Wonders of Africa. The Life-history of Doctor Livingstone ... including his ... discoveries ... as detailed in his Diary, Reports and Letters ... and a full account of the Herald-Stanley expedition, with a biographical sketch of H. M. Stanley. ... With ... illustrations

Front matter

H. M. STANLEY. "W-0_!-TID___]__R,S OIF J_--ET_E?.IO_^. THE Life-History OF Doctor Livingstone, THE GREAT EXPLORER, INCLUDING HIS EXTENSIVE TRAVELS AND DISCOVERIES IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA, AS DETAILED IN His Diary, Reports and Letters TOGETHER WITH THE EXPLORATIONS OF BARTH, BAKER, SPEKE, DU CHAILLU, AND OTHERS, AND A FULL ACCOUNT OP The Herald-Stanley Expedition, WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF Henry M. Stanley, Esq., SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OF THE NEW YORK HERALD. TO WHICH IS ADDED A Graphic Narrative of Livingstone's Death in the Wilds of Africa, the Return of his Remains to England, their Burial in Westminster Abbey, and his Last Letters to his Friends. JUitlj Jllnps an_ Numerous Sllttsfrntions. PHILADELPHIA : John E. Potter and Company, 617 Sansom St. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by JOHN E. POTTER AND COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Jp-MLADELPtUA**-,

Preface

. The recent success of the unique expedition of the New-York " Herald " newspaper in search of Dr. Livingstone, the most distinguished of African missionaries, and modern travellers, has given renewed interest to a continent which has been well described as "the division ofthe world which is the most interesting, and about which we know the least." To supply the popular demand for in formation in regard to Africa, the explorations of Dr. Livingstone, the " Herald " expedition, and subjects most intimately connected therewith, the following volume has been prepared. It will be seen that Dr. Livingstone himself, and Mr. Stanley, the conductor ofthe " Herald " expedition, have been largely quoted in the compila tion of the work. No one has written of Africa more intelligently, graphically, or fully, than Dr. Livingstone, and none so recently as Mr. Stanley.

They are, of course, the principal authorities for this volume, as they are the best that can be had, but the researches of others have been used whenever necessary to add in terest to the subject, and to make this book as nearly a complete account of all that is now known of Africa as possible. As such, it is now given to the public in the confident belief that it will supply a want generally felt, and which has often been expressed by the journals of our own and other countries, and other recognized representatives of public opinion. No book of travels is more interesting than the great work of Dr. Livingstone, and none, we think, which contains so much information valuable to the reading world. There we have a narrative in which are finely blended accounts of missionary labors, scientific researches, explorations among strange people, wonderful animals, a country to which attaches the deepest interest ; and all told in the most attractive manner. In Mr. Stanley's dispatches,

PREFACE.

. letters, and more formal narrations, we have among the best ex amples of the astonishing development and enterprise of the modern press, as aided by the magnetic telegraph. Much that is most excellent in what these men have said of Africa on the spot will be found, and in their own language, in this volume. Thus it may be seen how ancient and modern customs and habits, and a continent of the old and the new world clasp hands across the gulf of time and space, through the marvelous means of the lightning and the press. Whilst no pains and research have been spared in the prepara tion of the book, it has been entrusted to one familiar with the subject and able to place before the public in the least practicable space, all that is most valuable and interesting connected there with. It is confidently believed, therefore, that no book of so much interesting matter, at so cheap a price as this has been published.

The greatest pains have been taken also in its me chanical execution. We feel justified, therefore, in commending it to the public as a complete hand-book of information in regard to one of the most interesting topics to which mankind are now giving attention, and religion, literature, and science their best labors and studies. PAGE Portrait of Dr. David Livingstone Frontispiece. Portrait of Henry M. Stanley " Lion 27 Narrow Escape from a Lion 33 Three Lions attempting to drag down a Buffalo 51 The Tiger 61 Buffalo Cow Defending her Calf. 69 The Tsetse Fly 86 Native African Chiefs Assembling in their Canoes SS War Dance of one of the South African Tribes 88 The Travelling Procession Interrupted 105 The Elephant 10S Portrait of Sayid Bergash, Sultan of Zanzibar 123 Portrait of Sayid Suleiman, Grand Vizier of Zanzibar 142 Vulture 146 The Zebra 153 Drilling Nasik Boys at Zanzibar 159 The Leopard 167 Private Reception of the English Livingstone Expedition at the Sultan's Palace at Zanzibar ILLUSTRATIONS.

PA_S Attack on a Traveller by a Native Party *9S Flamingoes I07 An African Chief and his Steed I09 Map of Explorations in Africa 2I3 The Tapir 215 Mr. Stanley, his Boy Kalulu, and Interpreter Selim 231 The Meeting of Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Stanley in Central Africa 249 The Crocodile 255 Ostrich 267 Rhinoceros and Elephant 267 Effect of the Great Hurricane at Zanzibar 285 Antelope 291 Jaguar 300 Mr. Stanley on his Way to the Coast 303 Map of the Watershed of Africa 321 Zubu 329 Rhinoceros 338 Giraffes Taking Exercise 339 Hippopotamus 345 Black Maned Lion 355 Native Killing a Python 357 Buffalo 390 General Map of Africa 451 Sunrise on an African River 455 Encamping in a Forest CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introductory

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF AFRICA— ITS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION— LITTLE INFORMATION EXTANT IN RELATION TO LARGE PORTIONS OF THE CONTINENT— THE GREAT FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORA- TIONS AND MISSIONARY LABOR— ACCOUNT OF A NUMBER OF EX- PLORING EXPEDITIONS, INCLUDING THOSE OF MUNGO PARK, DENHAM AND CLAPPERTON, AND OTHERS— THEIR PRACTICAL RESULTS— DESIRE OF FURTHER INFORMATION INCREASED— RE- CENT EXPLORATIONS, NOTABLY THOSE OF DR. LIVINGSTONE AND MR. STANLEY, REPRESENTING THE NEW YORK. "HERALD " NEWS- PAPER 17

Chapter II. Biographical Sketch Of Livingstone

HIS BIRTH AND PARENTAGE— HARD WORK AND HARD STUDY— THE FACTORY BOY BECOMES A PHYSICIAN— THE OPIUM WAR IN CHINA CAUSES HIM TO SAIL FOR AFRICA 28

Chapter III. Missionary Life In Southern Africa

DR. LIVINGSTONE'S DEPARTURE FROM CAPE TOWN AND JOURNEY TO THE MISSIONARY STATION, KURUMAN— PROCEEDS TO SHO- KUANE, THE CHIEF VILLAGE OF SECHELE, CHIEF OF THE BAK- WAINS— SKETCH OF THE CHIEFTAIN'S LIFE AND CHARACTER- MISSIONARY LIFE— CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE— GRAPHIC SKETCH OF A COMBAT WITH LIONS— MANY FACTS ABOUT THE " KING OF BEASTS." CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Livingstone's First And Second Journeys Into The Interior

DEPARTURE FOR THE CENTRAL PORTION OF SOUTH AFRICA— DISCOV- ERY OF LAKE NGAMI-ELEPHANTS— JOURNEY TO THE COUNTRY OF THE MAKOLOLO— THEIR SOVEREIGN, SEBITUANE— A REMARK- ABLE CAREER— DISCOVERY OF THE RIVER ZAMBESI— THE SLAVE TRADE— RETURN TO CAPE TOWN— THE TSETSE FLY 62

Chapter V. From Cape Town To Loanda

DR. LIVINGSTONE DEPARTS FOR THE COUNTRY OF MAKOLOLO -LIFE AND LABORS THERE-THE CHIEF SEKELETU— DEPARTS FOR THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA— NARRATIVE OF THE JOURNEY —ARRIVAL AMONG THE PORTUGUESE COLONISTS— HIS OPINION OF THIS PORTION OF AFRICA— DETERMINES UPON ANOTHER GREAT EXPEDITION 89

Chapter VI. Across The Continent

THE EXPEDITION ACROSS THE CONTINENT FROM LOANDA TO KILI- MANE ACCOUNT OF THE JOURNEY— THE WATER-SHED OF CEN- TRAL AFRICA— LAKE DILOLO, AND A RIVER FLOWING IN TWO DIRECTIONS— THE GREAT FALLS OF VICTORIA ON THE ZAMBESI— THE JOURNEY FROM LINYANTI EASTWARD— THE PEOPLE OF THIS PORTION OF AFRICA— THE COUNTRY— ANIMALS AND VEGE- TATION—ARRIVAL AT KILIMANE— DEPARTURE FOR ENGLAND- RESUME OF EVENTS CONNECTED WITH MORE THAN 9,coo MILES OF TRAVEL, AND MANY DISCOVERIES 109

Chapter VII. Dr

LIVINGSTONE IN ENGLAND. HIS RECEPTION BY HIS COUNTRYMEN— THE PREPARATION OF HIS WORK ENTITLED " MISSIONARY TRAVELS AND RESEARCHES IN SOUTH AFRICA "—FAVORABLY RECEIVED BY CHRISTENDOM CONTENTS.

Chapter VIII. Livingstone's Second

(AND PRESENT) EXPEDITION TO AFRICA. AGAIN SAILS FOR AFRICA— PAINFUL REPORTS OF HIS DEATH— THE LONG SUSPENSE IN REGARD THERETO— CONFLICTING REPORTS.. .154

Chapter IX. The Herald Expedition Of Search

THE GREAT DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN JOURNALISM— THE TELE- GRAPH— JAMES GORDON BENNETT, HORACE GREELEY, HENRY J. RAYMOND — THE MAGNITUDE OF AMERICAN JOURNALISTIC EN- TERPRISE—THE HERALD SPECIAL SEARCH EXPEDITION FOR DR. LIVINGSTONE — STANLEY AS A CORRESPONDENT— THE EXPE- DITION ON ITS WAY TOWARD LIVINGSTONE T«8

Chapter X. Henry

M. STANLEY. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF MR. STANLEY BEFORE BEGINNING THE SEARCH FOR LIVINGSTONE— HIS ENTHUSIASM, COURAGE, AND ENDURANCE— TRAVELS IN ASIA— STATEMENT BY THE HON. E. JOY MORRIS, EX-UNITED STATES MINISTER TO CONSTANTINOPLE —BEGINS THE GREAT ENTERPRISE OF HIS LIFE 183

Chapter XI. Mr

STANLEY IN AFRICA. THE SEARCH FOR DR. LIVINGSTONE ENERGETICALLY BEGUN— PRO- GRESS DELAYED BY WARS— THE SUCCESSFUL JOURNEY FROM UNYANYEMBE TO UJIJI IN 1871— THE "HERALD" CABLE TELE- GRAM ANNOUNCING THE SAFETY OF LIVINGSTONE— THE BATTLES AND INCIDENTS OF THIS NEWSPAPER CAMPAIGN— RECEIPT OF THE GREAT NEWS — THE HONOR BESTOWED ON AMERICAN JOURNALISM I CONTENTS.

Chapter XII. The Meeting Of Livingstone And Stanley

THE "LAND OF THE MOON"— DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE— HORRID SAVAGE RITES— JOURNEY FROM UNYANYEMBE TO UJIJI— A WONDERFUL COUNTRY— A MIGHTY RIVER SPANNED BY A BRIDGE OF GRASS— OUTWITTING THE SPOILERS— STANLEY'S ENTRY INTO UJIJI AND MEETING WITH LIVINGSTONE — THE GREAT TRIUMPH OF AN AMERICAN NEWSPAPER 216

Chapter XIII. Livingstone And Stanley In Africa

THE GREAT EXPLORER AS A COMPANION— HIS MISSIONARY LABORS— THE STORY OF HIS LATEST EXPLORATIONS — THE PROBABLE SOURCES OF THE NILE— GREAT LAKES AND RIVERS— THE COUN- TRY AND PEOPLE OF CENTRAL AFRICA — A RACE OF AFRICAN AMAZONS — SLAVE TRADE — A HORRID MASSACRE — THE DIS- COVERER PLUNDERED 256

Chapter XIV. Livingstone And Stanley In Africa

[continued.] AN EXPLORATION OF TANGANYIKA LAKE — RESULT — CHRISTMAS AT UJIJI— LIVINGSTONE PROCEEDS WITH STANLEY TO UNYAN- YEMBE— ACCOUNT OF THE JOURNEY— ALLEGED NEGLECT OF LIV- INGSTONE BY THE BRITISH CONSULATE AT ZANZIBAR— DE- PARTURE OF THE EXPLORER FOR THE INTERIOR, AND OF MR. STANLEY FOR EUROPE 292

Chapter XV. Dr

LIVINGSTONE STILL IN AFRICA. THE GREAT EXPLORER STILL IN SEARCH OF THE SOURCES OF THE NILE-HIS LETTERS TO THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT ON HIS EXPLORATIONS— CORRESPONDENCE WITH LORD STANLEY, LORD CONTENTS. CLARENDON, EARL GRANVILLE, DR. KIRK, AND JAMES GORDON BENNETT, JR.— HIS OWN DESCRIPTION OF CENTRAL AFRICA AND THE SUPPOSED SOURCES OF THE NILE — THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE — A NATION OF CANNIBALS — BEAUTIFUL WOMEN — GO- RILLAS— THE EXPLORER'S PLANS FOR THE FUTURE.. 303

Chapter XVI. Intelligence Of The Success Of The Herald Enter- Prise

MR. STANLEY'S DESPATCHES TO THE " HERALD"— THEY CREATE A M| PROFOUND SENSATION— THE QUESTION OF THE AUTHENTICITY r OF HIS REPORTS— CONCLUSIVE PROOF THEREOF— TESTIMONY OF THE ENGLISH PRESS, JOHN LIVINGSTONE, EARL GRANVILLE, AND THE QUEEN OF ENGLAND HERSELF. 330 CHAPTER XVJJ. MR. STANLEY'S RECEPTION IN EUROPE. MR. STANLEY IS EVERYWHERE R^EIVED WITH MARKED ATTEN- TION—RECEPTION A^P*6Ts— IN LONDON— THE BRIGHTON BAN- QUET— HONtiSJS FROM THE QUJ_.EN^>F ENGLAND 841

Chapter XVIII. The Slave Trade Of East Africa

DR. LIVINGSTONE'S LETTER UPON THE SUBJECT TO MR. BENNET" COMPARES THE SLAVE TRADE WITH PIRACY ON THE HIGH SEAS —NATIVES OF INTERIOR AFRICA AVERAGE SPECIMENS OF HU- MANITY—SLAVE TRADE CRUELTIES — DEATHS FROM BROKEN HEARTS— THE NEED OF CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION— BRITISH CUL- PABILITY 346

Chapter XIX. The Animal Kingdom Of Africa

SOME ACCOUNTS OF THE BEASTS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AND INSECTS OF AFRICA -LIVINGSTONE'S OPINION OF THE LION — ELEPHANTS, HIPPOPOTAMI, RHINOCEROSES, ETC.-WILD ANIMALS SUBJECT TO CONTENTS. DISEASE — REMARKABLE HUNTING EXPLORATIONS — CUMMING SLAYS MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED ELEPHANTS— DU CHAILLU AND THE GORILLA— THRILLING INCIDENTS— VAST PLAINS COV ERED WITH GAME— FORESTS FILLED WITH BIRDS— IMMENSE SER PENTS—THE PYTHON OF SOUTH AFRICA — ANTS AND OTHER INSECTS 35b CHAPTFR XX. AFRICAN TREES AND VEGETATION. IEF NOTICE OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM OF AFRICA— IMMENSE m^ DESERTS AND PRODIGIOUS, TOWER-LIKE TREES-GRASSES HIGHER **■ THAN A MAN ON HORSEBACK — THE COTTON PLANT— GENERAL REMARKS - - ---- 391

Chapter XXI. The Desert Of Sahara

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT DESERT OF NORTH AFRICA- ITS DIFFERENT DIVISIONS, INHABITANTS, AND PRODUCTIONS- CITIES BURIED UNDER THE SANDS— THE STORMS OF WIND— IN- FLUENCE OF THE DESERT UPON THE CLIMATE AND CIVILIZATION OF EUROPE 398

Chapter XXII. Geology Of

AFRICA— ANTIQUITY OF MAN. THE GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF THE CONTINENT— THE WANT OF COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION— SINGULAR FACTS AS TO THE DESERT OF SAHARA— THE QUESTION OF THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN— IS AFRICA THE BIRTH-PLACE OF THE HUMAN RACE?— OPINIONS OF SCIENTISTS TENDING TO ANSWER IN THE AFFIRM- ATIVE—DARWINISM 409

Chapter XXIII. The Results Of The Explorations In Africa

THE RESULT IN BEHALF OF SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND HUMANITY OF THE EXPLORATIONS AND MISSIONARY LABORS OF DR. LIVING- STONE AND OTHERS IN AFRICA— REVIEW OF RECENT DISCOVER- IES IN RESPECT TO THE PEOPLE AND THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT— THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF SOUTH AFRICA— BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE CONTINENT— ITS CAPABILITIES AND ITS WANTS— CHRISTIANITY AND MODERN JOURNALISM DIS SIPATING OLD BARBARISMS, AND LEADING THE WAY TO TRI- UMPHS OF CIVILIZATION CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIV. The Last Journey, And The Death Of Dr

LIVINGSTONE. DR. LIVINGSTONE ANXIOUSLY AWAITS THE RECRUITS AND SUPPLIES SENT BY MR. STANLEY ON THEIR ARRIVAL SETS OUT SOUTH- WESTWARD ON HIS LAST JOURNEY REACHES KISERA, WHERE CHRONIC DYSENTERY SEIZES HIM HE REFUSES TO YIELD; BUT PUSHES ON, TILL INCREASING DEBILITY COMPELS HIM TO STOP AND RETRACE HIS STEPS HE SINKS RAPIDLY, AND ON MAY 4TH BREATHES HIS LAST — HIS ATTENDANTS TAKE NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS TO INSURE THE RETURN OF THE CORPSE TO ENGLAND — LETTER FROM MR. HOLMWOOD, ATTACHE OF THE CONSULATE AT ZANZIBAR 450

Chapter XXV. The Corpse Borne To England And Laid In Westmin- Ster

ABBEY. THE BODY OF DR. LIVINGSTONE BORNE TO UNYAMYEMBE BY HIS ATTENDANTS, AND THENCE TO ZANZIBAR THE BRITISH CON- SUL-GENERAL SENDS IT, WITH THE DOCTOR'S PAPERS, BOOKS, ETC, TO ENGLAND ARRIVAL AT SOUTHAMPTON, AND AT LONDON THE PEOPLE VIE IN TRIBUTES OF RESPECT THE FUNERAL THE GRAVE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY *6»

Chapter XXVI. The Last Letters Of Dr

LIVINGSTONE 4T3 Exploitations in Africa, BY LIVINGSTONE, STANLEY, -AJSTD OTHERS.

Chapter I. Introductory

A Brief Account of Africa — Its Ancient Civilization — Little Information extant in Relation to Large Portions of the Continent — The Great field of Scientific Explorations and Missionary Labor — Account of a Number of Exploring Expeditions, Including those of Mungo Park, Denham and Clapperton, and others — Their Practical Results — Desire of Further Information Increased — Recent Explorations, Notably those of Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Stanley, Representing the New York " Herald " Newspaper. A work of standard authority among scholars says that " Africa is the division of the world which is the most interesting, and about which we know the least." Its very name is a mystery; no one can more than approximately calculate its vast extent ; even those who have studied the problem the most carefully widely disagree among themselves as to the number of its population, some placing it as low as 60,000,000, others, much in excess of 100,000,000 souls ; its superficial configuration in many portions is only guessed at ; the sources of its mightiest river are unknown.

The heats, deserts, wild beasts, venomous reptiles. and savage tribes of this great continent have raised the only barrier against the spirit of discovery and progress, elsewhere irrepressible, of the age, and no small proportion of Africa is to-day as much a terra incognita as when the father of history wrote. Many of its inhabitants are among the most barbarous and depraved of all the people of the world, but in ancient times some of its races were the leaders of all men in civilization and were unquestionably possessed of mechanical arts and processes which have long been lost in the lapse of ages. They had vast cities, great and elaborate works of art, and were the most successful of agriculturists. Noted for their skill in the management of the practical affairs of life, they also paid profound attention to the most abstruse questions of religion ; and it was a people of Africa, the Egypt ians, who first announced belief in the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul.

Large numbers of mummies, still existing, ages older than the Christian era, attest the earnestness of the ancient faith in dogmas which form an essential part of the creed of nearly every Christian sect. The most magnificent of women in the arts of coquetry and voluptuous love belonged to this continent of which so much still sits in darkness. The art of war was here cultivated to the greatest perfection ; and it was before the army of an African general that the Ro man legions went down at Cannæ, and by whom the Empire came near being completely ruined. Indeed, it may with much show of argument be claimed that the continent over so much of which ignorance and superstition and beasts of prey now hold thorough sway, was originally the cradle of art, and civilization, and human progress. But if the northern portion of the continent of Africa was in the remote past the abode of learning and of the useful arts, it is certain that during recent periods, other portions of the continent, separated from this by a vast expanse of desert waste, have supplied the world with the most lamentable examples of human misery and the most hideous instances of crime.

Nor did cupidity and rapacity confine themselves in the long years of African spoliation to ordinary robbers and buccaneers. Christian nations took part in the horrid work ; and we have the authority of. accredited history for the statement that Elizabeth of England was a smuggler and a slavetrader. Thus Africa presents the interesting anomaly of having been the home of ancient civilization, and the prey of the modern rapacity and plunder of all nations. It is natural, therefore, that in regard to the plundered portions of this devoted continent, the world at large should know but little. It is also natural that with the advancement of the cause of scientific knowledge, humanity, genuine- Christianity, and the rage for discovery, this vast territory should receive the attention of good and studious men and moral nationalities.

Accordingly we find that during a comparatively recent period Africa has become a great field of scientific explorations and missionary labor, as well as of colonization. The first people to give special and continued at tention to discoveries in Africa, were the Portuguese During the fifteenth century, noted for the great ad vance made in geographical discoveries, the kingdom of Portugal was, perhaps, the greatest maritime power of Christendom. Her sovereigns greatly encouraged and many of their most illustrious subjects practically engaged in voyages of discovery. They were pre eminently successful both in the eastern and western nemisphere, and one of the results of their daring enterprise is the remarkable fact that Portuguese colonies are much more powerful and wealthy to-day than the parent kingdom.

" The Child is father of the Man." The Portuguese sent many exploring expeditions along the coast of Africa, and in the course of a century they had circumnavigated the continent and planted colonies all along the shores of the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. Bartholmew Dias having o discovered the Cape of Good Hope, the reigning sovereign of Portugal determined to prosecute the explorations still further, with the object of discovering a passage to India. This discovery was made by the intrepid and illustrious mariner, Vasco de Gama, November 20, 1497, a little more than five years after the discovery of America. He pursued his voyage along the eastern coast of Africa, discovering Natal, Mozambique, a number of islands, and finding people in a high stage of commercial advancement, with well-built cities, ports, mosques for the worship of Allah according to the Mohammedan faith, and car rying on a considerable trade with India and the Spice Islands.

Ofthis trade, Portugal longretained supre macy. Other European powers also meantime es tablished colonies at different places on the African coast, so that in the sixteenth century a considerable portion of the outer shell, so to say, had been examined. The vast interior, however, long remained unexplored, and much of it remains an utterly unknown primeval wilderness to this day. The settlements and colonies ofthe Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English were for commercial purposes only, and added very little to the general stock of information. It was not until a year after the adoption of the Constitution ofthe United States that any organized effort in behalf of discoveries in Africa was made. In the city of London a Society for the Exploration of Interior Africa was formed in 1788, but it was not until seven years afterwards, that the celebrated Mungo Park undertook his first expedition.

Thus it was more than three hundred years from the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope before even a ray of light began to penetrate the darkness of benighte.d Africa. Meantime, great empires had been overthrown and others established in their place and beneficent gov ernments founded on both continents of the western world. The life and adventures of Mungo Park form a story of exceeding interest, between which and the life and adventures of Dr. Livingstone there are not a few points of remarkable coincidence. Park was a native of Scotland, and one of many children. He was educated also in the medical profession. More over, while he was making his first tour of discovery in Africa, having long been absent from home, reports of his death reached England and were universally credited. His arrival at Falmouth in December 1797, caused a most agreeable surprise throughout the kingdom.

An account of his travels abounding with thrilling incidents, including accounts of great suffering from sickness and cruelty at the hands of Mohammedan Africans on the Niger, was extensive ly circulated. Many portions of this narrative were in about all the American school books during the first half of the nineteenth century, and the name of Mungo Park became as familiar as household words in the United States. In 1805, Park undertook another tour of discovery, which he prosecuted for some time with indomitable courage and against difficulties before which an ordinary mind would have succumbed. He navigated the Niger for a long distance, passing Jen nee, Timbuctoo, and Yaoori, but was soon after at tacked in a narrow channel, and, undertaking to escape by swimming, was drowned. His few remaining white companions perished with him.

The discoveries of this celebrated man were in that part of Africa which lies between the equator and the 20th degree of north latitude. They added much to the knowledge of that portion of the country, and keenly whetted the desire of further information. Several journeys and voyages up rivers followed, but without notable result till the English expedition under Denham and Clapperton in 1822. This expedition started with a caravan of merchants from Tripoli on the Mediterranean, and after traversing the great desert, reached Lake Tsad in interior Africa. Denham explored the lake and its shores, while Lieut. Clapperton pursued his journey westward as far as Sakatu, which is not greatly distant from the Niger. He retraced his steps, and having visited England, began a second African tour, starting from near Cape Coast Castle on the Gulf of Guinea.

Traveling in a northeastern direction, he struck the Niger at Boussa, and going by way of Kano, a place of considerable commercial importance, again arrived at Sakatu, where he shortly afterwards died. He was the first man who had traversed Africa from the Mediterranean sea to the Gulf of Guinea. Richard Lander, a servant of Lieut. Clapperton, afterwards discovered the course of the Niger from Boussa to the gulf, finding it iden tical with the river Nun of the seacoast. Other tours of discovery into Africa have been made to which it is not necessary here to refer. The practical result of all these expeditions, up to about the middle of the ninetenth century, was a rough outline of information in regard to the coast coun tries of Africa, the course of the Niger, the manners and customs of the tribes of Southern Africa, and a little more definite knowledge concerning Northern and Central Africa, embracing herein the great des ert, Lake Tsad, the river Niger, and the people be tween the desert and the Gulf of Guinea.

Perhaps the most comprehensive statement of the effect of this information upon Christian peoples was that it seemed to conclusively demonstrate an imperative demand for missionary labors. Even the Mohamme dans of the Moorish Kingdom of Ludamar, set loose a wild boar upon Mungo Park. They were astonished that the wild beast assailed the Moslems instead of the Christian, and afterwards shut the two together in a hut, while King and council debated whether the white man should lose his right arm, his eyes, or his life. During the debate, the traveler escaped. If the Mohammedan Africans were found to be thus cruel, it may well be inferred that those of poorer faith were no less bloodthirsty. And thus, as one of the results of the expeditions to which we have referred, a renewed zeal in proselytism and discovery was developed.

Thus, the two most distinguished African travellers, and who have published the most varied, extensive, and valuable information in regard to that continent, performed the labors of their first expeditions co temporaneously, the one starting from the north of Africa, the other from the south. I can but refer to the distinguished Dr. Heinreich Barth, and him who is largely the subject of this volume, Dr. David Liv ingstone. The expeditions were not connected the one with the other, but had this in common that both were begun under the auspices of the British government and people. A full narrative of Dr. Barth's travels and discoveries has been published, from which satisfactory information in regard to much of north ern and central Africa may be obtained. The narrative is highly interesting and at once of o-reat popular and scientific value.

Hence the world has learned the geography of a wide expanse of country round about Lake Tsad in all directions; far toward Abyssinia northeasterly, as far west by north as Tim buctoo, several hundred miles southeasterly, and as far toward the southwest, along the River Benue, as the junction of the Faro. Dr. Barth remained in Africa six years, much of the time without a single white associate, his companions in the expedition having all died. Dr. Overweg, who was the first European to navigate Lake Tsad, died in September, 1852. Mr. Richardson, the official chief of the ex pedition, had died in March of the previous year. But unquestionably the most popular of African explorers is Dr. Livingstone, an account of whose first expedition — 1849-52 — has been read by a great majority of intelligent persons speaking the English language.

Large and numerous editions were speedily demanded, and Africa again became an almost universal topic of discourse. Indeed, intelligence of Dr. Livingstone's return after so many years of toil and danger, was rapidly spread among the nations, accompanied by brief reports of his explorations, and these prepared the way for the reception of the Doctor's great work by vast numbers of people. Every one was ready and anxious to carry the war of his reading into Africa. And afterwards, when Dr. Livingstone returned to Africa, and having prosescuted his explorations for a considerable period reports came of his death at the hands of cruel and treach erous natives, interest in exact knowledge of his fate ' O became intense and appeared only to increase upon the receipt of reports contradicting the first, and then again of rumors which appeared to substantiate those which had been first received.

In consequence of the conflicting statements which, on account of the universal interest in the subject, were published in the public press throughout the world, the whole Chris tian church, men of letters and science became fairly agitated. The sensation was profound, and, based upon admiration of a man of piety, sublime courage, and the most touching self-denial in a great cause to which he had devoted all his bodily and intellectual powers, it was reasonable and philosophical. It is not surprising, therefore, that the English government should have fitted out an expedition in search of Livingstone. Accordingly, the Livingstone Search Expedition, as it is called, was organized early in the winter of 1871-72, and under commandos Lieut, Dawson, embarked on its destination, on the 9th of February of the last year.

The expedition reached Zanzibar April 19, and the members were most kindly received by the Sultan, Sayid Bergash, and greatly assisted by his Grand Vizier, Sayid Suliman. A company of six Nasik youths, originally slaves in a part of Africa through which the Search Expedition would pass, were being drilled for the purpose, and were expected to be of great assistance. But before intelligence of the Livingstone Search o o Expedition at Zanzibar awaiting favorable weather, had arrived, the world was startled by the news that a private expedition, provided solely by the New York " Herald " newspaper, and in charge of Mr. Henry M. Stanley, had succeeded, after surmounting incredible difficulties, in reaching Ujiji, where a meeting of the most remarkable nature took place between the great explorer and the representative of the en terprising journal of New York.

Unique in its oricnn, most remarkable in the accomplishment of its beneficent purpose, this Herald-Livingstone expedition has received the considerate approval of mankind, and Mr. Stanley has become with justice regarded as a practical hero of a valuable kind. His accounts of his travel, his dispatches to the " Herald " from time to time, the more formal narratives furnished by him, compose a story of the deepest interest and, when properly considered, of the greatest value. It is to preserve this story in permanent form — and wher ever possible in the language of Mr. Stanley himself — connecting with it such portions of Dr. Living stone's life and explorations, such accounts of discov eries and affairs in Africa generally, and such mention of the newspaper enterprise itself as may serve to make a volume of interesting and useful information upon a subject of confessedly universal interest among Christian people, that this work has been un dertaken.

Chapter II. Biographical Sketch Of Livingstone

His Birth and Parentage— Hard Work and Hard Study— The Factory Boy Becomes a Physician — The Opium War in China Causes Him to Sail for Africa. David Livingstone, whose name has become so distinguished on account of discoveries in southern and central Africa, is a native of Scotland. In the introductory chapter to his interesting " Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," Dr. Liv ingstone makes passing mention of a few of his an cestors, showing that he came of good honest stock. " Our great-grandfather," he says, " fell at the battle of Culloden, fighting for the old line of kings; and our grandfather was a small farmer in Ulva, where my father was born. It is one of that cluster of the Hebrides thus alluded to by Walter Scott : ' And Ulva dark and Colonsay, And all the group of Islands gay That guard famed Staffa round ! ' " Our grandfather was intimately acquainted with all the traditionary legends which that great writer has since made use of in the ' Tales of a Grandfath er ' and other works.