Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (part 29 of 60)

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (part 29 of 60)

Defn: Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles. Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay.

4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as, to rule with a rod of iron. Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). -- Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. -- Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. -- Fire irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). -- It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. -- Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. -- Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. -- Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. -- Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. -- Reduced iron. See under Reduced. -- Specular iron. See Hematite. -- Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. -- White iron. See Cast iron (above). -- Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron.

IRON I"ron, a. Etym: [AS. iren, isen. See Iron, n.]

1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as, an iron bar, dust.

2. Resembling iron in color; as, iron blackness.

3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as: (a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe. Iron years of wars and dangers. Rowe. Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod. Pope.

(b) Firm; robust; enduring; as, an iron constitution. (c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as, an iron will. (d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. "Him death's iron sleep oppressed." Philips.

Note: Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as, iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron- framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry. Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archæol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. -- Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. -- Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. -- Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also, the decoration of the order. -- Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. -- Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. -- Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. -- Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. -- Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. -- Iron glance (Min.), hematite. -- Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. -- Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] -- Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. -- Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. -- Iron mold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. -- Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. -- Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. -- Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. -- Iron scale, the thin film which on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe3O4. -- Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc.

IRON I"ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.]

1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; -- sometimes used with out.

2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. "Ironed like a malefactor." Sir W. Scott.

3. To furnish or arm with iron; as, to iron a wagon.

IRONBARK TREE I"ron*bark` tree`. (Bot.)

Defn: The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; -- called also ironwood.

IRONBOUND I"ron*bound`, a.

1. Bound as with iron; rugged; as, an ironbound coast.

2. Rigid; unyielding; as, ironbound traditions.

IRON-CASED I"ron-cased`, a.

Defn: Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.

IRONCLAD I"ron*clad`, a.

1. Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare.

2. Rigorous; severe; exacting; as, an ironclad oath or pledge. [Colloq.]

IRONCLAD I"ron*clad`, n.

Defn: A naval vessel having the parts above water covered and protected by iron or steel usually in large plates closely joined and made sufficiently thick and strong to resist heavy shot.

IRONER I"ron*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, irons.

IRON-FISTED I"ron-fist`ed, a.

Defn: Closefisted; stingy; mean.

IRON-GRAY I"ron-gray`, a.

Defn: Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. -- n.

Defn: An iron-gray color; also, a horse of this color.

IRONHEADS I"ron*heads`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A European composite herb (Centaurea nigra); -- so called from the resemblance of its knobbed head to an iron ball fixed on a long handle. Dr. Prior.

IRON-HEARTED I"ron-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Hard-hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as, an iron-hearted master. Cowper.

IRONIC I*ron"ic, a.

Defn: Ironical. Sir T. Herbert.

IRONICAL I*ron"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. ironicus, Gr. ironique. See Irony.]

1. Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as, an ironical remark.

2. Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony. -- I*ron"ic*al*ly, adv. -- I*ron"ic*al*ness, n.

IRONING I"ron*ing, n.

1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons.

2. The clothes ironed. Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid being ironed.

IRONISH I"ron*ish, a.

Defn: Resembling iron, as in taste. Wood.

IRONIST I"ron*ist, n.

Defn: One who uses irony.

IRONMASTER I"ron*mas`ter, n.

Defn: A manufacturer of iron, or large dealer therein. Bp. Hurd.

IRONMONGER I"ron*mon`ger, n.

Defn: A dealer in iron or hardware.

IRONMONGERY I"ron*mon`ger*y, n.

Defn: Hardware; a general name for all articles made of iron. Gwilt.

IRON-SICK I"ron-sick`, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having the ironwork loose or corroded; -- said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky.

IRON-SIDED I"ron-sid`ed, a.

Defn: Having iron sides, or very firm sides.

IRONSIDES I"ron*sides", n.

Defn: A cuirassier or cuirassiers; also, hardy veteran soldiers; -- applied specifically to Cromwell's cavalry.

IRONSMITH I"ron*smith`, n.

1. A worker in iron; one who makes and repairs utensils of iron; a blacksmith.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An East Indian barbet (Megalaima faber), inhabiting the Island of Hainan. The name alludes to its note, which resembles the sounds made by a smith.

IRONSTONE I"ron*stone`, n.

Defn: A hard, earthy ore of iron. Clay ironstone. See under Clay. -- Ironstone china, a hard white pottery, first made in England during the 18th century.

IRONWARE I"ron*ware`, n.

Defn: Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like.

IRONWEED I"ron*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A tall weed with purplish flowers (Vernonia Noveboracensis). The name is also applied to other plants of the same genus.

IRONWOOD I"ron*wood`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A tree unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood.

Note: In the United States, the hornbeam and the hop hornbeam are so called; also the Olneya Tesota, a small tree of Arizona; in the West Indies, the Erythroxylon areolatum, and several other unrelated trees; in China, the Metrosideros vera; in India, the Mesua ferrea, and two species of Inga; in Australia, the Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, and in many countries, species of Sideroxylon and Diospyros, and many other trees.

IRONWORK I"ron*work`, n.

Defn: Anything made of iron; -- a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron.

IRON WORKS I"ron works`

Defn: . See under Iron, a.

IRONWORT I"ron*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An herb of the Mint family (Sideritis), supposed to heal sword cuts; also, a species of Galeopsis.

IRONY I"ron*y, a. Etym: [From Iron.]

1. Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as, irony chains; irony particles. [R.] Woodward.

2. Resembling iron taste, hardness, or other physical property.

IRONY I"ron*y, n.Etym: [L. ironia, Gr. word: cf. F. ironie.]

1. Dissimulation; ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist.

2. A sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of the words.

IROQUOIAN Ir`o*quoi"an (ir`o*kwoi"an), a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North American Indians. The territory of the northern Iroquoian tribes, of whom the Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, were the chief, extended from the shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie south, through eastern Pennsylvania, to Maryland; that of the southern tribes, of whom the Cherokees were chief, formed part of Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. All of the tribes were agricultural, and they were noted for large, communal houses, palisaded towns, and ability to organize, as well as for skill in war. --n.

Defn: An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe.

IROQUOIS Ir`o*quois", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F.] (Ethnol.)

Defn: A powerful and warlike confederacy of Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Central New York and constituting most of the Five Nations. Also, any Indian of the Iroquois tribes.

IROUS I"rous, a. Etym: [OF. iros, from ire. See Ire.]

Defn: Irascible; passionate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

IRP; IRPE Irp, Irpe, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A fantastic grimace or contortion of the body. [Obs.] Smirks and irps and all affected humors. B. Jonson .

IRP Irp, a.

Defn: Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

IRRADIANCE; IRRADIANCY Ir*ra"di*ance, Ir*ra"di*an*cy, n. Etym: [From Irradiant.]

1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light.

2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton.

IRRADIANT Ir*ra"di*ant, a. Etym: [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.]

Defn: Irradiating or illuminating; as, the irradiant moon. Boyse.

IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irradiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating.] Etym: [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.]

1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster. Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields. Sir W. Jones.

2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as, to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull.

3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale.

4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse. A splendid fairradiating hospitality. H. James.

IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, v. i.

Defn: To emit rays; to shine.

IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [L. irradiatus, p. p.]

Defn: Illuminated; irradiated. Mason.

IRRADIATION Ir*ra`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irradiation.]

1. Act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated.

2. Illumination; irradiance; brilliancy. Sir W. Scott.

3. Fig.: Mental light or illumination. Sir M. Hale.

4. (Opt.)

Defn: The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus.

IRRADICATE Ir*rad"i*cate, v. t.

Defn: To root deeply. [R.]

IRRATIONAL Ir*ra"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. irrationalis: cf. F. irrationnel. See In- not, and Rational.]

1. Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as, brutes are irrational animals.

2. Not according to reason; absurd; foolish. It seemed utterly irrational any longer to maintain it. I. Taylor.

3. (Math.)

Defn: Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; -- said especially of roots. See Surd.

Syn. -- Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable; senseless. See Absurd.

IRRATIONALITY Ir*ra`tion*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrational. "Brutish irrationaliity." South.

IRRATIONALLY Ir*ra"tion*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an irrational manner. Boyle.

IRRATIONALNESS Ir*ra"tion*al*ness, n.

Defn: Irrationality.

IRREBUTTABLE Ir`re*but"ta*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being rebutted. Coleridge.

IRRECEPTIVE Ir`re*cep"tive, a.

Defn: Not receiving; incapable of receiving.

IRRECLAIMABLE Ir`re*claim"a*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being reclaimed. Addison. -- Ir`re*claim"a*bly, ad

IRRECOGNITION Ir*rec`og*ni"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + recognition.]

Defn: A failure to recognize; absence of recognition. Lamb.

IRRECOGNIZABLE Ir*rec"og*ni`za*ble, a.

Defn: Not recognizable. Carlyle.

IRRECONCILABILITY Ir*rec`on*ci`la*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irreconcilable; irreconcilableness.

IRRECONCILABLE Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + reconcilable: cf. F. irréconciliable.]

Defn: Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as, irreconcilable enemies, statements. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*bly, adv.

IRRECONCILE Ir*rec"on*cile`, v. t.

Defn: To prevent from being reconciled; to alienate or disaffect. [Obs.]

IRRECONCILEMENT Ir*rec"on*cile`ment, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being unreconciled; disagreement.

IRRECONCILIATION Ir*rec`on*cil`i*a"tion, n.

Defn: Want of reconciliation; disagreement.

IRRECORDABLE Ir`re*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir-- not + record: cf. L. irrecordabilis not to be remembered.]

Defn: Not fit or possible to be recorded.

IRRECOVERABLE Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble, a.

Defn: Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as, an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury. That which is past is gone and irrecoverable. Bacon.

Syn. -- Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; unalterable; incurable; hopeless. -- Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*cov"er*a*bly, adv.

IRRECUPERABLE Ir`re*cu"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrecuperabilis: cf. OF. irrecuperable. See In- not, and Recuperate.]

Defn: Irrecoverable. -- Ir`re*cu"per*a*bly, adv.

IRRECURED Ir`re*cured", a.

Defn: Incurable. [Obs.]

IRRECUSABLE Ir`re*cu"sa*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrecusabilis; pref. ir-- not + recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject: cf. F. irrécusable.]

Defn: Not liable to exception or rejection. Sir W. Hamilton.

IRREDEEMABILITY Ir`re*deem`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irredeemable; irredeemableness.

IRREDEEMABLE Ir`re*deem"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; -- used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. -- Ir`re*deem"a*ble*ness, adv.

IRREDUCIBILITY Ir`re*du`ci*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irreducible.

IRREDUCIBLE Ir`re*du"ci*ble, a.

1. Incapable of being reduced, or brought into a different state; incapable of restoration to its proper or normal condition; as, an irreducible hernia.

2. (Math.)

Defn: Incapable of being reduced to a simpler form of expression; as, an irreducible formula. Irreducible case (Alg.), a particular case in the solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula commonly employed contains an imaginary quantity, and therefore fails in its application. -- Ir`re*du"ci*ble*ness, n. -- -- Ir`re*du"ci*bly, adv.

IRREFLECTION Ir`re*flec"tion, n.

Defn: Want of reflection.

IRREFLECTIVE Ir`re*flect"ive, a.

Defn: Not reflective. De Quincey.

IRREFORMABLE Ir`re*form"a*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Joseph Cook.

IRREFRAGABILITY Ir*ref`ra*ga*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrefragable; incapability of being refuted.

IRREFRAGABLE Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble, a. Etym: [F. irréfragable, L. irrefragabilis. See Refragable.]

Defn: Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as, an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*bly, adv.

Syn. -- Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; unquestionable; incontestable; indubitable; undeniable; irrefutable.

IRREFRANGIBILITY Ir`re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness.

IRREFRANGIBLE Ir`re*fran"gi*ble, a.

Defn: Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. -- Ir`re*fran"gi*ble*ness, n.

IRREFUTABLE Ir`re*fut"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrefutabilis: cf. F. irréfutable. See Refute.]

Defn: Incapable of being refuted or disproved; indisputable. -- Ir`re*fut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*fut"a*bly, adv.

IRREGENERACY Ir`re*gen"er*a*cy, n.

Defn: Unregeneracy.

IRREGENERATION Ir`re*gen`er*a"tion, n.

Defn: An unregenerate state. [Obs.]

IRREGULAR Ir*reg"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + regular: cf. F. irrégulier.]

Defn: Not regular; not conforming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the general rule; not according to common form; not conformable to nature, to the rules of moral rectitude, or to established principles; not normal; unnatural; immethodical; unsymmetrical; erratic; no straight; not uniform; as, an irregular line; an irregular figure; an irregular verse; an irregular physician; an irregular proceeding; irregular motion; irregular conduct, etc. Cf. Regular. Mazes intricate, Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular Then most when most irregular they seem. Milton. Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight Against the irregular and wild Glendower. Shak. A flowery meadow through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meanders. Jones.

Syn. -- Immethodical; unsystematic; abnormal; unnatural; anomalous; erratic; devious; crooked; eccentric; unsettled; uneven; variable; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; immoderate; intemperate; inordinate; vicious.

IRREGULAR Ir*reg"u*lar, n.

Defn: One who is not regular; especially, a soldier not in regular service.

IRREGULARIST Ir*reg"u*lar*ist, n.

Defn: One who is irregular. Baxter.

IRREGULARITY Ir*reg`u*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Irregularities. Etym: [Cf. F. irrégularité.]

Defn: The state or quality of being irregular; that which is irregular.

IRREGULARLY Ir*reg"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In an irregular manner.

IRREGULATE Ir*reg"u*late, v. t.

Defn: To make irregular; to disorder. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

IRREGULOUS Ir*reg"u*lous, a.

Defn: Lawless. [Obs.] Shak.

IRREJECTABLE Ir`re*ject"a*ble, a.

Defn: That can not be rejected; irresistible. Boyle.

IRRELAPSABLE Ir`re*laps"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not liable to relapse; secure. Dr. H. More.

IRRELATE Ir`re*late, a.

Defn: Ir

IRRELATION Ir`re*la"tion, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation.

IRRELATIVE Ir*rel"a*tive, a.

Defn: Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. -- Ir*rel"a*tive*ly, adv. Irrelative chords (Mus.), those having no common tone. -- Irrelative repetition (Biol.), the multiplication of parts that serve for a common purpose, but have no mutual dependence or connection. Owen.

IRRELAVANCE Ir*rel"a*vance, n.

Defn: Irrelevancy.

IRRELAVANCY Ir*rel"a*van*cy, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrelevant; as, the irrelevancy of an argument.

IRRELAVANT Ir*rel"a*vant, a.

Defn: Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as, testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. -- Ir*rel"a*vant*ly, adv.

IRRELIEVABLE Ir`re*liev"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless.

IRRELIGION Ir`re*li"gion, n. Etym: [L. irreligio: cf. F. irréligion. See In- not, and Religion.]

Defn: The state of being irreligious; want of religion; impiety.

IRRELIGIONIST Ir`re*li"gion*ist, n.

Defn: One who is irreligious.

IRRELIGIOUS Ir`re*li"gious, a. Etym: [L. irreligiosus: cf. F. irréligieux.]

1. Destitute of religion; not controlled by religious motives or principles; ungodly. Cf. Impiou. Shame and reproach are generally the portion of the impious and irreligious. South.

2. Indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked; as, irreligious speech.

IRRELIGIOUSLY Ir`re*li"gious*ly, adv.

Defn: In an irreligious manner.

IRRELIGIOUSNESS Ir`re*li"gious*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irreligious; ungodliness.

IRREMEABLE Ir*re"me*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremeabilis; pref. ir- not + remeabilis returning, fr. remeare: cf. F. irréméable. See Remeant.]

Defn: Admitting no return; as, an irremeable way. [Obs.] Dryden.

IRREMEDIABLE Ir`re*me"di*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irrémédiable. See In- not, and Remediable.]

Defn: Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as, an irremediable disease or evil.

IRREMEDIABLENESS Ir`re*me"di*a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irremediable.

IRREMEDIABLY Ir`re*me"di*a*bly, adv.

Defn: In a manner, or to a degree, that precludes remedy, cure, or correction.

IRREMISSIBLE Ir`re*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremissibilis: cf. F. irrémissible. See In- not, and Remissible.]

Defn: Not remissible; unpardonable; as, irremissible crimes. Burke. -- Ir`re*mis"si*ble, n. -- Ir`re*mis"si*bly, adv.

IRREMISSION Ir`re*mis"sion, n.

Defn: Refusal of pardon.

IRREMISSIVE Ir`re*mis"sive, a.

Defn: Not remitting; unforgiving.

IRREMITTABLE Ir`re*mit"ta*ble, a.

Defn: Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Holinshed.

IRREMOVABILITY Ir`re*mov`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irremovable; immovableness.

IRREMOVABLE Ir`re*mov"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Shak. -- Ir`re*mov"a*bly, adv.

IRREMOVAL Ir`re*mov"al, n.

Defn: Absence of removal.

IRREMUNERABLE Ir`re*mu"ner*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremunerabilis: cf. F. irrémunérable. See Remunerate.]

Defn: Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration.

IRRENOWNED Ir`re*nowned", a.

Defn: Not renowned. [Obs.]

IRREPARABILITY Ir*rep`a*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irréparabilité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being irreparable; irreparableness. Sterne.

IRREPARABLE Ir*rep"a*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. irreparabilis: cf. F. irréparable. See In- not, and Reparable.]

Defn: Not reparable; not capable of being repaired, recovered, regained, or remedied; irretrievable; irremediable; as, an irreparable breach; an irreparable loss. Shak.

IRREPARABLENESS Ir*rep"a*ra*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being irreparable.

IRREPARABLY Ir*rep"a*ra*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irreparable manner.

IRREPEALABILITY Ir`re*peal`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irrepealable.

IRREPEALABLE Ir`re*peal"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. -- Ir`re*peal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*peal"a*bly, adv.

IRREPENTANCE Ir`re*pent"ance, n.

Defn: Want of repentance; impenitence. Bp. Montagu.

IRREPLEVIABLE; IRREPLEVISABLE Ir`re*plev"i*a*ble, Ir`re*plev"i*sa*ble, a. (Law)

Defn: Not capable of being replevied.

IRREPREHENSIBLE Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. irreprehensibilis: cf. F. irrépréhensible. See Reprehensible.]

Defn: Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*bly, adv.

IRREPRESENTABLE Ir*rep`re*sent"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not capable of being represented or portrayed.

IRREPRESSIBLE Ir`re*press"i*ble, a.

Defn: Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as, irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. W. H. Steward.

IRREPRESSIBLY Ir`re*press"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a manner or to a degree that can not be repressed.

IRREPROACHABLE Ir`re*proach"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + reproachable: cf. F. irréprochable.]

Defn: Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless. He [Berkely] erred, -- and who is free from error -- but his intentions were irreproachable. Beattie.

IRREPROACHABLENESS Ir`re*proach"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irreproachable; integrity; innocence.

IRREPROACHABLY Ir`re*proach"a*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irreproachable manner; blamelessly.

IRREPROVABLE Ir`re*prov"a*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. -- Ir`re*prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*prov"a*bly, adv.

IRREPTITIOUS Ir`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. irrepere, irreptum, to creep in; pref. ir- in + repere to creep.]

Defn: Surreptitious; spurious. [Obs.] Dr. Castell (1673).

IRREPUTABLE Ir*rep"u*ta*ble, a.

Defn: Disreputable. [Obs.]

IRRESILIENT Ir`re*sil"i*ent, a.

Defn: Not resilient; not recoiling or rebounding; inelastic.

IRRESISTANCE Ir`re*sist"ance, n.

Defn: Nonresistance; passive submission.

IRRESISTIBILITY Ir`re*sist`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrésistibilité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being irrestible, irresistibleness.

IRRESISTIBLE Ir`re*sist"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resistible: cf. F. irrésistible.]

Defn: That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as, an irresistible attraction. An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seek happiness. J. M. Mason.

IRRESISTIBLENESS Ir`re*sist"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being irrestible.

IRRESISTIBLY Ir`re*sist"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irrestible manner.

IRRESISTLESS Ir`re*sist"less, a.

Defn: Irresistible. [Obs.] Glanvill.

IRRESOLUBLE Ir*res"o*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. irresolubilis: cf. F. irrésoluble. See Resoluble, and cf. Irresolvable.]

1. Incapable of being dissolved or resolved into parts; insoluble. Boyle.

2. Incapable of being relieved or assisted. [Obs.] The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed. Bp. Hall.

IRRESOLUBLENESS Ir*res"o*lu*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility.

IRRESOLUTE Ir*res"o*lute, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resolute: cf. F. irrésolu, L. irresolutus not loosened.]

Defn: Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution. Weak and irresolute is man. Cowper.

Syn. -- Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; unsettled; fickle; changeable; inconstant. -- Ir*res"o*lute*ly, adv. -- Ir*res"o*lute*ness, n.

IRRESOLUTION Ir*res`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrésolution.]

Defn: Want of resolution; want of decision in purpose; a fluctuation of mind, as in doubt, or between hope and fear; irresoluteness; indecision; vacillation. Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all unhappiness. Addison.

IRRESOLVABILITY Ir`re*solv`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being irresolvable; irresolvableness.

IRRESOLVABLE Ir`re*solv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resolvable. Cf. Irresoluble.]

Defn: Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts. Irresolvable nebulæ (Astron.), nebulæ of a cloudlike appearance, which have not yet been resolved by the telescope into stars. Sir W. Herschel.

IRRESOLVABLENESS Ir`re*solv"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability.

IRRESOLVEDLY Ir`re*solv"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Without settled determination; in a hesitating manner; doubtfully. [R.]

IRRESPECTIVE Ir`re*spec"tive, a.

1. Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as, an irrespective judgment.

According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into the absolute, irrespective will of God. Rogers.

2. Disrespectful. [Obs.] Sir C. Cornwallis. Irrespective of, regardless of; without regard to; as, irrespective of differences.

IRRESPECTIVELY Ir`re*spec"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: Without regard to conditions; not making circumstances into consideration. Prosperity, considered absolutely and irrespectively, is better and more desirable than adversity. South.

IRRESPIRABLE Ir*res"pi*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrespirabilis: cf. F. irrespirable. See Respirable.]

Defn: Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as, irrespirable air.

IRRESPONSIBILITY Ir`re*spon`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irresponsabilité.]

Defn: Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability.

IRRESPONSIBLE Ir`re*spon"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + responsible: cf. F. irresponsable.]

1. Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer fro consequences; innocent.

2. Not to be trusted; unreliable.

IRRESPONSIBLY Ir`re*spon"si*bly, adv.

Defn: So as not to be responsible.

IRRESPONSIVE Ir`re*spon"sive, a.

Defn: Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond.

IRRESUSCITABLE Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. -- Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*bly, adv.

IRRETENTION Ir`re*ten"tion, n.

Defn: Want of retaining power; forgetfulness. De Quincey.

IRRETENTIVE Ir`re*ten"tive, a.

Defn: Not retentive; as, an irretentive memory.

IRRETRACEABLE Ir`re*trace"a*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable.

IRRETRACTILE Ir`re*tract"ile, a.

1. Not retractile.

2. Not tractile or ductile. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

IRRETRIEVABLE Ir`re*triev"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as, an irretrievable loss.

Syn. -- Irremediable; incurable; irrecoverable.

IRRETRIEVABLENESS Ir`re*triev"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irretrievable.

IRRETRIEVABLY Ir`re*triev"a*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irretrievable manner.

IRRETURNABLE Ir`re*turn"a*ble, a.

Defn: Not to be returned.

IRREVEALABLE Ir`re*veal"a*ble, a.

Defn: Incapable of being revealed. -- Ir`re*veal"a*bly, adv.

IRREVERENCE Ir*rev"er*ence, n. Etym: [L. irreverentia: cf. F. irrévérence.]

Defn: The state or quality of being irreverent; want of proper reverence; disregard of the authority and character of a superior.

IRREVEREND Ir*rev"er*end, a.

Defn: Irreverent. [Obs.] Immodest speech, or irreverend gesture. Strype.

IRREVERENT Ir*rev"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. irreverens, -entis: cf. F. irrévérent. See In- not, and Reverent.]

Defn: Not reverent; showing a want of reverence; expressive of a want of veneration; as, an irreverent babbler; an irreverent jest.

IRREVERENTLY Ir*rev"er*ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In an irreverent manner.

IRREVERSIBILITY Ir`re*vers`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irreversible; irreversibleness.

IRREVERSIBLE Ir`re*vers"i*ble, a.

1. Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as, an irreversible engine.

2. Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as, an irreversible sentence or decree. This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible. Jortin.

Syn. -- Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable.

IRREVERSIBLENESS Ir`re*vers"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being irreversible.

IRREVERSIBLE STEERING GEAR Ir`re*vers"i*ble steering gear. (Mach.)

Defn: A steering gear, esp. for an automobile, not affected by the road wheels, as when they strike an obstacle side ways, but easily controlled by the hand wheel or steering lever.

IRREVERSIBLY Ir`re*vers"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irreversible manner.

IRREVOCABILITY Ir*rev`o*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrévocabilité.]

Defn: The state or quality of being irrevocable; irrevocableness.

IRREVOCABLE Ir*rev"o*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrevocabilis: cf. F. irrévocable. See In- not, and Revoke, and cf. Irrevocable.]

Defn: Incapable of being recalled or revoked; unchangeable; irreversible; unalterable; as, an irrevocable promise or decree; irrevocable fate. Firm and irrevocable is my doom. Shak. -- Ir*rev"o*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rev"o*ca*bly, adv.

IRREVOKABLE Ir`re*vok"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + revoke.]

Defn: Irrevocable. [R.]

IRREVOLUBLE Ir*rev"o*lu*ble, a.

Defn: That has no finite period of revolution; not revolving. [R.] The dateless and irrevocable circle of eternity. Milton.

IRRHETORICAL Ir`rhe*tor"ic*al, a.

Defn: Not rethorical.

IRRIGATE Ir"ri*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating.] Etym: [L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate: ir- in + rigare to water; prob. akin to E. rain. See Rain.]

1. To water; to wet; to moisten with running or dropping water; to bedew.

2. (Agric.)

Defn: To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow upon, over, or through it, as in artificial channels.

IRRIGATION Ir`ri*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.]

Defn: The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants.

IRRIGUOUS Ir*rig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. irriguus. See Irrigate.]

1. Watered; watery; moist; dewy. [Obs.] The flowery lap Of some irriguous valley spreads her store. Milton.

2. Gently penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] J. Philips.

IRRISIBLE Ir*ris"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.]

Defn: Not risible. [R.]

IRRISION Ir*ri"sion, n. Etym: [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum. to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.]

Defn: The act of laughing at another; derision. This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision. Chapman.

IRRITABILITY Ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. irritabilitas: cf. F. irritabilité.]

1. The state or quality of being irritable; quick excitability; petulance; fretfulness; as, irritability of temper.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: A natural susceptibility, characteristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the influence of certain stimuli, response being manifested in a variety of ways, -- as that quality in plants by which they exhibit motion under suitable stimulation; esp., the property which living muscle processes, of responding either to a direct stimulus of its substance, or to the stimulating influence of its nerve fibers, the response being indicated by a change of form, or contraction; contractility.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A condition of morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body; undue susceptibility to the influence of stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

IRRITABLE Ir"ri*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.]

1. Capable of being irriated.

2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as, an irritable temper. Vicious, old, and irritable. Tennyson.

3. (Physiol.)

Defn: Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli.

4. (Med.)

Defn: Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

Syn. -- Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish.

IRRITABLENESS Ir"ri*ta*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Irritability.

IRRITABLY Ir"ri*ta*bly, adv.

Defn: In an irritable manner.

IRRITANCY Ir"ri*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From 1st Irritant.] (Scots Law)

Defn: The state or quality of being null and void; invalidity; forfeiture. Burrill.

IRRITANCY Ir"ri*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From 2d Irritant.]

Defn: The state o quality of being irritant or irritating.

IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, a. Etym: [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law)

Defn: Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating. The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance. Hayward.

IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, a. Etym: [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.]

Defn: Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation.

IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irritant.]

1. That which irritates or excites.

2. (Physiol. & Med.)

Defn: Any agent by which irritation is produced; as, a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant.

3. (Toxicology)

Defn: A poison that produces inflammation. Counter irritant. See under Counter. -- Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues.

IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, v. t. Etym: [See 1 st Irritant.]

Defn: To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating.] Etym: [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.]

1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate. Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them. Bacon.

2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as, the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects. Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god: Prevent the rage of him who reigns above. Pope.

3. (Physiol.)

Defn: To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n., 2.

4. (Med.)

Defn: To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as, the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage.

Syn. -- To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. -- To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as, irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as, a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. "Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated." Crabb.

IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, a.

Defn: Excited; heightened. [Obs.]

IRRITATION Ir`ri*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. irritatio: cf. F. irritation.]

1. The act of irritating, or exciting, or the state of being irritated; excitement; stimulation, usually of an undue and uncomfortable kind; especially, excitement of anger or passion; provocation; annoyance; anger. The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one vast machinery for the irritation and development of the human intellect. De Quincey.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: The act of exciting, or the condition of being excited to action, by stimulation; -- as, the condition of an organ of sense, when its nerve is affected by some external body; esp., the act of exciting muscle fibers to contraction, by artificial stimulation; as, the irritation of a motor nerve by electricity; also, the condition of a muscle and nerve, under such stimulation.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body; a state in which the application of ordinary stimuli produces pain or excessive or vitiated action.

IRRITATIVE Ir"ri*ta*tive, a.

1. Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as, an irritative agent.

2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as, an irritative fever. E. Darwin.

IRRITATORY Ir"ri*ta*to*ry, a.

Defn: Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. [R.] Hales.

IRRORATE Ir"ro*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irrorating.] Etym: [L. irroratus, p. p. of irrorare to bedew; pref. ir- in + ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: To sprinkle or moisten with dew; to bedew. [Obs.]

IRRORATE Ir"ro*rate, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand.

IRRORATION Ir`ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irroration.]

Defn: The act of bedewing; the state of being moistened with de [Obs.] Chambers.

IRROTATIONAL Ir`ro*ta"tion*al, a. (Physics)

Defn: Not rotatory; passing from one point to another by a movement other than rotation; -- said of the movement of parts of a liquid or yielding mass. Sir W. Thomson.

IRRUBRICAL Ir*ru"bric*al, a.

Defn: Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical.

IRRUGATE Ir"ru*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. irrugatus, p. p. of irrugare to wrinkle.]

Defn: To wrinkle. [Obs.]

IRRUPTED Ir*rupt"ed, a. Etym: [L. irruptus, p. p. of irrumpere to break in; pref. ir- in + rumpere to break or burst. See Rupture.]

Defn: Broken with violence.

IRRUPTION Ir*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.]

1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as, irruptions of the sea. Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep. Milton.

2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as, the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison.

Syn. -- Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion.

IRRUPTIVE Ir*rup"tive, a.

Defn: Rushing in or upon.

IRVINGITE Ir"ving*ite, n. (Eccl.)

Defn: The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ.

IS- Is-

Defn: . See Iso-.

IS Is, v. i. Etym: [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth. ist, L. est, Gr. asti. . Cf. Am, Entity, Essence, Absent.]

Defn: The third person singular of the substantive verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as, he is; he is a man. See Be.

Note: In some varieties of the Northern dialect of Old English, is was used for all persons of the singular. For thy is I come, and eke Alain. Chaucer. Aye is thou merry. Chaucer.

Note: The idiom of using the present for future events sure to happen is a relic of Old English in which the present and future had the same form; as, this year Christmas is on Friday. To-morrow is the new moon. 1 Sam. xx. 5.

ISABEL; ISABEL COLOR Is"a*bel, n., Is"a*bel col"or.Etym: [F. isabelle.]

Defn: See Isabella.

ISABELLA; ISABELLA COLOR Is`a*bel"la, n., Is`a*bel"la col"or. Etym: [Said to be named from the Spanish princess Isabella, daughter of king Philip II., in allusion to the color assumed by her shift, which she wore without change from 1601 to 1604, in consequence of a vow made by her.]

Defn: A brownish yellow color.

ISABELLA GRAPE Is`a*bel"la grape`. (Bot.)

Defn: A favorite sweet American grape of a purple color. See Fox grape, under Fox.

ISABELLA MOTH Is`a*bel"la moth`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A common American moth (Pyrrharctia isabella), of an isabella color. The larva, called woolly bear and hedgehog caterpillar, is densely covered with hairs, which are black at each end of the body, and red in the middle part.

ISABELLINE Is`a*bel"line, a.

Defn: Of an isabel or isabella color.

ISAGELOUS; ISAGEL A. [Is- + Gr. Agelos Information.]

Defn: Containing the same information, as isagelous sentences. The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous. Bacon The complementary strands have isagelous sequences. J. D. Watson. -- Isagel I*sag"e*lous (i*sâg"ê*lûs), a. Etym: [Is- + Gr. a`gelos information.]

Defn: Containing the same information, as isagelous sentences. "The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous." Bacon "The complementary strands have isagelous sequences." J. D. Watson. -- Is"a*gel n.

Defn: One of two or more objects containing the same information.

ISAGOGE I"sa*goge, n. Etym: [L., fr. Fr.

Defn: An introduction. [Obs.] Harris.

ISAGOGIC; ISAGOGICAL I"sa*gog"ic, I"sa*gog"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. isagogicus, Gr.

Defn: Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology.

ISAGOGICS I"sa*gog"ics, n. (Theol.)

Defn: That part of theological science directly preliminary to actual exegesis, or interpretation of the Scriptures.

ISAGON I"sa*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. isagone, a.] (Math.)

Defn: A figure or polygon whose angles are equal.

ISAPOSTOLIC Is*ap`os*tol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings.

ISATIC; ISATINIC I*sat"ic, I`sa*tin"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as, isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol.

ISATIDE I"sa*tide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained by the partial reduction of isatin. [Written also isatyde.]

ISATIN I"sa*tin, n. Etym: [See Isatis.] (Chem.)

Defn: An orange-red crystalline substance, C8H5NO2, obtained by the oxidation of indigo blue. It is also produced from certain derivatives of benzoic acid, and is one important source of artificial indigo. [Written also, less properly, isatine.]

ISATIS I"sa*tis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of plant, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbs, some species of which, especially the Isatis tinctoria, yield a blue dye similar to indigo; woad.

ISATOGEN I*sat"o*gen, n. Etym: [Isatin + -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A complex nitrogenous radical, C8H4NO2, regarded as the essential residue of a series of compounds, related to isatin, which easily pass by reduction to indigo blue. -- I*sat`o*gen"ic, a.

ISATROPIC I`sa*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + atropine.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine, and isomeric with cinnamic acid.

ISCHIAC Is"chi*ac, a. (Anat.)

Defn: See Ischial.

ISCHIADIC Is`chi*ad"ic, a. Etym: [L. ischiadicus, Gr. Sciatic.] (Anat.)

Defn: Ischial. [R.] Ischiadic passion or disease (Med.), a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part about the hip joint; -- called also sciatica.

ISCHIAL Is"chi*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic. Ischial callosity (Zoöl.), one of the patches of thickened hairless, and often bright-colored skin, on the buttocks of many apes, as the drill.

ISCHIATIC Is`chi*at"ic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Same as Ishial.

ISCHIOCAPSULAR Is`chi*o*cap"su*lar a. Etym: [Ischium + capsular.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as, the ischiocapsular ligament.

ISCHIOCERITE Is`chi*o*ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The third joint or the antennæ of the Crustacea.

ISCHION; ISCHIUM Is"chi*on, Is"chi*um, n. Etym: [L., Gr.

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The ventral and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; seat bone; the huckle bone.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the pleuræ of insects.

ISCHIOPODITE Is`chi*op"o*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The third joint of the typical appendages of Crustacea.

ISCHIORECTAL Is`chi*o*rec"tal, a. Etym: [Ischium + rectal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity.

ISCHURETIC Is`chu*ret"ic, a.

Defn: Having the quality of relieving ischury. -- n.

Defn: An ischuretic medicine.

ISCHURY Is"chu*ry, n. Etym: [L. ischuria, Gr. ischurie.] (Med.)

Defn: A retention or suppression of urine.

-ISE -ise

Defn: . See -ize.

ISENTROPIC I`sen*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + entropy + -ic.] (Physics)

Defn: Having equal entropy. Isentropic lines, lines which pass through points having equal entropy.

ISETHIONIC I*seth`i*on"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + ethionic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C2H4.SO3H, obtained as an oily or crystalline substance, by the action of sulphur trioxide on alcohol or ether. It is derivative of sulphuric acid.

-ISH -ish. Etym: [AS. -isc; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, Goth. & Dan. - isk, Gr. -esque.]

Defn: A suffix used to from adjectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes relation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a diminutive force; as, selfish, boyish, brutish; whitish, somewhat white.

-ISH -ish. Etym: [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is, -iss- (found in the present particle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish), corresponding to L. -escere, an inchoative ending.]

Defn: A verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French origin; as, abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish.

ISHMAELITE Ish"ma*el*ite, n.

1. A descendant of Ishmael (the son of Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was said, "His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him." Gen. xvi. 12.

2. One at enmity with society; a wanderer; a vagabond; an outcast. Thackeray.

3. See Ismaelian.

ISHMAELITISH Ish"ma*el*i`tish, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites.

ISIAC I"si*ac, a. Etym: [L. Isiacus, Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as, Isiac mysteries.

ISICLE I"si*cle, n.

Defn: A icicle. [Obs.]

ISIDORIAN Is`i*do"ri*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as, the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century.

ISINGLASS I"sin*glass, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. D. huizenblas (akin to G. hausenblase), lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon; huizen sturgeon + blas bladder. Cf. Bladder, Blast a gust of wind.]

1. A semitransparent, whitish, and very pure from of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air bladders of various species of sturgeons (as the Acipenser huso) found in the of Western Russia. It used for making jellies, as a clarifier, etc. Cheaper forms of gelatin are not unfrequently so called. Called also fish glue.

2. (Min.)

Defn: A popular name for mica, especially when in thin sheets.

ISIS I"sis, n. Etym: [L., the goddess Isis, fr. Gr.

1. (Myth.)

Defn: The principal goddess worshiped by the Egyptians. She was regarded as the mother of Horus, and the sister and wife of Osiris. The Egyptians adored her as the goddess of fecundity, and as the great benefactress of their country, who instructed their ancestors in the art of agriculture.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any coral of the genus Isis, or family Isidæ, composed of joints of white, stony coral, alternating with flexible, horny joints. See Gorgoniacea.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the asteroids.

ISLAM Is"lam, n. Etym: [Ar. islam obedience to the will of God, submission, humbling one's self, resigning one's self to the divine disposal. Cf. Moslem.]

1. The religion of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islamism. Their formula of faith is: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet.

2. The whole body of Mohammedans, or the countries which they occupy.

ISLAMISM Is"lam*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. islamisme.]

Defn: The faith, doctrines, or religious system of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islam.

ISLAMITE Is"lam*ite, n.

Defn: A Mohammedan.

ISLAMITIC Is`lam*it"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan.

ISLAMIZE Is"lam*ize, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Islamized; p. pr. & vb. n. Islamizing.]

Defn: To conform, or cause to conform, to the religion of Islam.

ISLAND Is"land, n. Etym: [OE. iland, yland, AS. igland, , ; ig, , island + land, lond, land. AS. ig, , is akin to AS. eá water, river, OHG. , G. au meadow, Icel. ey island, Dan. & Sw. ö, Goth. ahwa a stream, water, L. aqua water. The s is due to confusion with isle. Cf. Ait, Eyot, Ewer, Aquatic.]

1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Cf. Continent.

2. Anything regarded as resembling an island; as, an island of ice.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Isle, n., 2. Islands of the blessed (Myth.), islands supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

ISLAND Is"land, v. t.

1. To cause to become or to resemble an island; to make an island or islands of; to isle. Shelley.

2. To furnish with an island or with islands; as, to island the deep. Southey.

ISLANDER Is"land*er, n.

Defn: An inhabitant of an island.

ISLANDY Is"land*y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Cotgrave.

ISLE Isle, n. Etym: [Obs.]

Defn: See Aisle.

ISLE Isle, n. Etym: [OF. isle, F. île, L. insula; cf. Lith. sala. Cf. Insulate.]

1. An island. [Poetic] Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles. Milton.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spot within another of a different color, as upon the wings of some insects.

ISLE Isle, v. t.

Defn: To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island. [Poetic] Isled in sudden seas of light. Tennyson.

ISLET Is"let, n. Etym: [OF. islette (cf. F. îlot), dim. of isle.]

Defn: A little island.

-ISM -ism. Etym: [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr.

Defn: A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act or a process, a state; also, a characteristic (as a theory, doctrine, idiom, etc.); as, baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism.

ISM Ism, n. Etym: [See ism, above.]

Defn: A doctrine or theory; especially, a wild or visionary theory. E. Everett. The world grew light-headed, and forth came a spawn of isms which no man can number. S. G. Goodrich.

ISMAELIAN; ISMAELITE Is`ma*e"li*an, Is"ma*el*ite, n. (Eccl.)

Defn: One of a sect of Mohammedans who favored the pretensions of the family of Mohammed ben Ismael, of the house Ali.

ISO-; IS- I"so-, Is-.Etym: [Gr. 'i`sos equal.]

Defn: A prefix or combining form, indicating identity, or equality; the same numerical value; as in isopod, isomorphous, isochromatic. Specif.: (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain compounds having the same composition but different properties; as in isocyanic. (b) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon atoms; -- contrasted with neo- and normal; as in isoparaffine; isopentane.

ISOBAR I"so*bar, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting or marking places upon the surface of the earth where height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period (mean height), as for a year; an isopiestic line. [Written also isobare.]

ISOBAR I"so*bar, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. Also, the theory, method, or application of isobaric science.

ISOBARIC I`so*bar"ic, a. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: Denoting equal pressure; as, an isobaric line; specifically, of or pertaining to isobars.

ISOBARISM I"so*bar*ism, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. Also, the theory, method, or application of isobaric science.

ISOBAROMETRIC I`so*bar`o*met"ric, a. Etym: [Iso + barometric.] (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: Indicating equal barometric pressure.

ISOBATHYTHERM I`so*bath"y*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting the points on the surface of the earth where a certain temperature is found at the same depth.

ISOBATHYTHERMIC I`so*bath"y*ther"mic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth.

ISOBRONT I"so*bront (i"so*bront), n. [Iso- + Gr. bronth` thunder.] (Meteor.)

Defn: An imaginary line, or a line on a chart, marking the simultaneous development of a thunderstorm, as noted by observing the time when the thunder is heard at different places.

ISOCEPHALISM I`so*ceph"a*lism, n. Etym: [From Gr. Iso-, and Cephalon.] (Art)

Defn: A peculiarity in the design of bas-relief by which the heads of human figures are kept at the same height from the ground, whether the personages are seated, standing, or mounted on horseback; -- called also isokephaleia.

ISOCHASM I"so*chasm, n. Etym: [Iso- + chasm.] (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting places on the earth's surface at which there is the same mean frequency of auroras.

ISOCHASMIC I`so*chas"mic, a.

Defn: Indicating equal auroral display; as, an isochasmic line.

ISOCHEIM I"so*cheim, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting places on the earth having the same mean winter temperature. Cf. Isothere.

ISOCHEIMAL; ISOCHIMAL I`so*chei"mal, I`so*chi"mal, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or making, isocheims; as, an isocheimal line; an isocheimal chart.

ISOCHEIMENAL; ISOCHIMENAL I`so*chei"me*nal, I`so*chi"me*nal a.

Defn: The same as Isocheimal.

ISOCHEIMIC I`so*chei"mic, a.

Defn: The same as Isocheimal.

ISOCHIMENE I`so*chi"mene, n.

Defn: The same as Isocheim.

ISOCHOR I"so*chor, n. [Iso- + Gr. xhw`ra space.] (Physics)

Defn: A line upon a thermodynamic diagram so drawn as to represent the pressures corresponding to changes of temperature when the volume of the gas operated on is constant. -- I`so*chor"ic (#), a.

ISOCHROMATIC I`so*chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + chromatic.] (Opt.)

Defn: Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as lines drawn through certain points in experiments on the chromatic effects of polarized light in crystals.

ISOCHRONAL I*soch"ro*nal, a. Etym: [See Isochronous.]

Defn: Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; isochronal vibrations or oscillations.

ISOCHRONIC I`so*chron"ic, a.

Defn: Isochronal.

ISOCHRONISM I*soch"ro*nism, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being isochronous.

ISOCHRONIZE I*soch"ro*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized; p. pr. & vb. n. - nizing.] [See Isochronous.]

Defn: To make, or tend to make (the motion of a moving body), uniform in rate of rotation, or in frequency of vibration.

ISOCHRONON I*soch"ro*non, n. Etym: [NL. See Isochronous.]

Defn: A clock that is designed to keep very accurate time.

ISOCHRONOUS I*soch"ro*nous, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Same as Isochronal.

ISOCHROOUS I*soch"ro*ous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr.

Defn: Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored.

ISOCLINAL; ISOCLINIC I`so*cli"nal, I`so*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip. Isoclinal lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which a dipping needle indicates the same inclination or dip.

ISOCRYMAL I`so*cry"mal, a. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or illustrating, an isocryme; as, an isocrymal line; an isocrymal chart.

ISOCRYME I"so*cryme, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year.

ISOCRYMIC I`so*crym"ic, a.

Defn: Isocrymal.

ISOCYANIC I`so*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + cyanic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. Isocyanic acid, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid by the heating cyanuric acid. Called technically carbimide.

ISOCYANURIC I`so*cy`a*nu"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + cyanuric.] (Chem.)

Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric.

ISODIABATIC I`so*di`a*bat"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Rankine. Isodiabatic lines or curves, a pair of lines or curves exhibiting, on a diagram of energy, the law of variation of the pressure and density of a fluid, the one during the lowering, and the other during the raising, of its temperature, when the quantity of heat given out by the fluid during any given stage of the one process is equal to the quantity received during the corresponding stage of the other. Such lines are said to be isodiabatic with respect to each other. Compare Adiabatic.

ISODIAMETRIC I`so*di`a*met"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + diametric.]

1. (Crystallog.)

Defn: Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; -- said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the several diameters nearly equal; -- said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma.

ISODIMORPHIC I`so*di*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Iso- + dimorphic.]

Defn: Isodimorphous.

ISODIMORPHISM I`so*di*mor"phism, n.

Defn: Isomorphism between the two forms severally of two dimorphous substances.

ISODIMORPHOUS I`so*di*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Iso- + dimorphous.]

Defn: Having the quality of isodimorphism.

ISODROME I"so*drome, n. [Iso- + Gr. course.] (Nav.)

Defn: A method of moving a fleet from one formation to another, the direction usually being changed eight points (90º), by means of paths of equal length for each ship. It is prohibited in the United States navy.

ISODULCITE I`so*dul"cite, n. Etym: [Iso- + dulcite.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, sugarlike substance, obtained by the decomposition of certain glucosides, and intermediate in nature between the hexacid alcohols (ductile, mannite, etc.) and the glucoses.

ISODYNAMIC I`so*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + dynamic.]

Defn: Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. Isodynamic foods (Physiol.), those foods that produce a similar amount of heat. -- Isodynamic lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which the magnetic intensity is the same.

ISODYNAMOUS I`so*dy"na*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Isodynamic.]

Defn: Of equal force or size.

ISOGEOTHERM I`so*ge"o*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. gh^ the earth + qe`rmh heat.] (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line or curved surface passing beneath the earth's surface through points having the same mean temperature.

ISOGEOTHERMAL; ISOGEOTHERMIC I`so*ge`o*ther"mal, I`so*ge`o*ther"mic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as, an isogeothermal line or surface; as isogeothermal chart. -- n.

Defn: An isogeotherm.

ISOGONIC I`so*gon"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. Isogonic lines (Magnetism), lines traced on the surface of the globe, or upon a chart, connecting places at which the deviation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same.

ISOGONIC I`so*gon"ic, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Characterized by isogonism.

ISOGONISM I*sog"o*nism, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The quality of having similar sexual zooids or gonophores and dissimilar hydrants; -- said of certain hydroids.

ISOGRAPHIC I`so*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to isography.

ISOGRAPHY I*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Iso- + -graphy.]

Defn: Imitation of another's handwriting,

ISOHYETOSE I`so*hy"e*tose`, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. "yeto`s rain.] (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to lines connecting places on the earth's surface which have a mean annual rainfall. -- n.

Defn: An isohyetose line.

ISOLABLE I"so*la*ble, a. Etym: [See Isolate.] (Chem.)

Defn: Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as, gold is isolable.

ISOLATE I"so*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Isolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating.] Etym: [It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, fr. isola island, L. insula. See 2d Isle, and cf. Insulate.]

1. To place in a detached situation; to place by itself or alone; to insulate; to separate from others. Short isolated sentences were the mode in which ancient wisdom delighted to convey its precepts. Bp. Warburton.

2. (Elec.)

Defn: To insulate. See Insulate.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: To separate from all foreign substances; to make pure; to obtain in a free state.

ISOLATED I"so*la`ted, a.

Defn: Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others. Isolated point of a curve. (Geom.) See Acnode.

ISOLATEDLY I"so*la`ted*ly, adv.

Defn: In an isolated manner.

ISOLATION I`so*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. isolation.]

Defn: The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman.

ISOLATOR I"so*la`tor, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, isolates.

ISOLOGOUS I*sol"o*gous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; -- said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as, ethane, ethylene, an acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series.

ISOMER I"so*mer, n. Etym: [See Isomeric.] (Chem.)

Defn: A body or compound which is isomeric with another body or compound; a member of an isomeric series.

ISOMERE I"so*mere, n. [Iso- + -mere.] (Zoöl.)

1. A homologous or corresponding part or segment.

2. (Chem.) = Isomer.

ISOMERIC I`so*mer"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. isomérique.] (Chem.)

Defn: Having the same percentage composition; -- said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as, acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but which a different structure or arrangement of the ultimate parts; as, ethyl alcohol and methyl ether are isomeric (metameric) with each other in this sense. See Metameric.

ISOMERIDE I*som"er*ide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An isomer. [R.]

ISOMERISM I*som"er*ism, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The state, quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances. Physical isomerism (Chem.), the condition or relation of certain (metameric) substances, which, while chemically identical (in that they have the same composition, the same molecular weights, and the same ultimate constitution), are yet physically different, as in their action on polarized light, as dextro- and lævo-tartaric acids. In such compounds there is usually at least one unsymmetrical carbon atom. See Unsymmetrical.

ISOMEROMORPHISM I`so*mer`o*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Isomer + Gr. ism.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: Isomorphism between substances that are isomeric.

ISOMETRIC; ISOMETRICAL I`so*met"ric, I`so*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr.

1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure.

2. (Crystallog.)

Defn: Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystallization in which the three axes are of equal length and at right angles to each other; monometric; regular; cubic. Cf. Crystallization. Isometric lines (Thermodynamics), lines representing in a diagram the relations of pressure and temperature in a gas, when the volume remains constant. -- Isometrical perspective. See under Perspective. -- Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. This kind of projection is principally used in delineating buildings or machinery, in which the principal lines are parallel to three rectangular axes, and the principal planes are parallel to three rectangular planes passing through the three axes.

ISOMORPH I"so*morph, n. Etym: [See Isomorphous.]

Defn: A substance which is similar to another in crystalline form and composition.

ISOMORPHIC I`so*mor"phic, a.

Defn: Isomorphous.

ISOMORPHISM I`so*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. isomorphisme.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: A similarity of crystalline form between substances of similar composition, as between the sulphates of barium (BaSO4) and strontium (SrSO4). It is sometimes extended to include similarity of form between substances of unlike composition, which is more properly called homoeomorphism.

ISOMORPHOUS I`so*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Iso- + -morphous.]

Defn: Having the quality of isomorphism.

ISONANDRA I`so*nan"dra, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

ISONEPHELIC I`so*ne*phel"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as, isonephelic regions; an isonephelic line.

ISONICOTINE I`so*nic"o*tine, n. Etym: [Iso- + nicotine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A crystalline, nitrogenous base, C10H14N2, isomeric with nicotine.

ISONICOTINIC I`so*nic`o*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid.

ISONITROSO- I`so*ni*tro"so-. Etym: [Iso- + nitroso-.] (Chem.)

Defn: A combining from (also used adjectively), signifying: Pertaining to, or designating, the characteristic, nitrogenous radical, NOH, called the isonitroso group.

ISONOMIC I`so*nom"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Dana.

ISONOMY I*son"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. isonomie. See Isonomic.]

Defn: Equal law or right; equal distribution of rights and privileges; similarity.

ISOPATHY I*sop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Med.) (a) The system which undertakes to cure a disease by means of the virus of the same disease. (b) The theory of curing a diseased organ by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. Mayne. (c) The doctrine that the power of therapeutics is equal to that of the causes of disease.

ISOPEPSIN I`so*pep"sin, n. Etym: [Iso- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40º to 60º C.

ISOPERIMETRICAL I`so*per`i*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. isopérimètre. See Perimeter.] (Geom.)

Defn: Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as, isoperimetrical figures or bodies.

ISOPERIMETRY I`so*per*im"e*try, n. (Geom.)

Defn: The science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries.

ISOPIESTIC I`so*pi*es"tic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Thermodynamics)

Defn: Having equal pressure. Isopiestic lines, lines showing, in a diagram, the relations of temperature and volume, when the elastic force is constant; -- called also isobars.

ISOPLEURA I`so*pleu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Iso-, and Pleura.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal.

Note: The intestine terminates at the posterior end of the body, and the gills and circulatory and reproductive organs are paired. It includes the chitons (Polyplacophora), together with Neomenia and Chætoderma, which are wormlike forms without a shell.

ISOPOD I"so*pod, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. -- n.

Defn: One of the Isopoda.

ISOPODA I*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Iso-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure.

Note: The body is usually depressed, with the abdominal segments short, and often consolidated in part. The branchiæ are on the abdominal appendages. The group includes the terrestrial pill bugs and sow bugs, with numerous marine forms. See Arthrostrata, Gribble.

ISOPODIFORM I`so*pod"i*form, a. Etym: [Isopod + -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the shape of an isopod; -- said of the larvæ of certain insects.

ISOPODOUS I*sop"o*dous, a.

Defn: Same as Isopod.

ISOPOGONOUS I`so*pog"o*nous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the two webs equal in breath; -- said of feathers.

ISOPRENE I"so*prene, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily, volatile hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of caoutchouc or guttaipercha.C5H8 -- unsaturated, and used to make synthetic rubber by polymerization. In organic chemistry, viewed conceptually as the building block of the terpene series of hydrocarbons

ISOPYCNIC I`so*pyc"nic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. pykno`s dense.] (Physics)

Defn: Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as, an isopycnic line or surface.

ISOPYCNIC I`so*pyc"nic, n. (Physics)

Defn: A line or surface passing through those points in a medium, at which the density is the same.

ISORCIN I*sor"cin, n. Etym: [Iso- + orcin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A crystalline hydrocarbon derivative, metameric with orcin, but produced artificially; -- called also cresorcin.

ISORROPIC I`sor*rop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 'iso`rropos in equipoise; 'i`sos equal + "roph` downward inclination or momentum.]

Defn: Of equal value. Isorropic line (in a diagram) (Geom.), the locus of all the points for which a specified function has a constant value. Newcomb.

ISOSCELES I*sos"ce*les, a. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 'i`sos equal + (Geom.)

Defn: Having two legs or sides that are equal; -- said of a triangle.

ISOSPONDYLI I`so*spon"dy*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`sos equal + (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extensive order of fishes, including the salmons, herrings, and many allied forms.

ISOSPONDYLOUS I`so*spon"dy*lous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebræ separate and normal.

ISOSPORE I"so*spore, n. (Biol.) (a) One of the spores produced by an isosporous organism. (b) A zygospore.

ISOSPORIC I`so*spor"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic.

ISOSPOROUS I*sos"po*rous, a. [Iso- + Gr. fruit.] (Biol.)

Defn: Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns.

ISOSTASY I*sos"ta*sy, n. [See Iso-; Stasis.]

Defn: The state or quality of being isostatic. Specif. (Geol.),

Defn: general equilibrium in the earth's crust, supposed to be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitative stress. By the theory of isostasy each unit column of the earth, from surface to center, has approximately the same weight, and the continents stand higher than the ocean beds chiefly because the material of the crust has there less density.

ISOSTATIC I`so*stat"ic, a. [Iso- + static.] (Physics & Geol.)

Defn: Subjected to equal pressure from every side; being in hydrostatic equilibrium, as a body submerged in a liquid at rest; pertaining to, or characterized by, isostasy.

ISOSTEMONOUS I`so*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having exactly as many stamens as petals.

ISOSTEMONY I`so*stem"o*ny, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The quality or state of being isostemonous.

ISOSULPHOCYANATE I`so*sul`pho*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of isosulphocyanic acid.

ISOSULPHOCYANIC I`so*sul`pho*cy*an"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, HNCS, isomeric with sulphocyanic acid.

ISOTHERAL I*soth"er*al, a.

Defn: Having the nature of an isothere; indicating the distribution of temperature by means of an isothere; as, an isotheral chart or line.

ISOTHERE I"so*there, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean summer temperature.

ISOTHERM I"so*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface having the same temperature. This may be the temperature for a given time of observation, or the mean temperature for a year or other period. Also, a similar line based on the distribution of temperature in the ocean.

ISOTHERMAL I`so*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. isotherme.] (a) Relating to equality of temperature. (b) (Phys. Geog.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as, an isothermal line; an isothermal chart. Isothermal line. (a) An isotherm. (b) A line drawn on a diagram of energy such that its ordinates represent the pressures of a substance corresponding to various volumes, while the absolute temperature is maintained at a constant value. -- Isothermal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator having the same mean temperature, and bounded by corresponding isothermal lines.

ISOTHERMOBATH I`so*ther"mo*bath, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog)

Defn: A line drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical section of the ocean.

ISOTHERMOBATHIC I`so*ther`mo*bath"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean.

ISOTHEROMBROSE I*soth`er*om"brose, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. qe`ros summer + 'o`mbros rain.] (Phys. Geog)

Defn: A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface, which have the same mean summer rainfall.

ISOTONIC I`so*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + tonic.]

Defn: Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension. Isotonic system (Mus.), a system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is alike tempered, and in which there are twelve equal semitones.

ISOTRIMORPHIC I`so*tri*mor"phic, a.

Defn: Isotrimorphous.

ISOTRIMORPHISM I`so*tri*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr.

Defn: Isomorphism between the three forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances.

ISOTRIMORPHOUS I`so*tri*mor"phous, a.

Defn: Having the quality of isotrimorphism; isotrimorphic.

ISOTROPIC I`so*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Physics)

Defn: Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions.

ISOTROPISM I*sot"ro*pism, n.

Defn: Isotropy.

ISOTROPOUS I*sot"ro*pous, a.

Defn: Isotropic.

ISOTROPY I*sot"ro*py, n. (Physics)

Defn: Uniformity of physical properties in all directions in a body; absence of all kinds of polarity; specifically, equal elasticity in all directions.

ISOURIC I`so*u"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + uric.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, isomeric with uric acid.

ISRAELITE Is"ra*el*ite, n. Etym: [L. Israëlites, Gr. Yisra, i. e., champion of God; sarah to fight + God.]

Defn: A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew.

ISRAELITIC; ISRAELITISH Is`ra*el*it"ic, Is"ra*el*i`tish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Israel, or to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew.

ISSUABLE Is"su*a*ble, a. Etym: [From Issue.]

1. Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Burrill.

2. Lawful or suitable to be issued; as, a writ issuable on these grounds. Issuable plea (Law), a plea to the merits, on which the adverse party may take issue and proceed to trial.

ISSUABLY Is"su*a*bly, adv.

Defn: In an issuable manner; by way of issue; as, to plead issuably.

ISSUANCE Is"su*ance, n.

Defn: The act of issuing, or giving out; as, the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like.

ISSUANT Is"su*ant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Issuing or coming up; -- a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another.

ISSUE Is"sue, n. Etym: [OF. issue, eissue, F. issue, fr. OF. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex out of, from + ire to go, akin to Gr. i., Goth. iddja went, used as prefect of gaggan to go. Cf. Ambition, Count a nobleman, Commence, Errant, Exit, Eyre, Initial, Yede went.]

1. The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out from any inclosed place; egress; as, the issue of water from a pipe, of blood from a wound, of air from a bellows, of people from a house.

2. The act of sending out, or causing to go forth; delivery; issuance; as, the issue of an order from a commanding officer; the issue of money from a treasury.

3. That which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; as, an issue of bank notes; the daily issue of a newspaper.

4. Progeny; a child or children; offspring. In law, sometimes, in a general sense, all persons descended from a common ancestor; all lineal descendants. If the king Should without issue die. Shak.

5. Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; as, A conveyed to B all his right for a term of years, with all the issues, rents, and profits.

6. A discharge of flux, as of blood. Matt. ix. 20.

7. (Med.)

Defn: An artificial ulcer, usually made in the fleshy part of the arm or leg, to produce the secretion and discharge of pus for the relief of some affected part.

8. The final outcome or result; upshot; conclusion; event; hence, contest; test; trial. Come forth to view The issue of the exploit. Shak. While it is hot, I 'll put it to the issue. Shak.

9. A point in debate or controversy on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions; a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide.

10. (Law)

Defn: In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned. Blount. Cowell. At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing; inconsistent. As much at issue with the summer day As if you brought a candle out of doors. Mrs. Browning. -- Bank of issue, Collateral issue, etc. See under Bank, Collateral, etc. -- Issue pea, a pea, or a similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. -- To join, or take, issue, to take opposing sides in a matter in controversy.

ISSUE Is"sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued; p. pr. & vb. n. Issuing.]

1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as from any inclosed place. From it issued forced drops of blood. Shak.

2. To go out; to rush out; to sally forth; as, troops issued from the town, and attacked the besiegers.

3. To proceed, as from a source; as, water issues from springs; light issues from the sun.

4. To proceed, as progeny; to be derived; to be descended; to spring. Of thy sons that shall issue from thee. 2 Kings xx. 18.

5. To extend; to pass or open; as, the path issues into the highway.

6. To be produced as an effect or result; to grow or accrue; to arise; to proceed; as, rents and profits issuing from land, tenements, or a capital stock.

7. To close; to end; to terminate; to turn out; as, we know not how the cause will issue.

8. (Law)

Defn: In pleading, to come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join issue.

ISSUE Is"sue, v. t.

1. To send out; to put into circulation; as, to issue notes from a bank.

2. To deliver for use; as, to issue provisions.

3. To send out officially; to deliver by authority; as, to issue an order; to issue a writ.

ISSUELESS Is"sue*less, a.

Defn: Having no issue or progeny; childless. "The heavens . . . have left me issueless." Shak.

ISSUER Is"su*er, n.

Defn: One who issues, emits, or publishes.

-IST -ist. Etym: [Gr. iste.]

Defn: A noun suffix denoting an agent, or doer, one who practices, a believer in; as, theorist, one who theorizes; socialist, one who holds to socialism; sensualist, one given to sensuality.

IS'T Is't.

Defn: A contraction of is it.

ISTHMIAN Isth"mi*an, a. Etym: [L. Isthmius, Gr. Isthmus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece. Isthmian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of every alternate year. They consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The prize was a garland of pine leaves.

ISTHMUS Isth"mus, n.; pl. Isthmuses. Etym: [L. isthmus, Gr. 'isqmo`s a neck, a neck of land between two seas, an isthmus, especially the Isthmus of Corinth; prob. from the root of 'ie`nai to go; cf. Icel. eiedh isthmus. See Issue.] (Geog.)

Defn: A neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland; as, the Isthmus of Panama; the Isthmus of Suez, etc. Isthmus of the fauces. (Anat.) See Fauces.

ISTLE Is"tle, n.

Defn: Same as Ixtle.

ISURET I*su"ret, n. Etym: [Iso- + urea.] (Chem.)

Defn: An artificial nitrogenous base, isomeric with urea, and forming a white crystalline substance; -- called also isuretine.

IT It, pron. Etym: [OE. it, hit, AS. hit; cf. D. het. sq. root181. See He.]

Defn: The neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to the masculine pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same plural (they, their of theirs, them).

Note: The possessive form its is modern, being rarely found in the writings of Shakespeare and Milton, and not at all in the original King James's version of the Bible. During the transition from the regular his to the anomalous its, it was to some extent employed in the possessive without the case ending. See His, and He. In Dryden's time its had become quite established as the regular form. The day present hath ever inough to do with it owne grief. Genevan Test. Do, child, go to it grandam, child. Shak. It knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all it friends with borrowing letters. B. Jonson.

Note: In the course of time, the nature of the neuter sign i in it, the form being found in but a few words, became misunderstood. Instead of being looked upon as an affix, it passed for part of the original word. Hence was formed from it the anomalous genitive it, superseding the Saxon his. Latham. The fruit tree yielding fruit after his (its) kind. Gen. i. 11. It is used, --

1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as, here is the book, take it home.

2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as, I saw it was John. It is I; be not afraid. Matt. xiv. 27. Peter heard that it was the Lord. John xxi. 7. Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as, it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this.

3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as, it snows; it rains.

4. As a substitute for such general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as, how is it with the sick man Think on me when it shall be well with thee. Gen. xl. 14.

5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as, to foot it (i. e., to walk). The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylæ, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth. Dryden. Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it, If folly grows romantic, I must paint it. Pope. Its self. See Itself.

ITACISM I"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf. Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.)

Defn: Pronunciation of e in the English word be. This was the pronunciation advocated by ReuEtacism. In all such questions between a the confusing element of itacism comes in. Alford.

ITACIST I"ta*cist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. itaciste.]

Defn: One who is in favor of itacism.

ITACOLUMITE It`a*col"u*mite, n. Etym: [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.)

Defn: A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found.

ITACONIC It`a*con"ic, a. Etym: [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids.

ITALA It"a*la, n. Etym: [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.]

Defn: An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

ITALIAN I*tal"ian, a. Etym: [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf. Italic.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language. Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; -- called also farmer's satin. -- Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. -- Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice.

ITALIAN I*tal"ian, n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Italy.

2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians.

ITALIANATE I*tal"ian*ate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. It. italianare.]

Defn: To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham.

ITALIANATE I*tal"ian*ate, a.

Defn: Italianized; Italianated. "Apish, childish, and Italianate." Marlowe.

ITALIANISM I*tal"ian*ism, n.

1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism.

2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy.

ITALIANIZE I*tal"ian*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.]

1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave.

2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. "An Englishman Italianized." Lowell.

ITALIC I*tal"ic, a. Etym: [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf. Italian.]

1. Relating to Italy or to its people.

2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; -- so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500. Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. -- Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. -- Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. -- Italic version. See Itala.

ITALIC I*tal"ic, n.; pl. Italics (. (Print.)

Defn: An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); -- often in the plural; as, the Italics are the author's. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. Also, collectively, Italic letters.

ITALICISM I*tal"i*cism, n.

1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism.

2. The use of Italics.

ITALICIZE I*tal"i*cize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized; p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing.]

Defn: To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as, to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much.

ITA PALM I"ta palm`. (Bot.)

Defn: A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber.

ITCH Itch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched; p. pr. & vb. n. Itching.] Etym: [OE. icchen, , AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.]

1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected. My mouth hath itched all this long day. Chaucer.

2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as, itching ears. "An itching palm." Shak.

ITCH Itch, n.

1. (Med.)

Defn: An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact.

2. Any itching eruption.

3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; -- called also scabies, psora, etc.

4. A constant irritating desire. An itch of being thought a divine king. Dryden. Baker's itch. See under Baker. -- Barber's itch, sycosis. -- Bricklayer's itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. -- Grocer's itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). -- Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath the human skin, thus causing the disease known as the itch. See Illust. in Append. -- Itch mite. (Zoöl.) Same as Itch insect, above. Also, other similar mites affecting the lower animals, as the horse and ox. -- Sugar baker's itch, a variety of eczema, due to the action of sugar upon the skin. -- Washerwoman's itch, eczema of the hands and arms, occurring among washerwomen.

ITCHINESS Itch"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being itchy.

ITCHLESS Itch"less, a.

Defn: Free from itching.

ITCHY Itch"y, a.

Defn: Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Cowper.

-ITE -ite. Etym: [From Gr.

1. A suffix denoting one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, and the like, and frequently used in ridicule; as, a Millerite; a Benthamite.

2. A suffix used in naming minerals; as, chlorite, from its characteristic green color; barite, from its heaviness; graphite, from its use in writing.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: A suffix used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end in -ous; as, sulphite, from sulphurous; nitrite, from nitrous acid, etc.

ITEM I"tem, adv. Etym: [L. See Iterate.]

Defn: Also; as an additional article.

ITEM I"tem, n. Etym: [From Item, adv.]

1. An article; a separate particular in an account; as, the items in a bill.

2. A hint; an innuendo. [Obs.] A secret item was given to some of the bishops . . . to absent themselves. Fuller.

3. A short article in a newspaper; a paragraph; as, an item concerning the weather.

ITEM I"tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Iteming.]

Defn: To make a note or memorandum of. I have itemed it in my memory. Addison.

ITEMIZE I"tem*ize, v. t.

Defn: To state in items, or by particulars; as, to itemize the cost of a railroad. [Local, U. S.]

ITER I"ter, n. Etym: [L. See Eyre.] (Anat.)

Defn: A passage; esp., the passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain; the aqueduct of Sylvius.

ITERABLE It"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. iterabilis. See Iterate.]

Defn: Capable of being iterated or repeated. [Obs.]

ITERANCE It"er*ance, n.

Defn: Iteration. [Obs.]

ITERANT It"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. iterans, p. pr. of iterare.]

Defn: Repeating; iterating; as, an iterant echo. Bacon.

ITERATE It"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. iteratus, p. p. of iterare to repeat, fr. iterum again, prop. a compar. from the stem of is he, that; cf. L. ita so, item likewise, also, Skr. itara other, iti thus. Cf. Identity, Item.]

Defn: Uttered or done again; repeated. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

ITERATE It"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iterated; p. pr. & vb. n. Iterating.]

Defn: To utter or do a second time or many times; to repeat; as, to iterate advice. Nor Eve to iterate Her former trespass feared. Milton.

ITERATE It"er*ate, adv.

Defn: By way of iteration.

ITERATION It`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. iteratio.]

Defn: Recital or performance a second time; repetition. Bacon. What needs this iteration, woman Shak.

ITERATIVE It"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. iterativus: cf. F. itératif.]

Defn: Repeating. Cotgrave. -- It"er*a*tive*ly, adv.

ITHYPHALLIC Ith`y*phal"lic, a. Etym: [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, Gr. membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.]

Defn: Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene.

ITINERACY I*tin"er*a*cy, n.

Defn: The act or practice of itinerating; itinerancy.

ITINERANCY I*tin"er*an*cy, n. Etym: [See Itinerant.]

1. A passing from place to place. Dr. H. More.

2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; the custom or practice of discharging official duty in this way; also, a body of persons who thus discharge official duty.

ITINERANT I*tin"er*ant, a. Etym: [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris, a walk, way, journey. See Errant, Issue.]

Defn: Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as, an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler. The king's own courts were then itinerant, being kept in the king's palace, and removing with his household in those royal progresses which he continually made. Blackstone.

ITINERANT I*tin"er*ant, a.

Defn: One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled. Glad to turn itinerant, To stroll and teach from town to town. Hudibras.

ITINERANTLY I*tin"er*ant*ly, adv.

Defn: In an itinerant manner.

ITINERARY I*tin"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. itinerarius: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerant.]

Defn: Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey. It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress. Bacon.

ITINERARY I*tin"er*a*ry, n.; pl. Itineraries. Etym: [L. itinerarium: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerary, a.]

Defn: An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as, the Itinerary of Antoninus.

ITINERATE I*tin"er*ate. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itinerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Itinerating.] Etym: [LL. itineratus, p. p. of itinerari, itinerare. See Itinerant.]

Defn: To wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc.

-ITIS -i"tis, Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inflammatory disease of; as, arthritis; bronchitis, phrenitis.

ITS Its.

Defn: Possessive form of the pronoun it. See It.

ITSELF It*self", pron.

Defn: The neuter reciprocal pronoun of It; as, the thing is good in itself; it stands by itself. Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom rich or poor. Locke.

ITTRIA It"tri*a, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Yttria.

ITTRIUM It"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Yttrium.

ITZIBU It"zi*bu, n. Etym: [Jap. ichibu.] (Numis.)

Defn: A silver coin of Japan, worth about thirty-four cents. [Written also itzebu, ichebu, itcheboo, etc.]

IULIDAN I*u"li*dan, n. Etym: [See Iulus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Iulidæ, a family of myriapods, of which the genus Iulus is the type. See Iulus.

IULUS I*u"lus, n. Etym: [L., down, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of chilognathous myriapods. The body is long and round, consisting of numerous smooth, equal segments, each of which bears two pairs of short legs. It includes the galleyworms. See Chilognatha.

IVAN IVANOVITCH I*van" I*van"o*vitch

Defn: . An ideal personification of the typical Russian or of the Russian people; -- used as "John Bull" is used for the typical Englishman.

I'VE I've

Defn: . Colloquial contraction of I have.

-IVE -ive. Etym: [L. -ivus.]

Defn: An adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive.

IVIED I"vied, a. Etym: [From Ivy.]

Defn: Overgrown with ivy.

IVORIDE I"vo*ride, n.

Defn: A composition resembling ivory in appearance and used as a substitute for it.

IVORY I"vo*ry, n.; pl. Ivories. Etym: [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. eboreus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory, cf. Skr. ibha elephant. Cf. Eburnean.]

1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance constituting the tusks of the elephant. It is a variety of dentine, characterized by the minuteness and close arrangement of the tubes, as also by their double flexure. It is used in manufacturing articles of ornament or utility.

Note: Ivory is the name commercially given not only to the substance constituting the tusks of the elephant, but also to that of the tusks of the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the narwhal, etc.

2. The tusks themselves of the elephant, etc.

3. Any carving executed in ivory. Mollett.

4. pl.

Defn: Teeth; as, to show one's ivories. [Slang] Ivory black. See under Black, n. -- Ivory gull (Zoöl.), a white Arctic gull (Larus eburneus). -- Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, the Phytephas macroarpa, often as large as a hen's egg. When young the seed contains a fluid, which gradually hardness into a whitish, close- grained, albuminous substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture and color, whence it is called vegetable ivory. It is wrought into various articles, as buttons, chessmen, etc. The palm is found in New Grenada. A smaller kind is the fruit of the Phytephas microarpa. The nuts are known in commerce as Corosso nuts. -- Ivory palm (Bot.), the palm tree which produces ivory nuts. -- Ivory shell (Zoöl.), any species of Eburna, a genus of marine gastropod shells, having a smooth surface, usually white with red or brown spots. -- Vegetable ivory, the meat of the ivory nut. See Ivory nut (above).

IVORY-BILL I"vo*ry-bill`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, handsome, North American woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), having a large, sharp, ivory-colored beak. Its general color is glossy black, with white secondaries, and a white dorsal stripe. The male has a large, scarlet crest. It is now rare, and found only in the Gulf States.

IVORYTYPE I"vo*ry*type`, n. (photog.)

Defn: A picture produced by superposing a very light print, rendered translucent by varnish, and tinted upon the back, upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colors; -- called also hellenotype. Knight.

IVY I"vy, n.; pl. Ivies. Etym: [AS. ifig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Hedera (H. helix), common in Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and mostly five-pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees by rootlike fibers. Direct The clasping ivy where to climb. Milton. Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere. Milton. American ivy. (Bot.) See Virginia creeper. -- English ivy (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy proper (Hedera helix). -- German ivy (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of Senecio (S. scandens). -- Ground ivy. (Bot.) Gill (Nepeta Glechoma). -- Ivy bush. (Bot.) See Mountain laurel, under Mountain. -- Ivy owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. -- Ivy tod (Bot.), the ivy plant. Tennyson. -- Japanese ivy (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis tricuspidata), closely related to the Virginia creeper. -- Poison ivy (Bot.), an American woody creeper (Rhus Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, and greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the touch for most persons. -- To pipe in an ivy leaf, to console one's self as best one can. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- West Indian ivy, a climbing plant of the genus Marcgravia.

IVY-MANTLED I"vy-man`tled, a.

Defn: Covered with ivy.

IWIS I*wis", adv.

Defn: Indeed; truly. See Ywis. [Written also iwys, iwisse, etc.] [Obs.] Ascham.

I. W. W. I. W. W. (Abbrev.)

Defn: Industrial Workers of the World (the name of two American labor organizations, one of which advocates syndicalism).

IXIA Ix"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

IXODES Ix*o"des, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of parasitic Acarina, which includes various species of ticks. See Tick, the insect.

IXODIAN Ix*o"di*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tick of the genus Ixodes, or the family Ixodidæ.

IXTLE; IXTLI Ix"tle, Ix"tli, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A Mexican name for a variety of Agave rigida, which furnishes a strong coarse fiber; also, the fiber itself, which is called also pita, and Tampico fiber. [Written also istle.]

IXTLE; IXTIL Ix"tle Ix"til, n.

Defn: The fine, soft fiber of the bromeliaceous plant Bromelia sylvestris.

IZARD Iz"ard, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A variety of the chamois found in the Pyrenees.

-IZE -ize. Etym: [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr.

Defn: A verb suffix signifying to make, to do, to practice; as apologize, baptize, theorize, tyrannize.

Note: In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise (after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form; as, catechise, criticise. With regard to most words, however, which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) -ize.

IZEDI Iz"e*di, n.

Defn: One of an Oriental religious sect which worships Satan or the Devil. The Izedis or Yezdis, the so-called Devil worshipers, still remain a numerous though oppressed people in Mesopotamia and adjacent countries. Tylor.

IZEDISM Iz"e*dism, n.

Defn: The religion of the Izedis.

IZZARD Iz"zard, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Izard.

IZZARD Iz"zard, n. Etym: [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et zÉde and z.]

Defn: The letter z; -- formerly so called.

J

Defn: . J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably.

Note: In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as, vj, xij. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I. J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239.

JAAL GOAT Jaal" goat`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; -- called also beden, and jaela.

JAB Jab, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Job.]

Defn: To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

JAB Jab, n.

Defn: A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

JABBER Jab"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] Etym: [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.]

Defn: To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift.

JABBER Jab"ber, v. t.

Defn: To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as, to jabber French. Addison.

JABBER Jab"ber, n.

Defn: Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift.

JABBER Jab"ber, n.

Defn: One who jabbers.

JABBERER Jab"ber*er, n.

Defn: One who jabbers.

JABBERINGLY Jab"ber*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jabbering manner.

JABBERMENT Jab"ber*ment, n.

Defn: Jabber. [R.] Milton.

JABBERNOWL Jab"ber*nowl`, n.

Defn: Same as Jobbernowl.

JABIRU Jab"i*ru, n. Etym: [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits.

Note: The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork.

JABORANDI Jab`o*ran"di, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.

JABORINE Jab"o*rine, n. Etym: [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.

JABOT Jab"ot, n. Etym: [F.]

1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt.

2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.

JACAL Ja*cal" (hä*käl"; 239), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. xacalli.]

Defn: In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction.

JACAMAR Jac"a*mar`, n. Etym: [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.

JACANA Jac"a*na`, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird.

Note: The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.

JACARANDA Jac`a*ran"da, n. Etym: [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet- shaped flowers.

JACARE Jac"a*re`, n. Etym: [Pg. jacaré; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cayman. See Yacare.

JACCHUS Jac"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.

JACCONET Jac"co*net, n.

Defn: See Jaconet.

JACENT Ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.]

Defn: Lying at length; as, the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

JACINTH Ja"cinth, n. Etym: [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.]

Defn: See Hyacinth. Tennyson.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.]

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. Ya 'aq Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.]

1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John. You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby. Shak.

2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic. "Jack fool." Chaucer. Since every Jack became a gentleman, There 's many a gentle person made a Jack. Shak.

3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat.

4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; -- called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself. C. Hallock.

5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.

6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak. Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it. Sir W. Scott.

7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); -- called also boccaccio, and mérou. (d) The wall-eyed pike.

9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also, one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; -- called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; -- called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr.

11. The knave of a suit of playing cards.

Note: Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as, a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. -- Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. -- Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. -- Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; -- worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. -- Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. -- Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. -- Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. -- Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. -- Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. -- Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. -- Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. -- Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. -- Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the "pot," which is the sum total of all the bets. -- Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. -- Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. -- Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. -- Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] -- Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. -- Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. -- Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. -- Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. -- Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. -- Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. -- Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. -- Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. -- Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. -- Jack-at-all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. -- Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. -- Jack-in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. -- Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. -- Jack-in-the-bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). -- Jack-in-the-green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. -- Jack-in-the-pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisæma triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. -- Jack-of-the-buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). -- Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. -- Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. -- Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. -- Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well-known nursery story. -- Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o'-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. "[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian." Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. -- Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.]

Defn: A coarse and cheap mediæval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather. Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad. Sir J. Harrington.

JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.]

Defn: A pitcher or can of waxed leather; -- called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden.

JACK Jack, v. i.

Defn: To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.

JACK Jack, v. t.

Defn: To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.

JACK-A-DANDY Jack`-a-dan"dy, n.

Defn: A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow.

JACKAL Jack"al`, n. Etym: [Pers. shaghal: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. ç\'f0gala.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling.

Note: The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color.

2. One who does mean work for another's advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton.

JACK-A-LENT Jack"-a-lent, n.

Defn: A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow.

JACKANAPES Jack"a*napes, n. Etym: [For Jack o' (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.]

1. A monkey; an ape. Shak.

2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow. A young upstart jackanapes. Arbuthnot.

JACKAROO; JACKEROO Jack`a*roo", n. Also Jack`e*roo". [Jack + kangaroo.]

Defn: A young man living as an apprentice on a sheep station, or otherwise engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. [Colloq., Australia]

JACKAROO Jack`a*roo", v. i.

Defn: To be a jackaroo; to pass one's time as a jackaroo. [Colloq., Australia]

JACKASS Jack"ass`, n. Etym: [2d jack + ass.]

1. The male ass; a donkey.

2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead. Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. -- Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. -- Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. -- Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; -- hence the name. -- Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing.

JACKDAW Jack"daw`, n. Etym: [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Daw, n.

JACKEEN Jack*een", n.

Defn: A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall.

JACKET Jack"et, n. Etym: [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.]

1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts.

2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired.

4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; -- called also cork jacket. Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. -- Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. -- To dust one's jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.]

JACKET Jack"et, v. t.

1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket.

2. To thrash; to beat. [Low]

JACKETED Jack"et*ed, a.

Defn: Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket.

JACKETING Jack"et*ing, n.

Defn: The material of a jacket; as, nonconducting jacketing.

JACK KETCH Jack" Ketch". Etym: [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.]

Defn: A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.] The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch. Lloyd's MS., British Museum. [Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office. Macaulay.

JACKKNIFE Jack"knife`, n.

Defn: A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife.

JACK-'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n.

Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.

JACKMAN Jack"man, n.; pl. Jackmen (.

1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n. Christie . . . the laird's chief jackman. Sir W. Scott.

2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

JACK-O'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n.

Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack. JACKPOT Jackpot

Defn: 1. (a) See "jack pot" under jack; (b) any larger-than-usual gambling prize formed by the accumulation of unwon bets[=MW10 1(a)(2) and 1(c)]; (c) the highest gambling prize awarded in a gambling game in which smaller prizes are also awarded, especially such a prize on a slot machine.

Defn: 2. (a) An unusually large success in an enterprise, either unexpected or unpredictable, esp. one providing a great financial benefit. hit the jackpotto receive an unexpectedly large (or the largest possible) benefit from an enterprise.

JACKPUDDING Jack"pud`ding, n.

Defn: A merry-andrew; a buffoon. Milton.

JACKSAW Jack"saw`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The merganser.

JACKSCREW Jack"screw`, n.

Defn: A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5.

JACKSLAVE Jack"slave`, n.

Defn: A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak.

JACKSMITH Jack"smith`, n.

Defn: A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden.

JACKSNIPE Jack"snipe`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); -- called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); -- called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe.

JACKSTAY Jack"stay`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened.

JACKSTONE Jack"stone`, n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck.

JACKSTRAW Jack"straw`, n.

1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton.

2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child's game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin.

JACKWOOD Jack"wood`, n.

Defn: Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork.

JACKY Jack"y, n.; pl. Jackies (#). Dim. or pet from Jack. Hence: (a) A landsman's nickname for a seaman, resented by the latter. (b) English gin. [Dial. Eng.]

JACOB Ja"cob, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); -- also called Israel. And Jacob said . . . with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands. Gen. xxxii. 9, 10. Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel. Gen. xxxii. 28. Jacob's ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. coeruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. -- Jacob's membrane. See Retina. -- Jacob's staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim's staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff.

JACOBAEAN LILY Jac`o*bæ"an lil"y. Etym: [See Jacobean.] (Bot.)

Defn: A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.]

JACOBEAN; JACOBIAN Ja*co"be*an, Ja*co"bi*an, a. Etym: [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. "A Jacobean table." C. L. Eastlake.

JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, n. Etym: [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.]

1. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A Dominican friar; -- so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris.

2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, -- whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short.

JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, a.

Defn: Same as Jacobinic.

JACOBINE Jac"o*bine, n.

Defn: A Jacobin.

JACOBINIC; JACOBINICAL Jac`o*bin"ic, Jac`o*bin"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. -- Jac`o*bin"ic*al*ly, adv.

JACOBINISM Jac"o*bin*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.]

Defn: The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government. Under this new stimulus, Burn's previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism. J. C. Shairp.

JACOBINIZE Jac"o*bin*ize`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.]

Defn: To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism. France was not then jacobinized. Burke.

JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, n. Etym: [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.]

1. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradæus, its leader in the sixth century.

JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites.

JACOBITIC; JACOBITICAL Jac`o*bit"ic, Jac`o*bit"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. -- Jac`o*bit"ic*al*ly, adv.

JACOBITISM Jac"o*bit*ism`, n.

Defn: The principles of the Jacobites. Mason.

JACOBUS Ja*co"bus, n.; pl. Jacobuses. Etym: [See Jacobite.]

Defn: An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

JACONET Jac"o*net, n. Etym: [F. jaconas.]

Defn: A thin cotton fabric, between and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.]

JACQUARD Jac*quard", a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834. Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. -- Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. -- Jackquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus.

JACQUEMINOT Jacque"mi*not, n.

Defn: A half-hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; -- so named after General Jacqueminot, of France.

JACQUERIE Jacque`rie", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants.

JACTANCY Jac"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.]

Defn: A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.]

JACTATION Jac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.]

Defn: A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.

JACTITATION Jac"ti*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.]

1. (Law)

Defn: Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another's right; false claim. Mozley & W.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison. Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.

JACULABLE Jac"u*la*ble, a.

Defn: Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

JACULATE Jac"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] Etym: [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.]

Defn: To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

JACULATION Jac`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jaculatio.]

Defn: The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears. Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire. Milton.

JACULATOR Jac"u*la`tor, Etym: [L.]

1. One who throws or casts. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

JACULATORY Jac"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.]

Defn: Darting or throwing out suddenly; also, suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as, jaculatory prayers. Smart.

JADDING Jad"ding, n. (Mining)

Defn: See Holing.

JADE Jade, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.)

Defn: A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples.

Note: The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

JADE Jade, n. Etym: [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.]

1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer. Tired as a jade in overloaden cart. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also, sometimes, a worthless man. Shak. She shines the first of battered jades. Swift.

3. A young woman; -- generally so called in irony or slight contempt. A souple jade she was, and strang. Burns.

JADE Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.]

1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.] I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me. Shak.

3. To exhaust by overdriving or long-continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, . . . checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke.

Syn. -- To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. -- To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

JADE Jade, v. i.

Defn: To become weary; to lose spirit. They . . . fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution. South.

JADEITE Jade"ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jade, the stone.

JADERY Jad"er*y, n.

Defn: The tricks of a jade.

JADISH Jad"ish, a.

1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; -- applied to a horse.

2. Unchaste; -- applied to a woman. L'Estrange.

JAEGER Jae"ger, n.

Defn: See Jager.

JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.]

1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation. Arethuss arose . . . From rock and from jag. Shelley. Garments thus beset with long jags. Holland.

2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A cleft or division. Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

JAG Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging.]

Defn: To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg. Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.]

Defn: A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.

JAG Jag, v. t.

Defn: To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

JAGANATHA; JAGANATHA Jag`a*nat"ha, Jag`a*nat"ha, n.

Defn: See Juggernaut.

JAGANNATH; JAGANNATHA; JUGGERNAUT Jag"an*nath, Jag`an*na"tha, n. Also Jug"ger*naut. [Hind. Jagan-nath lord of the world, Skr. jagannatha.] (Hinduism)

Defn: A particular form of Vishnu, or of Krishna, whose chief idol and worship are at Puri, in Orissa. The idol is considered to contain the bones of Krishna and to possess a soul. The principal festivals are the Snanayatra, when the idol is bathed, and the Rathayatra, when the image is drawn upon a car adorned with obscene paintings. Formerly it was erroneously supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed beneath the wheels of this car. It is now known that any death within the temple of Jagannath is considered to render the place unclean, and any spilling of blood in the presence of the idol is a pollution.

JAGER Ja"ger, n. Etym: [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A sharpshooter. See Yager.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

JAGG Jagg, v. t. & n.

Defn: See Jag.

JAGGED Jag"ged, a.

Defn: Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as, jagged rocks. " Jagged vine leaves' shade." Trench. -- Jag"ged*ly, adv. -- Jag"ged*ness, n.

JAGGER Jag"ger, n.

Defn: One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

JAGGER Jag"ger, n. Etym: [From 4th Jag.]

Defn: One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t. Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight.

JAGGERY Jag"ger*y, n. Etym: [Hind jagri. Cf. Sugar.]

Defn: Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.]

JAGGERY PALM Jag"ger*y palm.

Defn: An East Indian palm (Caryota urens) having leaves pinnate with wedge-shaped divisions, the petiole very stout. It is the principal source of jaggery, and is often cultivated for ornament.

JAGGY Jag"gy, a.

Defn: Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as, jaggy teeth. Addison.

JAGHIR Ja"ghir, n. Etym: [Per. jagir.]

Defn: A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth.

JAGHIRDAR Ja"ghir*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. jagir-dar.]

Defn: The holder of a jaghir.

JAGUA PALM Ja"gua palm`. Etym: [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.)

Defn: A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs.

JAGUAR Ja*guar", n. Etym: [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger.

JAGUARONDI Ja`gua*ron"di, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds.

JAH Jah (jä), n. Etym: [Heb. yah.]

Defn: Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4.

JAHVIST; JAHVISTIC Jah"vist, n., Jah*vis"tic, a.

Defn: See Jehovist, Jehovistic.

JAIL Jail, n. Etym: [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.]

Defn: A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.] This jail I count the house of liberty. Milton. Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] - - Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. -- Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. -- Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; -- called also hospital fever, and ship fever. -- Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was, on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. -- Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; -- called also Scandinavian lock.

JAIL Jail, v. t.

Defn: To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614). [Bolts] that jail you from free life. Tennyson.

JAILER Jail"er, n. Etym: [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.]

Defn: The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.]

JAIN; JAINA Jain, Jai"na, n. Etym: [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.]

Defn: One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

JAINISM Jain"ism, n.

Defn: The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each.

JAIROU Jai*rou", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ahu or Asiatic gazelle.

JAK Jak, n. (Bot.)

Defn: see Ils Jack.

JAKES Jakes, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.]

Defn: A privy. Shak.

JAKIE Ja"kie, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog.

JAKO Jak"o (jâk"o), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also gray parrot.

JAKWOOD Jak"wood`, n.

Defn: See Jackwood.

JALAP Jal"ap, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; -- so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.)

Defn: The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomoea purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomoea yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa. False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o'clock, or marvel of Peru.

JALAPIC Ja*lap"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to jalap.

JALAPIN Jal"a*pin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative.

JALONS Ja`lons", n. pl. Etym: [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.)

Defn: Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow.

JALOUSIE Ja`lou`sie", n. Etym: [F. See Jealousy.]

Defn: A Venetian or slatted inside window blind.

JALOUSIED Ja`lou`sied", a.

Defn: Furnished with jalousies; as, jalousied porches.

JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Per. or Hind. jamah garment, robe.]

Defn: A kind of frock for children.

JAM Jam, n. (Mining)

Defn: See Jamb.

JAM Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] Etym: [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.]

1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in. The . . . jammed in between two rocks. De Foe.

2. To crush or bruise; as, to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.]

3. (Naut.)

Defn: To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell.

JAM Jam, n.

1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also, the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as, a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river.

2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.]

JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jamid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.]

Defn: A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as, raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam. Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. -- Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt.

JAMACINA Jam`a*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: Jamaicine.

JAMADAR Jam"a*dar, n.

Defn: Same as Jemidar.

JAMAICA Ja*mai"ca, n.

Defn: One of the West India is islands. Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. -- Jamaica pepper, allspice. -- Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers.

JAMAICAN Ja*mai"can, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jamaica. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jamaica.

JAMAICINE Ja*ma"i*cine, n. Etym: [From Jamaica.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; -- called also jamacina. Watts.

JAMB Jamb, n. Etym: [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.]

1. (Arch)

Defn: The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt.

2. (Mining)

Defn: Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein.

JAMB Jamb, v. t.

Defn: See Jam, v. t.

JAMBEE Jam*bee", n. Etym: [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.]

Defn: A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler.

JAMBES; JAMBEUX Jambes, Jam"beux, n. pl. Etym: [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor)

Defn: In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer.

JAMBOLANA Jam`bo*la"na, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. jambolao a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.)

Defn: A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

JAMBOOL; JAMBUL Jam"bool, Jam"bul, n. [Hind. jambu, jambul, prop., the rose-apple tree or its fruit, fr. Skr. jambu, jambu.]

Defn: The Java plum; also, a drug obtained from its bark and seeds, used as a remedy for diabetes.

JAMBOOREE Jam`boo*ree", n. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. Jambone.]

Defn: A noisy or unrestrained carousal or frolic; a spree. [Slang] Kipling.

A Calcutta-made pony cart had been standing in front of the manager's bungalow when Raja Singh started on his jamboree. W. A. Fraser.

JAMDANI Jam"da*ni, n.

Defn: A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

JAMESONITE Ja"me*son*ite, n. Etym: [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.)

Defn: A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron.

JAMES'S POWDER James"'s pow`der. (Med.)

Defn: Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, ar English physician; -- called also fever powder.

JAMESTOWN WEED James"town` weed`. (Bot.)

Defn: The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura.

Note: This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum.

JAN Jan, n. Etym: [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.)

Defn: One of intermediate order between angels and men.

JANE Jane, n. Etym: [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.]

1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer.

2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean.

JANE-OF-APES Jane"-of-apes", n.

Defn: A silly, pert girl; -- corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger.

JANGLE Jan"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling.] Etym: [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.]

1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune.

2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. "Thou janglest as a jay." Chaucer.

3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle. Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree. Shak. Prussian Trenck . . . jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner. Carlyle.

JANGLE Jan"gle, v. t.

Defn: To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with. Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh. Shak.

JANGLE Jan"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. OF.jangle.]

1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer.

2. Discordant sound; wrangling. The musical jangle of sleigh bells. Longfellow.

JANGLER Jan"gler, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. jangleor.]

1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer.

2. A wrangling, noisy fellow.

JANGLERESS Jan"gler*ess, n.

Defn: A female prater or babbler.

JANGLERY Jan"gler*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.]

Defn: Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JANGLING Jan"gling, a.

Defn: Producing discordant sounds. "A jangling noise." Milton.

JANGLING Jan"gling, n.

1. Idle babbling; vain disputation. From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling. 1 Tim. i. 6.

2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb.

JANISSARY Jan"is*sa*ry, n.

Defn: See Janizary.

JANITOR Jan"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. janua a door.]

Defn: A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc.

JANITRESS; JANITRIX Jan"i*tress, Jan"i*trix, n. Etym: [L. janitrix. See Janitor.]

Defn: A female janitor.

JANIZAR Jan"i*zar`, n.

Defn: A janizary. [R.] Byron.

JANIZARIAN Jan`i*za"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke.

JANIZARY Jan"i*za*ry, n.; pl. Janizaries. Etym: [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. ye new soldiers or troops.]

Defn: A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.]

JANKER Jan"ker, n.

Defn: A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson.

JANSENISM Jan"sen*ism, n. Etym: [F. Jansénisme.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace.

JANSENIST Jan"sen*ist, n. Etym: [F. Janséniste.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

JANT Jant, v. i.

Defn: See Jaunt.

JANTHINA Jan"thi*na, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Ianthina.

JANTILY Jan"ti*ly, adv.

Defn: See Jauntily.

JANTINESS Jan"ti*ness, n.

Defn: See Jauntiness.

JANTU Jan"tu n.

Defn: A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.

JANTY Jan"ty, a.

Defn: See Jaunty.

JANUARY Jan"u*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. ya to go.]

Defn: The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

Note: Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

JANUS Ja"nus, n. Etym: [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith. Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, -- used for reversible garments.

JANUS-FACED Ja"nus-faced`, a.

Defn: Double-faced; deceitful. Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight.

JANUS-HEADED Ja"nus-head`ed, a.

Defn: Double-headed.

JAPAN Ja*pan", n. Etym: [From Japan, the country.]

Defn: Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

JAPAN Ja*pan", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as, Japan ware. Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. -- Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; -- called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. -- Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. -- Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. -- Japan earth. See Catechu. -- Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. -- Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

JAPAN Ja*pan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.]

1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer.

2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.

JAPAN CURRENT Japan current.

Defn: A branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific, washing the eastern coast of Formosa and thence flowing northeastward past Japan and merging into the easterly drift of the North Pacific; -- called also Kuro-Siwo, or Black Stream, in allusion to the deep blue of its water. It is similar in may ways to the Gulf Stream.

JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", n. sing. & pl.

1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan.

2. sing.

Defn: The language of the people of Japan.

JAPANNED Ja*panned", a.

Defn: Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner. Japanned leather,leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.

JAPANNER Ja*pan"ner, n.

1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art.

2. A bootblack. [R.]

JAPANNING Ja*pan"ning, n.

Defn: The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

JAPANNISH Ja*pan"nish, a.

Defn: After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.

JAPE Jape, v. i. Etym: [Prob. from the same source as gab,influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.]

Defn: To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPE Jape, v. t.

Defn: To mock; to trick. Chaucer. I have not been putting a jape upon you. Sir W. Scott. The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape. W. Besant.

JAPER Jap"er, n.

Defn: A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPERY Jap"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.]

Defn: Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JAPHETHITE Ja"pheth*ite, n.

Defn: A Japhetite. Kitto.

JAPHETIC Ja*phet"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

JAPHETITE Ja"phet*ite, n.

Defn: A descendant of Japheth.

JAPONICA Ja*pon"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

JAPONISM Jap"o*nism, n. [F. japonisme, fr. Japon Japan.]

Defn: A quality, idiom, or peculiarity characteristic of the Japanese or their products, esp. in art.

JAR Jar, n. Etym: [See Ajar.]

Defn: A turn. [Only in phrase.] On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

JAR Jar, n. Etym: [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.]

1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden.

2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves. Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

JAR Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred; p. pr. & vb. n. jarring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.]

1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears. When such strings jar, what hope of harmony Shak. A string may jar in the best master's hand. Roscommon.

2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. When those renowned noble peers Greece Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar. Spenser. For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milton.

JAR Jar, v. t.

1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith.

2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.] My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar Their watches on unto mine eyes. Shak.

JAR Jar, n.

1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds.

2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement. And yet his peace is but continual jar. Spenser. Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace. Shak.

3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum. I love thee not a jar of the clock. Shak.

4. pl.

Defn: In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

JARARACA Jar`a*ra"ca, n. Etym: [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

JARBLE Jar"ble, v. t.

Defn: To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

JARDINIERE Jar`di`nière", n. Etym: [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.]

Defn: An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

JARDS Jards, n. Etym: [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.)

Defn: A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

JARGLE Jar"gle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.]

Defn: To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.]

Defn: Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. "A barbarous jargon." Macaulay. "All jargon of the schools." Prior. The jargon which serves the traffickers. Johnson.

JARGON Jar"gon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargon; p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.]

Defn: To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner. The noisy jay, Jargoning like a foreigner at his food. Longfellow.

JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [E.jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zarg gold- colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

JARGONELLE Jar`go*nelle", n. Etym: [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.]

Defn: A variety of pear which ripens early.

JARGONIC Jar*gon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

JARGONIST Jar"gon*ist, n.

Defn: One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.

JARL Jarl, n. Etym: [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.]

Defn: A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.

JARNUT Jar"nut`, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.)

Defn: An earthnut. Dr. Prior.

JAROSITE Ja*ro"site, n. Etym: [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.)

Defn: An ocher-yellow mineral occurring on minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

JAR-OWL Jar"-owl`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The goatsucker.

JARRAH Jar"rah, n.

Defn: The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

JARRING Jar"ring, a. Etym: [See Jar.]

Defn: Shaking; disturbing; discordant. "A jarring sound." Dryden.

JARRING Jar"ring n.

1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.

2. Discord; a clashing of interests. "Endless jarrings and immortal hate." Dryden.

JARRINGLY Jar"ring*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jarring or discordant manner.

JARVEY; JARVY Jar"vey, Jar"vy, n.

1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle.

2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] The litter at the bottom of the jarvy. T. Hook.

JASEY Ja"sey, n.

Defn: A wig; -- so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.

JASHAWK Jas"hawk`, n. Etym: [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young hawk. Booth.

JASMINE Jas"mine, n. Etym: [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. yasmin, Pers. yasmin; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.)

Defn: A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.] Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

JASP Jasp, n.

Defn: Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.

JASPACHATE Jas"pa*chate, n. Etym: [L. iaspachates, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Agate jasper. [Obs.]

JASPE Ja`spé", a. [F., p.p. of jasper to mottle. See Jasper.] (Ceramics)

Defn: Having the surface decorated with cloudings and streaks, somewhat as if imitating jasper.

JASPER Jas"per, n. Etym: [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. yashp, yashf, Ar.yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.)

Defn: An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper. Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. -- Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

JASPERATED Jas"per*a`ted, a.

Defn: mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as, jasperated agate.

JASPERIZE Jas"per*ize, v. t. Etym: [Usually p. p. Jasperized (

Defn: To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper. Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

JASPERY Jas"per*y, a.

Defn: Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper.

JASPIDEAN; JASPIDEOUS Jas*pid"e*an, Jas*pid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.]

Defn: Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

JASPILITE Jas"pi*lite, n. Etym: [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

JASPOID Jas"poid, a. Etym: [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr.

Defn: Resembling jasper. [R.]

JASPONYX Jasp`o"nyx, n. Etym: [L. iasponyx, Gr. . See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.)

Defn: An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

JATROPHIC Ja*troph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

JAUNCE Jaunce, v. i. Etym: [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.]

Defn: To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.] Spurr'd, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke. Shak.

JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, n. Etym: [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the fæces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood. Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, v. t.

Defn: To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice. The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul. Ld. Lytton.

JAUNDICED Jaun"diced, a.

1. affected with jaundice. Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow. Bp. Hall.

2. Prejudiced; envious; as, a jaundiced judgment.

JAUNT Jaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.]

1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion.

2. To ride on a jaunting car. Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.

JAUNT Jaunt, v. t.

Defn: To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.

JAUNT Jaunt, n.

1. A wearisome journey. [R.] Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore. Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milton.

2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

JAUNTILY Jaun"ti*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jaunty manner.

JAUNTINESS Jaun"ti*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being jaunty. That jauntiness of air I was once master of. Addison.

JAUNTY Jaun"ty, a. [Compar. Jauntier; superl. Jauntiest.] Etym: [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.]

Defn: Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

JAVA Ja"va, n.

1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java. Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. -- Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

JAVANESE Jav`a*nese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. -- n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Java.

JAVEL Jav"el, n.

Defn: A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.

JAVELIN Jave"lin, n. Etym: [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.]

Defn: A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by thew hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game. Flies the javelin swifter to its mark, Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm Addison.

JAVELIN Jave"lin, v. t.

Defn: To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.

JAVELINIER Jave`lin*ier", n.

Defn: A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.

JAW Jaw, n. Etym: [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.]

1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also, the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth.

2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as, the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak.

3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as, the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as, the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast.

5.

Defn: Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. -- Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] -- Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. -- Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

JAW Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.]

Defn: To scold; to clamor. [Law] Smollett.

JAW Jaw, v. t.

Defn: To assail or abuse by scolding. [Law]

JAWBONE Jaw"bone`, n.

Defn: The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

JAWED Jawed, a.

Defn: Having jaws; -- chiefly in composition; as, lantern-jawed. "Jawed like a jetty." Skelton.

JAW-FALL Jaw"-fall`, n.

Defn: Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660).

JAW-FALLEN Jaw"-fall`en, a.

Defn: Dejected; chopfallen.

JAWFOOT Jaw"foot`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Maxilliped.

JAWING Jaw"ing, n.

Defn: Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

JAWN Jawn, v. i.

Defn: See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston.

JAWY Jaw"y, a.

Defn: Relating to the jaws. Gayton.

JAY Jay, n. Etym: [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. gahi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest.

Note: The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kæ. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack. Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidæ; as; the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India.

JAYET Jay"et, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jet. [Obs.]

JAYHAWKER Jay"hawk`er, n.

Defn: A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla.

Note: [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.]

JAZEL Ja"zel, n.

Defn: A gem of an azure color. [Obs.]

JAZERANT Jaz"er*ant, n. Etym: [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jaza\'c6r Algiers.]

Defn: A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also, this kind of armor taken generally; as, a coat of jazerant.

JEALOUS Jeal"ous, a. Etym: [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. Zeal, and cf. Zealous.]

1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful. I have been very jeolous for the Lord God of hosts. Kings xix. 10. How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute! Dr. H. More.

2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful. 'This doing wrong creates such doubts as these, Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace. Waller. The people are so jealous of the clergy's ambition. Swift.

3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry. Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. Ex. xxxiv. 14.

4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife. Num. v. 14. To both these sisters have I sworn my love: Each jealous of the other, as the stung Are of the adder. Shak. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Bacon.

Syn. -- Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. "Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence." "Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us." Cogan.

JEALOUSHOOD Jeal"ous*hood, n.

Defn: Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak.

JEALOUSLY Jeal"ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jealous manner.

JEALOUSNESS Jeal"ous*ness, n.

Defn: State or quality of being jealous.

JEALOUSY Jeal"ous*y, n.; pl. Jealousies. Etym: [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.]

Defn: The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one's happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. I was jealous for jealousy. Zech. viii. 2. Jealousy is the . . . apprehension of superiority. Shenstone. Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness. Rambler.

JEAMES Jeames, n. Etym: [Corrup. of James.]

Defn: A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray.

JEAN Jean, n. Etym: [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.]

Defn: A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin.

JEARS Jears, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: See 1st Jeer (b).

JEAT Jeat, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Jet. [Obs.]

JEDDING AX Jed"ding ax`, n.

Defn: A stone mason's tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight.

JEE Jee, v. t. & i.

Defn: See Gee.

JEEL Jeel, n. Etym: [Hind. jhil.]

Defn: A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth.

JEER Jeer, n. Etym: [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl.

Defn: An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship. Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast.

JEER Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] Etym: [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.]

Defn: To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as, to jeer at a speaker. But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer. Spenser.

Syn. -- To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock.

JEER Jeer, v. t.

Defn: To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at. And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves. B. Jonson.

JEER Jeer, n.

Defn: A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery. Midas, exposed to all their jeers, Had lost his art, and kept his ears. Swift.

JEERER Jeer"er, n.

Defn: A scoffer; a railer; a mocker.

JEERING Jeer"ing, a.

Defn: Mocking; scoffing. -- n.

Defn: A mocking utterance. -- Jeer"ing*ly, adv.

JEERS Jeers, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: See 1st Jeer (b).

JEFFERSONIA Jef`fer*so"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.)

Defn: An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

JEFFERSONIAN Jef`fer*so"ni*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell.

JEFFERSONIAN SIMPLICITY Jeffersonian simplicity.

Defn: The absence of pomp or display which Jefferson aimed at in his administration as President (1801-1809), eschewing display or ceremony tending to distinguish the President from the people, as in going to the capital on horseback and with no escort, the abolition of court etiquette and the weekly levee, refusal to recognize titles of honor, etc.

JEFFERSONITE Jef"fer*son*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc.

JEG Jeg, n. (Mach.)

Defn: See Jig, 6.

JEHOVAH Je*ho"vah, n. Etym: [Heb. usually yêhovah (with the vowel points of âdonai Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yêhovih (with the vowel points of êlohim God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.]

Defn: A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the "ineffable name" of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews.

JEHOVIST Je*ho"vist, n.

1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; -- opposed to adonist.

2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist. The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration. S. Davidson.

JEHOVISTIC Je`ho*vis"tic, a.

Defn: Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; -- said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic.

JEHU Je"hu, n. Etym: [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.]

Defn: A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.]

JEJUNAL Je*ju"nal, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the jejunum.

JEJUNE Je*june", a. Etym: [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.]

1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance.

2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as, a jejune narrative. - Je*june"ly, adv. -- Je*june"ness, n. Bacon.

JEJUNITY Je*ju"ni*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being jejune; jejuneness.

JEJUNUM Je*ju"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.)

Defn: The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; -- so called because usually found empty after death.

JELERANG Jel"er*ang, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; -- called also Java squirrel.

JELL Jell, v. i.

Defn: To jelly. [Colloq.]

JELLIED Jel"lied, a.

Defn: Brought to the state or consistence of jelly.

JELLIFY Jel"li*fy, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jellified; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellifying.]

Defn: To make, or to become, gelatinous; to jelly. -- Jel`li*fi*ca"tion (#), n.

JELLY Jel"ly, n.; pl. Jellies. Etym: [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelée jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.]

1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like.

2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as, currant jelly; calf's-foot jelly. Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. -- Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. -- Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. -- Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; -- so called from its resemblance to calf's-foot jelly.

JELLY Jel"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.]

Defn: To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly.

JELLYFISH Jel"ly*fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa.

JEMIDAR Jem"i*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. & Hind. jama-dar.]

Defn: The chief or leader of a hand or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.]

JEMLAH GOAT Jem"lah goat`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The jharal.

JEMMINESS Jem"mi*ness, n.

Defn: Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814).

JEMMY Jem"my, a. Etym: [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.]

Defn: Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart.

JEMMY Jem"my, n.

1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy.

2. A baked sheep's head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

JENIQUEN Je*ni"quen, n. Etym: [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.)

Defn: A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also, its fiber. [Written also heniequen.]

JENITE Je"nite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Yenite.

JENKINS Jen"kins, n.

Defn: name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as, the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis.

JENNET Jen"net, n. Etym: [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.]

Defn: A small Spanish horse; a genet.

JENNETING Jen"net*ing, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John's day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.]

Defn: A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.]

JENNY Jen"ny, n.; pl. Jennies (.

1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A familiar name of the European wren. Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass.

JENNY Jen"ny, n. Etym: [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.]

Defn: A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, -- used in factories.

JENTLING Jent"ling, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube.

JEOFAIL Jeof"ail, n. Etym: [F. j'ai failli I have failed.] (Law)

Defn: An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone.

JEOPARD Jeop"ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] Etym: [From Jeopardy.]

Defn: To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North. A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death. Judg. v. 18.

Syn. -- To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose.

JEOPARDER Jeop"ard*er, n.

Defn: One who puts in jeopardy. [R.]

JEOPARDIZE Jeop"ard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing.]

Defn: To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard. That he should jeopardize his willful head Only for spite at me. H. Taylor.

JEOPARDOUS Jeop"ard*ous, a.

Defn: Perilous; hazardous. His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise. Fuller. -- Jeop"ard*ous*ly, adv. Huloet.

JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, n. Etym: [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.]

Defn: Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger. There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy. Luke viii. 23. Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy. Shak.

Syn. -- Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger.

JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, v. t.

Defn: To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray.

JEQUIRITY; JEQUIRITY BEAN Je*quir"i*ty, n., or Je*quir"i*ty bean`. [Prob. fr. a native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: The seed of the wild licorice (Abrus precatorius) used by the people of India for beads in rosaries and necklaces, as a standard weight, etc.; -- called also jumble bead.

JERBOA Jer*bo"a, n. Etym: [Ar. yarb.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Ægyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.]

Note: The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope. Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare.

JEREED Jer*eed", n. Etym: [Ar. jerid. Cf. Djereed.]

Defn: A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron.

JEREMIAD; JEREMIADE Jer`e*mi"ad, Jer`e*mi"ade, n. Etym: [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jérémiade.]

Defn: A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; -- generally used satirically. He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad. Lamb.

JERFALCON Jer"fal`con, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gyrfalcon.

JERGUER Jer"guer, n.

Defn: See Jerquer.

JERID Jer*id", n.

Defn: Same as Jereed.

JERK Jerk, v. t. Etym: [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.]

Defn: To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as, jerk beef. See Charqui.

JERK Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked; p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] Etym: [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.]

1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio.

2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as, to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off.

3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as, to jerk a stone.

JERK Jerk, v. i.

1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton.

2. To flout with contempt.

JERK Jerk, n.

1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion. His jade gave him a jerk. B. Jonson.

2. A sudden start or spring. Lobsters . . . swim backwards by jerks or springs. Grew.

JERKER Jerk"er, n.

1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus).

JERKIN Jer"kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.]

Defn: A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak.

JERKIN Jer"kin, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A male gyrfalcon.

JERKING Jerk"ing, n.

Defn: The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. -- Jerk"ing*ly, adv.

JERKINHEAD Jer"kin*head`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable.

JERKY Jerk"y, a.

Defn: Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as, a jerky vehicle; a jerky style.

JERMOONAL Jer*moon"al, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Himalayan now partridge.

JERONYMITE Je*ron"y*mite, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One belonging of the mediæval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.]

JEROPIGIA Jer`o*pig"i*a, n.

Defn: See Geropigia.

JERQUER Jer"quer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.]

Defn: A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

JERQUING Jer"quing, n.

Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

JERQUING Jer"quing, n.

Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.]

JERRY-BUILDER Jer"ry-build`er, n. [Prob. fr. the proper name Jerry, familiar form of Jeremiah.]

Defn: A professional builder who erects cheap dwellings of poor materials and unsubstantial and slovenly construction.

JERRY-BUILT Jer"ry-built`, a.

Defn: Built hastily and of bad materials; as, jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.]

JERSEY Jer"sey, n.; pl. Jerseys. Etym: [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.]

1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also, fine yarn of wool.

2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet).

3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk.

JERUSALEM Je*ru"sa*lem, n. Etym: [Gr. Y.]

Defn: The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ. Jerusalem artichoke Etym: [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. -- Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo-capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. -- Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. -- Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). -- Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. -- The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

JERVINE Jer"vine, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.)

Defn: A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); -- called also jervina.

JESS Jess, n.; pl. Jesses. Etym: [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry)

Defn: A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer's hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon. Like a hawk, which feeling freed From bells and jesses which did let her flight. Spenser.

JESSAMINE Jes"sa*mine, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Jasmine.

JESSANT Jes"sant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Springing up or emerging; -- said of a plant or animal.

JESSE Jes"se, n. Etym: [LL.Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. Yishai.]

Defn: Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; -- called also tree of Jesse. Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

JESSED Jessed, a. (Her.)

Defn: Having jesses on, as a hawk.

JEST Jest, n. Etym: [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.]

1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] The jests or actions of princes. Sir T. Elyot.

2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares. He promised us, in honor of our guest, To grace our banquet with some pompous jest. Kyd.

3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. I must be sad . . . smile at no man's jests. Shak. The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts. Sheridan.

4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. Then let me be your jest; I deserve it. Shak. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. And given in earnest what I begged in jest. Shak. -- Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

JEST Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.]

1. To take part in a merrymaking; -- especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything. He jests at scars that never felt a wound. Shak.

Syn. -- To joke; sport; rally. -- To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. "Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest." Crabb.

JESTER Jest"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Gestour.]

1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. This . . . was Yorick's skull, the king's jester. Shak. Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear. Longfellow.

2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk. He ambled up and down With shallow jesters. Shak.

JESTFUL Jest"ful, a.

Defn: Given to jesting; full of jokes.

JESTING Jest"ing, a.

Defn: Sportive; not serious; fit for jests. He will find that these are no jesting matters. Macaulay .

JESTING Jest"ing, n.

Defn: The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.

JESTINGLY Jest"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jesting manner.

JESU Je"su, n. [L., vocative and oblique cases of Jesus.]

Defn: Jesus. [Poetical]

Jesu, give the weary Calm and sweet repose. S. Baring-Gould.

JESUIT Jes"u*it, n. Etym: [F. Jésuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.]

1. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus.

Note: The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him "Assistants" (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense.

2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer. Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; -- so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. -- Jesuits' drops. See Friar's balsam, under Friar. -- Jesuits' nut, the European water chestnut. -- Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona bark. -- Jesuits' tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally.

JESUITED Jes"u*it*ed, a.

Defn: Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton.

JESUITESS Jes"u*it*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jésuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.)

Defn: One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633.

JESUITIC; JESUITICAL Jes`u*it"ic, Jes`u*it"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitique.]

1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods.

2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; -- an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden.

JESUITICALLY Jes`u*it"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jesuitical manner.

JESUITISM Jes"u*it*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitisme.]

1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits.

2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; -- an opprobrious use of the word.

JESUITOCRACY Jes`u*it*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.]

Defn: Government by Jesuits; also, the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley.

JESUITRY Jes"u*it*ry, n.

Defn: Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle.

JESUS Je"sus, n. Etym: [L. Jesus, Gr. Yésh; Yah Jehovah + h to help.]

Defn: The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31. Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins. Matt. i. 21.

Note: The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative. Jesu, do thou my soul receive. Keble. The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit.

JET Jet, n.

Defn: Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JET Jet, n. Etym: [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber. Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees.

JET Jet, n. Etym: [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.]

1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also, that which issues in a jet.

2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.]

3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight. Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. -- Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles.

JET Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] Etym: [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.]

1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.] he jets under his advanced plumes! Shak. To jet upon a prince's right. Shak.

2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman.

3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out.

JET Jet, v. t.

Defn: To spout; to emit in a stream or jet. A dozen angry models jetted steam. Tennyson.

JET-BLACK Jet"-black`, a.

Defn: Black as jet; deep black.

JET D'EAU Jet` d'eau", pl. Jets d'eau (. Etym: [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.]

Defn: A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament.

JETERUS Jet"e*rus, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows.

JETSAM; JETSON Jet"sam, Jet"son, n. Etym: [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.]

1. (Mar. Law)

Defn: Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; -- distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy.

2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1.

JETTEAU Jet"teau, n.

Defn: See Jet d'eau. [R.] Addison.

JETTEE Jet"tee, n.

Defn: See Jetty, n. Burke.

JETTER Jet"ter, n.

Defn: One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

JETTINESS Jet"ti*ness (-ti*nes). n.

Defn: The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant.

JETTISON Jet"ti*son. n. Etym: [See Jetsam.]

1. (Mar. Law)

Defn: The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck.

2. See Jetsam, 1.

JETTON Jet"ton, n. Etym: [F. jeton.]

Defn: A metal counter used in playing cards.

JETTY Jet"ty, a.

Defn: Made of jet, or like jet in color. The people . . . are of a jetty. Sir T. Browne.

JETTY Jet"ty, n.; pl. Jetties. Etym: [F.jetée a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below.

2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore.

3. (Hydraul. Engin.)

Defn: A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as, the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Jetty ad (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.

JETTY Jet"ty, v. i.

Defn: To jut out; to project. [Obs.] Florio.

JEU D'ESPRIT Jeu" d'es`prit". Etym: [F., play of mind.]

Defn: A witticism.

JEUNESSE DOREE Jeu`nesse" do`rée". [F.]

Defn: Lit., gilded youth; young people of wealth and fashion, esp. if given to prodigal living; -- in the French Revolution, applied to young men of the upper classes who aided in suppressing the Jacobins after the Reign of Terror.

JEW Jew, n. Etym: [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. Y Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.]

Defn: Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite. Jew's frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. -- Jew's mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. -- Jew's pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. -- The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ's second coming.

JEWBUSH Jew"bush`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities.

JEWEL Jew"el, n. Etym: [OE. juel, jowel, OF. jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.]

1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design. Plate of rare device, and jewels Of rich and exquisite form. Shak.

2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak.

3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing. "Our prince (jewel of children)." Shak.

4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby. Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

JEWEL Jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled, or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.]

Defn: To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels. The long gray tufts . . . are jeweled thick with dew. M. Arnold.

JEWELER Jew"el*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F.joaillier.]

Defn: One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.] Jeweler's gold. See under Gold.

JEWELLERY Jew"el*ler*y, n.

Defn: See Jewelry. Burke.

JEWELRY Jew"el*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. joaillerie.]

1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave.

2. Jewels, collectively; as, a bride's jewelry.

JEWELWEED Jew"el*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Impatiens.

JEWESS Jew"ess, n., fem. of Jew.

Defn: A Hebrew woman.

JEWFISH Jew"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw.

2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish.

3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas.

4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum.

JEWISE Jew*ise", n.

Defn: Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JEWISH Jew"ish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. -- Jew"ish*ly, adv. -- Jew"ish*ness, n.

JEWISH CALENDAR Jew"ish cal"en*dar.

Defn: A lunisolar calendar in use among Hebraic peoples, reckoning from the year 3761 b. c., the date traditionally given for the Creation. It received its present fixed form from Hillel II. about 360 a. d. The present names of the months, which are Babylonian- Assyrian in origin, replaced older ones, Abib, Bul, etc., at the time of the Babylonian Exile. Nineteen years constitute a lunar cycle, of which the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years are leap years. The year 5663 [1902-3 a. d.] was the first year of the 299th lunar cycle. The common year is said to be defective, regular, or perfect (or abundant) according as it has 353, 354, or 355 days. The leap year has an intercalary month, and a total of 383 (defective), 384 (regular), or 385 (perfect, or abundant) days. The calendar is complicated by various rules providing for the harmonious arrangement of festivals, etc., so that no simple perpetual calendar can be constructed. The following table gives the months in order, with the number of days assigned to each. Only three months vary in length. They are: Heshvan, which has 30 days in perfect years; Kislev, which has 30 days in regular and perfect years; and Adar, which has 30 days in leap years. The ecclesiastical year commences with Nisan and the civil year with Tishri. The date of the first of Tishri, or the Jewish New Year, is also given for the Jewish years 5661-5696 (1900- 1935 a. d.). From these tables it is possible to transform any Jewish date into Christian, or vice versa, for the years 1900-1935 a. d.

Months of the Jewish Year.

1 Tishri . . . . . . 30 2 Heshvan . . . . . 29 (r. & d.) or 30 (p.) 3 Kislev . . . . . . 29 (d.) or 30 (r. & p.) 4 Tebet . . . . . . 29 5 Shebat . . . . . . 30 6 Adar . . . . . . . 29 or 30 (l.) -- Veadar . . . . . 29 (occuring only in leap years) 7 Nisan . . . . . . .30 8 Ivar . . . . . . ..29 9 Sivan . . . . . . .30 10 Tammux . . . . . . 29 11 Ab . . . . . . . . 30 12 Elul . . . . . . ..29

Jewish Year a. d.

5661 p. begins Sept. 24, 1900 5662 d.l. " " 14, 1901 5663 p. " Oct. 2, 1902 5664 r. " Sept. 22, 1903 5665 p.l. " " 10, 1904 5666 p. " " 30, 1905 5667 r. " " 20, 1906 5668 d.l. " " 6, 1907 5669 p. " " 26, 1908 5670 d.l. " " 16, 1909 5671 r. " Oct. 4, 1910 5672 p. " Sept. 23, 1911 5673 p.l. " " 12, 1912 5674 r. " Oct. 2, 1913 5675 d. " Sept. 21, 1914 5676 p.l. " " 9, 1915 5677 r. " " 28, 1916 5678 p. " " 17, 1917 5679 d.l. begins Sept. 7, 1918 5680 r. " " 25, 1919 5681 p.l. " " 13, 1920 5682 p. " Oct. 3, 1921 5683 d. " Sept. 23, 1922 5684 r.l. " " 11, 1923 5685 p. " " 29, 1924 5686 p. " " 19, 1925 5687 d.l. " " 9, 1926 5688 r. " " 27, 1927 5689 p.l. " " 15, 1928 5690 d. " Oct. 5, 1929 5691 r. " Sept. 23, 1930 5692 p.l. " " 12, 1931 5693 p. " Oct. 1, 1932 5694 r. " Sept. 23, 1933 5695 d.l. " " 10, 1934 5696 p. " " 28, 1935 d. = defective year; d.l. = defective leap year; p. = perfect year; p.l. = perfect leap year; r. = regular year; r.l. = regular leap year.

JEWRY Jew"ry, n. Etym: [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.]

Defn: Judea; also, a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews' quarter. Chaucer. Teaching throughout all Jewry. Luke xxiii. 5.

JEW'S-EAR Jew's"-ear`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judæ, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear.

JEW'S-HARP Jew's-harp`, n. Etym: [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw's harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.]1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; -- called also Jew's-trump.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor.

JEW'S-STONE; JEWSTONE Jew's-stone`, Jew"stone`, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin.

JEZEBEL Jez"e*bel, n. Etym: [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.]

Defn: A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator.

JHARAL Jha"ral, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck.

JIB Jib, n. Etym: [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibe; as, inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended. Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] -- Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. -- Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door. -- Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib- headed topsail. -- Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. -- The cut of one's jib, one's outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

JIB Jib, v. i. Etym: [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.]

Defn: To move restively backward or sidewise, -- said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.]

JIB; JIBB Jib, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jibbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jibbing.] Also Jibb. [Cf. Jib a sail, Gybe.] (Chiefly Naut.)

Defn: To shift, or swing round, as a sail, boom, yard, etc., as in tacking.

JIBBER Jib"ber, n.

Defn: A horse that jibs. [Eng.]

JIBE Jibe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jibing.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.)

Defn: To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe.

JIBE Jibe, v. i.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: To change a ship's course so as to cause a shifting of the boom. See Jibe, v. t., and Gybe.

2. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

JIFFY Jif"fy, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. gliff.] [Written also giffy.]

Defn: A moment; an instant; as, I will be ready in a jiffy. [Colloq.] J. & H. Smith.

JIG Jig, n. Etym: [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind of dance, F. gigue dance, tune, gig; of German origin; cf. MHG. gige fiddle, G. geige. Cf. Gig a fiddle, Gig a whirligig.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A light, brisk musical movement. Hot and hasty, like a Scotch jib. Shak.

3. A light, humorous piece of writing, esp. in rhyme; a farce in verse; a ballad. [Obs.] A jig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme Praised and applauded. Beau. & Fl.

4. A piece of sport; a trick; a prank. [Obs.] Is't not a fine jig, A precious cunning, in the late Protector Beau & Fl.

5. A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook attached.

6. (Mach.) (a) A small machine or handy tool; esp.: (Metal Working)

Defn: A contrivance fastened to or inclosing a piece of work, and having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a drill, or to form a shield or templet to work to, as in filing. (b) (Mining) An apparatus or a machine for jigging ore. Drill jig, a jig for guiding a drill. See Jig,

6 (a). -- Jig drilling, Jig filing (Metal Working), a process of drilling or filing in which the action of the tool is directed or limited by a jig. -- Jig saw, a sawing machine with a narrow, vertically reciprocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or ornamental patterns in openwork, a scroll saw; -- called also gig saw.

JIG Jig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jigging.]

1. To sing to the tune of a jig. Jig off a tune at the tongue's end. Shak.

2. To trick or cheat; to cajole; to delude. Ford.

3. (Mining)

Defn: To sort or separate, as ore in a jigger or sieve. See Jigging, n.

4. (Metal Working)

Defn: To cut or form, as a piece of metal, in a jigging machine.

JIG Jig, v. i.

Defn: To dance a jig; to skip about. You jig, you amble, and you lisp. Shak.

JIGGER Jig"ger, n. Etym: [A corrupt. of chigre.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of flea (Sarcopsylla, or Pulex, penetrans), which burrows beneath the skin. See Chigoe.

JIGGER Jig"ger, n. Etym: [See Jig, n. & v.]

1. One who, or that which, jigs; specifically, a miner who sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging; also, the sieve used in jigging.

2. (Pottery) (a) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; a potter's wheel. (b) A templet or tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter's wheel.

3. (Naut.) (a) A light tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the fall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a topsail sheet in hauling it home; the watch tackle. Totten. (b) A small fishing vessel, rigged like a yawl. [New Eng.] (c) A supplementary sail. See Dandy, n., 2 (b).

4. A pendulum rolling machine for slicking or graining leather; same as Jack, 4 (i). Jigger mast. (Naut.) (a) The after mast of a four- masted vessel. (b) The small mast set at the stern of a yawlrigged boat.

JIGGING Jig"ging, n. (Mining)

Defn: The act or using a jig; the act of separating ore with a jigger, or wire-bottomed sieve, which is moved up and down in water. Jigging machine. (a) (Mining) A machine for separating ore by the process of jigging. (b) (Metal Working) A machine with a rotary milling cutter and a templet by which the action of the cutter is guided or limited; -- used for forming the profile of an irregularly shaped piece; a profiling machine.

JIGGISH Jig"gish, a.

1. Resembling, or suitable for, a jig, or lively movement. Tatler.

2. Playful; frisky. [R.] She is never sad, and yet not jiggish. Habington.

JIGGLE Jig"gle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of jig.]

Defn: To wriggle or frisk about; to move awkwardly; to shake up and down.

JIGJOG Jig"jog`, n.

Defn: A jolting motion; a jogging pace.

JIGJOG Jig"jog, a.

Defn: Having a jolting motion.

JIHAD; JEHAD Ji*had", Je*had", n. [Ar. jihad.] (Moham.)

Defn: A religious war against infidels or Mohammedan heretics; also, any bitter war or crusade for a principle or belief.

[Their] courage in war . . . had not, like that of the Mohammedan dervishes of the Sudan, or of Mohammedans anywhere engaged in a jehad, a religious motive and the promise of future bliss behind it. James Bryce.

JILL Jill, n. Etym: [See Gill sweetheart.]

Defn: A young woman; a sweetheart. See Gill. Beau. & Fl.

JILL-FLIRT Jill"-flirt`, n.

Defn: A light, giddy, or wanton girl or woman. See Gill-flirt.

JILT Jilt, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. Scot. jillet a giddy girl, a jill-flirt, dim. of jill a jill.]

Defn: A woman who capriciously deceives her lover; a coquette; a flirt. Otway.

JILT Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilting.]

Defn: To cast off capriciously or unfeeling, as a lover; to deceive in love. Locke.

JILT Jilt, v. i.

Defn: To play the jilt; to practice deception in love; to discard lovers capriciously. Congreve.

JIMCRACK Jim"crack`, n.

Defn: See Gimcrack.

JIM-CROW Jim"-crow`, n. (Mach.)

1. A machine for bending or straightening rails.

2. A planing machine with a reversing tool, to plane both ways.

JIM CROW Jim Crow.

Defn: A negro; -- said to be so called from a popular negro song and dance, the refrain of which is "Wheel about and turn about and jump Jim Crow," produced in 1835 by T. D. Rice, a famous negro minstrel. [Slang, U. S.]

JIMMY Jim"my, n.; pl. Jimmies. Etym: [Cf. Jemmy.]

Defn: A short crowbar used by burglars in breaking open doors. [Written also jemmy.]

JIMP Jimp, a. Etym: [Cf. Gimp, a.]

Defn: Neat; handsome; elegant. See Gimp.

JIMSON WEED Jim"son weed`

Defn: . See Jamestown weed. [Local, U.S.]

JIN; JINN Jin, Jinn, n.

Defn: See Jinnee. "Solomon is said to have had power over the jin." Balfour (Cyc. of India).

JINGAL Jin*gal", n. Etym: [Hind. jangal a swivel, a large musket.]

Defn: A small portable piece of ordnance, mounted on a swivel. [Written also gingal and jingall.] [India]

JINGLE Jin"gle, v. i. Etym: [OE. gingelen, ginglen; prob. akin to E. chink; cf. also E. jangle.]

1. To sound with a fine, sharp, rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound; as, sleigh bells jingle. [Written also gingle.]

2. To rhyme or sound with a jingling effect. "Jingling street ballads." Macaulay.

JINGLE Jin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling.]

Defn: To cause to give a sharp metallic sound as a little bell, or as coins shaken together; to tinkle. The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew. Pope.

JINGLE Jin"gle, n.

1. A rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound, as of little bells or pieces of metal.

2. That which makes a jingling sound, as a rattle. If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and jingles,but use them justly. Bacon.

3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verse has little merit; hence, the verse itself." The least jingle of verse." Guardian. Jingle shell. See Gold shell (b), under Gold.

JINGLER Jin"gler, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, jingles.

JINGLING Jin"gling, n.

Defn: The act or process of producing a jingle; also, the sound itself; a chink. "The jingling of the guinea." Tennyson.

JINGLINGLY Jin"gling*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to jingle. Lowell.

JINGO Jin"go, n.; pl. Jingoes. Etym: [Said to be a corruption of St. Gingoulph.]

1. A word used as a jocular oath. "By the living jingo." Goldsmith.

2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. [Cant, Eng.]

Note: This sense arose from a doggerel song which was popular during the Turco-Russian war of 1877 and 1878. The first two lines were as follows: -- We don't want to fight, but by Jingo if we do, We 've got the ships, we 've got the men, we 've got the money too.

JINGOISM Jin"go*ism, n.

Defn: The policy of the Jingoes, so called. See Jingo, 2. [Cant, Eng.]

JINK Jink, v. i. [Cf. Jig, v. i.]

1. To move quickly, esp. with a sudden turn; hence, to dodge; to escape by a quick turn; --obs. or dial., except as a hunting term in pig-sticking.

2. (Card Playing) In the games of spoilfive and forty-five, to win the game by taking all five tricks; also, to play to win all five tricks, losing what has been already won if unsuccessful.

JINNEE Jin"nee, n.; pl. Jinn. Etym: [Ar.] (Arabian & Mohammedan Myth.)

Defn: A genius or demon; one of the fabled genii, good and evil spirits, supposed to be the children of fire, and to have the power of assuming various forms. [Written also jin, djinnee, etc.]

Note: Jinn is also used as sing., with pl. jinns (.

JINNY ROAD Jin"ny road`. Etym: [Cf. Gin an engine, Ginnycarriage.] (Mining)

Defn: An inclined road in a coal mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. Knight.

JINRIKISHA Jin*rik"i*sha, n. Etym: [Jap. jin man + riki power + sha carriage.]

Defn: A small, two-wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one more men. [Japan]

JINX Jinx, n.

Defn: A person, object, influence, or supernatural being which is supposed to bring bad luck or to cause things to go wrong. [Slang]

JIPPO Jip"po, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. juppon.]

Defn: A waistcoat or kind of stays for women.

JO Jo, n.; pl. Joes. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A sweetheart; a darling. [Scot.] Burns.

JOB Job, n. Etym: [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of wood, v., to stab, strike; cf. E. gob, gobbet; perh. influenced by E. chop to cut off, to mince. See Gob.]

1. A sudden thrust or stab; a jab.

2. A piece of chance or occasional work; any definite work undertaken in gross for a fixed price; as, he did the job for a thousand dollars.

3. A public transaction done for private profit; something performed ostensibly as a part of official duty, but really for private gain; a corrupt official business.

4. Any affair or event which affects one, whether fortunately or unfortunately. [Colloq.]

5. A situation or opportunity of work; as, he lost his job. [Colloq.]

Note: Job is used adjectively to signify doing jobs, used for jobs, or let on hire to do jobs; as, job printer; job master; job horse; job wagon, etc. By the job, at a stipulated sum for the work, or for each piece of work done; -- distinguished from time work; as, the house was built by the job. -- Job lot, a quantity of goods, usually miscellaneous, sold out of the regular course of trade, at a certain price for the whole; as, these articles were included in a job lot. -- Job master, one who lest out horses and carriages for hire, as for family use. [Eng.] -- Job printer, one who does miscellaneous printing, esp. circulars, cards, billheads, etc. -- Odd job, miscellaneous work of a petty kind; occasional work, of various kinds, or for various people.

JOB Job, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jobbing.]

1. To strike or stab with a pointed instrument. L'Estrange.

2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. Moxon.

3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or lots; to sublet (work); as, to job a contract.

4. (Com.)

Defn: To buy and sell, as a broker; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for the purpose of selling to retailers; as, to job goods.

5. To hire or let by the job or for a period of service; as, to job a carriage. Thackeray.

JOB Job, v. i.

1. To do chance work for hire; to work by the piece; to do petty work. Authors of all work, to job for the season. Moore.

2. To seek private gain under pretense of public service; to turn public matters to private advantage. And judges job, and bishops bite the town. Pope.

3. To carry on the business of a jobber in merchandise or stocks.

JOB Job, n.

Defn: The hero of the book of that name in the Old Testament; the typical patient man. Job's comforter. (a) A false friend; a tactless or malicious person who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. (b) A boil. [Colloq.] -- Job's news, bad news. Carlyle. -- Job's tears (Bot.), a kind of grass (Coix Lacryma), with hard, shining, pearly grains.

JOBATION Jo*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Prov. E. job to scold, to reprove, perh. fr. Job, the proper name.]

Defn: A scolding; a hand, tedious reproof. [Law] Grose.

JOBBER Job"ber, n.

1. One who works by the job.

2. A dealer in the public stocks or funds; a stockjobber. [Eng.]

3. One who buys goods from importers, wholesalers, or manufacturers, and sells to retailers.

4. One who turns official or public business to private advantage; hence, one who performs low or mercenary work in office, politics, or intrigue.

JOBBERNOWL Job"ber*nowl`, n. Etym: [OE. jobbernoule, fr. jobarde a stupid fellow; cf. E. noll.]

Defn: A blockhead. [Colloq. & Obs.] H. Taylor.

JOBBERY Job"ber*y, n.

1. The act or practice of jobbing.

2. Underhand management; official corruption; as, municipal jobbery. Mayhew.

JOBBING Job"bing, a.

1. Doing chance work or add jobs; as, a jobbing carpenter.

2. Using opportunities of public service for private gain; as, a jobbing politician. London Sat. Rev. Jobbing house, a mercantile establishment which buys from importers, wholesalers or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. [U.S.]

JOCANTRY Jo"cant*ry, n. Etym: [L. jocans, p. pr. of jocare to jest, fr. jocus a jest.]

Defn: The act or practice of jesting. [Obs.]

JOCKEY Jock"ey, n.; pl. Jockeys. Etym: [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.]

1. A professional rider of horses in races. Addison.

2. A dealer in horses; a horse trader. Macaulay.

3. A cheat; one given to sharp practice in trade.

JOCKEY Jock"ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.]

1. " To jostle by riding against one." Johnson.

2. To play the jockey toward; to cheat; to trick; to impose upon in trade; as, to jockey a customer.

JOCKEY Jock"ey, v. i.

Defn: To play or act the jockey; to cheat.

JOCKEYING Jock"ey*ing, n.

Defn: The act or management of one who jockeys; trickery. Beaconsfield.

JOCKEYISM Jock"ey*ism, n.

Defn: The practice of jockeys.

JOCKEYSHIP Jock"ey*ship, n.

Defn: The art, character, or position, of a jockey; the personality of a jockey. Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship. Chatterton. Where can at last his jockeyship retire Cowper.

JOCOSE Jo*cose", a. Etym: [L jocosus, fr. jocus joke. See Joke.]

Defn: Given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke, or abounding in jokes; merry; sportive; humorous. To quit their austerity and be jocose and pleasant with an adversary. Shaftesbury. All . . . jocose or comical airs should be excluded. I. Watts.

Syn. -- Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; sportive; funny; comical. -- Jo*cose"ly, adv. -- Jo*cose"ness, n. Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity. Broome. He must beware lest his letter should contain anything like jocoseness; since jesting is incompatible with a holy and serious life. Buckle.

JOCOSERIOUS Jo`co*se"ri*ous, a. Etym: [Jocose + serious.]

Defn: Mingling mirth and seriousness. M. Green.

JOCOSITY Jo*cos"i*ty, n.

Defn: A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. Sir T. Browne.

JOCULAR Joc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. of jocus joke. See Joke.]

1. Given to jesting; jocose; as, a jocular person.

2. Sportive; merry. "Jocular exploits." Cowper. The style is serious and partly jocular. Dryden.

JOCULARITY Joc`u*lar"i*ty, n.

Defn: Jesting; merriment.

JOCULARLY Joc"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In jest; for sport or mirth; jocosely.

JOCULARY Joc"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. jocularius. Cf. Jocular.]

Defn: Jocular; jocose; sportive. Bacon.

JOCULATOR Joc"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L. See Juggler.]

Defn: A jester; a joker. [Obs.] Strutt.

JOCULATORY Joc"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. joculatorius.]

Defn: Droll; sportive. [Obs.] Cockeram.

JOCUND Joc"und, Etym: [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.]

Defn: Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive. Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. Shak. Rural sports and jocund strains. Prior. -- Joc"und*ly, adv. -- Joc"und*ness, n.

JOCUND Joc"und, adv.

Defn: Merrily; cheerfully. Gray.

JOCUNDITY Jo*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf. Jucundity.]

Defn: The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness.

JOE Joe, n.

Defn: See Johannes.

JOE MILLER Joe" Mil"ler. Etym: [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.]

Defn: A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.] It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner's lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none. Pole.

JOE-PYE WEED Joe`-Pye" weed`. (Bot.)

Defn: A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves.

JOG Jog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging.] Etym: [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.]

1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one's attention, or to warn. Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see Yonder well- favored youth Donne. Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid Fast by my side. Pope.

2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as, to jog the memory.

3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i.

JOG Jog, v. i.

Defn: To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; -- usually with on, sometimes with over. Jog on, jog on, the footpath way. Shak. So hung his destiny, never to rot, While he might still jog on and keep his trot. Milton . The good old ways our sires jogged safely over. R. Browning.

JOG Jog, n.

1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt. To give them by turns an invisible jog. Swift.

2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill. Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook.

JOGGER Jog"ger, n.

Defn: One who jogs. Dryden.

JOGGING Jog"ging, n.

Defn: The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog.

JOGGLE Jog"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling.] Etym: [Freq. of jog.]

1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel. The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts. Gwilt.

JOGGLE Jog"gle, v. i.

Defn: To shake or totter; to slip out of place.

JOGGLE Jog"gle, n. [Arch.]

Defn: A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like. Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles.

JOHANNEAN Jo`han*ne"an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart.

JOHANNES Jo*han"nes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Y, Y, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.)

Defn: A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears;- often contracted into joe; as, a joe, or a half joe.

JOHANNISBERGER Jo*han"nis*ber`ger, n. Etym: [G.]

Defn: A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine.

JOHN John, n. Etym: [See Johannes.]

Defn: A proper name of a man. John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John's Day. Same as Apple-john. -- John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. -- John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. -- John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. -- John Doree, John Dory. Etym: [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter's fish.

JOHNADREAMS John"a*dreams`, n.

Defn: A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak.

JOHNNY John"ny, n.; pl. Johnnies (.

1. A familiar diminutive of John.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A sculpin. [Local cant] Johny Crapaud (, a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively.

JOHNNYCAKE John"ny*cake`, n.

Defn: A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow.

JOHNSONESE John`son*ese", n.

Defn: The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett.

JOHNSON GRASS John"son grass`. Etym: [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet.

JOHNSONIAN John*so"ni*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated.

JOHNSONIANISM John*so"ni*an*ism, n.

Defn: A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.]

JOHN'S-WORT John's"-wort`, n.

Defn: See St. John's-wort.

JOIN Join, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined; p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] Etym: [OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bind together, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal, Junction, Junta.]

1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append. Woe unto them that join house to house. Is. v. 8. Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn Like twenty torches joined. Shak. Thy tuneful voice with numbers join. Dryden.

2. To associate one's self to; to be or become connected with; to league one's self with; to unite with; as, to join a party; to join the church. We jointly now to join no other head. Dryden.

3. To unite in marriage. He that joineth his virgin in matrimony. Wyclif. What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. Matt. xix. 6.

4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.] They join them penance, as they call it. Tyndale.

5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as, to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton. To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue.

Syn. -- To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add.

JOIN Join, v. i.

Defn: To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as, the hones of the skull join; two rivers join. Whose house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts xviii. 7. Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations Ezra ix. 14. Nature and fortune joined to make thee great. Shak.

JOIN Join, n. (Geom.)

Defn: The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici.

JOINANT Join"ant, a. Etym: [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.]

Defn: Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JOINDER Join"der, n. Etym: [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.]

1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction. Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands. Shak.

2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions.

JOINER Join"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, joins.

2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. "One Snug, the joiner." Shak.

3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc.

Syn. -- See Carpenter.

JOINERY Join"er*y, n.

Defn: The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner. A piece of joinery . . . whimsically dovetailed. Burke.

JOINHAND Join"hand`, n.

Defn: Writing in which letters are joined in words; -- distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison.

JOINT Joint, n. Etym: [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.]

1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction as, a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe.

2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as, the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation. A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove this hand. Shak. To tear thee joint by joint. Milton.

3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as, a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg.

4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting.

5. (Geol.)

Defn: A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification.

6. (Arch.)

Defn: The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint.

7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. -- Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. -- Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. -- Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. -- Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. -- Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. -- Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. -- Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. -- Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak.

JOINT Joint, a. Etym: [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.]

1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as joint action.

2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. I read this joint effusion twice over. T. Hook.

3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." Donne.

4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond. A joint burden laid upon us all. Shak. Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. -- Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as, a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. -- Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." Barclay (Digest). -- Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." Journal H. of R., U. S. -- Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. -- Joint stock, stock held in company. -- Joint-stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. -- Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. -- Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.

JOINT Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.]

1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards. Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood. Pope.

2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar. Shak.

3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. The fingers are jointed together for motion. Ray.

4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. "He joints the neck. Dryden. Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting. Holland.

JOINT Joint, v. i.

Defn: To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as, the stones joint, neatly.

JOINTED Joint"ed, a.

Defn: Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as, a jointed doll; jointed structure. "The jointed herbage." J. Philips. -- Joint"ed*ly, adv.

JOINTER Joint"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, joints.

2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for plaining the edges of barrel staves.

3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.

JOINT-FIR Joint"-fir`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; -- called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.

JOINTING Joint"ing, n.

Defn: The act or process of making a joint; also, the joints thus produced. Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. -- Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. -- Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.

JOINTLESS Joint"less, a.

Defn: Without a joint; rigid; stiff.

JOINTLY Joint"ly, adv.

Defn: In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately. Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow. Shak.

JOINTRESS Joint"ress, n. (Law)

Defn: A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone.

JOINTURE Join"ture, n. Etym: [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.]

1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.]

2. (Law)

Defn: An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower. The jointure that your king must make, Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised. Shak.

JOINTURE Join"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.]

Defn: To settle a jointure upon.

JOINTURELESS Join"ture*less, a.

Defn: Having no jointure.

JOINTURESS Join"tur*ess, n.

Defn: See Jointress. Bouvier.

JOINTWEED Joint"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

JOINTWORM Joint"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

JOIST Joist, n. Etym: [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.)

Defn: A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; -- called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.

JOIST Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.]

Defn: To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.

JOKE Joke, n. Etym: [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.]

1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes. And gentle dullness ever loves a joke. Pope. Or witty joke our airy senses moves To pleasant laughter. Gay.

2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport. Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke. Pope. In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. -- Practical joke. See under Practical.

JOKE Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked; p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.]

Defn: To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade.

JOKE Joke, v. i. Etym: [L. jocari.]

Defn: To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest. He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore. Macaulay.

Syn. -- To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

JOKER Jok"er, n.

1. One who makes jokes or jests.

2. (Card Playing)

Defn: See Rest bower, under 2d Bower.

JOKINGLY Jok"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a joking way; sportively.

JOLE; JOLL Jole, Joll, v. t. & n.

Defn: Same as Jowl. Shak.

JOLIF Jol*if", a. Etym: [See Jolly.]

Defn: Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JOLLIFICATION Jol`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.]

Defn: A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.] We have had a jollification or so together. Sir W. Scott.

JOLLILY Jol"li*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jolly manner.

JOLLIMENT Jol"li*ment, n.

Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

JOLLINESS Jol"li*ness, n.

Defn: Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.

JOLLITY Jol"li*ty, n. Etym: [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.]

Defn: Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer. All now was turned to jollity and game. Milton. He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it. Sir P. Sidney.

Syn. -- Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

JOLLY Jol"ly, a. [Compar. Jollier; superl. Jolliest.] Etym: [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. j yule, Christmass feast. See Yule.]

1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful. Like a jolly troop of huntsmen. Shak. "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed." Wordsworth.

2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety. And with his jolly pipe delights the groves. Prior. Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear. Fairfax.

3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.] Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit. Spenser. The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions. W. Irving.

JOLLY-BOAT Jol"ly-boat`, n. Etym: [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.)

Defn: A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

JOLLYHEAD Jol"ly*head, n.

Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

JOLT Jolt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] Etym: [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and orig. meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.]

Defn: To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts.

JOLT Jolt, v. t.

Defn: To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

JOLT Jolt, n.

Defn: A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground. The first jolt had like to have shaken me out. Swift.

JOLTER Jolt"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, jolts.

JOLTERHEAD; JOLTHEAD Jolt"er*head`, Jolt"head`, n. Etym: [See Jolt, Jowl.]

Defn: A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.

JOLTINGLY Jolt"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jolting manner.

JOLTY Jolt"y, a.

Defn: That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

JONAH Jo"nah, n.

Defn: The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious. Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

JONESIAN Jo*ne"sian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jones. The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones.

JONGLEUR; JONGLER Jon"gleur, Jon"gler, n. Etym: [F. jongleur. See Juggler.]

1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour. Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse. J R. Green.

2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton.

JONQUIL; JONQUILLE Jon"quil, Jon"quille, n. Etym: [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.)

Defn: A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.

JORAM Jo"ram, n.

Defn: See Jorum.

JORDAN; JORDEN Jor"dan, Jor"den, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.]

1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell.

2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

JORUM Jo"rum, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.]

Defn: A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.

JOSEPH Jo"seph, n.

Defn: An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.

JOSEPH'S FLOWER Jo"seph's flow"er. (Bot.)

Defn: A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

JOSO Jo"so, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small gudgeon.

JOSS Joss, n. Etym: [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.]

Defn: A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses." Colman (1761). Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. -- Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; -- burned by the Chinese before an idol.

JOSSA Jos"sa, interj.

Defn: A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.] Chaucer.

JOSS PAPER Joss paper.

Defn: Gold and silver paper burned by the Chinese, in the form of coins or ingots, in worship and at funerals.

JOSTLE Jos"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling.] Etym: [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.]

Defn: To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay. Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other. I. Taylor.

JOSTLE Jos"tle, v. i.

Defn: To push; to crowd; to hustle. None jostle with him for the wall. Lamb.

JOSTLE Jos"tle, n.

Defn: A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference. The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization. The Nation.

JOSTLEMENT Jos"tle*ment, n.

Defn: Crowding; hustling.

JOT Jot, n. Etym: [L. iota, Gr. i. Heb. y), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.]

Defn: An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n. Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Matt. v. 18. Neither will they bate One jot of ceremony. Shak.

JOT Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.]

Defn: To set down; to make a brief note of; -- usually followed by down.

JOTTER Jot"ter, n.

1. One who jots down memoranda.

2. A memorandum book.

JOUGS Jougs, n. Etym: [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.]

Defn: An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.

JOUISSANCE Jou"is*sance, n. Etym: [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.]

Defn: Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.

JOUK Jouk, v. i.

Defn: See Juke.

JOUL Joul, v. t.

Defn: See Jowl.

JOULE Joule, n. Etym: [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.)

Defn: A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds. Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.

JOULEMETER Joule"me`ter, n.

Defn: An integrating wattmeter for measuring the energy in joules expended in an electric circuit or developed by a machine.

JOULE'S CYCLE Joule's cycle. (Thermodynamics)

Defn: The cycle for the air engine proposed by Joule. In it air is taken by a pump from a cold chamber and compressed adiabatically until its pressure is eqal to that of the air in a hot chamber, into which it is then delivered, thereby displacing an equal amount of hot air into the engine cylinder. Here it expands adiabatically to the temperature of the cold chamber into which it is finally exhausted. This cycle, reversed, is used in refrigerating machines.

JOULE'S LAW Joule's law.

1. (Elec.)

Defn: The law that the rate at which heat is produced in any part of an electric circuit is measured by the product of the square of the current into the resistance of that part of the circuit. If the current (i) is constant for an interval of time (t), the energy (H) in heat units equals i2Rt, R being resistance.

2. (Thermodynamics) The law that there is no change of temperature when a gas expands without doing external work and without receiving or rejecting heat.

JOUNCE Jounce, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing.] Etym: [Cf. Jaunce.]

Defn: To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

JOUNCE Jounce, n.

Defn: A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

JOURNAL Jour"nal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.]

Defn: Daily; diurnal. [Obs.] Whiles from their journal labors they did rest. Spenser.

JOURNAL Jour"nal, n. Etym: [F. journal. See Journal, a.]

1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc. ; a periodical; a magazine.

2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box. Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

JOURNALISM Jour"nal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journalisme.]

1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.]

2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as, political journalism. Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm. Ed. Rev.

JOURNALIST Jour"nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journaliste.]

1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle.

2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.

JOURNALISTIC Jour"nal*is"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as journalistic literature or enterprise.

JOURNALIZE Jour"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing.]

Defn: To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.

JOURNALIZE Jour"nal*ize, v. i.

Defn: to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.

JOURNEY Jour"ney, n.; pl. Journeys. Etym: [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day's journey, OF. jornée, jurnée, a day, a day's work of journey, F. journée, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.]

1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer. We have yet large day, for scarce the sun Hath finished half his journey. Milton.

2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life. The good man . . . is gone a long journey. Prov. vii. 19. We must all have the same journey's end. Bp. Stillingfleet.

Syn. -- Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. -- Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

JOURNEY Jour"ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.]

Defn: To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance. Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. Gen. xii. 9.

JOURNEY Jour"ney, v. t.

Defn: To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] "I journeyed many a land." Sir W. Scott.

JOURNEY-BATED Jour"ney-bat`ed, a.

Defn: Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.

JOURNEYER Jour"ney*er, n.

Defn: One who journeys.

JOURNEYMAN Jour"ney*man, n.; pl. Journeymen (.

Defn: Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; -- distinguished from apprentice and from master workman. I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well. Shak.

JOURNEYWORK Jour"ney*work`, n.

Defn: Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.

JOUST Joust, v. i. Etym: [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.]

Defn: To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.] For the whole army to joust and tourney. Holland.

JOUST Joust, n. Etym: [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.]

Defn: A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.] Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament. Milton.

JOUSTER Joust"er, n.

Defn: One who jousts or tilts.

JOVE Jove, n. Etym: [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.]

1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope.

3. (Alchemy)

Defn: The metal tin. Bird of Jove, the eagle.

JOVIAL Jo"vi*al, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.]

1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.] Our jovial star reigned at his birth. Shak. The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets. Sir T. Browne.

2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] "The heavens always joviall." Spenser.

3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth-inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as, a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem. Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak. His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian. Dryden.

Note: This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc.

Syn. -- Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.

JOVIALIST Jo"vi*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.

JOVIALITY Jo`vi*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jovialité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.

JOVIALLY Jo"vi*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.

JOVIALNESS Jo"vi*al*ness, n.

Defn: Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.

JOVIALTY Jo"vi*al*ty, n.

Defn: Joviality. [R.] Barrow.

JOVIAN Jo"vi*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).

JOVICENTRIC Jo`vi*cen"tric, a. Etym: [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.)

Defn: Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.

JOVINIANIST Jo*vin"ian*ist, n. (Script. Hist.)

Defn: An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.

JOWL Jowl, n. Etym: [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.]

Defn: The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.] Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. "I will go with three cheek by jole." Shak. " Sits cheek by jowl." Dryden.

JOWL Jowl, v. t.

Defn: To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.] How the knave jowls it to the ground. Shak.

JOWLER Jowl"er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.

JOWTER Jow"ter, n.

Defn: A mounted peddler of fish; -- called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew.

JOY Joy, n. Etym: [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia, pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. Gaud, Jewel.]

1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight. Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy. Dryden. Glides the smooth current of domestic joy. Johnson. Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame. Heb. xii. 2. Tears of true joy for his return. Shak. Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good. Locke.

2. That which causes joy or happiness. For ye are our glory and joy. 1 Thess. ii. 20. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats.

3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity. Such joy made Una, when her knight she found. Spenser. The roofs with joy resound. Dryden.

Note: Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as, joy-hells, joy-ringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc.

Syn. -- Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity.

JOY Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] Etym: [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.]

Defn: To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult. I will joy in the God of my salvation. Hab. iii. 18. In whose sight all things joy. Milton.

JOY Joy, v. t.

1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] "Joy us of our conquest." Dryden. To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior.

2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.] Neither pleasure's art can joy my spirits. Shak.

3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy. Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss. Milton.

JOYANCE Joy"ance, n. Etym: [OF. joiance.]

Defn: Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser. Some days of joyance are decreed to all. Byron. From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow Trench.

JOYANCY Joy"an*cy, n.

Defn: Joyance. [R.] Carlyle.

JOYFUL Joy"ful, a.

Defn: Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as, a joyful heart. "Joyful tidings." Shak. My soul shall be joyful in my God. Is. lxi. 10. Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope. -- Joy"ful*ly, adv. -- Joy"ful*ness, n.

JOYLESS Joy"less, a.

Defn: Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable. -- Joy"less*ly, adv. -- Joy"less*ness, n. With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat. Dryden. Youth and health and war are joyless to him. Addison. [He] pining for the lass, Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass. Dryden.

JOYOUS Joy"ous, a. Etym: [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.]

Defn: Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also, affording or inspiring joy; with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy. Is this your joyous city Is. xxiii. 7. They all as glad as birds of joyous prime. Spenser. And joyous of our conquest early won. Dryden.

Syn. -- Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive; festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful. -- Joy"ous*ly, adv. -- Joy"ous*ness, n.

JOYSOME Joy"some (, a.

Defn: Causing joyfulness. [R.] This all joysome grove. T. Browne.

JUB Jub, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.]

Defn: A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUBA Ju"ba, n.; pl. Jubæ (-be). Etym: [L., a mane.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The mane of an animal.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

JUBATE Ju"bate, a. Etym: [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Fringed with long, pendent hair.

JUBBAH; JUBBEH; JOOBBEH Jub"bah, n. Also Jub"beh, Joob"beh. [Hind. jubba, fr. Ar. jubbah.]

Defn: A long outer garment worn by both sexes of Mohammedans of the better class.

JUBE Ju`bé", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) (a) chancel screen or rood screen. (b) gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood.

JUBILANT Ju"bi*lant, a. Etym: [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubila. See Jubilate.]

Defn: Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. "The jubilant age." Coleridge. While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milton.

JUBILANTLY Ju"bi*lant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a jubilant manner.

JUBILAR Ju"bi*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jubilaire.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp. Hall.

JUBILATE Ju`bi*la"te, n. Etym: [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.]

1. The third Sunday after Easter; -- so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, "Jubilate Deo."

2. A name of the 100th Psalm; -- so called from its opening word in the Latin version.

JUBILATE Ju"bi*late, v. i. Etym: [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.]

Defn: To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey.

JUBILATION Ju`bi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.]

Defn: A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. "Jubilations and hallelujahs." South.

JUBILEE Ju"bi*lee, n. Etym: [F. jubilé, L. jubilaeus, Gr. y the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.]

1. (Jewish Hist.)

Defn: Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also, in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17.

2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as, the jubilee of Queen Victoria's reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty- five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence grated by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist.

4. A season of general joy. The town was all a jubilee of feasts. Dryden.

5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] "In the jubilee of his spirits." Sir W. Scott.

JUCUNDITY Ju*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.]

Defn: Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

JUDAHITE Ju"dah*ite, n.

Defn: One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; a Jew. Kitto.

JUDAIC; JUDAICAL Ju*da"ic, Ju*da"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the country Judea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jews. "The natural or Judaical [religion]." South.

JUDAICALLY Ju*da"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: After the Jewish manner. Milton.

JUDAISM Ju"da*ism, n. Etym: [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.]

1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill.

2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies.

JUDAIST Ju"da*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes and practices Judaism.

JUDAISTIC Ju`da*is"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Judaism.

JUDAIZATION Ju`da*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.]

JUDAIZE Ju"da*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized; p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. judaïser.]

Defn: To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism. They . . . prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances. They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law. Bp. Bull.

JUDAIZE Ju"da*ize, v. t.

Defn: To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert to Judaism. The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus. Milton.

JUDAIZER Ju"da*i`zer, n.

Defn: One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem.

JUDAIZERS Ju"da*iz`ers (ju"day*iz`erz), n. pl.

Defn: See Raskolnik.

JUDAS Ju"das, n.

Defn: The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. -- a.

Defn: Treacherous; betraying. Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. -- Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. -- Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose-colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud.

JUDAS-COLORED Ju"das-col`ored, a.

Defn: Red; -- from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair and beard. There's treachery in that Judas-colored beard. Dryden.

JUDDOCK Jud"dock, n. Etym: [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Jacksnipe.

JUDEAN Ju*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Judaeus. See Jew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Judea. -- n.

Defn: A native of Judea; a Jew.

JUDGE Judge, n. Etym: [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose. The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence. Bacon.

2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic. A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting. Dryden.

3. A person appointed to decide in aas, a judge in a horse race.

4. (Jewish Hist.)

Defn: One of supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years.

5. pl.

Defn: The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges. Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also, to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. -- Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial.

Syn. -- Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court.

JUDGE Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged; p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] Etym: [OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; jus law or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say. See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.]

1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence. The Lord judge between thee and me. Gen. xvi. 5. Father, who art judge Of all things made, and judgest only right! Milton.

2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3. Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all. Shak.

3. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about. Judge not according to the appearance. John vii. 24. She is wise if I can judge of her. Shak.

JUDGE Judge, v. t.

1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. "Chaos [shall] judge the strife." Milton.

2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom. God shall judge the righteous and the wicked. Eccl. iii. 7. To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness, And to be judged by him. Shak.

3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward. Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matt. vii. 1.

4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon. If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord. Acts xvi. 15.

5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.] Make us a king to judge us. 1 Sam. viii. 5.

JUDGE-MADE Judge"-made`, a.

Defn: Created by judges or judicial decision; -- applied esp. to law applied or established by the judicial interpretation of statutes so as extend or restrict their scope, as to meet new cases, to provide new or better remedies, etc., and often used opprobriously of acts of judicial interpretation considered as doing this.

The law of the 13th century was judge-made law in a fuller and more literal sense than the law of any succeeding century has been. Sir Frederick Pollock.

JUDGER Judg"er, n.

Defn: One who judges. Sir K. Digby.

JUDGESHIP Judge"ship, n.

Defn: The office of a judge.

JUDGMENT Judg"ment, n. Etym: [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr. L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.]

1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as, by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence. I oughte deme, of skilful jugement, That in the salte sea my wife is deed. Chaucer.

2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as, a man of judgment; a politician without judgment. He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment. Ps. lxxii. 2. Hernia. I would my father look'd but with my eyes. Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look. Shak.

3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision. She in my judgment was as fair as you. Shak. Who first his judgment asked, and then a place. Pope.

4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all. In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own. Jer. Taylor. Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. Shak.

5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2. A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another. Sir W. Hamilton. The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment. Stewart.

6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. "Judgments are prepared for scorners." Prov. xix. 29. "This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble." Shak.

7. (Theol.)

Defn: The final award; the last sentence.

Note: Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment are in England sometimes written, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, and lodgement.

Note: Judgment is used adjectively in many self-explaining combinations; as, judgment hour; judgment throne. Judgment day (Theol.), the last day, or period when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God's moral government. -- Judgment debt (Law), a debt secured to the creditor by a judge's order. -- Judgment hall, a hall where courts are held. -- Judgment seat, the seat or bench on which judges sit in court; hence, a court; a tribunal. "We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ." Rom. xiv. 10. -- Judgment summons (Law), a proceeding by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment. Arrest of judgment. (Law) See under Arrest, n. -- Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat, by ordeal, etc.; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. See under Ordeal.

Syn. -- Discernment; decision; determination; award; estimate; criticism; taste; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; intelligence; understanding. See Taste.

JUDICABLE Ju"di*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. judicabilis. See Judge, v. i.]

Defn: Capable of being judged; capable of being tried or decided upon. Jer. Taylor.

JUDICATIVE Ju"di*ca*tive, a.

Defn: Having power to judge; judicial; as, the judicative faculty. Hammond.

JUDICATORY Ju"di*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. judicatorius.]

Defn: Pertaining to the administration of justice; dispensing justice; judicial; as, judicatory tribunals. T. Wharton. Power to reject in an authoritative or judicatory way. Bp. Hall.

JUDICATORY Ju"di*ca*to*ry (277), n. Etym: [L. judicatorium.]

1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Milton.

2. Administration of justice. The supreme court of judicatory. Clarendon.

JUDICATURE Ju"di*ca*ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. judicatura.]

1. The state or profession of those employed in the administration of justice; also, the dispensing or administration of justice. The honor of the judges in their judicature is the king's honor. Bacon.

2. A court of justice; a judicatory. South.

3. The right of judicial action; jurisdiction; extent jurisdiction of a judge or court. Our Savior disputes not here the judicature, for that was not his office, but the morality, of divorce. Milton.

JUDICIAL Ju*di"cial, a. Etym: [L. judicialis, fr. judicium judgment, fr. judex judge: cf. OF. judicial. See Judge.]

1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. "Judicial massacres." Macaulay. Not a moral but a judicial law, and so was abrogated. Milton.

2. Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as, a judicial mind.

3. Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive.

4. Judicious. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

JUDICIALLY Ju*di"cial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a judicial capacity or judicial manner. "The Lords . . . sitting judicially." Macaulay.

JUDICIARY Ju*di"cia*ry, a. Etym: [L. judiciarius, fr. judicium judgment: cf. F. judiciare. See Judicial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as, a judiciary proceeding. Bp. Burnet.

JUDICIARY Ju*di"cia*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. judiciaria, F. judiciaire.]

Defn: That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as, an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary.

JUDICIOUS Ju*di"cious, a. Etym: [F. judicieux, fr. L. judicium judgment. See Judicial.]

Defn: Of or relating to a court; judicial. [Obs.] His last offenses to us Shall have judicious hearing. Shak.

2. Directed or governed by sound judgment; having sound judgment; wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet. He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows The fits o' the season. Shak.

Syn. -- Prudent; discreet; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; sagacious; well-advised.

JUDICIOUSLY Ju*di"cious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a judicious manner; with good judgment; wisely.

JUDICIOUSNESS Ju*di"cious*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being judicious; sagacity; s

JUG Jug, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or nickname for, Joanna; cf. 2d Jack, and Jill. See Johannes.]

1. A vessel, usually of coarse earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, and having a handle on one side.

2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.]

3. A prison; a jail; a lockup. [Slang] Gay.

JUG Jug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jugging.]

1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug or jar placed in boiling water; as, to jug a hare.

2. To commit to jail; to imprison. [Slang]

JUG Jug, v. i. (Zoöl.)

1. To utter a sound resembling this word, as certain birds do, especially the nightingale.

2. To nestle or collect together in a covey; -- said of quails and partridges.

JUGAL Ju"gal, a. Etym: [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.]

1. Relating to a yoke, or to marriage. [Obs.]

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or in the region of, the malar, or cheek bone.

JUGATA Ju*ga"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of L. jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Numis.)

Defn: The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

JUGATED Ju"ga*ted, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Coupled together.

JUGE Juge, n.

Defn: A judge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUGEMENT Jug"e*ment, n.

Defn: Judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUGER Ju"ger, n. Etym: [L. jugerum.]

Defn: A Roman measure of land, measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth.

JUGGER Jug"ger, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An East Indian falcon. See Lugger.

JUGGERNAUT Jug"ger*naut`, n. Etym: [Skr. jagannatha lord of the world.]

Defn: One of the names under which Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by the Hindoos. [Written also Juggernnath, Jaganath, Jaganatha, etc.]

Note: The principal seat of the worship of Juggernaut is at Pûri in Orissa. At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels. Formerly, fanatics sometimes threw themselves under the wheels to be crushed as a sacrifice to the god.

JUGGLE Jug"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Juggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Juggling.] Etym: [OE. juglen; cf. OF. jogler, jugler, F. jongler. See Juggler.]

1. To play tricks by sleight of hand; to cause amusement and sport by tricks of skill; to conjure.

2. To practice artifice or imposture. Be these juggling fiends no more believed. Shak.

JUGGLE Jug"gle, v. t.

Defn: To deceive by trick or artifice. Is't possible the spells of France should juggle Men into such strange mysteries Shak.

JUGGLE Jug"gle, n.

1. A trick by sleight of hand.

2. An imposture; a deception. Tennyson. A juggle of state to cozen the people. Tillotson.

3. A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. Knight.

JUGGLER Jug"gler, n. Etym: [OE. jogelour, juglur, OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, F. jongleur, fr. L. joculator a jester, joker, fr. joculus a little jest or joke, dim. of jocus jest, joke. See Joke, and cf. Jongleur, Joculator.]

1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of hand; one skilled in legerdemain; a conjurer. As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye. Shak. Jugglers and impostors do daily delude them. Sir T. Browne.

2. A deceiver; a cheat. Shak.

JUGGLERESS Jug"gler*ess, n.

1. A female juggler. T. Warton.

JUGGLERY Jug"gler*y, n. Etym: [OE. & OF. joglerie, F. jonglerie.]

1. The art or act of a juggler; sleight of hand.

2. Trickery; imposture; as, political jugglery.

JUGGLING Jug"gling, a.

Defn: Cheating; tricky. -- Jug"gling*ly, adv.

JUGGLING Jug"gling, n.

Defn: Jugglery; underhand practice.

JUGGS Juggs, n. pl.

Defn: See Jougs. [Scot.]

JUGLANDIN Jug"lan*din, n. Etym: [L. juglans, -andis, a walnut: cf. F. juglandine.] (Chem.)

Defn: An extractive matter contained in the juice of the green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia). It is used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black hair dye.

JUGLANDINE Jug"lan*dine, n.

Defn: An alkaloid found in the leaves of the walnut (Juglans regia).

JUGLANS Jug"lans, n. Etym: [L., walnut.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of valuable trees, including the true walnut of Europe, and the America black walnut, and butternut.

JUGLONE Ju"glone, n. Etym: [L. juglans the walnut + -one.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance resembling quinone, extracted from green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia); -- called also nucin.

JUGULAR Ju"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.]

1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as, the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as, the jugular foramen.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; -- said of certain fishes.

JUGULAR Ju"gu*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; -- called also the jugular vein.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares).

JUGULATE Ju"gu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating.] Etym: [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.]

Defn: To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow.

JUGULUM Ju"gu*lum, n.; pl. Jugula. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The lower throat, or that part of the neck just above the breast.

JUGUM Ju"gum, n.; pl. L. Juga, E. Jugums. Etym: [L., a yoke, ridge.] (Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant.

JUICE Juice, n. Etym: [OE. juse, F.jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. y.]

Defn: The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking. An animal whose juices are unsound. Arbuthnot. The juice of July flowers. B. Jonson. The juice of Egypt's grape. Shak. Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice. Macaulay. Cold water draws the juice of meat. Mrs. Whitney.

JUICE Juice, v. t.

Defn: To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller.

JUICELESS Juice"less, a.

Defn: Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More.

JUICINESS Jui"ci*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants.

JUICY Jui"cy, a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.]

Defn: A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon.

JUISE Ju*ise", n. Etym: [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.]

Defn: Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.] Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise. Chaucer.

JUJUBE Ju"jube, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zizf, zizaf, zayzaf.]

Defn: The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters. Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, a confection made of gum arabic sweetened.

JUJUTSU; JUJITSU; JIUJUTSU; JIUJITSU Ju"jut`su, n. Also Ju"jit`su, Jiu"jut`su, Jiu"jit`su. [Jap. jujutsu; ju soft (prob. because no weapons are used) + jutsu art.]

Defn: The Japanese art of self-defense without weapons, now widely used as a system of physical training. It depends for its efficiency largely upon the principle of making use of an opponent's strength and weight to disable or injure him, and by applying pressure so that his opposing movement will throw him out of balance, dislocate or break a joint, etc. It opposes knowledge and skill to brute strength, and demands an extensive practical knowledge of human anatomy.

JUKE Juke, v. i. Etym: [from Scottish jouk to bow.]

Defn: To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.] The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head. L' Estrange.

JUKE Juke, n.

Defn: The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.]

JUKE Juke, v. i. Etym: [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.]

Defn: To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.]

JUKES, THE Jukes, The

Defn: A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the "Jukes" sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years.

JULACEOUS Ju*la"ceous, a. Etym: [See Julus.] (Bot.)

Defn: Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous.

JULEP Ju"lep, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julab, jullab, fr. Per. gulab rose water and julep; gul rose + ab water.]

1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.),

Defn: a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton. Honey in woods, juleps in brooks. H. Vaughan.

2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; -- called also mint julep. [U.S.]

JULIAN Jul"ian a. Etym: [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.]

Defn: Relating to, or derived from, Julius Cæsar. Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Cæsar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. -- Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. -- Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. -- Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.

JULIENNE Ju`li*enne", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A kind of soup containing thin slices or shreds of carrots, onions, etc.

JULIFORM Ju"li*form, a. Etym: [Julus + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin.

JULUS Ju"lus, n.; pl.Juli. Etym: [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A catkin or ament. See Ament.

JULY Ju*ly", n.; pl. Julies. Etym: [L.Julius; -- named from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.]

Defn: The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

Note: This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year.

JULY-FLOWER Ju*ly"-flow`er, n.

Defn: See Gillyflower.

JUMART Ju"mart, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke.

JUMBLE Jum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling.] Etym: [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.]

Defn: To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; -- often followed by together or up. Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together Burton. Every clime and age Jumbled together. Tennyson.

JUMBLE Jum"ble, v. i.

Defn: To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift.

JUMBLE Jum"ble, n.

1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as, a jumble of words.

2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring-shaped.

JUMBLEMENT Jum"ble*ment, n.

Defn: Confused mixture. [Low]

JUMBLER Jum"bler, n.

Defn: One who confuses things.

JUMBLINGLY Jum"bling*ly, adv.

Defn: In a confused manner.

JUMELLE Ju`melle", a. [F., fem. of jumeau, fr. L. gemellus. Cf. Gemel, a.]

Defn: Twin; paired; -- said of various objects made or formed in pairs, as a binocular opera glass, a pair of gimmal rings, etc.

JUMELLE Ju`melle", n.

Defn: A jumelle opera glass, or the like.

JUMENT Ju"ment, n. Etym: [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.]

Defn: A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.] Fitter for juments than men to feed on. Burton.

JUMP Jump, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl.

Defn: A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

JUMP Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] Etym: [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.]

1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one's self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap. Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square. Shak.

2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. "The jumping chariots." Nahum iii. 2. A flock of geese jump down together. Dryden.

3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; -- followed by with. "It jumps with my humor." Shak. To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as, a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

JUMP Jump, v. t.

1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as, to jump a stream.

2. To cause to jump; as, he jumped his horse across the ditch.

3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.] To jump a body with a dangerous physic. Shak.

4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset.

5. (Quarrying)

Defn: To bore with a jumper. To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. -- To jump one's bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

JUMP Jump, n.

1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. "To advance by jumps." Locke.

2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.] Our fortune lies Upon thisjump. Shak.

3. The space traversed by a leap.

4. (Mining)

Defn: A dislocation in a stratum; a fault.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] -- Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. -- Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as, a jump-seat wagon.

JUMP Jump, a.

Defn: Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] "Jump names." B. Jonson.

JUMP Jump, adv.

Defn: Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

JUMPER Jump"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, jumps.

2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen.

3. A rude kind of sleigh; -- usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese.

5. (Eccl.)

Defn: A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions.

6. (Horology)

Defn: spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece. Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

JUMPER Jump"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Jump.]

Defn: A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

JUMPING Jump"ing, p. a. & vb. n.

Defn: of Jump, to leap. Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. -- Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. -- Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. -- Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidæ, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. -- Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. -- Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. -- Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. -- Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradæ; -- so called because it leaps upon its prey.

JUMPING DISEASE Jump"ing dis*ease".

Defn: A convulsive tic similar to or identical with miryachit, observed among the woodsmen of Maine.

JUMP SPARK Jump spark.

Defn: A spark produced by the jumping of electricity across a permanent gap.

JUMPWELD Jump"weld`, v. t.

Defn: See Buttweld, v. t.

JUMPY Jump"y, a. [Compar. Jumpier; superl. Jumpiest.]

Defn: Jumping, or inducing to jump; characterized by jumps; hence, extremely nervous.

JUNCACEOUS Jun*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [See Juncate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceæ), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

JUNCATE Jun"cate, n.

Defn: See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

JUNCITE Jun"cite, n. Etym: [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil rush.

JUNCO Jun"co, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; -- called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

JUNCOUS Jun"cous, a. Etym: [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.]

Defn: Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

JUNCTION Junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.]

1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as, the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths.

2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross. Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. -- Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

JUNCTION BOX Junc"tion box. (Elec.)

Defn: A box through which the main conductors of a system of electric distribution pass, and where connection is made with branch circuits.

JUNCTURE Junc"ture, n. Etym: [L.junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.]

1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] "Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts." Eikon Basilike.

2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as, the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle.

3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. "Extraordinary junctures." Addison. In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer Berkeley.

JUNE June, n. Etym: [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.]

Defn: The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days. And what is so rare as a day in June Then, if ever, come perfect days. Lowell. June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; -- so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvæ of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. -- June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

JUNEATING June"a*ting, n.

Defn: A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

JUNEBERRY June"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; -- also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; -- also called shad bush, and had tree.

JUNGERMANNIA Jun`ger*man"ni*a, n.; pl. Jungermanniæ. Etym: [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceæ.

JUNGLE Jun"gle, n. Etym: [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja desert.]

Defn: A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate. Balfour (Cyc. of India). Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. -- Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. -- Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. -- Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as, the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India.

Note: The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

JUNGLY Jun"gly, a.

Defn: Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

JUNIOR Jun"ior, a. Etym: [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.]

1. Less advanced in age than another; younger.

Note: Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father.

2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as, a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain.

3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as, the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2.

4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life. Our first studies and junior endeavors. Sir T. Browne.

JUNIOR Jun"ior, n.

1. A younger person. His junior she, by thirty years. Byron.

2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years' course.

JUNIORITY Jun*ior"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being junior.

JUNIPER Ju"ni*per, n. Etym: [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferæ.

Note: The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc. Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

JUNIPERIN Ju"ni*per*in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

JUNIPERITE Ju"ni*per*ite, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: One of the fossil Coniferæ, evidently allied to the juniper.

JUNK Junk, n.

Defn: A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.]

1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships.

2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: Hard salted beef supplied to ships. Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. -- Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. -- Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. -- Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. -- Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship's tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. -- Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. -- Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.)

Defn: A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

JUNKER Jun"ker, n. Etym: [G. Cf. Yonker.]

Defn: A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

JUNKERISM Jun"ker*ism, n.

Defn: The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

JUNKET Jun"ket, n. Etym: [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.]

1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food. How Faery Mab the junkets eat. Milton. Victuals varied well in taste, And other junkets. Chapman.

2. A feast; an entertainment. A new jaunt or junket every night. Thackeray.

JUNKET Jun"ket, v. i.

Defn: To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; -- sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost. Job's children junketed and feasted together often. South.

JUNKET Jun"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.]

Defn: To give entertainment to; to feast. The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors. Walpole.

JUNKETING Jun"ket*ing, n.

Defn: A feast or entertainment; a revel. All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors. W. Irving. The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar. South.

JUNKETRIES Jun"ket*ries, n. pl.

Defn: Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

JUNO Ju"no, n.; pl. Junos. Etym: [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of June, the peacock.

JUNO Ju"no (ju"no), n.; pl. Junos (-noz). [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera.

Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak.

2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids.

Bird of Juno, the peacock.

JUNOLD Jun"old, a. [Obs.]

Defn: See Gimmal.

JUNTA Jun"ta, n.; pl. Juntas. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.]

Defn: A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

JUNTO Jun"to, n.; pl. Juntos. Etym: [Sp. junto united. See Junta.]

Defn: A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as, a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians. The puzzling sons of party next appeared, In dark cabals and mighty juntos met. Thomson.

JUPARTIE Jup"ar*tie, n.

Defn: Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUPATI PALM Ju`pa*ti" palm`. (Bot.)

Defn: A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia tædigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

JUPE Jupe, n.

Defn: Same as Jupon.

JUPITER Ju"pi*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.]

1. (Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth's mean distance being taken as unity. Jupiter's beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); -- so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. -- Jupiter's staff (Bot.), the common mullein; -- so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms.

JUPON; JUPPON Ju*pon", Jup*pon", n. Etym: [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.]

1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden.

2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

JURA Ju"ra, n. Etym: [F. & L.]

Defn: 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

JURAL Ju"ral, a. Etym: [L.jus, juris, right.]

1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.] By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective "moral" we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties. Whewell.

2. (Law)

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

JURAMENTUM Ju`ra*men"tum, n.; pl. Juramenta (. Etym: [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law)

Defn: An oath.

JURASSIC Ju*ras"sic, a. (Geol.)

Defn: Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias, Oölite, and Wealden; -- named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. -- n.

Defn: The Jurassic period or formation; -- called also the Jura.

JURAT Ju"rat, n. Etym: [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill.

2. (Law)

Defn: The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

JURATORY Ju"ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.]

Defn: Relating to or comprising an oath; as, juratory caution. Ayliffe.

JURA-TRIAS Ju`ra-tri"as, n. (Geol.)

Defn: A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. -- Ju`ra-tri*as"sic, a.

JURDICCION Jur*dic"ci*on, n.

Defn: Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

JURDON Jur"don, n.

Defn: Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

JUREL Ju"rel, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; -- called also hardtail, horse crevallé, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel.

JURIDIC; JURIDICAL Ju*rid"ic, Ju*rid"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.]

Defn: Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as, juridical law. "This juridical sword." Milton. The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies. Burke. Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

JURIDICALLY Ju*rid*ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a juridical manner.

JURISCONSULT Ju`ris*con"sult, n. Etym: [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law)

Defn: A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

JURISDICTION Ju`ris*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as, certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission.

2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority. To live exempt From Heaven's high jurisdiction. Milton. You wrought to be a legate; by which power You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shak.

3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority.

Note: Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

JURISDICTIONAL Ju`ris*dic"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

JURISDICTIVE Ju`ris*dic"tive, a.

Defn: Having jurisdiction. Milton.

JURISPRUDENCE Ju`ris*pru"dence, n. Etym: [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.]

Defn: The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice. The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy. J. Warton. Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, a.Etym: [See Jurisprudence.]

Defn: Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jurisprudent.]

Defn: One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

JURISPRUDENTIAL Ju`ris*pru*den"tial, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

JURIST Ju`rist, n. Etym: [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.]

Defn: One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law. It has ever been the method of public jurists to Burke.

JURISTIC; JURISTICAL Ju*ris"tic, Ju*ris"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] "Juristic ancestry." Lowell.

JUROR Ju"ror, n. Etym: [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A member of a jury; a juryman. I shall both find your lordship judge and juror. Shak.

2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

JURY Ju"ry, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.)

Defn: For temporary use; -- applied to a temporary contrivance. Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. -- Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

JURY Ju"ry, n.; pl. Juries. Etym: [OF. jurée an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just,a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest. The jury, passing on the prisoner's life. Shak.

2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as, the art jury gave him the first prize. Jury of inquest, a coroner's jury. See Inquest.

JURYMAN Ju"ry*man, n.; pl. Jurymen (.

Defn: One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

JURY MAST Ju"ry mast. (a) A temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. (b) (Med.) An apparatus to support the trunk and head in spinal disease.

JURY-RIGGED Ju"ry-rigged`, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

JUSSI Jus"si, n.

Defn: A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

JUST Just, a. Etym: [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.]

1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; -- said both of persons and things. "O just but severe law!" Shak. There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not. Eccl. vii. 20. Just balances, just weights, . . . shall ye have. Lev. xix. 36. How should man be just with God Job ix. 2. We know your grace to be a man. Just and upright. Shak.

2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference. Just of thy word, in every thought sincere. Pope. The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship To meet his grace just distance 'tween our armies. Shak. He was a comely personage, a little above just stature. Bacon. Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat. Jer. Taylor. When all The war shall stand ranged in its just array. Addison. Their named alone would make a just volume. Burton.

3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as, just judge. Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves. Tillotson. Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole.

Syn. -- Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

JUST Just, adv.

1. Precisely; exactly; -- in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated. And having just enough, not covet more. Dryden. The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast. Sir P. Sidney. To-night, at Herne's oak, just 'twixt twelve and one. Shak.

2. Closely; nearly; almost. Just at the point of death. Sir W. Temple.

3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as, he just missed the train; just too late. A soft Etesian gale But just inspired and gently swelled the sail. Dryden. Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

JUST Just, v. i. Etym: [See Joust.]

Defn: To joust. Fairfax.

JUST Just, n.

Defn: A joust. Dryden.

JUSTICE Jus"tice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.]

1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness. Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne. Ps. ixxxix. 11. The king-becoming graces, As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, . . . I have no relish of them. Shak.

2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice.

3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one's conduct or motives. This even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice To our own lips. Shak.

4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim.

5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice.

Note: This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade. Bed of justice. See under Bed. -- Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. -- Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc.

Syn. -- Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. -- Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

JUSTICE Jus"tice, v. t.

Defn: To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

JUSTICEABLE Jus"tice*a*ble, a.

Defn: Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

JUSTICEHOOD Jus"tice*hood, n.

Defn: Justiceship. B. Jonson.

JUSTICEMENT Jus"tice*ment, n.

Defn: Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

JUSTICER Jus"ti*cer, n.

Defn: One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer." Shak.

JUSTICESHIP Jus"tice*ship, n.

Defn: The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

JUSTICIABLE Jus*ti"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.]

Defn: Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

JUSTICIAR Jus*ti"ci*ar, n.

Defn: Same as Justiciary.

JUSTICIARY Jus*ti"ci*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: An old name for the judges of the higher English courts.

Note: The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence. Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

JUSTICO; JUSTICOAT Jus"ti*co, Jus"ti*coat`, n. Etym: [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.]

Defn: Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

JUSTIFIABLE Jus"ti*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.]

Defn: Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. Milton.

Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness, n. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*bly, adv.

JUSTIFICATION Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification. I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements. Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification. Rom. iv. 25. In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience. Milton.

4. (Print.)

Defn: Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

JUSTIFICATIVE Jus*tif"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justificatif.]

Defn: Having power to justify; justificatory.

JUSTIFICATOR Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.]

Defn: One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

JUSTIFICATORY Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry, a.

Defn: Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

JUSTIFIER Jus"ti*fi`er, n.

Defn: One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites. Strype. That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. Rom. iii. 26.

JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified; p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying.] Etym: [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. E. Everett.

2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. Shak.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. Acts xiii. 39.

4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Print.)

Defn: To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4.

Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. i.

1. (Print.)

Defn: To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

2. (Law)

Defn: To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

JUSTINIAN Jus*tin"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.]

Defn: To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak. The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways. Nahum ii. 4.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled; p. pr. & vb. n. Justling.]

Defn: To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle. We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while. Addison.

JUSTLE Jus"tle, n.

Defn: An encounter or shock; a jostle.

JUSTLY Just"ly, adv. Etym: [From Just, a.]

Defn: In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak. Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame. South.

JUSTNESS Just"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause. In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action. Dryden.

Note: Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

JUT Jut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] Etym: [A corruption of jet.]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth. It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem. Sir T. Browne.

2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason.

JUT Jut, n.

1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

JUTE Jute, n. Etym: [Hind. j, Skr. j matted hair; cf. ja matted hair, fibrous roots.]

Defn: The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

JUTES Jutes, n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.)

Defn: Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

JUTLANDER Jut"land*er, n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

JUTLANDISH Jut"land*ish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

JUTTING Jut"ting, a.

Defn: Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. -- Jut"ting*ly, adv.

JUTTY Jut"ty, n. Etym: [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.]

Defn: A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

JUTTY Jut"ty, v. t. & i.

Defn: To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

JUVENAL Ju"ve*nal, n. Etym: [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.]

Defn: A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

JUVENESCENCE Ju`ve*nes"cence, n.

Defn: A growing young.

JUVENESCENT Ju`ve*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.]

Defn: Growing or becoming young.

JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, a. Etym: [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvénile, juvénil. See Young.]

1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance. "A juvenile exercitation." Glanvill.

2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports.

Syn. -- Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, n.

Defn: A young person or youth; -- used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronté.

JUVENILENESS Ju"ve*nile*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

JUVENILITY Ju`ve*nil"i*ty, n.; pl. Juvenilities. Etym: [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvénilité.]

1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill.

2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

JUVIA Ju"vi*a, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

JUWANSA Ju*wan"sa, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The camel's thorn. See under Camel.

JUWISE Ju*wise", n. [Obs.]

Defn: Same as Juise. Chaucer.

JUXTAPOSE Jux`ta*pose", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.]

Defn: To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

JUXTAPOSIT Jux`ta*pos"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] Etym: [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.]

Defn: To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

JUXTAPOSITION Jux`ta*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.]

Defn: A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words. Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition. Glanvill. Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity. Hare.

JYMOLD Jym"old (jim"old), a. [Obs.]

Defn: See Gimmal.

K

Defn: (K is from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phoenician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian,. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see).

Note: In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted.

Note: See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185.

KAAMA Kaa"ma, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hartbeest.

KABALA Kab"a*la, n.

Defn: See Cabala.

KABASSOU Ka*bas"sou, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cabassou.

KABOB Ka*bob", n. & v. t.

Defn: See Cabob, n. & v. t.

KABOOK Ka*book", n. (min.)

Defn: A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

KABYLE Ka*byle", n. Etym: [Ar. qabila.] (Ethnol.)

Defn: A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber.

KADDER Kad"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The jackdaw.

KADI; KADIASTER Ka"di, Ka`di*as"ter, n.

Defn: A Turkish judge. See Cadi.

KAFAL Ka*fal", n. (Bot.)

Defn: The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood.

KAFFIR; KAFIR Kaf"fir, Ka"fir, n. Etym: [Ar. k infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; -- a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.] Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

KAFFLE Kaf"fle, n.

Defn: See Coffle.

KAFILAH Ka"fi*lah, n.

Defn: See Cafila.

KAFTAN Kaf"tan, n & v.

Defn: See Caftan.

KAGE Kage, n.

Defn: A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

KAGU Ka"gu, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern.

KAGUAN Ka`gu*an", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The colugo.

KAHANI Ka"ha"ni, n.

Defn: A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant.

KAHAU Ka*hau", n. Etym: [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.]

KAIL Kail, n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1.

2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.]

3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also, a dinner. [Scot.] Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

KAIMACAM Kai`ma*cam", n.

Defn: Same as Caimacam.

KAIN Kain, n. (Scots Law)

Defn: Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.).

KAINIT Kai"nit, n. Etym: [Trade name, fr. kainite.]

Defn: Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

KAINITE Kai"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony.

KAINOZOIC Kai`no*zo"ic, a.

Defn: See Cenozoic.

KAIQUE Ka*ique", n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Caique.

KAIRINE Kai"rine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine.

KAIROLINE Kai`ro*line, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine.

KAISER Kai"ser, n. Etym: [Gr., fr. L. Caesar. Cf. Kesar, and Czar.]

Defn: The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871.

KAKA Ka"ka, n. Etym: [Maori kaka a parrot; -- so named from its note.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis).

Note: The mountain kaka, or kea (N. notabilis), is remarkable for having recently acquired carnivorous habits. It attacks and kills lambs and pigs, sometimes doing great damage. Night kaka. (Zoöl.) The kakapo.

KAKAPO Ka`ka*po", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A singular nocturnal parrot (Strigops habroptilus), native of New Zealand. It lives in holes during the day, but is active at night. It resembles an owl in its colors and general appearance. It has large wings, but can fly only a short distance. Called also owl parrot, night parrot, and night kaka.

KAKARALLI Kak`a*ral"li, n.

Defn: A kind of wood common in Demerara, durable in salt water, because not subject to the depredations of the sea worm and barnacle.

KAKISTOCRACY Kak`is*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Government by the worst men.

KAKOXENE Ka*kox"ene, n.

Defn: See Cacoxene.

KALAN Ka*lan", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The sea otter.

KALASIE Ka`la*sie", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A long-tailed monkey of Borneo (Semnopithecus rubicundus). It has a tuft of long hair on the head.

KALE Kale, n. Etym: [Scot. kale, kail, cale, colewort, Gael. cael; akin to Ir. cal, W. cawl, Armor. kaol. See Cole.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species. [Written also kail, and cale.]

2. See Kail, 2. Sea kale (Bot.), a European cruciferous herb (Crambe maritima), often used as a pot herb; sea cabbage.

KALEEGE Ka*leege", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of several species of large, crested, Asiatic pheasants, belonging to the genus Euplocamus, and allied to the firebacks.

KALEIDOPHON; KALEIDOPHONE Ka*lei"do*phon, Ka*lei"do*phone, Etym: [Gr. (Physics.)

Defn: An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, consisting of a reflecting knob at the end of a vibrating rod or thin plate, for making visible, in the motion of a point of light reflected from the knob, the paths or curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations.

KALEIDOSCOPE Ka*lei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design. Shifting like the fragments of colored glass in the kaleidoscope. G. W. Cable.

KALEIDOSCOPIC; KALEIDOSCOPICAL Ka*lei`do*scop"ic, Ka*lei`do*scop"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a kaleidoscope; variegated.

KALENDAR Kal"en*dar, n.

Defn: See Calendar.

KALENDARIAL Kal`en*da"ri*al, a.

Defn: See Calendarial.

KALENDER Kal"en*der, n.

Defn: See 3d Calender.

KALENDS Kal"ends, n.

Defn: Same as Calends.

KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Cosmog.)

Defn: The last and worst of the four ages of the world; -- considered to have begun B. C. 3102, and to last 432,000 years.

KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Myth.)

Defn: The black, destroying goddess; -- called also Doorga, Anna Purna.

KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Ar. qali. See Alkali.] (Bot.)

Defn: The glasswort (Salsola Kali).

KALIF Ka"lif, n.

Defn: See Caliph.

KALIFORM Ka"li*form, a. Etym: [Kali + -form.]

Defn: Formed like kali, or glasswort.

KALIGENOUS Ka*lig"e*nous, a. Etym: [Kali + -genous. See Alkali.]

Defn: Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals.

KALIUM Ka"li*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Kali.] (Chem.)

Defn: Potassium; -- so called by the German chemists.

KALKI Kal"ki, n. Etym: [Skr.]

Defn: The name of Vishnu in his tenth and last avatar. Whitworth.

KALMIA Kal"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

KALMUCK Kal"muck, n.

1. pl. (Ethnol.)

Defn: See Calmucks.

2. A kind of shaggy cloth, resembling bearskin.

3. A coarse, dyed, cotton cloth, made in Prussia.

KALONG Ka*long", n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fruit bat, esp. the Indian edible fruit bat (Pteropus edulis).

KALOYER Ka*loy"er, n.

Defn: See Caloyer.

KALPA Kal"pa, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.)

Defn: One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

KALSOMINE Kal"so*mine, n. & v. t.

Defn: Same as Calcimine.

KAM Kam, a. Etym: [From Celtic; cf. Gael., Ir., & W. cam. Cf. Jamb, n.]

Defn: Crooked; awry. [Obs.] "This is clean kam." Shak.

KAMA Ka"ma, n. Etym: [Skr. kama love, the god of love.]

Defn: The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

KAMALA Ka*ma"la, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm. [Written also kameela.]

KAME Kame, n.

Defn: A low ridge. [Scot.] See Eschar.

KAMI Ka"mi, n. pl. Etym: [Japanese.]

Defn: A title given to the celestial gods of the first mythical dynasty of Japan and extended to the demigods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes still represented by the mikado.

KAMICHI Ka"mi*chi, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A curious South American bird (Anhima, or Palamedea, cornuta), often domesticated by the natives and kept with poultry, which it defends against birds of prey. It has a long, slender, hornlike ornament on its head, and two sharp spurs on each wing. Although its beak, feet, and legs resemble those of gallinaceous birds, it is related in anatomical characters to the ducks and geese (Anseres). Called also horned screamer. The name is sometimes applied also to the chaja. See Chaja, and Screamer.

KAMPTULICON Kamp*tu"li*con, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A kind of elastic floor cloth, made of India rubber, gutta- percha, linseed oil, and powdered cork.

KAMPYLITE Kam"py*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of mimetite or arseniate of lead in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. [Written also campylite.]

KAMSIN; KHAMSIN Kam*sin", Kham*sin", n. Etym: [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, oblique case khamsin, fifty; -- so called because it blows for about fifty days, from April till June.]

Defn: A hot southwesterly wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. [Written also Khamseen.]

KAMTSCHADALES Kam"tscha*dales, n. pl. (Ethnol.)

Defn: An aboriginal tribe inhabiting the southern part of Kamtschatka.

KAN Kan, v. t.

Defn: To know; to ken. [Obs.] See Ken.

KAN Kan, n.

Defn: See Khan.

KANACKA; KANAKA Ka*nack"a, Ka*na"ka, n. Etym: [Native name, prop., a man.]

Defn: A native of the Sandwich Islands.

KANCHIL Kan"chil, n. Etym: [Malay canchil.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small chevrotain of the genus Tragulus, esp. T. pygmæus, or T. kanchil, inhabiting Java, Sumatra, and adjacent islands; a deerlet. It is noted for its agility and cunning.

KAND Kand, n. (Mining)

Defn: Fluor spar; -- so called by Cornish miners.

KANGAROO Kan"ga*roo", n. Etym: [Said to be the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials of the family Macropodidæ. They inhabit Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, They have long and strong hind legs and a large tail, while the fore legs are comparatively short and feeble. The giant kangaroo (Macropus major) is the largest species, sometimes becoming twelve or fourteen feet in total length. The tree kangaroos, belonging to the genus Dendrolagus, live in trees; the rock kangaroos, of the genus Petrogale, inhabit rocky situations; and the brush kangaroos, of the genus Halmaturus, inhabit wooded districts. See Wallaby.

Kangaroo apple (Bot.), the edible fruit of the Tasmanian plant Solanum aviculare. -- Kangaroo grass (Bot.), a perennial Australian forage grass (Anthistiria australis). -- Kangaroo hare (Zoöl.), the jerboa kangaroo. See under Jerboa. -- Kangaroo mouse. (Zoöl.) See Jumping mouse, under Jumping. -- Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo.

KANSAS Kan"sas, n. pl. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe of Indians allied to the Winnebagoes and Osages. They formerly inhabited the region which is now the State of Kansas, but were removed to the Indian Territory.

KANTIAN Kant"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher; conformed or relating to any or all of the philosophical doctrines of Immanuel Kant.

KANTIAN Kant"i*an, n.

Defn: A follower of Kant; a Kantist.

KANTIANISM; KANTISM Kant"i*an*ism, Kant"ism, n.

Defn: The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy.

KANTIST Kant"ist n.

Defn: A disciple or follower of Kant.

KANTTRY Kant"try, n.

Defn: Same as Cantred.

KAOLIN; KAOLINE Ka"o*lin, Ka"o*line, n. Etym: [Chin. kao-ling.] (Min.)

Defn: A very pure white clay, ordinarily in the form of an impalpable powder, and used to form the paste of porcelain; China clay; porcelain clay. It is chiefly derived from the decomposition of common feldspar.

Note: The name is now applied to all porcelain clays which endure the fire without discoloration.

KAOLINIZATION Ka`o*lin`i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The process by which feldspar is changed into kaolin.

KAOLINIZE Ka"o*lin*ize, v. t.

Defn: To convert into kaolin.

KAPELLE Ka*pel"le, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.)

Defn: A chapel; hence, the choir or orchestra of a prince's chapel; now, a musical establishment, usually orchestral. Grove.

KAPELLMEISTER Ka*pell"meis`ter, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.)

Defn: See Capellmeister.

KAPIA Ka"pi*a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Min.)

Defn: The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

KAPNOMAR Kap"no*mar, n. Chem.

Defn: ) See Capnomor.

KAPOK Ka*pok", n. [Prob. fr. the native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: A silky wool derived from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra (syn. Eriodendron anfractuosum), a bombaceous tree of the East and West Indies.

KARAGANE Kar"a*gane, n. Etym: [Russ. karagan'] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of gray fox found in Russia.

KARAISM Ka"ra*ism, n.

Defn: Doctrines of the Karaites.

KARAITE Ka"ra*ite, n. Etym: [Heb.qara to read.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A sect of Jews who adhere closely to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority; -- opposed to the Rabbinists.

KARAKUL Ka`ra*kul", n. [Russ. karakul' curly fleece of Bokhara and Khiva sheep.]

Defn: Astrakhan, esp. in fine grades. Cf. Caracul.

KARATAS Ka*ra"tas, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A West Indian plant of the Pineapple family (Nidularium Karatas).

KARMA Kar"ma, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Buddhism)

Defn: One's acts considered as fixing one's lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

KARMATHIAN Kar*ma"thi*an, n.

Defn: One of a Mohammedan sect founded in the ninth century by Karmat.

KARN Karn, n. Etym: [Cornish. Cf. Cairn.] (Mining)

Defn: A pile of rocks; sometimes, the solid rock. See Cairn.

KAROB Ka"rob, n. Etym: [Cf. Carat.]

Defn: The twenty-fourth part of a grain; -- a weight used by goldsmiths. Crabb.

KAROSS Ka*ross", n. [Native name.]

Defn: A native garment or rug of skin sewed together in the form of a square. [South Africa]

The wants of a native . . . are confined to a kaross (skin cloak) or some pieces of cotton cloth. James Bryce.

KARPHOLITE Kar"pho*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. carpholithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese.

KARROO Kar*roo", n.; pl. Karroos (.

Defn: One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.] The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.

KARSTENITE Kar"sten*ite, n.

Defn: Same as Anhydrite.

KARVEL Kar"vel, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Carvel, and Caravel.

KARYOKINESIS Kar"y*o*ki*ne`sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; -- opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei. Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell.

KARYOKINETIC Kar`y*o*ki*net"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as, karyokinetic changes of cell division.

KARYOMITON Kar`y*om"i*ton, n. Etym: [NL., Gr. ( (Biol.)

Defn: The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; -- in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming.

KARYOPLASMA Kar`y*o*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a num + (Biol.)

Defn: The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

KARYOSTENOSIS Kar`y*o*ste*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

KARYOSTENOTIC Kar`y*o*ste*not"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as, the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

KASACK Ka*sack", n. (Ethnol.)

Defn: Same as Cossack.

KAT Kat, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An Arabian shrub Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs.

KATABOLIC Kat`a*bol"ic, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to katabolism; as, katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability.

KATABOLISM Ka*tab"o*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; -- opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation.

KATASTATE Kat"a*state, n. Etym: [Gr. (

Defn: (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; -- opposed to anastate. See Katabolic.

KATE Kate, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The brambling finch.

KATHETAL Kath"e*tal, a. Etym: [Gr. Cathetus.] (Math.)

Defn: Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle.

KATHETOMETER Kath`e*tom"e*ter, n.

Defn: Same as Cathetometer.

KATTIMUNDOO Kat`ti*mun"doo, n.

Defn: A caoutchouc like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement.

KATYDID Ka"ty*did`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidæ, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name.

KAURI Ka"u*ri, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.]

KAURI RESIN; KAURI GUM; KAURI COPAL Kauri resin, gum, or copal.

Defn: A resinous product of the kauri, found in the form of yellow or brown lumps in the ground where the trees have grown. It is used for making varnish, and as a substitute for amber.

KAVA Ka"va, n. Etym: [Polynesian.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.]

KAVASS Ka*vass", n.; pl. Kavasses Etym: [Turk. kavvas]

Defn: An armed constable; also, a government servant or courier. [Turkey]

KAW Kaw, v. i. & n.

Defn: See Caw.

KAWAKA Ka*wa"ka, n. (Bot.)

Defn: a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

KAWN Kawn, n.

Defn: A inn. [Turkey] See Khan.

KAYAK Kay"ak, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes.

KAYAKER Kay"ak*er, n.

Defn: One who uses a kayak.

KAYKO Kay"ko, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The dog salmon.

KAYLES Kayles, n. pl. Etym: [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D. & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.]

Defn: A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew.

KAYNARD Kay"nard, n. Etym: [F. cagnard.]

Defn: A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KAZOO Ka*zoo", n. [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A kind of toy or rude musical instrument, as a tube inside of which is a stretched string made to vibrate by singing or humming into the tube.

KEA Ke"a (ka"a; colloq. ke"a), n. [Maori.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large New Zealand parrot (Nestor notabilis), notorious for having acquired the habit of killing sheep; -- called also mountain parrot.

KECK Keck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Kecking.] Etym: [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.]

Defn: To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift.

KECK Keck, n.

Defn: An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.]

KECKLE Kec"kle, v. i. & n.

Defn: See Keck, v. i. & n.

KECKLE Kec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keckling.] (Naut.)

Defn: To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten.

KECKLING Kec"kling, n.

Defn: Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t.

KECKLISH Kec"klish, a. Etym: [From keck, keckle.]

Defn: Inclined to vomit; squeamish. [R.] Holland.

KECKSY Keck"sy, n.; pl. Kecksies (-sîz). Etym: [Properly pl. of kex. See Kex.] (Bot.)

Defn: The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant, such as the cow parsnip or the hemlock. [Written also kex, and in pl., kecks, kaxes.] Nothing teems But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs. Shak.

KECKY Keck"y, a.

Defn: Resembling a kecksy. Grew.

KEDDAH Ked"dah, n. [Malay kedah, fr. Ar. qadah hole.]

Defn: An inclosure constructed to entrap wild elephants; an elephant trap. [India]

KEDGE Kedge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kedged; p. pr. & vb. n. Kedging.] Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. keka to tug, to drag one's self slowly forward; or perh. fr. ked, and kedge, n., for ked anchor, named from the ked or cask fastened to the anchor to show where it lies.] (Naut.)

Defn: To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it.

KEDGE Kedge, n. Etym: [See Kedge, v. t.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small anchor used whenever a large one can be dispensed witch. See Kedge, v. t., and Anchor, n.

KEDGER Kedg"er n. (Naut.)

Defn: A small anchor; a kedge.

KEDLOCK Ked"lock, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. G.köddik, küdik, kettich, keek, Dan. kidike, E. charlock, and AS. cedelc the herb mercury.] (Bot.)

Defn: See Charlock.

KEE Kee, n. pl. of Cow. Etym: [AS. c, pl. of c cow. See Kine.]

Defn: See Kie, Ky, and Kine. [Prov. Eng.] Gay.

KEECH Keech, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. keech a cake.]

Defn: A mass or lump of fat rolled up by the butcher. [Obs.] Shak.

KEEL Keel, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. c to cool, fr. c cool. See Cool.]

Defn: To cool; to akin or stir [Obs.] While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. Shak.

KEEL Keel, n.

Defn: A brewer's cooling vat; a keelfat.

KEEL Keel, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ceól ship; akin to D. & G. kiel keel, OHG. chiol ship, Icel. kj, and perh. to Gr. gla ball, round water vessel. But the meaning of the English word seems to come from Icel. kjölr keel, akin to Sw. köl, Dan. kjöl.]

1. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A longitudinal timber, or series of timbers scarfed together, extending from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel. It is the principal timber of the vessel, and, by means of the ribs attached on each side, supports the vessel's frame. In an iron vessel, a combination of plates supplies the place of the keel of a wooden ship. See Illust. of Keelson.

2. Fig.: The whole ship.

3. A barge or lighter, used on the Type for carrying coal from Newcastle; also, a barge load of coal, twentyone tons, four cwt. [Eng.]

4. (Bot.)

Defn: The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and inclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina. See Carina.

5. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curved surface. Bilge keel (Naut.), a keel peculiar to ironclad vessels, extending only a portion of the length of the vessel under the bilges. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- False keel. See under False. -- Keel boat. (a) A covered freight boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Western rivers. [U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed freight boat. See Keel, n., 3. -- Keel piece, one of the timbers or sections of which a keel is composed. On even keel, in a level or horizontal position, so that the draught of water at the stern and the bow is the same. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

KEEL Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeling.]

1. To traverse with a keel; to navigate.

2. To turn up the keel; to show the bottom. To keel over, to upset; to capsize. [Colloq.]

KEELAGE Keel"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. guillage, fr. guille keel; of German or Scand origin. See 3d Keel.]

Defn: The right of demanding a duty or toll for a ship entering a port; also, the duty or toll. Bouvier. Wharton.

KEELED Keeled, a.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as, a keeled leaf.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a median ridge; carinate; as, a keeled scale.

KEELER Keel"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Keel.]

1. One employed in managing a Newcastle keel; -- called also keelman.

2. A small or shallow tub; esp., one used for holding materials for calking ships, or one used for washing dishes, etc.

KEELFAT Keel"fat`, n. Etym: [Keel to cool + fat a large tub, a vat.] (Brewing)

Defn: A cooler; a vat for cooling wort, etc. [Written also keelvat.] Johnson.

KEELHAUL Keel"haul`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] Etym: [3d keel + haul: cf. LG. & D. kielhalen, G. kielholen. ] [Written also keelhale.] (Naut.)

Defn: To haul under the keel of a ship, by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. It was formerly practiced as a punishment in the Dutch and English navies. Totten.

KEELING Kee"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. keila, Sw. kolja, Dan. kulle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cod.

KEELIVINE Kee"li*vine, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. cil ruddle.]

Defn: A pencil of black or red lead; -- called also keelyvine pen. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

KEELMAN Keel"man, n.; pl. -men (.

Defn: See Keeler,

1.

KEELRAKE Keel"rake`, v. t. (Naut.)

Defn: Same as Keelhaul.

KEELS Keels, n. pl.

Defn: Ninepins. See Kayles.

KEELSON Keel"son, n. Etym: [Akin to Sw. kölsvin, Dan. kjölsviin, G. kielschwein; apparently compounded of the words keel and swine; but cf. Norweg. kjölsvill, where svill is akin to E. sill, n. ] (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel; in iron vessels, a structure of plates, situated like the keelson of a timber ship. Cross keelson, a similar structure lying athwart the main keelson, to support the engines and boilers.

KEELVAT Keel"vat`, n.

Defn: See Keelfat.

KEEN Keen, a. [Compar. Keener; superl. Keenest.] Etym: [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS.c bold; akin to D. koen, OHG. kuoni, G. kühn, OSw. kyn, kön, Icel. kænn, for koenn wise; perh. akin to E. ken, can to be able.

1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point; as, a keen razor, or a razor with a keen edge. A bow he bare and arwes [arrows] bright and kene. Chaucer. That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Shak.

2. Acute of mind; sharp; penetrating; having or expressing mental acuteness; as, a man of keen understanding; a keen look; keen features. To make our wits more keen. Shak. Before the keen inquiry of her thought. Cowper.

3. Bitter; piercing; acrimonious; cutting; stinging; severe; as, keen satire or sarcasm. Good father cardinal, cry thou amen To my keen curses. Shak.

4. Piercing; penetrating; cutting; sharp; -- applied to cold, wind, etc, ; as, a keen wind; the cold is very keen. Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes. Goldsmith.

5. Eager; vehement; fierce; as, a keen appetite. "Of full kene will." Piers Plowman. So keen and greedy to confound a man. Shak.

Note: Keen is often used in the composition of words, most of which are of obvious signification; as, keen-edged, keen-eyed, keen- sighted, keen-witted, etc.

Syn. -- Prompt; eager; ardent; sharp; acute; cutting; penetrating; biting; severe; sarcastic; satirical; piercing; shrewd.

KEEN Keen, v. t.

Defn: To sharpen; to make cold. [R.] Cold winter keens the brightening flood. Thomson.

KEEN Keen, n. Etym: [Ir. caoine.]

Defn: A prolonged wail for a deceased person. Cf. Coranach. [Ireland] Froude.

KEEN Keen, v. i.

Defn: To wail as a keener does. [Ireland]

KEENER Keen"er, n.

Defn: A professional mourner who wails at a funeral. [Ireland]

KEENLY Keen"ly, adv.

Defn: In a keen manner.

KEENNESS Keen"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being keen.

KEEP Keep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeping.] Etym: [OE. k, AS.c to keep, regard, desire, await, take, betake; cf. AS. copenere lover, OE. copnien to desire.]

1. To care; to desire. [Obs.] I kepe not of armes for to yelp [boast]. Chaucer.

2. To hold; to restrain from departure or removal; not to let go of; to retain in one's power or possession; not to lose; to retain; to detain. If we lose the field, We can not keep the town. Shak. That I may know what keeps me here with you. Dryden. If we would weigh and keep in our minds what we are considering, that would instruct us. Locke.

3. To cause to remain in a given situation or condition; to maintain unchanged; to hold or preserve in any state or tenor. His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton. Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on. Addison.

Note: In this sense it is often used with prepositions and adverbs, as to keep away, to keep down, to keep from, to keep in, out, or off, etc. "To keep off impertinence and solicitation from his superior." Addison.

4. To have in custody; to have in some place for preservation; to take charge of. The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was always kept in the castle of Vicegrade. Knolles.

5. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard. Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee. Gen. xxviii. 15.

6. To preserve from discovery or publicity; not to communicate, reveal, or betray, as a secret. Great are thy virtues . . . though kept from man. Milton.

7. To attend upon; to have the care of; to tend. And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. Gen. ii. 15. In her girlish age, she kept sheep on the moor. Carew.

8. To record transactions, accounts, or events in; as, to keep books, a journal, etc. ; also, to enter (as accounts, records, etc. ) in a book.

9. To maintain, as an establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to manage; as, to keep store. Like a pedant that keeps a school. Shak. Every one of them kept house by himself. Hayward.

10. To supply with necessaries of life; to entertain; as, to keep boarders.

11. To have in one's service; to have and maintain, as an assistant, a servant, a mistress, a horse, etc. I keep but three men and a boy. Shak.

12. To have habitually in stock for sale.

13. To continue in, as a course or mode of action; not to intermit or fall from; to hold to; to maintain; as, to keep silence; to keep one's word; to keep possession. Both day and night did we keep company. Shak. Within this portal as I kept my watch. Smollett.

14. To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate; to practice or perform, as duty; not to neglect; to be faithful to. I have kept the faith. 2 Tim. iv. 7. Him whom to love is to obey, and keep His great command. Milton.

15. To confine one's self to; not to quit; to remain in; as, to keep one's house, room, bed, etc. ; hence, to haunt; to frequent. Shak. 'Tis hallowed ground; Fairies, and fawns, and satyrs do it keep. J. Fletcher.

16. To observe duty, as a festival, etc. ; to celebrate; to solemnize; as, to keep a feast. I went with them to the house of God . . . with a multitude that kept holyday. Ps. xlii. 4. To keep at arm's length. See under Arm, n. -- To keep back. (a) To reserve; to withhold. "I will keep nothing back from you." Jer. xlii. 4. (b) To restrain; to hold back. "Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins." Ps. xix. 13. -- To keep company with. (a) To frequent the society of; to associate with; as, let youth keep company with the wise and good. (b) To accompany; to go with; as, to keep company with one on a voyage; also, to pay court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] -- To keep counsel. See under Counsel, n. -- To keep down. (a) To hold in subjection; to restrain; to hinder. (b) (Fine Arts) To subdue in tint or tone, as a portion of a picture, so that the spectator's attention may not be diverted from the more important parts of the work. -- To keep good (or bad) hours, to be customarily early (or late) in returning home or in retiring to rest. -- To keep house. (a) To occupy a separate house or establishment, as with one's family, as distinguished from boarding; to manage domestic affairs. (b) (Eng. Bankrupt Law) To seclude one's self in one's house in order to evade the demands of creditors. -- To keep one's hand in, to keep in practice. -- To keep open house, to be hospitable. -- To keep the peace (Law), to avoid or to prevent a breach of the peace. -- To keep school, to govern, manage and instruct or teach a school, as a preceptor. -- To keep a stiff upper lip, to keep up one's courage. [Slang] -- To keep term. (a) (Eng. Universities) To reside during a term. (b) (Inns of Court) To eat a sufficient number of dinners in hall to make the term count for the purpose of being called to the bar. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- To keep touch. See under Touch, n. -- To keep under, to hold in subjection; hence, to oppress. -- To keep up. (a) To maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as, to keep up the price of goods; to keep up one's credit. (b) To maintain; to continue; to prevent from ceasing. "In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to continue it." Locke.

Syn. -- To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. -- To Keep. Retain, Preserve. Keep is the generic term, and is often used where retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as, to keep silence, etc. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, as against influences which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might lead us to give them up; as, to retain vivacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one's servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being destroyed or broken in upon; as, to preserve one's health; to preserve appearances.

KEEP Keep, v. i.

1. To remain in any position or state; to continue; to abide; to stay; as, to keep at a distance; to keep aloft; to keep near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor; to keep out of company, or out reach.

2. To last; to endure; to remain unimpaired. If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not keep. Mortimer.

3. To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell. [Now disused except locally or colloquially.] Knock at his study, where, they say, he keeps. Shak.

4. To take care; to be solicitous; to watch. [Obs.] Keep that the lusts choke not the word of God that is in us. Tyndale.

5. To be in session; as, school keeps to-day. [Colloq.] To keep from, to abstain or refrain from. -- To keep in with, to keep on good terms with; as, to keep in with an opponent. -- To keep on, to go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance. -- To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from; as, to keep to old customs; to keep to a rule; to keep to one's word or promise. -- To keep up, to remain unsubdued; also, not to be confined to one's bed.

KEEP Keep, n.

1. The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge. Chaucer. Pan, thou god of shepherds all, Which of our tender lambkins takest keep. Spenser.

2. The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case; as, to be in good keep.

3. The means or provisions by which one is kept; maintenance; support; as, the keep of a horse. Grass equal to the keep of seven cows. Carlyle. I performed some services to the college in return for my keep. T. Hughes.

4. That which keeps or protects; a stronghold; a fortress; a castle; specifically, the strongest and securest part of a castle, often used as a place of residence by the lord of the castle, especially during a siege; the donjon. See Illust. of Castle. The prison strong, Within whose keep the captive knights were laid. Dryden. The lower chambers of those gloomy keeps. Hallam. I think . . . the keep, or principal part of a castle, was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or lived there. M. A. Lower.

5. That which is kept in charge; a charge. [Obs.] Often he used of his keep A sacrifice to bring. Spenser.

6. (Mach.)

Defn: A cap for retaining anything, as a journal box, in place. To take keep, to take care; to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KEEPER Keep"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, keeps; one who, or that which, holds or has possession of anything.

2. One who retains in custody; one who has the care of a prison and the charge of prisoners.

3. One who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; as, the keeper of a park, a pound, of sheep, of a gate, etc. ; the keeper of attached property; hence, one who saves from harm; a defender; a preserver. The Lord is thy keeper. Ps. cxxi. 6.

4. One who remains or keeps in a place or position. Discreet; chaste; keepers at home. Titus ii. 5.

5. A ring, strap, clamp, or any device for holding an object in place; as: (a) The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. (b) A ring serving to keep another ring on the finger. (c) A loop near the buckle of a strap to receive the end of the strap.

6. A fruit that keeps well; as, the Roxbury Russet is a good keeper. Downing. Keeper of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an officer who had the principal government of all things relating to the forest. -- Keeper of the great seal, a high officer of state, who has custody of the great seal. The office is now united with that of lord chancellor. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the King's conscience, the lord chancellor; -- a name given when the chancellor was an ecclesiastic. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the privy seal (styled also lord privy seal), a high officer of state, through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, etc., before they come to the great seal. He is a privy councillor, and was formerly called clerk of the privy seal. [Eng.] - - Keeper of a magnet, a piece of iron which connects the two poles, for the purpose of keeping the magnetic power undiminished; an armature.

KEEPERSHIP Keep"er*ship, n.

Defn: The office or position of a keeper. Carew.

KEEPING Keep"ing, n.

1. A holding; restraint; custody; guard; charge; care; preservation. His happiness is in his own keeping. South.

2. Maintenance; support; provision; feed; as, the cattle have good keeping. The work of many hands, which earns my keeping. Milton.

3. Conformity; congruity; harmony; consistency; as, these subjects are in keeping with each other.

4. (Paint.)

Defn: Harmony or correspondence between the different parts of a work of art; as, the foreground of this painting is not in keeping. Keeping room, a family sitting room. [New Eng. & Prov. Eng.]

Syn. -- Care; guardianship; custody; possession.

KEEPSAKE Keep"sake`, n.

Defn: Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship.

KEESH Keesh, n.

Defn: See Kish.

KEEVE Keeve, n. Etym: [AS. c, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask; also, F. cuve. Cf. Kive, Coop.]

1. (Brewing)

Defn: A vat or tub in which the mash is made; a mash tub. Ure.

2. (Bleaching)

Defn: A bleaching vat; a kier.

3. (Mining)

Defn: A large vat used in dressing ores.

KEEVE Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeving.]

1. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation.

2. To heave; to tilt, as a cart. [Prov. Eng.]

KEEVER Keev"er, n.

Defn: See Keeve, n.

KEFFE-KIL Kef"fe-kil, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Kiefekil.

KEFIR Kef"ir, n.

Defn: An effervescent liquor like kumiss, made from fermented milk, used as a food and as a medicine in the northern Caucasus. -- Ke*fir"ic (#), a.

KEFIR GRAINS Kefir grains.

Defn: Small hard yellowish aggregations found in the Caucasus region, and containing various yeasts and bacteria. They are used as a ferment in preparing kefir.

KEG Keg, n. Etym: [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.]

Defn: A small cask or barrel.

KEILHAUITE Keil"hauite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silica, titanium dioxide, lime, and yttria.

KEIR Keir, n.

Defn: See Kier.

KEITLOA Keit*lo"a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

KELD Keld, a. Etym: [Cf. Cavl.]

Defn: Having a kell or covering; webbed. [Obs.] Drayton.

KELE Kele, v. t. Etym: [See Keel to cool.]

Defn: To cool. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KELL Kell, n.

Defn: A kiln. [Obs.]

KELL Kell, n. Etym: [A modification of kale.]

Defn: A sort of pottage; kale. See Kale, 2. Ainsworth.

KELL Kell, n. Etym: [Cf. Caul.]

1. The caul; that which covers or envelops as a caul; a net; a fold; a film. [Obs.] I'll have him cut to the kell. Beau. & Fl.

2. The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect. B. Jonson.

KELOID Ke"loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.)

Defn: Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin. -- n.

Defn: A keloid tumor.

KELOTOMY Ke*lot"o*my, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Celotomy.

KELP Kelp, n. Etym: [Formerly kilpe; of unknown origin.]

1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, -- formerly much used in the manufacture of glass, now used in the manufacture of iodine.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Any large blackish seaweed.

Note: Laminaria is the common kelp of Great Britain; Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Lutkeana are the great kelps of the Pacific Ocean. Kelp crab (Zoöl.), a California spider crab (Epialtus productus), found among seaweeds, which it resembles in color. -- Kelp salmon (Zoöl.), a serranoid food fish (Serranus clathratus) of California. See Cabrilla.

KELPFISH Kelp"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small California food fish (Heterostichus rostratus), living among kelp. The name is also applied to species of the genus Platyglossus.

KELPIE; KELPY Kel"pie, Kel"py, n.; pl. Kelpies. Etym: [Cf. Gael. cailpeach, calpach, colpach, a heifer, steer, colt, colpa a cow or horse.] (Scotch Myth.)

Defn: An imaginary spirit of the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to warn, by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be drowned. Jamieson.

KELPWARE Kelp"ware`, n.

Defn: Same as Kelp, 2.

KELSON Kel"son, n.

Defn: See Keelson. Sir W. Raleigh.

KELT Kelt, n.

Defn: See Kilt, n. Jamieson.

KELT Kelt, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kult quilt.]

Defn: Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. [Scot.] Jamieson.

KELT Kelt, n.

Defn: A salmon after spawning. [Scot.]

KELT Kelt, n.

Defn: Same as Celt, one of Celtic race.

KELTER Kel"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cealt clothes, Gael. cealltair spear, castle, cause, Prov. E. kilter tool, instrument. Cf. Kilt.]

Defn: Regular order or proper condition. [Written also kilter.] [Colloq.] If the organs of prayer be out of kelter or out of tune, how can we pray Barrow.

KELTIC Kelt"ic, a. & n.

Defn: Same as Celtic, a. & n.

KEMB Kemb, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Kembed or Kempt (p. pr. & vb. n. Kembing.] Etym: [OE.kemben, AS. cemban, fr. camb comb.]

Defn: To comb. [Obs.] His longe hair was kembed behind his back. Chaucer.

KEMELIN Kem"e*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E.kemlin, kimlin, kimmel, a salting tub, any tub, kembing a brewing tub, G. kumme bowl, basin, W. cwmman a tub, brewing tub.]

Defn: A tub; a brewer's vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KEMP; KEMPTY Kemp, Kemp"ty, n.

Defn: Coarse, rough hair wool or fur, injuring its quality.

KEMPE Kem"pe, a.

Defn: Rough; shaggy. [Obs.] "Kempe hairs." Chaucer.

KEMPS Kemps, n. pl. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.)

Defn: The long flower stems of the ribwort plantain (Plantago Lanceolata). Dr. Prior.

KEMPT Kempt,

Defn: p. p. of Kemb. B. Jonson.

KEN Ken, n. Etym: [Perh. from kennel.]

Defn: A house; esp., one which is a resort for thieves. [Slang, Eng.]

KEN Ken, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned; p. pr. & vb. n. Kenning.] Etym: [OE.kennen to teach, make known, know, AS. cennan to make known, proclaim, or rather from the related Icel. kenna to know; akin to D. & G. kennen to know, Goth. kannjan to make known; orig., a causative corresponding to AS. cunnan to know, Goth. kunnan. sq. root45. See Can to be able, Know.]

1. To know; to understand; to take cognizance of. [Archaic or Scot.]

2. To recognize; to descry; to discern. [Archaic or Scot.] "We ken them from afar." Addison 'T is he. I ken the manner of his gait. Shak.

KEN Ken, v. i.

Defn: To look around. [Obs.] Burton.

KEN Ken, n.

Defn: Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or knowledge. "Beyond his ken." Longfellow. Above the reach and ken of a mortal apprehension. South. It was relief to quit the ken And the inquiring looks of men. Trench.

KENDAL GREEN; KENDAL Ken"dal green`, or; Ken"dal.

Defn: A cloth colored green by dye obtained from the woad-waxen, formerly used by Flemish weavers at Kendal, in Westmoreland, England. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). How couldst thou know these men in Kendal green Shak.

KENNEL Ken"nel, n. Etym: [See Channel, Canal.]

Defn: The water course of a street; a little canal or channel; a gutter; also, a puddle. Bp. Hall.

KENNEL Ken"nel, n. Etym: [OE.kenel, (assumed) OF. kenil, F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis a dog. Cf. Canine.]

1. A house for a dog or for dogs, or for a pack of hounds. A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe his kennel. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A pack of hounds, or a collection of dogs. Shak.

3. The hole of a fox or other beast; a haunt.

KENNEL Ken"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled or Kennelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kennelling.]

Defn: To lie or lodge; to dwell, as a dog or a fox. The dog kenneled in a hollow tree. L'Estrange.

KENNEL Ken"nel, v. t.

Defn: To put or keep in a kennel. Thomson.

KENNEL COAL Ken"nel coal`

Defn: . See Cannel coal.

KENNING Ken"ning, n. Etym: [See Ken, v. t.]

1. Range of sight. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. The limit of vision at sea, being a distance of about twenty miles.

KENO Ke"no, n. Etym: [F. quine five winning numbers, fr. L. quini five each, quinque five. See Five.]

Defn: A gambling game, a variety of the game of lotto, played with balls or knobs, numbered, and cards also numbered. [U. S.]

KENOGENESIS Ken`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Biol.)

Defn: Modified evolution, in which nonprimitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secondary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment; -- distinguished from palingenesis. [Written also cænogenesis.]

KENOGENETIC Ken`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to kenogenesis; as, kenogenetic processes. -- Ken`o*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

KENSPECKLE Ken"spec`kle, a.

Defn: Having so marked an appearance as easily to be recognized. [Scot.]

KENT BUGLE Kent" bu"gle. Etym: [Probably named after a Duke of Kent.] (Mus.)

Defn: A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; -- called also keyed bugle, and key bugle. Moore.

KENTLE Ken"tle, n. Etym: [From Quintal.] (Com.)

Defn: A hundred weight; a quintal.

KENTLEDGE Kent"ledge, n. Etym: [OF. cant edge, corner, D.kant. See Cant edge, angle.] (Naut.)

Defn: Pigs of iron used for ballast. [Written also kintlidge.]

KENTUCKY Ken*tuck"y, n.

Defn: One of the United States. Kentucky blue grass (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass (Poa pratensis), found in both Europe and America. See under Blue grass. -- Kentucky coffee tree (Bot.), a tall North American tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) with bipinnate leaves. It produces large woody pods containing a few seeds which have been used as a substitute for coffee. The timber is a very valuable.

KEPHALIN Keph"a*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: One of a group of nitrogenous phosphorized principles, supposed by Thudichum to exist in brain tissue.

KEPI Kep"i, n. [F. képi, of G. origin.]

Defn: A military cap having a close-fitting band, a round flat top sloping toward the front, and a visor. As originally worn by the French in Algeria about 1830 it was tall and stiff with a straight visor. It is now lower, has a curved visor, and is frequently soft.

KEPT Kept, imp. & p. p.

Defn: of Keep. Kept mistress, a concubine; a woman supported by a man as his paramour.

KEPVISELOHAZ Kép"vi*se*lö*ház`, n. [Hung., fr. képviselö representative + ház house.] (Hungary)

Defn: See Legislature.

KERAMIC Ke*ram"ic, a.

Defn: Same as Ceramic.

KERAMICS Ke*ram"ics, n.

Defn: Same as Ceramics.

KERAMOGRAPHIC Ker`a*mo*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. graph + ic.]

Defn: Suitable to be written upon; capable of being written upon, as a slate; -- said especially of a certain kind of globe. Scudamore.

KERANA Ke*ra"na, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

KERARGYRITE Ke*rar"gy*rite, n.

Defn: See Cerargyrite.

KERASIN Ker"a*sin, n. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous substance free from phosphorus, supposed to be present in the brain; a body closely related to cerebrin.

KERASINE Ker"a*sine, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Resembling horn; horny; corneous.

KERATIN Ker"a*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous substance, or mixture of substances, containing sulphur in a loose state of combination, and forming the chemical basis of epidermal tissues, such as horn, hair, feathers, and the like. It is an insoluble substance, and, unlike elastin, is not dissolved even by gastric or pancreatic juice. By decomposition with sulphuric acid it yields leucin and tyrosin, as does albumin. Called also epidermose.

KERATITIS Ker`a*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the cornea.

KERATODE Ker"a*tode, n.

Defn: See Keratose.

KERATOGENOUS Ker`a*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.]

Defn: Producing horn; as, the keratogenous membrane within the horny hoof of the horse.

KERATOIDEA Ker`a*toi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Keratosa.

KERATOME Ker"a*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for dividing the cornea in operations for cataract.

KERATONYXIS Ker`a*to*nyx"is, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The operation of removing a cataract by thrusting a needle through the cornea of the eye, and breaking up the opaque mass.

KERATOPHYTE Ker"a*to*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A gorgonian coral having a horny axis.

KERATOSA Ker`a*to"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

KERATOSE Ker"a*tose`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A tough, horny animal substance entering into the composition of the skeleton of sponges, and other invertebrates; -- called also keratode.

KERATOSE Ker"a*tose`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Containing hornlike fibers or fibers of keratose; belonging to the Keratosa.

KERAUNOGRAPH Ke*rau"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. graph.]

Defn: A figure or picture impressed by lightning upon the human body or elsewhere. -- Ker`au-nog"ra-phy, n.

KERB Kerb, n.

Defn: See Curb.

KERBSTONE Kerb"stone`, n.

Defn: See Curbstone.

KERCHER Ker"cher, n.

Defn: A kerchief. [Obs.] He became . . . white as a kercher. Sir T. North.

KERCHERED Ker"chered, a.

Defn: Covered, or bound round, with a kercher. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

KERCHIEF Ker"chief, n.; pl. Kerchiefs. Etym: [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevrechief, couvrechef, F. couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover + OF. chief head, F. chef. See Cover, Chief, and cf. Curfew.]

1. A square of fine linen worn by women as a covering for the head; hence, anything similar in form or material, worn for ornament on other parts of the person; -- mostly used in compounds; as, neckerchief; breastkerchief; and later, handkerchief. He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape. Shak. Her black hair strained away To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin. Mrs. Browning.

2. A lady who wears a kerchief. Dryden.

KERCHIEFED; KERCHIEFT Ker"chiefed, Ker"chieft, a.

Defn: Dressed; hooded; covered; wearing a kerchief. Milton.

KERF Kerf, n. Etym: [AS. cyrf a cutting off, fr. ceorfan to cut, carve. See Carve.]

Defn: A notch, channel, or slit made in any material by cutting or sawing.

KERITE Ke"rite, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A compound in which tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable oils is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber; -- used principally as an insulating material in telegraphy. Knight.

KERL Kerl, n.

Defn: See Carl.

KERMES Ker"mes, n. Etym: [Ar. & Per. girmiz. See Crimson, and cf. Alkermes.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine. [Written also chermes.]

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). Kermes mineral. (a) (Old Chem.) An artificial amorphous trisulphide of antimony; -- so called on account of its red color. (b) (Med. Chem.) A compound of the trioxide and trisulphide of antimony, used in medicine. This substance occurs in nature as the mineral kermesite.

KERMESSE Ker"messe, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Kirmess.

KERN Kern, n. Etym: [Ir.ceatharnach.Cf. Cateran. ]

1. A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; -- distinguished from gallowglass, and often used as a term of contempt. Macaulay. Now for our Irish wars; We must supplant those rough, rug-headed kerns. Shak.

2. Any kind of boor or low-lived person. [Obs.] Blount.

3. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: An idler; a vagabond. Wharton.

KERN Kern, n. (Type Founding)

Defn: A part of the face of a type which projects beyond the body, or shank.

KERN Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerning. ] (Type Founding)

Defn: To form with a kern. See 2d Kern.

KERN Kern, n. Etym: [See Churn. ]

Defn: A churn. [Prov. Eng.]

KERN Kern, n. Etym: [AS. cweorn, cwyrn. See Quern. ]

Defn: A hand mill. See Quern. Johnson.

KERN Kern, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. kern kernel, grain; akin to E. corn. See Corn, Kernel. ]

1. To harden, as corn in ripening. [Obs.] Carew.

2. To take the form of kernels; to granulate. [Obs.] It is observed that rain makes the salt kern. Dampier.

KERN BABY Kern baby.

Defn: A doll or image decorated with corn (grain) flowers, etc., carried in the festivals of a kern, or harvest-home. Called also harvest queen.

KERNED Kerned, a. (Print.)

Defn: Having part of the face projecting beyond the body or shank; -- said of type. "In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters." MacKellar.

KERNEL Ker"nel, n. Etym: [OE. kernel, kirnel, curnel, AS.cyrnel, fr. corn grain. See Corn, and cf. Kern to harden.]

1. The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as, the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp. ' A were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel Shak.

2. A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn.

3. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh.

4. The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument.

KERNEL Ker"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kerneled or Kernelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerneling or Kernelling.]

Defn: To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels.

KERNELED; KERNELLED Ker"neled, Ker"nelled, a.

Defn: Having a kernel.

KERNELLY Ker"nel*ly, a.

Defn: Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels. Holland.

KERNISH Kern"ish, a. Etym: [From Kern a boor.]

Defn: Clownish; booorish. [Obs.] "A petty kernish prince." Milton.

KEROLITE Ker"o*lite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Same as Cerolite.

KEROSENE Ker"o*sene`, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: An oil used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called also coal oil. It is now produced in immense quantities, chiefly by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists chiefly of several hydrocarbons of the methane series.

KERS; KERSE Kers, Kerse, n.

Defn: A cress. [Obs.] Chaucer. Not worth a kers. See under Cress.

KERSEY Ker"sey, n.; pl. Kerseys. Etym: [Prob. from the town of Kersey in Suffolk, Eng.]

Defn: A kind of coarse, woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from wool of long staple.

KERSEYMERE Ker"sey*mere, n. Etym: [For cassimere, confounded with kersey.]

Defn: See Cassimere.

KERSEYNETTE Ker`sey*nette", n.

Defn: See Cassinette.

KERSEYS Ker"seys, n. pl.

Defn: Varieties of kersey; also, trousers made of kersey.

KERVE Kerve, v. t.

Defn: To carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KERVER Kerv"er, n.

Defn: A carver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KESAR Ke"sar, n.

Defn: See Kaiser [Obs.] Spenser.

KESLOP Kes"lop, n. Etym: [AS.c, or c, milk curdled; cf. G. käselab, käselippe. See Cheese, and cf.Cheeselep.]

Defn: The stomach of a calf, prepared for rennet. Halliwell.

KESS Kess, v. t.

Defn: To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer

KEST Kest, imp.

Defn: of Cast. [Obs.]

KESTREL Kes"trel, n. Etym: [See Castrel.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, slender European hawk (Falco alaudarius), allied to the sparrow hawk. Its color is reddish fawn, streaked and spotted with white and black. Also called windhover and stannel. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Note: This word is often used in contempt, as of a mean kind of hawk. "Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks." Bacon.

KET Ket, n. Etym: [Icel. kjöt flesh; akin to Sw. kött, Dan. kjöd.]

Defn: Carrion; any filth. [Prob. Eng.] Halliwell.

KETA Ke"ta, n. [Perh. of Amer. Indian origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) of inferior value, which in the autumn runs up all the larger rivers between San Francisco and Kamchatka.

KETCH Ketch, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qaiq : cf. F. caiche. Cf. Caïque.] (Naut.)

Defn: An almost obsolete form of vessel, with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, -- usually from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. Bomb ketch. See under Bomb.

KETCH Ketch, n.

Defn: A hangman. See Jack Ketch.

KETCH Ketch, v. t. Etym: [See Catch.]

Defn: To catch. [Now obs. in spelling, and colloq. in pronunciation.] To ketch him at a vantage in his snares. Spenser.

KETCHUP Ketch"up, n.

Defn: A sauce. See Catchup.

KETINE Ke"tine, n. Etym: [See Ketone.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of a series of organic bases obtained by the reduction of certain isonitroso compounds of the ketones. In general they are unstable oily substances having a pungent aromatic odor.

KETMIE Ket`mie", n. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of certain African species of Hibiscus, cultivated for the acid of their mucilage. [Written also ketmia.]

KETOL Ke"tol, n. Etym: [Ketone + indol.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of a series of series of complex nitrogenous substances, represented by methyl ketol and related to indol. Methyl ketol, a weak organic base, obtained as a white crystalline substance having the odor of fæces.

KETONE Ke"tone, n. Etym: [Cf. Acetone.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor.

Note: The ketones are named by adding the suffix-one to the stems of the organic acids from which they are respectively derived; thus, acetic acid gives acetone; butyric acid, butyrone, etc.

KETONIC Ke*ton"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a ketone; as, a ketonic acid.

KETTLE Ket"tle, n. Etym: [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus a deep vessel, bowl; but cf. also OHG. chezzi kettle, Icel. kati small ship.]

Defn: A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids. Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. [Obs.] Shelton. -- Kettle stitch (Bookbinding), the stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. Knight.

KETTLEDRUM Ket"tle*drum`, n.

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A drum made of thin copper in the form of a hemispherical kettle, with parchment stretched over the mouth of it.

Note: Kettledrums, in pairs, were formerly used in martial music for cavalry, but are now chiefly confined to orchestras, where they are called tympani.

2. An informal social party at which a light collation is offered, held in the afternoon or early evening. Cf. Drum, n., 4 and 5.

KETTLEDRUMMER Ket"tle*drum`mer, n.

Defn: One who plays on a kettledrum.

KEUPER Keu"per, n. Etym: [G.] (Geol.)

Defn: The upper division of the European Triassic. See Chart of Geology.

KEVEL Kev"el, n. Etym: [Prov. E. kevil, cavel, rod, pole, a large hammer, horse's bit; cf. Icel. kefli cylinder, a stick, mangle, and Dan. kievle a roller.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A strong cleat to which large ropes are belayed.

2. A stone mason's hammer. [Written also cavil.] Kevel head (Naut.), a projecting end of a timber, used as a kevel.

KEVEL; KEVIN Kev"el, Kev"in, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gazelle.

KEVER Kev"er, v. t. &

Defn: i. To cover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KEVERCHIEF Kev"er*chief, n.

Defn: A kerchief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

KEX Kex, n. Etym: [W. cecys, pl., hollow stalks.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A weed; a kecksy. Bp. Gauden. Though the rough kex break The starred mosaic. Tennyson.

2. A dry husk or covering. When the kex, or husk, is broken, he proveth a fair flying butterfly. Holland.

KEY Key, n. Etym: [OE. keye, key, kay, AS. c

1. An instrument by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn; usually, a removable metal instrument fitted to the mechanism of a particular lock and operated by turning in its place.

2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as, a watch key; a bed key, etc.

3. That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as, a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter.

4. A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as, the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as, the key to a riddle; the key to a problem. Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key of books. Locke. Who keeps the keys of all the creeds. Tennyson.

5. That part of a mechanism which serves to lock up, make fast, or adjust to position.

6. (Arch.) (a) A piece of wood used as a wedge. (b) The last board of a floor when laid down.

7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. (b) That part of the plastering which is forced through between the laths and holds the rest in place.

8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts. of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc.

9. (Bot.)

Defn: An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit.

10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four," "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote. Both warbling of one song, both in one key. Shak.

11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance. You fall at once into a lower key. Cowper. Key bed. Same as Key seat. -- Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. -- Key of a position or country. (Mil.) See Key, 4. -- Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other. -- Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; -- called also key seat. -- Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. -- Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; -- so called from the declaration of Christ, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Matt. xvi. 19.

KEY Key, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved; p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.]

Defn: To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis. To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

KEYAGE Key"age, n. Etym: [OF.caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.]

Defn: Wharfage; quayage.

KEYBOARD Key"board`, n.

Defn: The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

KEY-COLD Key"-cold`, a.

Defn: Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.

KEYED Keyed (ked), a.

Defn: Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instrument; also, set to a key, as a tune. Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

KEY FRUIT Key fruit. (Bot.)

Defn: A samara.

KEYHOLE Key"hole`, n.

1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key.

2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter. Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. -- Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. -- Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; -- so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

KEYNOTE Key"note`, n.

1. (Mus.)

Defn: The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone.

2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

KEYSEAT Key"seat`, v. t.

Defn: To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

KEYSTONE Key"stone`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust. of Arch. Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; -- so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

KEYSTONE STATE Key"stone` State.

Defn: Pennsylvania; -- a nickname alluding to its having been the central one of the 13 original United States.

KEY TONE Key" tone`. (Mus.)

Defn: See Keynote.

KEYWAY Key"way`, n.

Defn: See Key way, under Key.

KHAKI Kha"ki (kä"ke), a. [Hind. khaki, lit., dusty, dust-colored, fr. Per. khak dust.]

Defn: Of a dull brownish yellow, or drab color; -- applied to cloth, originally to a stout brownish cotton cloth, used in making uniforms in the Anglo-Indian army. In the United States service the summer uniform of cotton is officially designated khaki; the winter uniform of wool, olive drab.

KHAKI Kha"ki, n.

Defn: Any kind of khaki cloth; hence, a uniform of khaki or, rarely, a soldier clad in khaki. In the United States and British armies khaki or cloth of a very similar color is almost exclusively used for service in the field.

KHALIFF Kha"liff, n.

Defn: See Caliph.

KHAMSIN Kham*sin`, n.

Defn: Same as Kamsin.

KHAN Khan, n. Etym: [Pers. & Tart. khan.] [Also kan, kaun.]

Defn: A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; -- so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

KHAN Khan, n. Etym: [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.]

Defn: An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

KHANATE Khan*ate (, n.

Defn: Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

KHAYA Kha"ya, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

KHEDIVE Khe`dive", n. Etym: [F. khédive, Pers. khediw a prince.]

Defn: A governor or viceroy; -- a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

KHENNA Khen"na, n.

Defn: See Henna.

KHOLAH Kho"lah, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Indian jackal.

KHOLSUN Khol"sun (, n. (Zoöl.)