. (c) The cabrilla. Other species are also locally called rock bass. -- Rock builder (Zoöl.), any species of animal whose remains contribute to the formation of rocks, especially the corals and Foraminifera. -- Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate. -- Rock candy, a form of candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very hard, whence the name. -- Rock cavy. (Zoöl.) See Moco. -- Rock cod (Zoöl.) (a) A small, often reddish or brown, variety of the cod found about rocks andledges. (b) A California rockfish. -- Rock cook. (Zoöl.) (a) A European wrasse (Centrolabrus exoletus). (b) A rockling. -- Rock cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus the fibers of which are loosely interlaced. It resembles cork in its texture. -- Rock crab (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large crabs of the genus Cancer, as the two species of the New England coast (C. irroratus and C. borealis). See Illust. under Cancer. -- Rock cress (Bot.), a name of several plants of the cress kind found on rocks, as Arabis petræa, A. lyrata, etc. -- Rock crystal (Min.), limpid quartz. See Quartz, and under Crystal. -- Rock dove (Zoöl.), the rock pigeon; -- called also rock doo. -- Rock drill, an implement for drilling holes in rock; esp., a machine impelled by steam or compressed air, for drilling holes for blasting, etc. -- Rock duck (Zoöl.), the harlequin duck. -- Rock eel. (Zoöl.) See Gunnel. -- Rock goat (Zoöl.), a wild goat, or ibex. -- Rock hopper (Zoöl.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes. See under Penguin. -- Rock kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo, and Petrogale. -- Rock lobster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spinose lobsters of the genera Panulirus and Palinurus. They have no large claws. Called also spiny lobster, and sea crayfish. -- Rock meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite occuring as an efflorescence. -- Rock milk. (Min.) See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. -- Rock moss, a kind of lichen; the cudbear. See Cudbear. -- Rock oil. See Petroleum. -- Rock parrakeet (Zoöl.), a small Australian parrakeet (Euphema petrophila), which nests in holes among the rocks of high cliffs. Its general color is yellowish olive green; a frontal band and the outer edge of the wing quills are deep blue, and the central tail feathers bluish green. -- Rock pigeon (Zoöl.), the wild pigeon (Columba livia) Of Europe and Asia, from which the domestic pigeon was derived. See Illust. under Pigeon. -- Rock pipit. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Pipit. -- Rock plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied, or whistling, plover. (b) The rock snipe. -- Rock ptarmigan (Zoöl.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores black. In summer the males are grayish brown, coarsely vermiculated with black, and have black patches on the back. -- Rock rabbit (Zoöl.), the hyrax. See Cony, and Daman. -- Rock ruby (Min.), a fine reddish variety of garnet. -- Rock salt (Min.), cloride of sodium (common salt) occuring in rocklike masses in mines; mineral salt; salt dug from the earth. In the United States this name is sometimes given to salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea water in large basins or cavities. -- Rock seal (Zoöl.), the harbor seal. See Seal. -- Rock shell (Zoöl.), any species of Murex, Purpura, and allied genera. -- Rock snake (Zoöl.), any one of several large pythons; as, the royal rock snake (Python regia) of Africa, and the rock snake of India (P. molurus). The Australian rock snakes mostly belong to the allied genus Morelia. -- Rock snipe (Zoöl.), the purple sandpiper (Tringa maritima); -- called also rock bird, rock plover, winter snipe. -- Rock soap (Min.), a kind of clay having a smooth, greasy feel, and adhering to the tongue. -- Rock sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World sparrows of the genus Petronia, as P. stulla, of Europe. (b) A North American sparrow (Pucæa ruficeps). -- Rock tar, petroleum. -- Rock thrush (Zoöl.), any Old World thrush of the genus Monticola, or Petrocossyphus; as, the European rock thrush (M. saxatilis), and the blue rock thrush of India (M. cyaneus), in which the male is blue throughout. -- Rock tripe (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Umbilicaria Dillenii) growing on rocks in the northen parts of America, and forming broad, flat, coriaceous, dark fuscous or blackish expansions. It has been used as food in cases of extremity. -- Rock trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Hexagrammus, family Chiradæ, native of the North Pacific coasts; -- called also sea trout, boregat, bodieron, and starling. -- Rock warbler (Zoöl.), a small Australian singing bird (Origma rubricata) which frequents rocky ravines and water courses; -- called also cataract bird. -- Rock wren (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wrens of the genus Salpinctes, native of the arid plains of Lower California and Mexico.

ROCK Rock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rocked;p. pr. & vb. n. Rocking.] Etym: [AS. roccian; akin to Dan. rokke to move, to snake; cf. Icel. rukkja to pull, move, G. rücken to move, push, pull.]

1. To cause to sway backward and forward, as a body resting on a support beneath; as, to rock a cradle or chair; to cause to vibrate; to cause to reel or totter. A rising earthquake rocked the ground. Dryden.

2. To move as in a cradle; hence, to put to sleep by rocking; to still; to quiet. "Sleep rock thy brain." Shak.

Note: Rock differs from shake, as denoting a slower, less violent, and more uniform motion, or larger movements. It differs from swing, which expresses a vibratory motion of something suspended.

ROCK Rock, v. i.

1. To move or be moved backward and forward; to be violently agitated; to reel; to totter. The rocking town Supplants their footsteps. J. Philips .

2. To roll or saway backward and forward upon a support; as, to rock in a rocking-chair.

ROCKAWAY Rock"a*way, Etym: [Probably from Rockaway beach, where it was used.]

Defn: Formerly, a light, low, four-wheeled carriage, with standing top, open at the sides, but having waterproof curtains which could be let down when occasion required; now, a somewhat similar, but heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, and having a door at each side.

ROCKELAY; ROCKLAY Rock"e*lay, Rock"lay, n.

Defn: See Rokelay. [Scot.]

ROCKER Rock"er, n.

1. One who rocks; specifically, one who rocks a cradle. It was I, sir, said the rocker, who had the honor, some thirty years since, to attend on your highness in your infancy. Fuller.

2. One of the curving pieces of wood or metal on which a cradle, chair, etc., rocks.

3. Any implement or machine working with a rocking motion, as a trough mounted on rockers for separating gold dust from gravel, etc., by agitation in water.

4. A play horse on rockers; a rocking-horse.

5. A chair mounted on rockers; a rocking-chair.

6. A skate with a curved blade, somewhat resembling in shape the rocker of a cradle.

7. (Mach.)

Defn: Same as Rock shaft. Rocker arm (Mach.), an arm borne by a rock shaft. To be off one's rocker, to be insane.

ROCKERED Rock"ered, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Shaped like a rocker; curved; as, a rockered keel.

ROCKERY Rock"er*y, n. (Gardening)

Defn: A mound formed of fragments of rock, earth, etc., and set with plants.

ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [F. roquette (cf. Sp. ruqueta, It ruchetta), fr. L. eruca.] (Bot.) (a) A cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad. (b) Damewort. (c) Rocket larkspur. See below. Dyer's Rocket. (Bot.) See Dyer's broom, under Broom. -- Rocket larkspur (Bot.), an annual plant with showy flowers in long racemes (Delphinium Ajacis). -- Sea rocket (Bot.), either of two fleshy cruciferous plants (Cakile maritima and C. Americana) found on the seashore of Europe and America. -- Yellow rocket (Bot.), a common cruciferous weed with yellow flowers (Barbarea vulgaris).

ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [It. rocchetta, fr. rocca a distaff, of German origin. Named from the resemblance in shape to a distaff. See Rock a distaff.]

1. An artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display.

2. A blunt lance head used in the joust. Congreve rocket, a powerful form of rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve. It may be used either in the field or for bombardment; in the former case, it is armed with shells or case shot; in the latter, with a combustible material inclosed in a metallic case, which is inextinguishable when kindled, and scatters its fire on every side.

ROCKET Rock"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.] (Sporting)

Defn: To rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective. [Eng.] An old cock pheasant came rocketing over me. H. R. Haggard.

ROCKETER Rock"et*er, n. (Sporting)

Defn: A bird, especially a pheasant, which, being flushed, rises straight in the air like a rocket. [Eng.]

ROCKFISH Rock"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several California scorpænoid food fishes of the genus Sebastichthys, as the red rockfish (S. ruber). They are among the most important of California market fishes. Called also rock cod, and garrupa. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. (c) Any one of several species of Florida and Bermuda groupers of the genus Epinephelus. (d) An American fresh-water darter; the log perch.

Note: The term is locally applied to various other fishes.

ROCKINESS Rock"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Rocky.]

Defn: The state or quality of being rocky.

ROCKING Rock"ing, a.

Defn: Having a swaying, rolling, or back-and-forth movement; used for rocking. Rocking shaft. (Mach.) See Rock shaft.

ROCKING-CHAIR Rock"ing-chair`, n.

Defn: A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.

ROCKING-HORSE Rock"ing-horse`, n.

Defn: The figure of a horse, mounted upon rockers, for children to ride.

ROCKING-STONE Rock"ing-stone`, n.

Defn: A stone, often of great size and weight, resting upon another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force.

ROCKLESS Rock"less, a.

Defn: Being without rocks. Dryden.

ROCKLING Rock"ling, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small marine fishes of the genera Onos and Rhinonemus (formerly Motella), allied to the cod. They have three or four barbels.

ROCKROSE Rock"rose`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to any species of the genus Helianthemum, low shrubs or herbs with yellow flowers, especially the European H. vulgare and the American frostweed, H. Canadense. Cretan rockrose, a related shrub (Cistus Creticus), one of the plants yielding the fragrant gum called ladanum.

ROCK SHAFT Rock" shaft`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.] (Mach.)

Defn: A shaft that oscillates on its journals, instead of revolving, -- usually carrying levers by means of which it receives and communicates reciprocating motion, as in the valve gear of some steam engines; -- called also rocker, rocking shaft, and way shaft.

ROCK STAFF Rock" staff`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.]

Defn: An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge.

ROCKSUCKER Rock"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lamprey.

ROCKWEED Rock"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Any coarse seaweed growing on sea-washed rocks, especially Fucus.

ROCKWOOD Rock"wood`, n. (Min.)

Defn: Ligniform asbestus; also, fossil wood.

ROCKWORK Rock"work`, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Stonework in which the surface is left broken and rough.

2. (Gardening)

Defn: A rockery.

ROCKY Rock"y, a.

1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; consisting of rocks; as, a rocky mountain; a rocky shore.

2. Like a rock; as, the rocky orb of a shield. Milton.

3. Fig.: Not easily impressed or affected; hard; unfeeling; obdurate; as, a rocky bosom. Shak. Rocky Mountain locust (Zoöl.), the Western locust, or grasshopper. See Grasshopper. -- Rocky Mountain sheep. (Zoöl.) See Bighorn.

ROCOA Ro"coa, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rocou, roicou, Pg. & Braz, urucú.]

Defn: The orange-colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

ROCOCO Ro*co"co, n. Etym: [F.; of uncertain etymology.]

Defn: A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

ROCOCO Ro*co"co, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the style called rococo; like rococo; florid; fantastic.

ROD Rod, n. Etym: [The same word as rood. See Rood.]

1. A straight and slender stick; a wand; hence, any slender bar, as of wood or metal (applied to various purposes). Specifically: (a) An instrument of punishment or correction; figuratively, chastisement. He that spareth his rod hateth his son. Prov. xiii. 24.

(b) A kind of sceptor, or badge of office; hence, figuratively, power; authority; tyranny; oppression. "The rod, and bird of peace." Shak. (c) A support for a fishing line; a fish pole. Gay. (d) (Mach. & Structure) A member used in tension, as for sustaining a suspended weight, or in tension and compression, as for transmitting reciprocating motion, etc.; a connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring.

2. A measure of length containing sixteen and a half feet; -- called also perch, and pole. Black rod. See in the Vocabulary. -- Rods and cones (Anat.), the elongated cells or elements of the sensory layer of the retina, some of which are cylindrical, others somewhat conical.

RODDY Rod"dy, a.

Defn: Full of rods or twigs.

RODDY Rod"dy, a.

Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RODE Rode, n. Etym: [See Rud.]

Defn: Redness; complexion. [Obs.] "His rode was red." Chaucer.

RODE Rode,

Defn: imp. of Ride.

RODE Rode, n.

Defn: See Rood, the cross. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RODENT Ro"dent, a. Etym: [L. rodens, -entis, p. pr. of rodere to gnaw. See Rase, v. t., and cf. Rostrum.]

1. Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Gnawing. (b) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia.

RODENT Ro"dent, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rodentia.

RODENTIA Ro*den"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rodent, a.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order.

Note: The incisor teeth are long, curved, and strongly enameled on the outside, so as to keep a cutting edge. They have a persistent pulp and grow continuously.

RODEO Ro*de"o, n. Etym: [SP., a going round.]

Defn: A round-up. See Round-up. [Western U.S.]

RODGE Rodge, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gadwall. [Prov.Eng.]

RODOMEL Rod"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Juice of roses mixed with honey. Simmonds.

RODOMONT Rod"o*mont, n. Etym: [F. rodomont, It. rodomonte, fr. Rodomonte, Rodamonte, a boasting hero in the "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto, and the "Orlando Innamorato" of Bojardo; properly, one who rolls away mountains; Prov. It. rodare to roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, L. mons. See Rotary, Mount, n.]

Defn: A vain or blustering boaster; a braggart; a braggadocio. Sir T. Herbert.

RODOMONT Rod"o*mont, a.

Defn: Bragging; vainly boasting.

RODOMONTADE Rod`o*mon*tade", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. rodomontana. See Rodomont, n.]

Defn: Vain boasting; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible. Dryden.

RODOMONTADE Rod`o*mon*tade", v. i.

Defn: To boast; to brag; to bluster; to rant.

RODOMONTADIST Rod`o*mon*tad"ist, n.

Defn: One who boasts.

RODOMONTADO Rod`o*mon*ta"do, n.

Defn: Rodomontade.

RODOMONTADOR Rod`o*mon*ta"dor, n.

Defn: A rodomontadist.

RODSMAN Rods"man, n.; pl. Rodsmen (.

Defn: One who carries and holds a leveling staff, or rod, in a surveying party. G. W. Cable.

RODY Ro"dy, a.

Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROE Roe, n. Etym: [OE. ro, AS. rah; akin to D. ree, G. reh, Icel. ra, SW. rå.] (Zoöl.) (a) A roebuck. See Roebuck. (b) The female of any species of deer.

ROE Roe, n. Etym: [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen, OHG. rogan, Icel. hrogn, Dan. rogn, ravn, Sw. rom; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. gravel.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ova or spawn of fishes and amphibians, especially when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. Sometimes applied, loosely, to the sperm and the testes of the male.

2. A mottled appearance of light and shade in wood, especially in mahogany.

ROEBUCK Roe"buck`, n. Etym: [1st roe + buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capræa) having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. This, the smallest European deer, is very nimble and graceful. It always prefers a mountainous country, or high grounds.

ROED Roed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Filled with roe.

ROEDEER Roe"deer`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The roebuck.

ROE, RICHARD Roe, Richard. (Law)

Defn: A fictious name for a party, real or fictious, to an act or proceeding. Other names were formerly similarly used, as John-a- Nokes, John o', or of the, Nokes, or Noakes, John-a-Stiles, etc.

ROESTONE Roe"stone`, n. (Min.)

Defn: Same as Oölite.

ROGATION Ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate: cf. F. rogation. Cf. Abrogate, Arrogant, Probogue.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people; a proposed law or decree.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: Litany; supplication. He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use. Hooker. Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days which immediately precede Ascension Day; -- so called as being days on which the people, walking in procession, sang litanies of special supplication. -- Rogation flower (Bot.), a European species of milkwort (Polygala vulgaris); -- so called from its former use for garlands in Rogation week. Dr. Prior. -- Rogation week, the second week before Whitsunday, in which the Rogation days occur.

ROGATORY Rog"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Rogation.]

Defn: Seeking information; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts; as, a rogatory commission. Woolsey.

ROGER Rog"er, n. [From a proper name Roger.]

Defn: A black flag with white skull and crossbones, formerly used by pirates; -- called also Jolly Roger.

ROGUE Rogue, n. Etym: [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hr a rook, croaker (cf. Rook a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.]

1. (Eng.Law)

Defn: A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp.

Note: The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron.

2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat. The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise. Pope.

3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment. Ah, you sweet little rogue, you! Shak.

4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage.

5. (Hort.)

Defn: A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety. Rogues' gallery, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. -- Rogue's march, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. -- Rogue's yarn, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors.

ROGUE Rogue, v. i.

Defn: To wander; to play the vagabond; to play knavish tricks. [Obs.] Spenser.

ROGUE Rogue, v. t.

1. To give the name or designation of rogue to; to decry. [Obs.] Cudworth.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: To destroy (plants that do not come up to a required standard).

ROGUERY Rogu"er*y, n.

1. The life of a vargant. [Obs.]

2. The practices of a rogue; knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices. 'Tis no scandal grown, For debt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden.

3. Arch tricks; mischievousness.

ROGUESHIP Rogue"ship, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being a rogue. [Jocose] "Your rogueship." Dryden.

ROGUISH Rogu"ish, a.

1. Vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. His roguish madness Allows itself to anything. Shak.

2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish.

3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch. The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast. Dryden. -- Rogu"ish*ly, adv. -- Rogu"ish*ness, n.

ROGUY Rogu"y, a.

Defn: Roguish. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

ROHOB Ro"hob, n.

Defn: An inspissated juice. See Rob.

ROIAL Roi"al, a.

Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROIL Roil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roiling.] Etym: [Cf. OE. roilen to wander; possibly fr. OF. roeler to roll, equiv. to F. rouler. See Roll, v., and cf. Rile.]

1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring.

2. To disturb, as the temper; to ruffle the temper of; to rouse the passion of resentment in; to perplex. That his friends should believe it, was what roiled him [Judge Jeffreys] exceedingly. R. North.

Note: Provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. A commoner, but less approved, form is rile.

ROIL Roil, v. i.

1. To wander; to roam. [Obs.]

2. To romp. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

ROILY Roil"y, a.

Defn: Turbid; as, roily water.

ROIN Roin, v. t.

Defn: See Royne. [Obs.]

ROIN Roin, n. Etym: [F. rogne. See Roynish.]

Defn: A scab; a scurf, or scurfy spot. [Obs.]

ROINISH Roin"ish, a.

Defn: See Roynish. [Obs.]

ROINT Roint, interj.

Defn: See Aroint.

ROIST Roist, v. i.

Defn: See Roister.

ROISTER Roist"er, v. i. Etym: [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.]

Defn: To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent. I have a roisting challenge sent amongst The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks. Shak.

ROISTER Roist"er, n.

Defn: See Roisterer.

ROISTERER Roist"er*er, n.

Defn: A blustering, turbulent fellow. If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces. Macaulay.

ROISTERLY Roist"er*ly, a.

Defn: Blustering; violent. [R.]

ROISTERLY Roist"er*ly, adv.

Defn: In a roistering manner. [R.]

ROKAMBOLE Rok"am*bole, n.

Defn: See Rocambole.

ROKE Roke, n. Etym: [See Reek.]

1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov.Eng.] [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.]

2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell.

ROKEAGE; ROKEE Roke"age, Rok"ee, n. Etym: [Cf. Nocake.]

Defn: Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; -- called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.]

ROKELAY Rok"e*lay, n. Etym: [Cf. Roquelaure.]

Defn: A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.]

ROKY Rok"y, a. Etym: [See Roke.]

Defn: Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

ROLE Rôle, n. Etym: [F. See Roll.]

Defn: A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist. Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name.

ROLL Roll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rolling.] Etym: [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.]

1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as, to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel.

2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as, to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball.

3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; -- often with up; as, to roll up a parcel.

4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as, a river rolls its waters to the ocean. The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe. J. A. Symonds.

5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; -- often with forth, or out; as, to roll forth some one's praises; to roll out sentences. Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies. Tennyson.

6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as, to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc.

7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels.

8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon.

9. (Geom.)

Defn: To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal.

10. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve. Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down The beauty of these florins new and bright. Chaucer. To roll one's self, to wallow. -- To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. -- To roll one's r's, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.]

ROLL Roll, v. i.

1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as, a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane. And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls. Shak.

2. To move on wheels; as, the carriage rolls along the street. "The rolling chair." Dryden.

3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as, the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well.

4. To fall or tumble; -- with over; as, a stream rolls over a precipice.

5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as, the rolling year; ages roll away.

6. To turn; to move circularly. And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden.

7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression. What different sorrows did within thee roll. Prior.

8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as, there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about. Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled. Pope.

9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as, a horse rolls.

10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as, the paste rolls well.

11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear.

12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as, the thunder rolls. To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.] Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about. Chaucer.

ROLL Roll, n. Etym: [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.]

1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as, the roll of a ball; the roll of waves.

2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as, to pass rails through the rolls.

3. That which is rolled up; as, a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll. Busy angels spread The lasting roll, recording what we say. Prior.

(b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also, a catalogue; a list. The rolls of Parliament, the entry of the petitions, answers, and transactions in Parliament, are extant. Sir M. Hale. The roll and list of that army doth remain. Sir J. Davies.

(c) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form; as, a roll of carpeting; a roll of ribbon. (d) A cylindrical twist of tobacco.

4. A kind of shortened raised biscuit or bread, often rolled or doubled upon itself.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: The oscillating movement of a vessel from side to side, in sea way, as distinguished from the alternate rise and fall of bow and stern called pitching.

6. A heavy, reverberatory sound; as, the roll of cannon, or of thunder.

7. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear.

8. Part; office; duty; rôle. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Long roll (Mil.), a prolonged roll of the drums, as the signal of an attack by the enemy, and for the troops to arrange themselves in line. -- Master of the rolls. See under Master. -- Roll call, the act, or the time, of calling over a list names, as among soldiers. -- Rolls of court, of parliament (or of any public body), the parchments or rolls on which the acts and proceedings of that body are engrossed by the proper officer, and which constitute the records of such public body. -- To call the roll, to call off or recite a list or roll of names of persons belonging to an organization, in order to ascertain who are present or to obtain responses from those present.

Syn. -- List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See List.

ROLLABLE Roll"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being rolled.

ROLLER Roll"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts.

2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: One of series of long, heavy waves which roll in upon a coast, sometimes in calm weather.

4. A long, belt-formed towel, to be suspended on a rolling cylinder; -- called also roller towel.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A cylinder coated with a composition made principally of glue and molassess, with which forms of type are inked previously to taking an impression from them. W. Savage.

6. A long cylinder on which something is rolled up; as, the roller of a man.

7. A small wheel, as of a caster, a roller skate, etc.

8. (Zoöl.)

Defn: ANy insect whose larva rolls up leaves; a leaf roller. see Tortrix.

9. Etym: [CF. F. rollier.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of Old World picarian birds of the family Coraciadæ. The name alludes to their habit of suddenly turning over or "tumbling" in flight.

Note: Many of the species are brilliantly colored. The common European species (Coracias garrula) has the head, neck, and under parts light blue varied with green, the scapulars chestnut brown, and the tail blue, green, and black. The broad-billed rollers of India and Africa belong to the genus Eurystomus, as the oriental roller (E. orientalis), and the Australian roller, or dollar bird (E. Pacificus). The latter is dark brown on the head and neck, sea green on the back, and bright blue on the throat, base of the tail, and parts of the wings. It has a silvery-white spot on the middle of each wing.

10. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Tortricidæ. Ground roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Madagascar rollers belonging to Atelornis and allied genera. They are nocturnal birds, and feed on the ground. -- Roller bolt, the bar in a carriage to which the traces are attached; a whiffletree. [Eng.] -- Roller gin, a cotton gin inn which rolls are used for separating the seeds from the fiber. -- Roller mill. See under Mill. -- Roller skate, a skate which has small wheels in the place of the metallic runner; -- designed for use in skating upon a smooth, hard surface, other than ice.

ROLLER BEARING Roll"er bear"ing. (Mach.)

Defn: A bearing containing friction rollers.

ROLLER COASTER Roller coaster.

Defn: An amusement railroad in which cars coast by gravity over a long winding track, with steep pitches and ascents.

ROLLEY Rol"ley, n. Etym: [Probably fr. roll.]

Defn: A small wagon used for the underground work of a mine. Tomlison.

ROLLIC Rol"lic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rollicked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.] Etym: [Corrupt. fr. frolic, under the influence of roll.]

Defn: To move or play in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air; to frolic; to sport; commonly in the form rollicking. [Colloq.] He described his friends as rollicking blades. T. Hook.

ROLLICHE; ROLLEJEE; ROLLICHIE Rol"li*che, n. [Also Rol"le*jee, Rol"li*chie.] [D. rolletje a little roll.]

Defn: A kind of sausage, made in a bag of tripe, sliced and fried, famous among the Dutch of New Amsterdam and still known, esp. in New Jersey.

ROLLING Roll"ing, a.

1. Rotating on an axis, or moving along a surface by rotation; turning over and over as if on an axis or a pivot; as, a rolling wheel or ball.

2. Moving on wheels or rollers, or as if on wheels or rollers; as, a rolling chair.

3. Having gradual, rounded undulations of surface; as, a rolling country; rolling land. [U.S.] Rolling bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. -- Rolling circle of a paddle wheel, the circle described by the point whose velocity equals the velocity of the ship. J. Bourne. -- Rolling fire (Mil.), a discharge of firearms by soldiers in line, in quick succession, and in the order in which they stand. -- Rolling friction, that resistance to motion experienced by one body rolling upon another which arises from the roughness or other quality of the surfaces in contact. -- Rolling mill, a mill furnished with heavy rolls, between which heated metal is passed, to form it into sheets, rails, etc. -- Rolling press. (a) A machine for calendering cloth by pressure between revolving rollers. (b) A printing press with a roller, used in copperplate printing. -- Rolling stock, or Rolling plant, the locomotives and vehicles of a railway. -- Rolling tackle (Naut.), tackle used to steady the yards when the ship rolls heavily. R. H. Dana, Jr.

ROLLING-PIN Roll"ing-pin`, n.

Defn: A cylindrical piece of wood or other material, with which paste or dough may be rolled out and reduced to a proper thickness.

ROLLWAY Roll"way`, n.

Defn: A place prepared for rolling logs into a stream.

ROLLY-POLY Roll"y-po`ly, n.

Defn: A kind of pudding made of paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and boiled or steamed. -- a.

Defn: Shaped like a rolly-poly; short and stout. [Written also roly- poly.]

ROLLY-POOLY Roll"y-pool`y, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins. [Written also rouly-pouly.]

ROLY-POLY Ro"ly-po`ly, n. & a.

Defn: Rolly-poly.

ROMAGE Rom"age, n. & v.

Defn: See Rummage. [Obs.] Shak.

ROMAIC Ro*ma"ic, a. Etym: [NGr. romaïque. See Roman.]

Defn: Of or relating to modern Greece, and especially to its language. -- n.

Defn: The modern Greek language, now usually called by the Greeks Hellenic or Neo-Hellenic.

Note: The Greeks at the time of the capture of Constantinople were proud of being "Romai^oi, or Romans . . . Hence the term Romaic was the name given to the popular language. . . . The Greek language is now spoken of as the Hellenic language. Encyc. Brit.

ROMAJIKAI Ro"ma*ji*ka`i, n. [Jap. romajikai.]

Defn: An association, including both Japanese and Europeans, having for its object the changing of the Japanese method of writing by substituting Roman letters for Japanese characters.

ROMAN Ro"man, a. Etym: [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.]

1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art.

2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion.

3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. -- Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. -- Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. -- Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. -- Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. -- Roman law. See under Law. -- Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. -- Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. -- Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2.

ROMAN Ro"man, n.

1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred.

2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics.

ROMAN CALENDAR Roman calendar.

Defn: The calendar of the ancient Romans, from which our modern calendars are derived. It is said to have consisted originally of ten months, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December, having a total of 304 days. Numa added two months, Januarius at the beginning of the year, and Februarius at the end, making in all 355 days. He also ordered an intercalary month, Mercedinus, to be inserted every second year. Later the order of the months was changed so that January should come before February. Through abuse of power by the pontiffs to whose care it was committed, this calendar fell into confusion. It was replaced by the Julian calendar. In designating the days of the month, the Romans reckoned backward from three fixed points, the calends, the nones, and the ides. The calends were always the first day of the month. The ides fell on the 15th in March, May, July (Quintilis), and October, and on the 13th in other months. The nones came on the eighth day (the ninth, counting the ides) before the ides. Thus, Jan. 13 was called the ides of January, Jan. 12, the day before the ides, and Jan. 11, the third day before the ides (since the ides count as one), while Jan. 14 was the 19th day before the calends of February.

ROMANCE Ro*mance", n. Etym: [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.]

1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. "Romances that been royal." Chaucer. Upon these three columns -- chivalry, gallantry, and religion -- repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances. These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France. Hallam.

2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as, his courtship, or his life, was a romance.

3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as, a girl full of romance.

4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza.

Syn. -- Fable; novel; fiction; tale.

ROMANCE Ro*mance", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance.

ROMANCE Ro*mance", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing.]

Defn: To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories. A very brave officer, but apt to romance. Walpole.

ROMANCER Ro*man"cer, n.

Defn: One who romances.

ROMANCIST Ro*man"cist, n.

Defn: A romancer. [R.]

ROMANCY Ro*man"cy, a.

Defn: Romantic. [R.]

ROMANESQUE Ro`man*esque", a. Etym: [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.

2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful. Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture.

ROMANESQUE Ro`man*esque", n.

Defn: Romanesque style.

ROMANIC Ro*man"ic, a. Etym: [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.]

1. Of or pertaining to Rome or its people.

2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.

3. Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues. Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; -- contrasted with phonetic spelling.

ROMANISH Ro"man*ish, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Romanism.

ROMANISM Ro"man*ism, n.

Defn: The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion.

ROMANIST Ro"man*ist, n.

Defn: One who adheres to Romanism.

ROMANIZE Ro"man*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Romanizing.]

1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden.

2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion.

ROMANIZE Ro"man*ize, v. i.

1. To use Latin words and idioms. "Apishly Romanizing." Milton.

2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech.

ROMANIZER Ro"man*i`zer, n.

Defn: One who Romanizes.

ROMANSCH Ro*mansch", n. Etym: [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See Romance.]

Defn: The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.]

ROMANT Ro*mant", n.

Defn: A romaunt. [Obs.]

ROMANTIC Ro*man"tic, a. Etym: [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant. See Romance.]

1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking. Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion South. Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic. Addison.

2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.

3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets.

4. Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; -- applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape.

Syn. -- Sentimental; fanciful; fantastic; fictitious; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See Sentimental. The romantic drama. See under Drama.

ROMANTICAL Ro*man"tic*al, a.

Defn: Romantic.

ROMANTICALY Ro*man"tic*al*y, adv.

Defn: In a romantic manner.

ROMANTICISM Ro*man"ti*cism, n. Etym: [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.]

Defn: A fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; -- applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medi He [Lessing] may be said to have begun the revolt from pseudo- classicism in poetry, and to have been thus unconsciously the founder of romanticism. Lowell.

ROMANTICIST Ro*man"ti*cist, n.

Defn: One who advocates romanticism in modern literature. J. R. Seeley.

ROMANTICLY Ro*man"tic*ly, adv.

Defn: Romantically. [R.] Strype.

ROMANTICNESS Ro*man"tic*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being romantic; widness; fancifulness. Richardson.

ROMANY Rom"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.]

1. A gypsy.

2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also Rommany.]

ROMANZA Ro*man"za, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: See Romance,5.

ROMAUNT Ro*maunt", n. Etym: [See Romance.]

Defn: A romantic story in verse; as, the "Romaunt of the Rose." O, hearken, loving hearts and bold, Unto my wild romaunt. Mrs. Browning.

ROMBLE Rom"ble, v.& n.

Defn: Rumble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROMBOWLINE Rom*bow"line, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.)

Defn: Old, condemned canvas, rope, etc., unfit for use except in chafing gear. [Written also rumbowline.]

ROMEINE; ROMEITE Ro"me*ine, Ro"me*ite, n. Etym: [F. roméine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Romé L'Isle.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium.

ROMEKIN Rome"kin, n. Etym: [CF. Rummer.]

Defn: A drinking cup. [Written also romkin.] [Obs.] Halliwell.

ROME PENNY; ROME SCOT Rome" pen`ny, or; Rome" scot`.

Defn: See Peter pence, under Peter.

ROMEWARD Rome"ward, adv.

Defn: Toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church.

ROMEWARD Rome"ward, a.

Defn: Tending or directed toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church. To analyze the crisis in its Anglican rather than in its Romeward aspect. Gladstone.

ROMIC Rom"ic, n.

Defn: A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; -- so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palæotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler.

ROMISH Rom"ish, a.

Defn: Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church; -- frequently used in a disparaging sense; as, the Romish church; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies.

ROMIST Rom"ist, n.

Defn: A Roman Catholic. [R.] South.

ROMP Romp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped; p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] Etym: [A variant of ramp. See Ramp to leap, Rampallian.]

Defn: To play rudely and boisterously; to leap and frisk about in play.

ROMP Romp, n.

1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play.

2. Rude, boisterous play or frolic; rough sport. While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson.

ROMPING Romp"ing, a.

Defn: Inclined to romp; indulging in romps. A little romping girl from boarding school. W. Irving.

ROMPINGLY Romp"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a romping manner.

ROMPISH Romp"ish, a.

Defn: Given to rude play; inclined to romp. --- Romp"ish, adv. -- Romp"ish*ness, n.

ROMPU Rom"pu, a. Etym: [F. rompu, p. p. of rompre to breeak, L. rumpere. See Rupture.] (Her.)

Defn: Broken, as an ordinary; cut off, or broken at the top, as a chevron, a bend, or the like.

RONCADOR Ron`ca*dor", n. Etym: [Sp., a snorer, fr. roncar to snore. So called in allusion to the grunting noise made by them on being taken from the water. ] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of California sciænoid food fishes, especially Roncador Stearnsi, which is an excellent market fish, and the red roncador (Corvina, or Johnius, saturna).

RONCHIL Ron"chil, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. ronquillo slightly hoarse.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American marine food fish (Bathymaster signatus) of the North Pacific coast, allied to the tilefish. [Written also ronquil.]

RONCO Ron"co, n. Etym: [Sp. ronco hoarse.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Croaker, n., 2. (a). [Texas]

RONDACHE Ron`dache", n. Etym: [F.] (Anc. Armor.)

Defn: A circular shield carried by foot soldiers.

RONDE Ronde, n. Etym: [F.] (Print.)

Defn: A kind of script in which the heavy strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together a round look.

RONDEAU Ron*deau", n. Etym: [F. See Roundel.] [Written also rondo.]

1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition which recurs according to a fixed law, and a limited number of rhymes recurring also by rule.

Note: When the rondeau was called the rondel it was mostly written in fourteen octosyllabic lines of two rhymes, as in the rondels of Charles d'Orleans. . . . In the 17th century the approved form of the rondeau was a structure of thirteen verses with a refrain. Encyc. Brit.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: See Rondo,1.

RONDEL Ron"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondeau, Roundel.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A small round tower erected at the foot of a bastion. [Obs.]

2. Etym: [F.] (a) Same as Rondeau. (b) Specifically, a particular form of rondeau containing fourteen lines in two rhymes, the refrain being a repetition of the first and second lines as the seventh and eighth, and again as the thirteenth and fourteenth. E. W. Gosse.

RONDELETIA Ron`de*le"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after William Rondelet, a French naturalist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers.

RONDLE Ron"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondel.]

1. A rondeau. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.

RONDO Ron"do, n. Etym: [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. "The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction." Grove.

2. (Poetry)

Defn: See Rondeau, 1.

RONDURE Ron"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.]

1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.] High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown. Lowell.

RONG Rong, obs.

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.

RONG Rong, n.

Defn: Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.

RONGEUR Ron`geur", n. Etym: [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone.

RONIN Ro"nin", n. [Jap. ro-nin, fr. Chin. lang profligate, lawless + jên (old sound nin) man.]

Defn: In Japan, under the feudal system, a samurai who had renounced his clan or who had been discharged or ostracized and had become a wanderer without a lord; an outcast; an outlaw.

RONION; RONYON Ron"ion, Ron"yon, n. Etym: [F. rogne scab, mange.]

Defn: A mangy or scabby creature. "Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak.

RONNE; RONNEN Ron"ne,

Defn: obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (,

Defn: obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.

RONT Ront, n. Etym: [See Runt.]

Defn: A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.

RONTGEN Rönt"gen, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, or the rays discovered by him; as, Röntgen apparatus.

RONTGENIZE Rönt"gen*ize, v. t. (Physics)

Defn: To render (air or other gas) conducting by the passage of Röntgen rays.

RONTGEN RAY Röntgen ray. (Physics)

Defn: Any of the rays produced when cathode rays strike upon surface of a solid (as the wall of the vacuum tube). Röntgen rays are noted for their penetration of many opaque substances, as wood and flesh, their action on photographic plates, and their fluorescent effects. They were called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. Röntgen. They also ionize gases, but cannot be reflected, or polarized, or deflected by a magnetic field. They are regarded as nonperiodic, transverse pulses in the ether. They are used in examining opaque objects, as for locating fractures or bullets in the human body.

ROOD Rood, n. Etym: [AS. rr, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. CF. Rod a measure.]

1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it.

Note: Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures. Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood. Wordsworth.

2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a red; a perch; a pole. [Prov.Eng.]

3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. By the rood, by the cross; -- a phrase formerly used in swearing. "No, by the road, not so." Shak. -- Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the road. -- Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendagess were set up to view. Gwilt. -- Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. -- Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; -- when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. -- Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree." Gower.

ROODEBOK Roo"de*bok, n. Etym: [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pallah.

ROODY Rood"y, a.

Defn: Rank in growth. [Prov.Eng.]

ROOF Roof, n. Etym: [OE. rof, AS. hr top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hr a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr roof, Goth. hr. Cf. Roost.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.

2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth. The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Milton.

3. (Mining.)

Defn: The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein. Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. -- Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. -- Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10.

ROOF Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.]

1. To cover with a roof. I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison.

2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter. Here had we now our country's honor roofed. Shak.

ROOFER Roof"er, n.

Defn: One who puts on roofs.

ROOFING Roof"ing, n.

1. The act of covering with a roof.

2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt.

3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey.

4. (Mining)

Defn: The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.

ROOFLESS Roof"less, a.

1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house.

2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

ROOFLET Roof"let, n.

Defn: A small roof, covering, or shelter.

ROOFTREE Roof"tree`, n.

Defn: The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself. Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall. Tennyson.

ROOFY Roof`y, a.

Defn: Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.

ROOK Rook, n.

Defn: Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

ROOK Rook, v. i.

Defn: To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.

ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense pehaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess)

Defn: One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [AS. hr; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species. The rook . . . should be treated as the farmer's friend. Pennant.

2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley.

ROOK Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.]

Defn: To cheat; to defraud by cheating. "A band of rooking officials." Milton.

ROOKERY Rook"er*y, n.; pl. Rookeries (.

1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also, the birds themselves. Tennyson.

2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc.

3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals.

4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings.

5. A brothel. [Low]

ROOKY Rook"y, a. Etym: [See Roky.]

Defn: Misty; gloomy. [Obs.] Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak.

Note: Some make this Shakespearean word mean "abounding in rooks."

ROOM Room, n. Etym: [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rum; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rum, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rum, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rums, and to AS. rum, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rumr, Goth. rums; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravanh wide, free, open, ravan a plain.]

1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as, there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room. Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. Luke xiv. 22. There was no room for them in the inn. Luke ii. 7.

2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat. If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse. Overbury. When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room. Luke xiv. 8.

3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber. I found the prince in the next room. Shak.

4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also, a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.] When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod. Matt. ii. 22. Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven. Tyndale. Let Bianca take her sister's room. Shak.

5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as, to leave room for hope. There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance. Addison. Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. -- To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. -- To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room. Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shak.

Syn. -- Space; compass; scope; latitude.

ROOM Room, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.]

Defn: To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together.

ROOM Room, a. Etym: [AS. rum.]

Defn: Spacious; roomy. [Obs.] No roomer harbour in the place. Chaucer.

ROOMAGE Room"age, n. Etym: [From Room. CF. Rummage.]

Defn: Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

ROOMER Room"er, n.

Defn: A lodger. [Colloq.]

ROOMER Room"er, adv. Etym: [See Room, a.]

Defn: At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

ROOMFUL Room"ful, a.

Defn: Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. "A roomful house." [R.] Donne.

ROOMFUL Room"ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls (.

Defn: As much or many as a room will hold; as, a roomful of men. Swift.

ROOMILY Room"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Spaciously.

ROOMINESS Room"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as, the roominess of a hall.

ROOMLESS Room"less, a.

Defn: Being without room or rooms. Udall.

ROOMMATE Room"mate`, n.

Defn: One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum.

ROOMSOME Room"some, a.

Defn: Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn.

ROOMTH Roomth, n.

Defn: Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton.

ROOMTHY Roomth"y, a.

Defn: Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller.

ROOMY Room"y, a.

Defn: Having ample room; spacious; large; as, a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden.

ROON Roon, a. & n.

Defn: Vermilion red; red. [R.] Her face was like the lily roon. J. R. Drake.

ROOP Roop, n.

Defn: See Roup. [Prov. Eng.]

ROORBACK; ROORBACH Roor"back, Roor"bach, n.

Defn: A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.]

Note: The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the "Travels of Baron Roorbach."

ROOSA OIL Roo"sa oil`.

Defn: The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass.

ROOST Roost, n.

Defn: Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROOST Roost, v. t.

Defn: See Roust, v. t.

ROOST Roost, n. Etym: [AS. hrost; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.]

1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch. He clapped his wings upon his roost. Dryden.

2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest.

ROOST Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.]

1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth.

2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep. O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid, O, let me roost and nestle there. Herbert.

ROOSTCOCK Roost"cock`, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

ROOSTER Roost"er, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.] Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George. W. Irving.

ROOT Root, v. i. Etym: [AS. wrotan; akin to wrot a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rota to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.]

1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine.

2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely.

ROOT Root, v. t.

Defn: To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth.

ROOT Root, n. Etym: [Icel. rot (for vrot); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.]

1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids.

2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.

3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem. They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people. Locke.

(b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. "She herself . . . is root of bounty." Chaucer. The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. 1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver. ) (d) (Math.)

Defn: That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby. (f) The lowest place, position, or part. "Deep to the roots of hell." Milton. "The roots of the mountains." Southey.

4. (Astrol.)

Defn: The time which to reckon in making calculations. When a root is of a birth yknowe [known]. Chaucer. Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. -- Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. -- Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. -- Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch. -- Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; -- a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. -- Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. -- Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. -- Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). -- Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. -- Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. -- Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. -- Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. -- Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. -- To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. "The bended twigs take root." Milton.

ROOT Root, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.]

1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow. In deep grounds the weeds root deeper. Mortimer.

2. To be firmly fixed; to be established. If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment. Bp. Fell.

ROOT Root, v. t.

1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; -- used chiefly in the participle; as, rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike.

2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; -- with up, out, or away. "I will go root away the noisome weeds." Shak. The Lord rooted them out of their land . . . and cast them into another land. Deut. xxix. 28.

ROOTCAP Root"cap`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A mass of parenchym

ROOTED Root"ed, a.

Defn: Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. "A rooted sorrow." Shak. -- Root"*ed*ly, adv. -- Root"ed*ness, n.

ROOTER Rooter, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots.

ROOTERY Root"er*y, n.

Defn: A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening.

ROOTLESS Root"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of roots.

ROOTLET Root"let, n.

Defn: A radicle; a little root.

ROOTSTOCK Root"stock`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial underground stem, producing leafly s

ROOTY Root"y, a.

Defn: Full of roots; as, rooty ground.

ROPALIC Ro*pal"ic, a.

Defn: See Rhopalic.

ROPE Rope, n. Etym: [AS. rap; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.]

1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage.

2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as, a rope of onions.

3. pl.

Defn: The small intestines; as, the ropes of birds. Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. -- Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. -- Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. -- Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. -- Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. -- Rope's end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. -- To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked.

ROPE Rope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped; p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.]

Defn: To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality. Let us not hang like ropingicicles Upon our houses' thatch. Shak.

ROPE Rope, v. t.

1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as, to rope a bale of goods. Hence: --

2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope.

3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as, to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd.

4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.]

5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as, to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.]

6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.]

ROPEBAND Rope"band`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.]

ROPEDANCER Rope"dan`cer, n.

Defn: One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. -- Rope"dan`cing, n.

ROPER Rop"er, n.

1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman.

2. One who ropes goods; a packer.

3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce.

ROPERY Rop"er*y, n.

1. A place where ropes are made.

2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] "Saucy merchant . . . so full of his ropery." Shak.

ROPE'S-END Rope's"-end`, v. t.

Defn: To punish with a rope's end.

ROPEWALK Rope"walk`, a.

Defn: A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured.

ROPEWALKER Rope"walk`er, n.

Defn: A ropedancer.

ROPE-YARN Rope"-yarn`, n.

Defn: the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made.

ROPILY Rop"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner.

ROPINESS Rop"i*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being ropy; viscosity.

ROPISH Rop"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat ropy.

ROPY Rop"y, a.

Defn: capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees.

ROQUE Roque (rok), n. [Abbr. fr. Croquet.]

Defn: A form of croquet modified for greater accuracy of play. The court has a wood border often faced with rubber, used as a cushion in bank shots. The balls are 3¼ in. in diameter, the cage (center arches or wickets) 3 3/8 in. wide, the other arches 3½ in. wide.

ROQUEFORT CHEESE; ROQUEFORT Roque`fort" cheese, or Roque`fort", n.

Defn: A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, department of Aveyron, France. It is made from milk of ewes, sometimes with cow's milk added, and is cured in caves. Improperly, a cheese made in imitation of it.

ROQUELAURE Roq"ue*laure, n. Etym: [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.]

Defn: A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.]

ROQUET Ro*quet", v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet)

Defn: To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball.

ROQUET Ro*quet", v. i.

Defn: To hit another's ball with one's own.

RORAL Ro"ral, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M. Green.

RORATION Ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.]

Defn: A falling of dew. [R.]

RORIC Ro"ric, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy. Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; -- called also Moser's images.

RORID Ro"rid, a. Etym: [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger.

RORIFEROUS Ro*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.]

Defn: generating or producing dew. [R.]

RORIFLUENT Ro*rif"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p.pr. of fluere to flow.]

Defn: Flowing with dew. [R.]

RORQUAL Ror"qual, n. Etym: [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balænoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback.

Note: It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales.

RORULENT Ro"ru*lent, a. Etym: [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.]

1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew.

RORY Ro"ry, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy. [R.] And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet. Fairfax.

ROSACEOUS Ro*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.]

1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceæ) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service tress, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as, a rosaceous corolla.

2. Of a pure purpish pink color.

ROSACIC Ro*sac"ic, a. Etym: [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.]

ROSALGAR Ro*sal"gar, n.

Defn: realgar. [Obs.] chaucer.

ROSALIA Ro*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.)

Defn: A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

ROSANILINE Ros*an"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper.

ROSARIAN Ro*sa"ri*an, n.

Defn: A cultivator of roses.

ROSARY Ro"sa*ry, n.; pl. Rosaries. Etym: [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L. rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See Rose.]

1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. "Thick rosaries of scented thorn." Tennyson.

2. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in order, on beads; also, a string of beads by which the prayers are counted. His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers. Milton.

Note: A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections. Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night. Jer. Taylor.

4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny. Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly.

ROSCID Ros"cid, a. Etym: [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon.

ROSCOELITE Ros"coe*lite, n. Etym: [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + - lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.

ROSE Rose,

Defn: imp. of Rise.

ROSE Rose, n. Etym: [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. Copperas, Rhododendron.]

1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere

Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class.

2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A rose window. See Rose window, below.

4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump.

5. (Med.)

Defn: The erysipelas. Dunglison.

6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments.

7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink.

8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below. Cabbage rose, China rose, etc. See under Cabbage, China, etc. -- Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn. -- Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. -- Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica. -- Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. -- Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline. -- Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. -- Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The European chafer. -- Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer. -- Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. -- Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. -- Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion. -- Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; -- called also rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a). -- Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay. -- Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise.

-- Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. -- Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. -- Rose ear. See under Ear. -- Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. -- Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. -- Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceæ. See Rosaceous. -- Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. -- Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. -- Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. -- Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. -- Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. -- Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. -- Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. -- Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. -- Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; -- called also resurrection plant. -- Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. -- Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. -- Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. -- Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose-red. -- Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. -- Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosæ). These larvæ feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. -- Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. -- Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. -- Under the rose Etym: [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; -- the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. -- Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster.

ROSE Rose, v. t.

1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] "A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty." Shak.

2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson.

ROSEAL Ro"se*al, a. Etym: [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.]

Defn: resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

ROSEATE Ro"se*ate, a. Etym: [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See Roseal, Rose.]

1. Full of roses; rosy; as, roseate bowers.

2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as, roseate beauty; her roseate lips. Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season.

ROSEBAY Rose"bay`, n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; -- called also great willow herb.

ROSEBUD Rose"bud`, n.

Defn: The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open.

ROSEBUSH Rose"bush`, n.

Defn: The bush or shrub which bears roses.

ROSE-COLORED Rose"-col`ored, a.

1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color.

2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as, rose-colored anticipations.

ROSE-CUT Rose"-cut`, a.

Defn: Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; -- said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n.

ROSEDROP Rose"drop`, n.

1. A lozenge having a rose flavor.

2. A kind of earring. Simmonds.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom.

ROSEFINCH Rose"finch, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red.

ROSEFISH Rose"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large marine scorpænoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also, erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt.

Note: When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown.

ROSEHEAD Rose"head`, n.

1. See Rose, n., 4.

2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head.

ROSEINE Ro"se*ine ( or ), n.

Defn: See Magenta.

ROSELITE Ro"se*lite, n. Etym: [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite.

ROSELLA Ro"sel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

ROSELLE Ro*selle", n. (Bot.)

Defn: a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink.

ROSEMALOES Rose`mal"oes, n. Etym: [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamala the name of the tree.]

Defn: The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis.

ROSEMARY Rose"ma*ry, n. Etym: [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.]

Defn: A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Shak. Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. -- Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly.

ROSEN Ros"en, a.

Defn: Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.]

ROSENMULLER'S ORGAN; ROSENMUELLER'S ORGAN Ro"sen*mül`ler's or"gan.

Defn: [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium.

ROSEO- Ro"se*o-. (Chem.)

Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-.

ROSEOLA Ro*se"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.)

Defn: A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; -- called also rose rash. -- Ro*se"o*lous, a.

ROSE-PINK Rose"-pink`, a.

1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose.

2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. "Rose-pink piety." C. Kingsley.

ROSER Ros"er, n.

Defn: A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.]

ROSE-RED Rose"-red`, a.

Defn: Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer.

ROSE-RIAL Rose"-ri`al, n. Etym: [See Rose, and Royal.]

Defn: A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble.

ROSEROOT Rose"root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; -- so called because the roots have the odor of roses.

ROSERY Ros"er*y, n.

Defn: A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See Rosary, 1.

ROSET Ro"set, n. Etym: [F. rosette. See Rosette.]

Defn: A red color used by painters. Peacham.

ROSETTA STONE Ro*set"ta stone`.

Defn: A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C.

ROSETTA WOOD Ro*set"ta wood`.

Defn: An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure.

ROSETTE Ro*sette, n. Etym: [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.]

1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, -- used as an ornament or a badge.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration.

3. A red color. See Roset.

4. A rose burner. See under Rose.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as, the rosettes on the leopard.

ROSE WATER Rose" wa`ter.

Defn: Water tinctured with roses by distillation.

ROSE-WATER Rose"-wa`ter, a.

Defn: Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. "Rose-water philantropy." Carlyle.

ROSEWOOD Rose"wood, n.

Defn: A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machærium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra. African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. -- Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). -- New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa.

ROSEWORM Rose"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacæcia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds.

ROSEWORT Rose"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley.

ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, n. Etym: [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew's cross and four roses.)]

Defn: One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, -- the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years.

Note: The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy- cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers.

ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts.

ROSIED Ros"ied, a.

Defn: Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses.

ROSIER Ro"sier, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.]

Defn: A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.] Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Spenser.

ROSILY Ros"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rosy manner. M. Arnold.

ROSIN Ros"in, n. Etym: [A variant of resin.]

Defn: The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony. Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, -- used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc.

ROSIN Ros"in, v. t.

Defn: To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin. Or with the rosined bow torment the string. Gay.

ROSINESS Ros"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being rosy.

ROSINWEED Ros"in*weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell.

ROSINY Ros"in*y, a.

Defn: like rosin, or having its qualities.

ROSLAND Ros"land, n. Etym: [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.]

Defn: heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.]

ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine`, n. Etym: [OE. See Rosemary.]

1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.] That purer brine And wholesome dew called rosmarine. B. Jonson.

2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. "Biting on anise seed and rosmarine." Bp. Hall.

ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine, n. Etym: [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.]

Defn: A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew. And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme. Spenser.

ROSOLIC Ro*sol"ic, a. Etym: [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin.

ROSS Ross; 115), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROSS Ross, v. t.

Defn: To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as, to ross bark. [Local, U.S.]

ROSSEL Ros"sel, n.

Defn: Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea.

ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

ROSSELLY Ros"sel*ly, a.

Defn: Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer.

ROST Rost, n.

Defn: See Roust. [Scot.] Jemieson.

ROSTEL Ros"tel, n. Etym: [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.]

Defn: same as Rostellum.

ROSTELLAR Ros*tel"lar, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a rostellum.

ROSTELLATE Ros"tel*late, a. Etym: [NL. rostellatus.]

Defn: Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak.

ROSTELLIFORM Ros*tel"li*form, a.

Defn: Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak.

ROSTELLUM Ros*tel"lum, n.; pl. Rostella. Etym: [L. See Rostel.]

Defn: A small beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as, the rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm.

ROSTER Ros"ter, n. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.] (Mil.)

Defn: A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve.

ROSTRA Ros"tra, n. pl.

Defn: See Rostrum, 2.

ROSTRAL Ros"tral, a. Etym: [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their decorations. [Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments. Addison.

ROSTRATE; ROSTRATED Ros"trate, Ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak. See Rostrum.]

1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate.

2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated galleys.

ROSTRIFERA Ros*trif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

ROSTRIFORM Ros"tri*form, a. Etym: [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.]

Defn: Having the form of a beak.

ROSTRULUM Ros"tru*lum, n.; pl. Rostrula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rostrum a beak.]

Defn: A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect.

ROSTRUM Ros"trum, n.; pl. L. Rostra, E. Rostrums. Etym: [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.]

1. The beak or head of a ship.

2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; -- so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators.

3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker. Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor. Addison.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rostellum.

6. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy.

7. (Surg.)

Defn: A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form. [Obs.] Coxe.

ROSULATE Ro"su*late, a. Etym: [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.)

Defn: Arranged in little roselike clusters; -- said of leaves and bracts.

ROSY Ros"y, a. [Compar. Rosier; superl. Rosiest.]

Defn: Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; also, adorned with roses. A smile that glowed Celestial rosy-red, love's proper hue. Milton. While blooming youth and gay delight Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed. Prior.

Note: Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of selfrosy-bosomed, rosy-colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy-tinted. Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n.

ROT Rot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] Etym: [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozz, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. sq. root117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.]

1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay. Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope.

2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become corrupt. Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay. Rot, poor bachelor, in your club. Thackeray.

Syn. -- To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil.

ROT Rot, v. t.

1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as, to rot vegetable fiber.

2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret.

ROT Rot, n.

1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below.

3. Etym: [Cf. G. rotz glanders.]

Defn: A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2. His cattle must of rot and murrain die. Milton. Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glæosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. -- Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Læstadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. -- Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. -- Grinder's rot (Med.) See under Grinder. -- Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner.

ROTA Ro"ta, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which was that of a wheel. See Rotary.]

1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members.

2. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

ROTA Ro"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; -- written also rotta.

ROTACISM Ro"ta*cism, n.

Defn: See Rhotacism.

ROTAL Ro"tal, a.

Defn: Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.]

ROTALITE Ro"ta*lite, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod.

ROTARY Ro"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche, Rodomontade, Roué, Round, a., Rowel.]

Defn: Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as, rotary motion. Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; -- called also rotatory engine. -- Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. -- Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. -- Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock.

ROTASCOPE Ro"ta*scope, n. Etym: [L. rota a wheel + -scope.]

Defn: Same as Gyroscope, 1.

ROTATE Ro"tate, a. Etym: [L. rotatus, p.p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.]

Defn: Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one.

ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.]

1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve.

2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as, to rotate in office.

ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i.

1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle.

2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] "Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office." Harper's Mag.

ROTATED Ro"ta*ted, a.

Defn: Turned round, as a wheel; also, wheel-shaped; rotate.

ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.]

1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution.

2. Any return or succesion in a series. Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. -- Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. -- Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land.

ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.

ROTATIVE Ro"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatif.]

Defn: turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational. This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere. Siemens. Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder.

ROTATOR Ro*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: A revolving reverberatory furnace.

ROTATORIA Ro`ta*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Rotifera.

ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.]

1. Turning as on an axis; rotary.

2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as, rotatory assembles. Burke.

3. (Opt.)

Defn: Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as, the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol.

ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rotifer. [R.] Kirby.

ROTCHE Rotche, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; -- called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove.

ROTCHET Rotch"et, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

ROTE Rote, n.

Defn: A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte, OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy- gurdy. Well could he sing and play on a rote. Chaucer. extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes. Sir W. Scott.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [Cf. Rut roaring.]

Defn: The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut.

ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf. Rut a furrow, Routine.]

Defn: A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as, to learn rules by rote. Swift. till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote. Chaucer. Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell. Shak.

ROTE Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.]

Defn: To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak.

ROTE Rote, v. i.

Defn: To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey.

ROTELLA Ro*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

ROTGUT Rot"gut, n.

1. Bad small beer. [Slang]

2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang]

ROTHER Roth"er, a. Etym: [AS. hryedher; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Bovine. -- n.

Defn: A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak. Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. -- Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts.

ROTHER Roth"er, n. Etym: [OE. See Rudder.]

Defn: A rudder. Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; -- so called by shipwrights.

ROTIFER Ro"ti*fer, n. Etym: [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix.

ROTIFERA Ro*tif"e*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from L. rota ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

ROTIFORM Ro"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -form.]

1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rotate.

ROTOGRAPH Ro"to*graph, n. (Photography)

Defn: A photograph printed by a process in which a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over the negative so that a series of prints are made, and are then developed, fixed, cut apart, and washed at a very rapid rate.

ROTOR Ro"tor, n. (Elec.)

Defn: The rotating part of a generator or motor.

ROTTA Rot"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Rota.

ROTTEN Rot"ten, a. Etym: [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See Rot.]

Defn: Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting. You common cry or curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens. Shak.

(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone. "The deepness of the rotten way." Knolles. Rotten borough. See under Borough. -- Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses.

Syn. -- Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. -- Rot"ten*ly, adv. -- Rot"ten*ness, n.

ROTULA Rot"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.)

Defn: The patella, or kneepan.

ROTULAR Rot"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

ROTUND Ro*tund", a. Etym: [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.]

1. Round; circular; spherical.

2. Hence; complete; entire.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: orbicular, or nearly so. Gray.

ROTUND Ro*tund", n.

Defn: A rotunds. [Obs.] Burke.

ROTUNDA Ro*tun"da, n. Etym: [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.)

Defn: A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

ROTUNDATE Ro*tund"ate, a.

Defn: Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

ROTUNDIFOLIOUS Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having round leaves.

ROTUNDITY Ro*tund"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondité.]

1. The state or quality of being rotu Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world! Shak.

2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness. For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand. Fuller. A boldness and rotundity of speech. Hawthorne.

ROTUNDNESS Ro*tund"ness, n.

Defn: Roundness; rotundity.

ROTUNDO Ro*tun"do, n.

Defn: See Rotunda.

ROTURE Ro`ture, n. [F.]

1. The condition of being a roturier.

2. (Fr. & Canadian Law) A feudal tenure of lands by one who has no privileges of nobility, but is permitted to discharge all his obligations to his feudal lord or superior by a payment of rent in money or kind and without rendering any personal services.

ROTURER Ro*tur"er, n.

Defn: A roturier. [Obs.] Howell.

ROTURIER Ro`tu`rier", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

ROTY Rot"y, v. t. Etym: [See Rot.]

Defn: To make rotten. [Obs.] Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant. Chaucer.

ROUBLE Rou"ble, n.

Defn: A coin. See Ruble.

ROUCHE Rouche, n.

Defn: See Ruche.

ROUE Rou`é", n. Etym: [F., properly p.p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.]

Defn: One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

ROUET Rou`et", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them. Crabb.

ROUGE Rouge, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.]

Defn: red. [R.] Rouge et noir ( Etym: [F., red and black], a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; -- so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle.

ROUGE Rouge, n. Etym: [F.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler's rouge, etc.

2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure.

ROUGE Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .]

Defn: To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

ROUGE Rouge, v. t.

Defn: To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks.

ROUGECROIX Rouge`croix" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGE DRAGON Rouge" drag`on, n. Etym: [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGH Rough, a. [Compar. Rougher; superl. Roughest.] Etym: [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. sq. root 18. Cf. Rug, n.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water. More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton.

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. On the rough edge of battle. Milton. A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. -- Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor.

ROUGH Rough, n.

1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.

ROUGH Rough, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.

ROUGH Rough, v. t.

1. To render rough; to roughen.

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

ROUGHCAST Rough`cast", v. t.

1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden.

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building.

ROUGHCAST Rough"cast`, n.

1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.

ROUGHCASTER Rough"cast`er, n.

Defn: One who roughcasts.

ROUGHDRAW Rough"draw`, v. t.

Defn: To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

ROUGHDRY Rough"dry`, v. t.

Defn: in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened; p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] Etym: [From Rough.]

Defn: To make rough.

ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. i.

Defn: To grow or become rough.

ROUGH-FOOTED Rough"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.

ROUGH-GRAINED Rough"-grained, a.

Defn: Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

ROUGHHEAD Rough"head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The redfin.

ROUGHHEW Rough"hew`, v. t.

1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber.

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape appromaxitely and rudely; to roughcast. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Shak.

ROUGHHEWER Rough"hew`er, n.

Defn: One who roughhews.

ROUGHHEWN Rough"hewn`, a.

1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman." Bacon.

ROUGHING-IN Rough"ing-in`, n.

Defn: The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.

ROUGHINGS Rough"ings, n. pl.

Defn: Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]

ROUGHISH Rough"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat rough.

ROUGHLEG Rough"leg`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough- legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard.

Note: The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.

ROUGH-LEGGED Rough"-legged`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird. rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg.

ROUGHLY Rough"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

ROUGHNESS Rough"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rough.

ROUGHRIDER Rough"rid`er, n.

Defn: One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

ROUGHSCUFF Rough"scuff, n. Etym: [Rough + scuff.]

Defn: A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

ROUGHSETTER Rough"set`ter, n.

Defn: A mason who builds rough stonework.

ROUGHSHOD Rough"shod, a.

Defn: Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse. To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.

ROUGHSTRINGS Rough"strings`, n. pl. (Capr.)

Defn: Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

ROUGHT Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reach.

ROUGHT Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer.

ROUGHTAIL Rough"tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; -- so called from their rough tails.

ROUGHWORK Rough"work`, v. t.

Defn: To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.

ROUGHWROUGHT Rough"wrought`, a.

Defn: Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

ROUK Rouk, v. i.

Defn: See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.]

ROULADE Rou`lade", n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.

ROULEAU Rou`leau", n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. , E. Rouleaus. Etym: [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See Roll.]

Defn: A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.

ROULETTE Rou*lette", n. Etym: [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau, Roll.]

1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid.

ROULY-POULY Rou"ly-pou`ly, n.

Defn: See Rolly-pooly.

ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, a. [Written also Rumanian.] [From Roumania, the name of the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus Roman.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Roumania.

ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, n.

Defn: An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek.

ROUN; ROWN Roun, Rown, v. i. & t. Etym: [AS. r, fr. r a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Gower. Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer.

ROUNCE Rounce, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.)

Defn: The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; -- sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, a. Etym: [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.]

Defn: Large; strong; -- from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, n.

Defn: A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.]

ROUNCY Roun"cy, n.

Defn: A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.] he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer.

ROUND Round, v. i. & t. Etym: [From Roun.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland. The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here" Calderwood.

ROUND Round, a. Etym: [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.]

1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. "The big, round tears." Shak. Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world. Milton.

2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round.

3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored." Shak.

4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; -- said of numbers. Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction. Arbuthnot.

5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round price. Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum. Shak. Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon. Tennyson.

6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.

7. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. "The round assertion." M. Arnold. Sir Toby, I must be round with you. Shak.

9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; -- said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.] In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham.

10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; -- applied to conduct. Round dealing is the honor of man's nature. Bacon. At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. -- In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. -- Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. -- Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. -- Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. -- Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. -- Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; -- distinguished from running hand. -- Round robin. Etym: [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. "No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch." De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. -- Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. -- Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. -- Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, -- found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. -- Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. -- Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. -- To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.

ROUND Round, n.

1. Anything round, as a circle, round" [the crown]. Shak. In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton.

2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures.

3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle. Women to cards may be compared: we play A round or two; which used, we throw away. Granville. The feast was served; the bowl was crowned; To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.

4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated. the trivial round, the common task. Keble.

5. A circular dance. Come, knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round. Milton.

6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.

7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday.

8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair. All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden.

9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman.

10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; -- usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as, twenty rounds of ammunition were given out.

11. (Mus.)

Defn: A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison.

12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout.

13. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole.

14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.]

15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison.

16. (Naut.)

Defn: See Roundtop.

17. Same as Round of beef, below. Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.] Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can. B. Jonson. -- Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. -- Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. -- Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.

ROUND Round, adv.

1. On all sides; around. Round he throws his baleful eyes. Milton.

2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one's position; as, to turn one's head round; a wheel turns round.

3. In circumference; as, a ball is ten inches round.

4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, -- that is, to change sides or opinions.

5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point.

6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses. The invitations were sent round accordingly. Sir W. Scott.

7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer. All round, over the whole place; in every direction. -- All-round, of general capacity; as, an all-round man. [Colloq.] - - To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.]

ROUND Round, prep.

Defn: On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass. The serpent Error twines round human hearts. Cowper. Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. "Moses . . . set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle." Num. xi. 24. -- To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.]

ROUND Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.]

1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything. Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber. Bacon. The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection. Addison.

2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak.

3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. Shak.

4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn.

5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.]

ROUND Round, v. i.

1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness, or perfection. The queen your mother rounds apace. Shak. So rounds he to a separate mind, From whence clear memory may begin. Tennyson.

2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic] They . . . nightly rounding walk. Milton.

3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson. To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind.

ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, a.

1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as, roundabout speech. We have taken a terrible roundabout road. Burke.

2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. "Large, sound, roundabout sense." Locke.

ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, n.

1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart.

2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith.

3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc.

4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper.

ROUNDABOUTNESS Round"a*bout`ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness.

ROUND-ARM Round"-arm`, a. (Cricket)

Defn: Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor.

ROUND-BACKED Round"-backed`, a.

Defn: Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered.

ROUNDED Round"ed, a. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDEL Roun"del, n. Etym: [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield. See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A rondelay. "Sung all the roundel lustily." Chaucer. Come, now a roundel and a fairy song. Shak.

2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle. The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, . . . made a flying march to Calais. Bacon. Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form.

ROUNDELAY Round"e*lay, n. Etym: [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel, Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.]

1. (Poetry)

Defn: See Rondeau, and Rondel.

2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle.

3. Anything having a round form; a roundel.

ROUNDER Round"er, n.

1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly.

2. A tool for making an edge or surface round.

3. pl.

Defn: An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also, another English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a football. Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner's base. Bagehot.

ROUNDFISH Round"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska.

ROUNDHEAD Round"head`, n. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone.

ROUNDHEADED Round"head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a round head or top.

ROUNDHOUSE Round"house`, n.

1. A constable's prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; -- sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel.

3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable.

ROUNDING Round"ing, a.

Defn: Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish.

ROUNDING Round"ing, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; -- called also service.

2. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDISH Round"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat round; as, a roundish seed; a roundish figure. -- Round"ish*ness, n.

ROUNDLET Round"let, n.

Defn: A little circle. J. Gregory.

ROUNDLY Round"ly, adv.

1. In a round form or manner.

2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply. He affirms everything roundly. Addison.

3. Briskly; with speed. locke. Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward. Sir W. Scott.

4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak.

5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as, to give numbers roundly. In speaking roundly of this period. H. Morley.

ROUNDNESS Round"ness, n.

1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc.

2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone.

3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as, the roundness of an assertion.

Syn. -- Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity.

ROUNDRIDGE Round"ridge`, v. t. (Agric.)

Defn: To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards.

ROUND-SHOULDERED Round"-shoul`dered, a.

Defn: Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed.

ROUNDSMAN Rounds"man, n.; pl. Roundsmen (.

Defn: A patrolman; also, a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen.

ROUNDTOP Round"top`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A top; a platform at a masthead; -- so called because formerly round in shape.

ROUND-UP Round"-up`, n.

Defn: The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.]

ROUNDURE Roun"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondure.]

Defn: Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak.

ROUNDWORM Round"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A nematoid worm.

ROUNDY Round"y, a.

Defn: Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

ROUP Roup, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. AS. hrrufen, Goth. hr. Cf. Roop.]

Defn: To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

ROUP Roup, n.

1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over. J. C. Shairp.

2. A disease in poultry. See Pip.

ROUSANT Rous"ant, a. (her.)

Defn: Rising; -- applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also, sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. Etym: [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.)

Defn: To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz), n. Etym: [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. r, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.]

1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic. Fill the cup, and fill the can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson.

ROUSE Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.] Etym: [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS. hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.]

1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as, to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase. Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes. Spenser. Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound. Pope.

2. To wake from sleep or repose; as, to rouse one early or suddenly.

3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as, to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions. To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom. Atterbury.

4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea. Milton.

5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

ROUSE Rouse, v. i.

1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.] Night's black agents to their preys do rouse. Shak.

2. To awake from sleep or repose. Morpheus rouses from his bed. Pope.

3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention.

ROUSER Rous"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rouses.

2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.]

3. (Brewing)

Defn: A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort.

ROUSING Rous"ing, a.

1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting. I begin to feel Some rousing motions in me. Milton.

2. Very great; violent; astounding; as, a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.]

ROUSINGLY Rous"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rousing manner.

ROUSSETTE Rous*sette", n. Etym: [F.; -- so called in allusion to the color. See Russet.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; -- called also dogfish. See Dogfish.

ROUST Roust (roust), v. t.

Defn: To rouse; to disturb; as, to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROUST Roust, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.]

Defn: A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel. [Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson.

ROUSTABOUT Roust"a*bout`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.]

ROUT Rout (rout), v. i. Etym: [AS. hrutan.]

Defn: To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

ROUT Rout, n.

Defn: A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance; tumult. Shak. This new book the whole world makes such a rout about. Sterne. "My child, it is not well," I said, "Among the graves to shout; To laugh and play among the dead, And make this noisy rout." Trench.

ROUT Rout, v. t. Etym: [A variant of root.]

Defn: To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow. To rout out (a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b) To turn out by force or compulsion; as, to rout people out of bed. [Colloq.]

ROUT Rout, v. i.

Defn: To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards.

ROUT Rout, n. Etym: [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.]

1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] "A route of ratones [rats]." Piers Plowman. "A great solemn route." Chaucer. And ever he rode the hinderest of the route. Chaucer. A rout of people there assembled were. Spenser.

2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people. the endless routs of wretched thralls. Spenser. The ringleader and head of all this rout. Shak. Nor do I name of men the common rout. Milton.

3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; -- said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also, the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as, the rout of the enemy was complete. thy army . . . Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly. Daniel. To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those. pope.

4. (Law)

Defn: A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton.

5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. "At routs and dances." Landor. To put to rout, to defeat and throw into confusion; to overthrow and put to flight.

ROUT Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed; p. pr. & vb. n. Routing.]

Defn: To break the ranks of, as troops, and put them to flight in disorder; to put to rout. That party . . . that charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated their whole army, that they fied. Clarendon.

Syn. -- To defeat; discomfit; overpower; overthrow.

ROUT Rout, v. i.

Defn: To assemble in a crowd, whether orderly or disorderly; to collect in company. [obs.] Bacon. In all that land no Christian[s] durste route. Chaucer.

ROUT CAKE Rout" cake`.

Defn: A kind of rich sweet cake made for routs, or evening parties.

Twenty-four little rout cakes that were lying neglected in a plate. Thackeray.

ROUTE Route (root or rout; 277), n. Etym: [OE. & F. route, OF. rote, fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break; hence, literally, a broken or beaten way or path. See Rout, and cf. Rut a track.]

Defn: The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to be passed; a passing; a course; a road or path; a march. Wide through the furzy field their route they take. Gay.

ROUTER Rout"er, n. (Carp.) (a) A plane made like a spokeshave, for working the inside edges of circular sashes. (b) A plane with a hooked tool protruding far below the sole, for smoothing the bottom of a cavity.

ROUTHE Routhe, n.

Defn: Ruth; sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROUTINARY Rou"ti*na*ry, a.

Defn: Involving, or pertaining to, routine; ordinary; customary. [R.] Emerson.

ROUTINE Rou*tine", n. Etym: [F., fr. route a path, way, road. See Route, Roterepetition.]

1. A round of business, amusement, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued; especially, a course of business or offical duties regularly or frequently returning.

2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly adhered to by the mere force of habit.

ROUTINISM Rou*tin""ism, n.

Defn: the practice of doing things with undiscriminating, mechanical regularity.

ROUTINIST Rou*tin"ist, n.

Defn: One who habituated to a routine.

ROUTISH Rout"ish, a.

Defn: Uproarious; riotous. [Obs.]

ROUTOUSLY Rout"ous*ly, adv. (Law)

Defn: With that violation of law called a rout. See 5th Rout, 4.

ROUX Roux, n. Etym: [F. beurre roux brown butter.] (Cookery)

Defn: A thickening, made of flour, for soups and gravies.

ROVE Rove, v. t. Etym: [perhaps fr. or akin to reeve.]

1. To draw through an eye or aperture.

2. To draw out into falkes; to card, as wool. Jamieson.

3. To twist slightly; to bring together, as slivers of wool or cotton, and twist slightly before spinning.

ROVE Rove, n.

1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is clinched in boat building.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and

ROVE Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved; p. pr. & vb. n. Roving.] Etym: [Cf. D. rooven to rob; akin to E. reave. See Reave Rob.]

1. To practice robbery on the seas;to wander about on the seas in piracy. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

2. Hence, to wander; to ramble; to rauge; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by sailing, walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. For who has power to walk has power to rove. Arbuthnot.

3. (Archery)

Defn: To shoot at rovers; hence, to shoot at an angle of elevation, not at point-blank (rovers usually being beyond the point-blank range). Fair Venusson that with thy cruel dart At that good knoght cunningly didst rove. Spenser.

Syn. -- To wander; roam; range; ramble stroll.

ROVE Rove, v. t.

1. To wander over or through. Roving the field, i chanced A goodly tree far distant to behold. milton.

2. To plow into ridges by turning the earth of two furrows together.

ROVE Rove, n.

Defn: The act of wandering; a ramble. In thy nocturnal rove one moment halt. Young. Rove beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles of the family Staphylinidæ, having short elytra beneath which the wings are folded transversely. They are rapid runners, and seldom fly.

ROVER Rov"er, n. Etym: [D. roover a robber. See Rove, v. i.]

1. One who practices robbery on the seas; a pirate. Yet Pompey the Great deserveth honor more justly for scouring the seas, and taking from the rovers 846 sail of ships. Holland.

2. One who wanders about by sea or land; a wanderer; a rambler.

3. Hence, a fickle, inconstant person.

4. (Croquet)

Defn: A ball which has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it hit the stake but is continued in play; also, the player of such a ball.

5. (Archery) (a) Casual marks at uncertain distances. Encyc. Brit. (b) A sort of arrow. [Obs.] All sorts, flights, rovers, and butt shafts. B. Jonson. At rovers, at casual marks; hence, at random; as, shooting at rovers. See def. 5 (a) above. Addison. Bound down on every side with many bands because it shall not run at rovers. Robynson (More's Utopia).

ROVING Rov"ing, n.

1. The operatin of forming the rove, or slightly twisted sliver or roll of wool or cotton, by means of a machine for the purpose, called a roving frame, or roving machine.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slightly twisted; a rove. See 2d Rove, 2. Roving frame, Roving machine, a machine for drawing and twisting roves and twisting roves and winding them on bobbin for the spinning machine.

ROVING Rov"ing, n.

Defn: The act of one who roves or wanders.

ROVINGLY Rov"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a wandering manner.

ROVINGNESS Rov"ing*ness, n.

Defn: The state of roving.

ROW Row, a. & adv. Etym: [See Rough.]

Defn: Rough; stern; angry. [Obs.] "Lock he never so row." Chaucer.

ROW Row, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. rouse, n.]

Defn: A noisy, turbulent quarrel or disturbance; a brawl. [Colloq.] Byron.

ROW Row, n. Etym: [OE. rowe, rawe, rewe, AS. raw, r; probably akin to D. rij, G. reihe; cf. Skr. r a line, stroke.]

Defn: A series of persons or things arranged in a continued line; a line; a rank; a file; as, a row of trees; a row of houses or columns. And there were windows in three rows. 1 Kings vii. 4. The bright seraphim in burning row. Milton. Row culture (Agric.), the practice of cultivating crops in drills. -- Row of points (Geom.), the points on a line, infinite in number, as the points in which a pencil of rays is intersected by a line.

ROW Row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rowing.] Etym: [AS. r; akin to D. roeijen, MHG. rüejen, Dan. roe, Sw. ro, Icel. r, L. remus oar, Gr. aritra. sq. root8. Cf. Rudder.]

1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as, to row a boat.

2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as, to row the captain ashore in his barge.

ROW Row, v. i.

1. To use the oar; as, to row well.

2. To be moved by oars; as, the boat rows easily.

ROW Row, n.

Defn: The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat.

ROWABLE Row"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be rowed, or rowed upon. "That long barren fen, once rowable." B. Jonson.

ROWAN Row"an, n.

Defn: Rowan tree. Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree.

ROWAN TREE Row"an tree`. Etym: [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel. reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries. Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia).

ROWBOAT Row"boat`, n.

Defn: A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.

ROWDY Row"dy, n.; pl. Rowdies. Etym: [From Rout, or Row a brawl.]

Defn: One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow. M. Arnold.

ROWDYDOW Row"dy*dow, n.

Defn: Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar]

ROWDYDOWDY Row"dy*dow`dy, a.

Defn: Uproarious. [Vulgar]

ROWDYISH Row"dy*ish, a.

Defn: Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy.

ROWDYISM Row"dy*ism, n.

Defn: the conduct of a rowdy.

ROWED Rowed, a.

Defn: Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as, a twelve-rowed ear of corn.

ROWEL Row"el, n. Etym: [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.]

1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points. With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood. Cowper.

2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses' bits. The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit. Spenser.

3. (Far.)

Defn: A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery.

ROWEL Row"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.)

Defn: To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer.

ROWEL BONE Row"el bone`.

Defn: See rewel bone. [Obs.]

ROWEN Row"en, n. Etym: [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.] [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.]

1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may be cropped by cattle. Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes. Mortimer.

2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROWER Row"er, n.