A military dictionary (part 8 of 8)

A military dictionary (part 8 of 8)

WARDEN, or lord Warden of the Cinque ports. A magistrate that has the jurisdiction of those havens in the east part of England, commonly called the cinque ports, or five havens, where he is invested with all that jurisdiction which the admiral of England has in places not exempt. According to Cowel, from whom this explanation is taken, the reason why one magistrate should be assigned to these havens seems to be, because, in respect to their situation, they formerly required a more vigilant care than other havens, being in greater danger of invasion. On this account the lord chief warden of the cinque should be an officer of some experience, well skilled in the art of defence, and equal to the superintendance of so important a range of coast, upon which France had cast a jealous eye from time immemorial, and where Cæsar made a successful landing. It is, however, little more than a sinecure situation, and a snug retreat for ex-ministers.

By act the 26th of Geo. III. it has been enacted, that the warden of the cinque ports, two ancient towns, and their members, and in his absence his lieutenant or lieutenants, may put in execution, within the said ports, towns and members, all the powers and authorities given and granted by this act, in like manner as lieutenants of counties and their deputy lieutenants, may do, and shall keep up and continue the usual number of soldiers in the said ports, towns and members, unless he or they find cause to lessen the same. The militia of the ports is, according to this act, to remain separate from the militia of the counties, and may be called out, pursuant to an act passed in the 13th and 14th years of king Charles the Second, notwithstanding the pay advanced may not have been reimbursed.

WARDER. A guard; a truncheon by which an officer at arms forbade fight.

WARFARE. Military service, state of war.

To WARFARE. To lead a military life.

WARHABLE. WARLIKE. Military; fit for war.

WARLIKE virtues, are, love of our country, courage, valor, prudence, intrepidity, temperance, disinterestedness, obedience, wisdom, vigilance, and patience. In the last celebration of the anniversary of the destruction of the Bastille, which took place at Paris on the 14th of July, 1789, the French characterized these eleven virtues by the following emblems:--a pelican, a lion, a horse, a stag, a wolf, an elephant, a dog, a yoked ox, an owl, a cock, and a camel.

WARNED. Admonished of some duty to be performed at a given time or place. Thus officers and soldiers are warned for guard, &c.

WARRANT. A writ of authority inferior to a commission: thus quarter-masters are warrant officers.

To WARRAY. To make war upon any state or body of men. An obsolete word.

WARREN. A kind of park for rabbits.

WARREN, at Woolwich, England, so called from the spot having formerly been stocked with rabbits. It now comprehends the head-quarters for the royal artillery, the royal foundery, the royal laboratory, and royal military academy; also famous for proofs and experiments of artillery, and great apparatus of war.

WARRIOR. A soldier; one who fights in war.

WAR-Whoop. A signal of attack among the Indians. See WHOOP.

WARWOLF. In ancient military history, an engine for throwing stones and other great masses.

WAR-WORN. Worn out in the service.

WASELAAT, Ind. Collections made.

WASEL Baky, Ind. Collections made, and balances struck.

WASHER. A flat circular ring put on the axle-tree, between the linch-pin and small end of the nave, to prevent the nave rubbing against the linch-pin and wearing it, as likewise to diminish the friction of the nave.

WASSYOUT Nama, Ind. A will or last testament

To WATCH. To keep guard; to be attentive and vigilant; to observe the conduct of any one.

WATCH. A duty performed on board of ship. It likewise means the person who performs that duty.

Serjeant of the WATCH. A non-commissioned officer belonging to the marines or other troops on board, who does duty for a stated period. At sea, the term watch denotes a measure or space of four hours, because half the ship’s company watch and do duty in their turns, so long at a time: and they are called the starboard watch and larboard watch.

The following instructions have been published respecting the watch duty which is to be done by troops embarked in transports, &c.

At eight o’clock in the evening, every man is to be in his birth, except the men on watch: the officer of the watch to go round with a lanthorn, to see that the above has been complied with.

The whole to be divided into three watches, both subaltern officers and men; the watch gives all the sentries, &c. &c.

A captain of the day to be appointed, to whom the subaltern of the watch will make his reports; and the captain to the commanding officer; if there be a superior officer on board.

The whole watch to be always on deck, except when rain obliges them to go down for shelter; and, in fine weather, every man should be upon deck the whole day.

WATCHMAN. A centinel, one set to keep guard.

WATCHTOWER. A tower on which a centinel was posted to keep guard against an enemy.

WATERING-Call. A trumpet sounding, on which the cavalry assemble to water their horses.

WATER-Rocket. A kind of firework made to burn in the water.

WATERING-Cap. A cap, made of leather or cloth, which dragoons wear when they water their horses or do stable-duty.

WATERING-Jacket. A waistcoat with sleeves, which dragoons wear on the above occasions.

WATREGANS, Fr. This word is pronounced outregans, there being no W in the French alphabet. It is a Flemish term which is generally used in France, and signifies a ditch full of water, that has been made for the purpose of separating lands and inheritances. These ditches are sometimes large enough to receive small boats or barges, and run through a whole village.

WATTLE. A hurdle made by entwining twigs together.

WAY. A military road among the Romans and Saxons.

WAY of the rounds, in fortification, is a space left for the passage of the rounds, between the rampart and the wall of a fortified town. This is not much in use at present. See BERME.

To WAYLAY. To beset by ambush.

WAYWODE, Ind. A prince; a chieftain.

WEAPON. An instrument of offence.

WEAPONED. Armed; furnished with arms of offence.

WEAPONLESS. Unarmed; having no weapon.

WEAR. A sluice-gate, or dam to shut up the water.

WEDGE. See COINS, MECHANIC POWERS, &c.

WEDGE. In a work translated from the French, and which is entitled, Observations on the Military Art, we find the following description of this instrument. It is composed of five surfaces, two of which are triangular, two long squared, and the fifth arbitrary. The two oblong surfaces, by their inclination to each other, form the point that insinuates itself into the wood, &c. that is to be split, as well as the sides or triangular surfaces, if the triangle, as it is driven, lengthens the slit or opening. They are the square surfaces that first insinuate themselves into the body to be cleft; and what are called triangular surfaces, are only what fill the space that separates the two quadrangular sides. After this reflection it appears, that the column has, at least, as just a claim as the triangle, to the term or word wedge. We may even say, with confidence, it has a much better; for a triangle of men ranged according to the same proportion as the triangle of the mechanic wedge, would be of very little force; and a mechanic wedge, of which the incisive angle was as great as that of a triangle of men, would be too large to enter those bodies we should want to cleave or split.

The double phalanx amphistome, of which Epaminondas formed the wedge, contained 3000 men, who were ranged, in Bouchaud’s opinion, one hundred in front, and 30 deep. This opinion, according to some is erroneous. Among the different evolutions of the ancients, the wedge was frequently resorted to, and was in some degree connected with the lozenge, which is a figure in geometry composed of four sides and four angles: of the four angles two are always obtuse, and two acute. The angles, that are alike, are always opposed one to the other, and always in the same number of degrees. According to Ælian, there are many ways of ranging squadrons in a lozenge: in the first, they have ranks and files; in the second, neither; in the third, they have files, but no ranks; lastly, in the fourth, they have ranks alone without files. With regard to the wedge, it was a formation which the ancients adopted both in cavalry and infantry evolutions, and was variously used, viz:--

The WEDGE of Cavalry. This figure was formed on the same principles and movements as the lozenge, as far as the greatest rank of the latter, which served as a base to the triangular wedge. It was therefore as the half of a lozenge, cut and divided at its obtuse angles.

The Triangular WEDGE of Infantry.--Some people pretend, that there were two sorts of triangular wedges in use among the ancients. The first was full, and formed after the same manner as the lozenge, and the wedge of the cavalry. The second was open at the base, and ranged differently from that of the first.

Triangular WEDGE with a full centre. The Greek soldier occupied, at all times, a square space greater or less in proportion to the requisite order, either at a review, advancing towards the enemy, or standing in a position to receive him. This wedge was formed according to the arithmetical progression ÷ 1, 3, 5, 7, &c.

The open WEDGE. This species of wedge was formed two different ways, with the Greeks and Romans. Bouchaud de Bussy, who takes them, one from Ælian, whom he translates, and the other from Vegetius, gives us a third, which appears to be of his own invention, and is very much superior to the other two. According to Ælian, Epaminondas the Theban general employed the open wedge at the battle of Leuctra, and overthrew the Lacedemonians, whose army was much superior to the one he commanded. To form this wedge, the two divisions of a double phalanx amphistome, are to unite together at the head, being separate or open at the tail or rear; which gives them a near resemblance of the Greek letter Λ. Bouchaud de Bussy formed the wedge in the following manner:

“The same body of troops being in array, may likewise, says he, form the wedge in marching forward, and this manœuvre requires no preliminary movement. The three divisions being marked, as well as the three files of the centre which compose the head of the wedge, the following words of command are given. Marked divisions, prepare to form the wedge in advancing: march. At the first notice, the files and ranks close suddenly; at the second, the three files of the centre, which will be the two first left files of the division on the right, and the first right file in the division on the left, march straight forward; at their second pace, the first file, that is contiguous to them on the right, and that which is equally contiguous on the left, move in their turn, so as to have their chiefs or leaders on a line, and in a rank, as it were, with the second soldiers of the three files of the centre; at the second pace of the files, who have made the second motion, the files that touch them march immediately likewise, and the same manœuvre is to continue successively; each head of a file taking notice not to move, until the moment he finds himself on a line with the second man of the file contiguous, &c.”

This method is beyond dispute the most simple, short, and secure that can be devised. The men occupy necessary and proper spaces, and if the enemy’s resistance should stop their head, the rest of the files, continuing their movements, would all arrive on the same front to engage together, that is, they would be in their primitive order of the phalanx. This author, to whose observations we refer from page 170 to page 203, thus concludes: we shall only remark, that all terms, metaphorically applied, sooner or later produce doubts and uncertainty. Neither a column or triangle of men should have ever been denominated a wedge; for a line of troops is not formed to be split like a piece of timber; it may be opened, broken through, or divided into as many parts as possible.

WEIGHTS, in military matters, are those in general use, except in artillery, where hundreds are made use of, each of 112lb. quarters, each of 28lb, and pounds, each of 16 ounces.

Every officer should know the weight of the ordinary musquet, rifle, carbine, and musquetoon; the weight of ball carried by each, for proof and service; the weight of powder according to quality required for each gun, and for practice and service, as well as the range of each weapon.

Artillery officers should know the weight of metal in iron and brass guns of every calibre: they should know the difference between the weight of metal in guns formerly and at present, and the reasons for the reduction of the weight of metal; they should know the length as well as weight of guns, and the weight of cannon ball, and the windage allowed for cannon shot; they should know the weight allowed for case, cannister, and grape shot; and the weight of powder in every case. They should know the weight of mortars of every dimension, and of the shells which they throw, and the powder necessary for every elevation and use.

The weight which horses and waggons can bear and draw on given kinds of roads. The burdens which boats, barges, and water craft can bear and carry on streams or rivers; and the expence of carriage by weight or measure in every situation. Military men should know the weight of men, horses, and every description of matter used or liable to be moved in service.

TABLE OF TROY-WEIGHT,

Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-Weight contained by each of the weights used in the trade of precious metals, and the relation of foreign weights to 100 pounds Troy-Weight.

| |Contents| Equiv. | | of each| to 100 | | weight | pounds Countries and | | ---- | ---- Places. |Names of the Weights. | grains |num. 100 ---------------+----------------------+--------+-------- Amsterdam |marc | 3798 | 151,66 Antwerp |marc | 3798 | 151,66 Augsburgh |marc | 3043 | 158,09 Basil |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Berlin |marc | 3616 | 159,30 Bern |marc | 3813 | 151,06 Bombay |tola | 178¹⁄₄ |3231,25 Bonn |marc | 3609 | 159,62 Botzen |marc | 4330 | 133,04 Bremen |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Breslaw |marc | 3016 | 199,99 Brunswick |marc | 3603 | 159,85 Brussels |marc | 3798 | 151,66 Cairo |rotolo | 6887 | 83,64 China |tale | 579 | 994,81 Cologne |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Constantinople |cheky | 4926 | 116,93 Copenhagen |marc | 3641 | 158,19 Coromandel |seer | 4293 | 134,16 Cracow |marc | 3069 | 187,68 Damascus |rotolo |34432 | 16,73 Dantzic |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75 Dresden |marc | 3605¹⁄₂| 159,75 England {|pound | 5760 | 100,00 {|ounce | 480 |1200,00 Florence |pound | 5244 | 109,84 France {|marc | 3780 | 152,33 {|kilogramme |15446 | 37,29 Francfort |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Geneva |marc | 3787³⁄₄| 152,07 Genoa |pound | 4897²⁄₃| 117,61 Hamburgh |marc | 3608 | 159,64 Hanover |marc | 3608 | 159,64 Holland |marc | 3798 | 151,66 Japan |tale | 580⁵⁄₈| 992,02 Konigsberg {|marc | 3023 | 190,52 {|idem Berlin weight | 3616 | 159,30 Leghorn |pound | 5244 | 109,84 Leipsic |marc | 3606 | 159,75 Liege |marc | 3800 | 151,58 Lubec |marc | 3608 | 159,64 Magdeburg |marc | 3607 | 159,68 Malabar |seer | 4293 | 134,16 Manheim |marc | 3611 | 159,49 Milan |marc | 3631 | 158,63 Munich |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Naples |pound | 4954 | 116,27 Nuremberg |marc | 3688 | 156,19 Pegu |tical | 237¹⁄₄|2427,80 Persia |mitigal | 71³⁄₄|8027,90 Pisa |pound | 5237 | 110,00 Pondicherry |seer | 4293 | 134,16 Portugal |marc | 3542¹⁄₂| 162,60 Prague |marc | 3916 | 147,08 Ratisbon |marc | 3800 | 151,58 Riga |marc | 3227 | 178,50 Rome |pound | 5239 | 109,95 Russia |pound | 6314 | 91,23 Sienna |pound | 5179 | 111,22 Spain |marc | 3551 | 162,21 Sweden |marc | 3252 | 177,12 Surat |tola | 187¹⁄₂|3066,35 Tripoli |mitical | 73³⁄₄|7810,16 Tunis |ounce | 486¹⁄₂|1183,96 Turin |marc | 3799 | 151,62 Venice {|marc | 3686 | 156,26 {|ounce | 460³⁄₄|1250,12 Vienna |marc | 4333 | 132,93 Warsaw |marc | 3114 | 184,97 Wilna |marc | 3006 | 191,62 Wirtemburg |marc | 3612 | 159,46 Zurich |marc | 3615 | 159,34

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.

Examples.

It is required to reduce 100 marcs of Hamburgh into marcs of France.

The marc of Hamburgh weighing 3608 grains, and the marc of France 3780, according to the table prefixed, state the following equation:

100 marcs of Hamb. = x 1 marc of Hamb. = 3608 grains 3780 grains = 1 marc of France Result 95,45 marcs of France.

Reduce 100 marcs of France into marcs of Hamburgh.

100 marcs of France = x 1 marc of France = 3780 grains 3608 grains = 1 marc of Hamb. Result 104,76 marcs of Hamburgh.

TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS-WEIGHT,

Shewing the quantity of grains Troy-weight contained by each of the weights used in the sale of merchandize, and the relation of foreign weights to 100 pounds and 112 pounds Avoirdupois-weight.

| | Contents|Equiv. |Equiv. | | of each|to 100 |to 112 | | weight |pounds |pounds Countries and | Names of | -- | -- | -- Places. | the Weights. | Grains |num. 100|num. 100 ------------------+-----------------------+---------+--------+-------- Achem |catti |14675 | 47,70 | 53,42 Aix in France |pound | 6310 | 110,94 | 124,25 Aix la Chapelle |pound | 7235 | 96,75 | 108,26 Algiers |rotolo | 8345 | 83,89 | 93,95 Aleppo |idem of 720 drams |35190 | 19,89 | 22,28 |idem of 700 |34213 | 20,46 | 22,92 |idem of 680 |33235 | 21,06 | 23,59 |idem of 600 |29315 | 23,87 | 26,73 |idem of 400 |19550 | 35,81 | 40,10 Alexandria |rotolo zauro |14579 | 48,01 | 54,77 |idem zaidino | 9346 | 74,90 | 83,89 |idem forforo | 6579 | 106,40 | 119,16 Alexandretta |mine |11663 | 60,02 | 67,22 Alicante |libra mayor | 8004 | 87,45 | 97,95 |libra menor | 5336 | 131,18 | 146,93 Altona |pound | 7477 | 93,62 | 104,86 Amberg |pound | 9257 | 75,62 | 84,70 Amsterdam |pound commercial weight| 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 |pound apothecary weight| 5696 | 122,88 | 137,63 Ancona |pound | 5183 | 135,05 | 151,26 Anspach |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Antwerp |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Archangel |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18 Arragon |libra pensil | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20 Augsburgh |pfund frohngewicht | 7580 | 92,34 | 103,42 |pfund kramgewicht | 7295 | 95,95 | 107,46 Avignon |pound | 6084 | 115,05 | 128,85 Bamberg |pound | 7494 | 93,41 | 104,62 Barcelona |pound | 6214 | 112,65 | 126,16 Basil or Basle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Batavia |catti | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96 Bautzen |pound | 6690 | 104,63 | 117,18 Bayonne |livre | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Bayreuth |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14 Beetlefakee |maund |11773 | 59,46 | 66,59 Bengal |factory maund | | 1,34 | 1,50 |bazar maund | | 1,22 | 1,36 Bergamo |pound peso forte |12581 | 55,64 | 62,31 |pound light weight | 5033 | 139,09 | 155,78 Bergen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 Bergen op Zoom |pound | 7343 | 95,33 | 106,77 Berlin |pound | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,40 Bern |pound | 8068 | 86,76 | 97,18 Bilboa |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Bois-le-Duc |pound | 7196 | 97,27 | 108,95 Bologna |pound | 5590 | 125,21 | 140,24 Bolzano |pound | 7733 | 90,52 | 101,38 Bombay |maund | | 2,63 | 2,95 Bordeaux |pound city weight | 7637 | 91,66 | 102,66 |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Bremen |pound | 7700 | 90,92 | 101,83 Breslaw |pound | 6256 | 111,90 | 125,33 Bruges |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Brunswick |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79 Brussels |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Bussorah |maund seffi | | 1,11 | 1,24 |maund a tara | | 3,51 | 3,93 Cadiz |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Cairo |rotolo | 6665 | 105,04 | 117,64 Calais |pound heavy weight | 7870 | 88,95 | 99,62 |pound light weight | 6501 | 107,67 | 120,59 Calicut |maund | | 3,33 | 3,73 Canary Islands |pound | 7094 | 98,67 | 110,52 Canea |rotolo heavy weight | 8127 | 86,13 | 96,47 |rotolo light weight | 5277 | 132,64 | 148,56 Canton |catti | 8640 | 81, | 90,72 Carthagena |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Cassel |pound | 4887 | 143,23 | 160,42 Castille |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Cephalonia |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18 Chambery |pound | 6621 | 105,72 | 118,40 Civita Vecchia |pound | 5267 | 132,90 | 148,85 Coburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Cologne |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52 Como |pound | 4789 | 146,18 | 163,72 Constance |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61 Constantinople |rotolo | 8670 | 80,74 | 90,43 Copenhagen |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 Corfu |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18 Coromandel |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59 Corsica |pound | 5315 | 131,70 | 147,50 Corunna |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31 Courtray |pound | 6749 | 103,58 | 116, Cracow |pound | 6271 | 111,63 | 125,02 Cremona |pound | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94 Culmbach |pound | 7989 | 87,63 | 98,14 Cyprus |rotolo |36710 | 19,07 | 21,36 Damascus |rotolo |27691 | 25,28 | 28,31 Dantzic |pound | 6722 | 104,15 | 116,66 Denmark |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 Delft |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Deventer |pound | 7259 | 96,42 | 108, Dieppe |pound | 7630 | 91,75 | 102,76 Dixmude |pound | 6639 | 105,43 | 118,09 Dordrecht |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Dresden |pound | 7211 | 97,07 | 108,72 Dublin |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112, Dunkirk |pound | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52 Elbing |pound | 6558 | 106,74 | 119,55 Elsinore |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 Embden |pound | 7666 | 91,31 | 102,27 England |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112, |pound apothecary weight| 5760 | 121,53 | 136,11 Erfurt |pound | 7285 | 96,08 | 107,61 Ferrara |pound | 5237 | 133,67 | 149,71 Ferrol |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31 Fez |rotolo | 7259 | 96,42 | 108, Flensburg |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08 Florence |pound | 5401 | 129,60 | 145,15 Forli |pound | 5084 | 137,69 | 154,22 France |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 |pound apothecary weight| 5568 | 123,51 | 138,33 |kilogramme |15446[17]| 45,32 | 50,76 |hectogramme | 1544³⁄₅ | 453,20 | 507,60 Francfort on the | | | | Maine |pound heavy weight | 7841 | 89,28 | 100, |pound light weight | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74 Francfort on the | | | | Oder |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42 Freyberg |pound | 7210 | 97,09 | 108,74 Flushing |pound | 7189 | 97,37 | 109,06 Gaeta |pound | 4553 | 153,75 | 172,20 Galicia |pound | 8877 | 78,85 | 88,31 Gallipoli |rotolo | 6978 | 100,31 | 112,35 Gand |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Geneva |pound heavy weight | 8502 | 82,34 | 92,22 |pound light weight | 7085 | 98,70 | 110,66 Genoa |Custom-House rotolo | 8258 | 84,77 | 94,94 |rotolo peso di cassa | 7506 | 93,25 | 104,45 |rotolo cantaro weight | 7360 | 95,11 | 106,52 |pound peso grosso | 4907 | 142,65 | 159,77 |pound peso sottile | 4898 | 142,92 | 160,07 Germany |pound apothecary weight| 5527 | 126,64 | 141,84 Gibraltar |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,55 |pound Cadiz weight | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Gottenburg |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46 |pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33 Grenada |pound heavy weight | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72 |pound light weight | 6860 | 102,05 | 114,30 Groningen |pound | 7552 | 92,69 | 103,81 Gueldres |pound | 7205 | 97,15 | 108,81 Hamburg |pound commercial weight| 7481 | 93,57 | 104,80 |pound Cologne weight | 7224 | 96,89 | 108,52 Hanover |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61 Harburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61 Harlem |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Havre de Grace |pound | 8161 | 85,77 | 96,06 Hague |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Heidelberg |pound | 7788 | 89,88 | 100,67 Hildesheim |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79 Japan |catti | 9100 | 76,92 | 86,15 Java |catti | 9247 | 75,70 | 84,79 Kiel |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,69 Kintzingen |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Konigsberg |pound old weight | 5869 | 119,27 | 133,58 |pound new weight | 7233 | 96,78 | 108,50 Krems |pound | 8743 | 80,37 | 89,67 Leghorn[18] |pound | 5296 | 132,17 | 148,03 Leipsic |pound butchers’ weight | 7772 | 90,07 | 100,88 |pound commercial weight| 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79 |pound miners’ weight | 6954 | 100,66 | 112,75 |pound for weighing | | | |steel | 6718 | 104,20 | 116,70 Leyden |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Liebau |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92 Liege |pound | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94 Lindau |pound | 7089 | 98,74 | 110,59 Lintz |pound | 8743 | 80,07 | 89,67 Lisbon |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66 Lisle |pound heavy weight | 7164 | 97,72 | 109,44 |pound light weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52 London |pound avoirdupois | 7000 | 100, | 112, Louvain |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Lubec |pound | 7461 | 93,86 | 105,08 Lucca |pound commercial weight| 5745 | 121,84 | 136,45 |pound for weighing silk| 5150 | 135,93 | 152,24 Lucern |pound | 7707 | 90,82 | 101,72 Lunenburg |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61 Lyons |pound for weighing silk| 7088 | 98,77 | 110,62 |pound city weight | 6615 | 105,81 | 118,52 Madeira |pound | 6725 | 104,10 | 116,59 Madras |maund | | 4, | 4,48 Madrid |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Magdeburg |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42 Mahon |pound | 6865 | 101,97 | 114,21 Majorca |rotolo | 6486 | 107,92 | 120,87 Malabar |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59 Malacca |vis | 9450 | 74,08 | 82,96 Malaga |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Malta |rotolo |11901 | 58,82 | 65,88 Manheim |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63 Mantua |pound | 5083 | 137,71 | 154,24 Marseilles |pound poids de table | 6203 | 112,85 | 126,39 Masulipatam |seer | 4293 | 163,05 | 182,62 Mecca |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74 Medina |rotolo | 7144 | 97,98 | 109,74 Memel |pound | 6378 | 109,76 | 122,92 Memmingen |pound | 7903 | 88,57 | 99,20 Messina |pound of twelve ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34 |rotolo of thirty ounces|12257 | 57,11 | 63,96 |rotolo of thirty-three | | | |ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15 Middleburg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52 Milan |pound heavy weight |11807 | 59,29 | 66,40 |pound light weight | 5060 | 138,34 | 154,94 Minorca |libra mayor |18480 | 37,88 | 42,43 |libra menor | 6160 | 113,65 | 127,28 Mocha |maund |21000 | 33,33 | 37,33 Modena |pound | 4971 | 140,82 | 157,71 Monaco |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32 Montpellier |pound | 6282 | 111,42 | 124,89 Morea |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10 |pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68 |oke |18463 | 37,92 | 42,47 Morocco |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Morlaix |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Muscovy |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18 Munich |pound | 8657 | 80,86 | 90,57 Munster |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60 Namur |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Nancy |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Nantes |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Naples |pound | 4954 | 141,30 | 158,26 |rotolo |13761 | 50,87 | 56,97 Narva |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52 Navarre |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Naumburg |pound | 7207 | 97,13 | 108,79 Negroponti |rotolo | 8261 | 84,73 | 94,90 Neufchatel |pound | 8029 | 87,18 | 97,64 Neustadt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Nice |pound | 4786 | 146,25 | 163,80 Nimeguen |pound | 7639 | 91,63 | 102,63 Nordlingen |pound | 7566 | 92,52 | 103,62 Norway |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 Novi |pound | 5113 | 136,89 | 153,32 Nuremberg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Oporto |pound Lisbon weight | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66 |pound according to | | | |Kruse | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97 Oran |rotolo | 7776 | 90,02 | 100,83 Orient |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Ormus |seer | 4676 | 149,70 | 167,67 Osnaburg |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Ostend |pound | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Oudenard |pound | 6758 | 103,58 | 116, Oviedo |pound of Asturias |10653 | 65,71 | 73,60 |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Paderborn |pound | 7355 | 95,17 | 106,60 Padua |pound | 5157 | 135,75 | 152,04 Palermo |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34 |rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96 |rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15 Paris |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Parma |pound | 5234 | 133,75 | 149,80 Passau |pound | 7414 | 94,41 | 105,74 Patras |pound commercial weight| 6168 | 113,49 | 127,10 |pound for weighing silk| 7710 | 90,79 | 101,68 Pegu |vis |23333 | 30, | 33,59 Pernau |pound | 6431 | 108,85 | 121,91 Piedmont |pound | 5749 | 121,77 | 139,39 Pisa |pound | 5028 | 139,21 | 155,92 Placenza |pound | 4980 | 140,56 | 157,43 Pondicherry |vis |22683 | 30,86 | 34,56 Portugal |pound | 7085 | 98,80 | 110,66 Posen |pound | 6158 | 113,87 | 127,53 Prague |pound | 7929 | 88,28 | 98,88 Presburg |pound | 8616 | 81,24 | 91, Ragusa |pound | 5607 | 124,84 | 139,82 Ratisbon |pound | 8777 | 79,75 | 89,32 Ravenna |pound | 4623 | 151,41 | 169,58 Reggio |pound | 5093 | 137,45 | 153,95 Revel |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97 Rhodes |rotolo |36922 | 18,96 | 21,24 Riga |pound | 6454 | 108,40 | 121,48 Rochelle |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 Rome |pound Roman | 5239 | 133,61 | 149,65 |pound public scale | 5344 | 131, | 146,71 Rostock |pound | 7888 | 88,75 | 99,40 Rotenburg |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Rotterdam |pound heavy weight | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 |pound light weight | 7261 | 96,40 | 107,97 Rouen |pound poids de marc | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 |pound poids de vicomté | 8015 | 87,34 | 97,82 Roveredo |pound | 5257 | 133,15 | 149,13 Russia |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18 St. Ander |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 St. Croix |pound | 7716 | 90,72 | 101,60 St. Eustatia |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 St. Gall |pound heavy weight | 9823 | 77,58 | 86,89 |pound light weight | 7179 | 97,51 | 109,21 St. Lucar |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 St. Malo |pound | 7561 | 92,58 | 103,69 St. Petersburg |pound | 6314 | 110,87 | 124,18 St. Sebastian |pound | 7524 | 93,04 | 104,20 Sallee |pound | 7215 | 97,01 | 108,66 Saltzburg |pound | 8643 | 81, | 90,71 Saragossa |pound of 12 ounces | 5326 | 131,43 | 147,20 Sardinia |pound | 6188 | 113,12 | 126,69 Sayd |rotolo of Acre |36776 | 19,04 | 21,32 |rotolo of Damascus |28755 | 24,34 | 27,27 Schafhausen |pound | 7094 | 98,68 | 110,52 Schweinfurt |pound | 7868 | 88,97 | 99,64 Scio |rotolo | 7647 | 91,54 | 102,52 Scotland |pound old weight | 7616 | 91,91 | 102,94 |pound new weight | 7000 | 100, | 112, Seville |pound | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Siam |catti | 9030 | 77,52 | 86,82 Sicily |pound of 12 ounces | 4903 | 142,77 | 175,34 |rotolo of 30 ounces |12257 | 57,11 | 63,96 |rotolo of 33 ounces |13483 | 51,92 | 58,15 Sienna |pound | 6905 | 101,38 | 113,55 Smyrna |oke |19420 | 36,05 | 40,37 |rotolo | 8739 | 80,10 | 89,71 Spain |pound of 16 ounces | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Stade |pound | 7333 | 95,46 | 106,92 Stettin |pound | 7232 | 96,80 | 108,42 Stralsund |pound | 7461 | 93,82 | 105,08 Strasburg |pound heavy weight | 7557 | 92,63 | 103,75 |pound light weight | 7277 | 96,19 | 107,74 Sweden |pound victualie weight | 6563 | 106,66 | 119,46 |pound miners’ weight | 5802 | 120,65 | 135,12 |pound cities weight | 5526 | 126,68 | 141,88 |pound for weighing iron| 5250 | 133,33 | 149,33 |pound apothecary weight| 5501 | 127,26 | 142,53 Sumatra |catti |19684 | 35,56 | 39,83 Surat |seer | 6556 | 106,78 | 119,60 Surinam |pound | 7625 | 91,80 | 102,82 Syracuse |pound | 5044 | 138,78 | 155,44 Syria |mina | 9117 | 76,78 | 85,99 Tangier |rotolo | 7426 | 94,27 | 105,58 Teneriffe |pound of Castille | 7102 | 98,57 | 110,40 Tetuan |rotolo |10945 | 63,96 | 71,63 Thorn |pound | 6502 | 107,66 | 120,58 Toulon |pound | 6633 | 105,54 | 118,20 Toulouse |pound | 6418 | 109,07 | 122,15 Tournai |pound | 6721 | 104,15 | 116,65 Treves |pound heavy weight | 7975 | 87,77 | 98,31 |pound light weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42 Trieste |pound Vienna weight | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64 |pound Venice great | | | |weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18 |pound Venice small | | | |weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78 Tripoli in Barbary|rotolo | 7850 | 89,17 | 99,87 Tripoli in Syria |rotolo |28037 | 24,97 | 27,96 |oke |18692 | 37,45 | 41,94 Tunis |rotolo | 7661 | 91,37 | 102,34 Turin |pound | 5696 | 122,89 | 137,63 Valencia |pound of 12 oz. | 5498 | 127,32 | 142,60 |pound of 16 oz. | 7331 | 95,48 | 106,94 |pound of 18 oz. | 8247 | 84,88 | 95,07 Valenciennes |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108, Venice |pound great weight | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18 |pound small weight | 4673 | 149,80 | 167,78 Verona |pound great weight | 7677 | 91,18 | 102,12 |pound small weight | 5136 | 136,30 | 152,65 Vicenza |pound great weight | 7523 | 93,05 | 104,21 |pound small weight | 5247 | 133,41 | 149,42 Vienna |pound | 8650 | 80,92 | 90,64 Ulm |pound | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37 United States of | | | | America |pound | 7000 | 100, | 112, Warsaw |pound | 5853 | 119,60 | 133,95 Wismar |pound | 7471 | 93,70 | 104,94 Windaw |pound | 6377 | 109,76 | 122,23 Wirtemberg |pound | 7225 | 96,89 | 108,52 Wurtzburg |pound | 7362 | 95,08 | 106,49 Ypres |pound | 6646 | 105,33 | 117,97 Zante |pound | 7384 | 94,80 | 106,18 Zealand |pound | 7172 | 97,60 | 109,32 Zell |pound | 7494 | 93,40 | 104,61 Zittau |pound | 7221 | 96,94 | 108,57 Zurich |pound heavy weight | 8138 | 86,01 | 96,33 |pound light weight | 7234 | 96,76 | 108,37 Zutphen |pound | 7259 | 96,43 | 108, Zwoll |pound | 7439 | 94,10 | 105,39

[17] The gramme, or the unit of French weights, is therefore equivalent to 15,446 grains troy-weight.

[18] According to the prices current received from Leghorn, the equivalent to 112 pounds is only 145.

The following examples will shew in what manner the proportion between the weights of any two given countries may be ascertained.

EXAMPLES.

It is required to reduce 100 kilogrammes of France into pounds of Amsterdam.

The kilogramme of France weighing 15446 grains, and the pound of Amsterdam 7625, according to the table prefixed, state the following equation:

100 kilogrammes = x 1 kilogramme = 15446 grains 7625 grains = 1 pound Result 202,57 pounds.

Reduce 100 pounds of Amsterdam into kilogrammes of France.

100 pounds = x 1 pound = 7625 grains 15446 grains = 1 kilogramme Result 49,37 kilogrammes.

WEIGHT, (poids, Fr.) Impression, pressure, burthen, overwhelming power. The great advantage which heavy cavalry has over the light horse, and particularly over infantry troops, consists wholly in its pressure and overwhelming power.

WELL. In the military art, a depth which the miner sinks under ground, with branches or galleries running out from it; either to prepare a mine, or to discover and disappoint the enemy’s mine. See SHAFT.

To WET. In a sense of good fellowship and hilarity, and of course in a military one, to take a cheerful glass, or, speaking popularly, to “moisten the clay.”

To WET a Commission. It has always been customary in the army, for every officer, when he obtains a commission, gets promoted, or exchanged, to afford some mark and acknowlegement to the corps he joins.

WERE. The preterite of I am.

As you WERE. A word of command in the British service which corresponds with the French remettez vous. It signifies to return to the same position from which you had faced or wheeled, &c. and is generally used when any motion of the firelock or movement of the body has been done improperly.

WERST. A Russian measure in travelling. The Werst contains seven hundred and fifty geometrical paces.

WHEEL, in artillery. A circular body which turns round on its axis. The strength of these wheels is always, or should be, proportional to the weight they carry: the diameters of the wheels of heavy gun-carriages are 85 inches, and those for light field-pieces 52 only.

To WHEEL, (Faire conversion, Fr.) In a military sense, to move forward or backward in a circular manner, round some given point. See PIVOT. Wheeling is one of the most essential and important operations of the squadron, necessary in many changes of position, and in the formation of column and of the line.

WHEEL of the squadron. When the entire squadron is to wheel, a caution is given to that purport, and to which hand. At the word March, the front rank of the squadron remains dressed to the centre, the leader fixes his eye and makes his circle on the standing flank man; the standard follows him exactly, and the squadron wheels with the same uniform front, at such a pace as is requisite to keep every where dressed with the standard. The rear rank and the serrefiles look to the wheeling flank, and incline, at the same time that they wheel, so as always to cover their front leaders.

The standard must take care, never to oblige the wheeling man to exceed a moderate gallop, otherwise the rear rank, which has still more ground to go over, cannot keep up; the squadron will wheel loose and in disorder, and be longer in dressing than if it had come about at a slower pace, but close and connected.

The flanks must always conform to the centre, in case the leader does not take his ground as exactly as he ought. At any rate, the standard is the guide for the pace, and the point from which the distance of files is to be preserved.

The leader must take care to time his word Dress the instant before the wheel is completed, otherwise an over wheel or reining back will be the consequence. The whole dress by the centre.

The squadron breaks into column of any of the divisions in which it is told off, by each of those divisions wheeling up the quarter circle. If the body is in motion (as in column) the wheels of the divisions all begin at the word Wheel! If halted, they are begun at the word March!

In all division wheelings, the whole look to the wheeling hand. In all wheelings, the rear rank must rein back at the standing flank, and incline towards the wheeling hand, in order to cover.

At the word mark time! halt! given when the wheel is completed, the whole turn eyes and dress to the standing flank, and remain so till a new direction is given.

Wheelings of the squadron, or its parts, from the halt, are made on the flanks, except those of ranks by threes, which are made on the middle man of each.

WHEEL of divisions into squadron. When the squadron is to be formed by the wheeling up of its divisions, there must not be any intervals, and the rear ranks must rein back, and incline so as not to interrupt the front ranks coming up together.

In division wheelings, the whole keep closed lightly towards the hand they wheel to, and must avoid pressing the pivot man off his ground. The outward man looks to his rank, he of course regulates the pace at which the wheel is made; he must not press in on his rank, nor turn his horse’s head towards the standing flank; all the horse’s heads must be kept rather outwards (for to attempt to bend them inwards, would certainly occasion a crowding on the standing flank) and the croupes lightly closed inwards with the leg. The pivot man of the wheel turns his horse on his fore-feet, keeps his ground, and comes gradually round with his rank.

WHEELS of divisions made on a halted, or on a moveable Pivot. Wheels of divisions of the squadron or line are made on a HALTED, or on a MOVEABLE pivot. When on a halted pivot, they are made from line into column, or from column into line; and also generally by the column of manœuvre or march, when moving on a considerable front, and when the wheel by which its direction is to be changed, approaches to, or exceeds the quarter circle. When on a moveable pivot, they are generally used and ordered when the front of the column is small, and its path winding and changeable.

Whenever the wheel, made on a halted pivot, is less than the quarter circle, the pause after the wheel will be considerable; should the wheel be greater than the quarter circle, it must be accelerated, otherwise more than one division will be arrived, and arrested at the wheeling point.

WHEEL on a moveable pivot. When wheels or changes of direction of bodies in column, are made on a MOVEABLE PIVOT, both flanks are kept in motion; the pivot one always describing part of a circle, and the reverse flank, and intermediate men of the division, by a compound of inclining and wheeling, conforming to the pivot movement.

WHEEL made to the pivot hand, and moveable. When the change is made to the PIVOT hand, (the whole being in motion) the leader of the head division, when at the distance of twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection of the old and new direction, will give the word, right or left quarter wheel, which is a caution for each man to give a small turn of his horse TOWARDS the pivot hand, and the leader himself carefully preserving the rate of march, without the least alteration of pace, will in his own person begin to circle BEFORE the line, from the old, so as to enter the new direction twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection, which he in this case leaves at some distance WITHIN his pivot hand. When this is effected (the rest of his division having, during the transition, and on the principle of gradual dressing, conformed to the direction he is giving them) he will give the word Forward! for the division to pursue the right line. The leader of the second, and of every other division, when he arrives on the ground on which the first began to wheel, will in the same manner follow his exact tract, always preserving his proper distance from him.

WHEEL made to the reverse flank. When the change is made to the REVERSE hand, the pivot leader having arrived as before, at the spot where he gives his word right or left quarter wheel! for each man to give a small turn of his horse’s head FROM the pivot hand, will begin in his own person to circle BEHIND the line from the old, so as to enter the new direction twenty or thirty yards from the point of intersection, which, in this case, he leaves at some small distance WITHOUT his pivot hand. The rest of his division, by giving way, having gradually conformed to his movement, he will at the proper instant order Forward! and resume a straight line.

During the change to either hand, the whole continue looking to the pivot flank, which never alters the rate of the then march; but the reverse flank is in the one case obliged to slacken, and in the other to quicken its movement.

In this manner, without the constraint of formal wheels, a column, when not confined on its flanks, may be conducted in all kinds of winding and changeable directions; for if the changes be made gradual, and circling, and that the pivot leaders pursue their proper path at the same uniform equal pace, the true distances of divisions will be preserved, which is the great regulating object on this occasion, and to which every other consideration must give way.

The wheelings of cavalry being more difficult than those of infantry, we have, on that account, been more particular; but the subject is handled more amply in the American Military Library. The French do not make use of any word that immediately corresponds with Wheel, as a term of command. They say briefly, by platoons, &c. To the right or left into line, march. Par pelotons, àdroite ou à gauche en bataille, marche. The act of wheeling in general is expressed by quarter or half-quarter wheel.

WHEELINGS. Are different motions made by horse and foot, either to the right or left, or to the right and left about, &c. forward or backward.

WHEELING. The old aukward method of oblique moving and wheeling, is now superceded by half and quarter wheeling.

General rules for WHEELING. The circle is divided into four equal parts: thence, wheeling to the right or left, is only a quarter of the circle; wheeling to the right or left about, is one half of the circle.

When you wheel to the right, you are to close to the right, so near as to touch your right hand man, but without pressing him; and to look to the left, in order to bring the rank about even.

When you wheel to the left, you are to close to the left, and look to the right, as above directed. This rule will serve for all wheeling by ranks; as when a battalion is marching by subdivisions with their ranks open, then each rank wheels distinctly by itself, when it comes to the ground on which the ranks before it wheeled, but not before.

In wheeling, the men are to take particular care, neither to open nor close their ranks, and to carry their arms well.

In wheeling, the motion of each man is quicker or slower, according to the distance he is from the right or the left: thus, when you wheel to the right, each man moves quicker than his right-hand man; and, wheeling to the left, each man moves quicker than his left-hand man; the circle that every man wheels being larger, according to the distance he is from the hand he wheels to; as may be seen by describing several circles within one another, at two feet distance from each, which is nearly the space every man is supposed to take up.

WHEEL-carriages. In artillery, &c. The whole doctrine thereof, as it stands on a mathematical theory, may be reduced to the following particulars, viz.

1. WHEEL-carriages meet with less resistance than any other kind of carriage.

2. The larger the wheels, the easier is the draught of the carriage.

3. A carriage, upon four wheels of equal size, is drawn with less force than with two of those wheels, and two of a lesser size.

4. If the load be all on the axle of the larger wheels, it will be drawn with less force than if laid on the axis of the lesser wheels; contrary to the common notion of loading carriages before.

5. Carriages go with much less force on friction-wheels, than in the common way.

WHEELBARROW. A small carriage of burthen, pushed forward by the hands on one wheel; a certain number are always attached to the artillery.

WHINYARD. A sword, so called by Butler in his Hudibras.

WHIPCORD. A tight spun cord, with which the cat-o-nine-tails is made.

WHOLE. All, total, containing all.

Take care the WHOLE. A cautionary word which was formerly used in the British service, and is sometimes, but improperly, given now. The term Attention is adopted in its room.

WHOOP. A shout; a loud noise which soldiers make in charging, &c. It is a natural though a barbarous habit, and has been preserved in civilized armies from a prevailing custom among savages, particularly the wild Indians of America.

WICKET, (guichet, Fr.) A small door in the gate of a fortified place, through which people go in and out, without opening the great gate.

WIDERZOUROUK. A compound word from the German, which signifies back again. The French pronounce it Vuiderzourouk. It means a movement which is made to the rear, in order to bring a squadron to the right about, in the same manner that a battalion is faced about. Marshal Puysegur remarks, that the French adopted this movement from the Germans, in the year 1670. He is of opinion, that previous to this epoch, squadrons were faced to the rear by means of a double caracol, describing a half-circle, the extent of whose front was equal to half of its diameter; on which account, the general order of battle in those days had considerable intervals, and great loss of time and space of course.

WIG. A Saxon termination of the names of men, signifying war.

WIGWAM. A hut used in America by the Indians.

WILBE, Ind. Guardian; protector.

WILDFIRE. A composition of firework, so called from its ready ignition and rapid combustion.

WINCH, (Manivelle, Fr.) The handle or lever by which a jack, windlass, &c. is turned.

WINDAGE of a gun, mortar, or howitzer. The difference between the diameter of the bore, and the diameter of the shot or shell. In England the diameter of the shot is supposed to be divided into 20 equal parts, and the diameter of the bore into 21 of those parts. The French divide the shot into 26, and the bore into 27. The Prussians divide the shot into 24, and the bore into 25. The Dutch nearly the same as the English. The general windage of shells in England is ¹⁄₄ of an inch, let them be large or small, which is contrary to all reason. It is evident, that the less windage a shot or shell has, the farther and truer it will go; and having less room to bounce from side to side, the gun will not be spoiled so soon.

It is true that some artillery officers say, that the windage of a gun should be equal to the thickness of the ladle; because, when it has been loaded for a while, the shot will not come out, without being loosened thereby, in order to unload it--and when this cannot be done, it must be fired away, and so lost: but the most advantageous windage should be in dividing the shot into 24 equal parts, and the bore into 25, on account of the convenient scale it affords, not only to construct guns thereby, but also their carriages. Hence, agreeable to this plan, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch, consequently a sufficient thickness for a ladle; and those of a higher calibre become still thicker in proportion: but suppose this thickness is not enough, the loss of a shot is a mere trifle, in respect to the advantage gained thereby.

WINDAGE. The usual windage of English guns is ¹⁄₂₀ of the calibre. It appears by experiments, that ¹⁄₄, or nearly ¹⁄₃ of the force of the powder is lost by this windage. See VELOCITY.

Windage of Mortars and Howitzers.

From the 13 to 5¹⁄₂ inch the windage is ·15 of an inch, and that of the 4²⁄₅ is ·2 of an inch.

Windage of Guns and Carronades.

+--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |Kind. | 68| 42| 32| 24| 18| 12| 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | +--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |Guns. | --|·33|·30|·27|·25|·22|·20|·17|·15|·14|·12|·09| |Carrona.|·15|·15|·15|·14|·12|·12| | | | | | | +--------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

Windage of French Guns.

Field Guns.--All one line of windage; about ¹⁄₅₀ in an 8 pounder.

Siege Guns.--All 1¹⁄₂ line; about ¹⁄₄₈ in a 24 Pr.

Mortars.--12 inch; 4 lines of windage. 10 inch; 1 line, 5 points do. 8 inch; 1 line, do. Howitzers.--All; 2 lines do.

WIND-GUN. See AIR-GUN.

WINDLASS, (Vindas, Fr.) Is a roller of wood, square at each end, through which are either cross holes for handspikes or staves across to turn it round: by this means it draws a cord, one end of which is fastened to some weight which it raises up. They are used in gins, and about Dutch mortars, to help to elevate them. The French say Vindas ou Cabestan horizontal, the latter being a sea term.

WINDSAILS, (Manches à vent, Fr.) Large pieces of canvas, which are used in ships at sea for the purposes of ventilation, &c. During voyages in hot climates, the most beneficial effects are derived from the use of windsails. The master of the vessel should be desired to have them made immediately as troops are embarked, if not already provided, and they should be constantly hung up.--These sails throw a stream of cold air between decks, and it is not an unusual practice among the men, at least among the unexperienced soldiers, to tie up the bottom of them, by which this salutary purpose is defeated. The serjeant of the watch must be responsible that this irregularity is never committed.

To WINDWARD, (Au Vent, Fr.) As St. Domingo is to the windward of Jamaica.

WINGS of an army. When drawn up in battle, are the right and left parts counting from the centre; when a battalion is drawn up, the divisions on the right and left of the centre are called the wings. The word wing is sometimes used to denote the large sides of horn-works, crown-works, tenailles, and other out-works, &c.

WINTER-Quarters. See QUARTERS.

WITHERBAND. A piece of iron laid under a saddle, about three inches above the withers of the horse, to keep tight the two pieces of wood.

WITNESSES. In fortification. See TEMOINS.

WITNESSES. In a military judicial sense, persons summoned by the judge-advocate, or any of his deputies, to attend at a general court-martial, there to speak to facts which they know of their own knowlege, and to which they can bona fide swear, from having been present at the transaction, &c. See Macomb on Court-Martials.

According to the articles of war, witnesses attending courts-martial are to be privileged from arrests, and not attending are liable to be attached.

WOHKEELE, Ind. An ambassador.

WOLF-Holes. In the defence of places, are round holes, generally about two or three feet in diameter at the top, one at bottom, and two and an half deep, dug in the front of any work. Sometimes a sharp-pointed stake or two are fixed at the bottom, and covered with very thin planks, and green sods; consequently the enemy, on advancing, fall in, and are put into confusion.

WOOD. Artillery carriages are generally made of elm, ash, and oak. The bed and house of a sea mortar are made of oak, and the bolster of elm. The bottoms of land mortar beds are of oak, and the upper parts of elm.

Carriages--Ship.--The cheeks, transoms, and trucks of elm; the axle trees of live oak.

---- Garrison.--The whole of oak; trucks, iron.

---- Field.--Heavy 24 and 12 Pr. the cheeks and transoms of elm; the axle trees of ash or hickory. In the wheel the nave and fellies are of elm; the spokes of ash; limber shafts, bars, and axle trees are of ash. Light guns, from 3 to 12 prs. the cheeks and transoms are of elm: the ammunition boxes are of sycamore. In the wheels, the nave is of elm, the spokes of oak, and the fellies of ash. In the limber the shafts and bars of ash.

WOOD Matches. See PORTFIRE.

WOODEN-Bottoms. In laboratory works, are cylindrical pieces of wood, of different lengths and diameters, agreeable to the size of the gun. They are hollowed at one end to receive the shot, and the flannel cartridge is fastened to the other end: the whole forming one cartridge, which is put into the piece at one motion. Iron bottoms are to be preferred.

WOOL-Packs. Bags of wool. They are frequently ranged in form of a breastwork, because they resist cannon-shot. See SIEGE.

WORD (Mot, Fr.) A single part of speech, consisting of one or more syllables, for the purpose of expressing ideas; In a military sense, it signifies signal, token, order; as watch-word, &c.

The WORD, Watch WORD, Is a peculiar word that serves for a token and mark of distinction, given out in the orders of the day in times of peace, but in war every evening in the field, by the general who commands, and in garrison by the governor, or other officer commanding in chief, to prevent surprise, and hinder an enemy, or any treacherous person, to pass backwards and forwards. This watchword is generally called the parole, and to which is added the countersign. The first is known to all officers and non-commissioned officers, the latter only to the centinels. The officers that go the rounds, or patroles, exchange the word with the officers on duty; nor must the centinels let any one pass who has not got the countersign.

WORDS of command, (Mots de commandement, Fr.) Certain terms which have been adopted for the exercise and movement of military bodies, according to the nature of each particular service. Words of command are classed under two principal heads, and consist of those which are given by the chief or commander of a brigade, battalion, or division, and of those which are uttered by the subordinate leaders of troops or companies, &c.

Cautionary WORDS, (Commandement d’advertissement, Fr.) Certain leading instructions which are given to designate any particular manœuvre. The cautionary words precede the words of command, and are issued by the chiefs of corps.

WORKMEN. Are persons that attend the ammunition, boatsmen, carpenters, smiths, millers, bakers, waggoners, miners, pioneers, &c.

When soldiers are employed upon fatigue, or working parties, the drums and fifes, &c., should invariably play to time and measure. According to marshal Saxe, they should be relieved at the expiration of two hours and an half; by which means the individuals are less harrassed, and all the troops share alike. With regard to accompanying them in their labor with music, the policy of it is warranted by antiquity. The Lacædemonians, with a detachment of only three thousand men, under the command of Lysander, destroyed the famous Pyræus of Athens in less than six hours. During the whole of the operation, the flutes were playing, to enliven and encourage the troops. This custom existed in France to a late period among the galley-slaves at Marseilles; who, whilst they were employed in removing enormous loads of rubbish, &c. were constantly accompanied by musical instruments and drums. Marsh. Saxe’s Reveries, pages 157 and 158.

WORKS. This term is generally understood to comprehend the fortifications about the body of a place; as by outworks are meant those without the first inclosure. The word is also used to signify the approaches of the besiegers, and the several lines, trenches, &c. made round a place, an army, or the like, for its security.

To WORM a Gun, (Décharger un canon avec la tire-bourre, Fr.) To take out the charge of a firearm by means of a worm.

Worm of a GUN, (Tire-bourre, Fr.) An instrument vermiculated or turned round, that serves to extract any thing into which it insinuates itself by means of a spiral direction. It is much the same as wad-hook, with this difference, that the one is more proper for small-arms, and the other for ordnance.

To WORST. To defeat, to overthrow.

WORSTED. Defeated; put to the rout.

WORTHY. A man particularly distinguished, more especially for his valor, as the worthies of antiquity.

WREATH of victory. The garland or chaple, of triumph. See TRIUMPH.

WRESTLER. One who contends in wrestling.

WRESTLING. A contest for ascendancy of bodily strength; as when two wrestlers attempt to throw each other down. It was in great vogue among the Olympic games.

WRONG. An injury; a designed or known detriment; not right, not justice.

WRONGS. We have already observed under the article Rights, that although they are not specifically mentioned or described in the mutiny bill, they nevertheless exist in military life. Every officer and soldier possesses rights, and when either is wronged he is authorized to seek for redress. In the articles of war, it is expressly laid down, that if any officer shall think himself to be wronged by his colonel, or the commanding officer, of the regiment, and shall upon due application made to him, be refused to be redressed, he may complain to the general commanding, in order to obtain justice; who is required to examine into such complaint; and either by himself or by the secretary at war, to make his report. It will be observed, that officers may be peremptorily dismissed the service without trial or investigation.

If any inferior officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier shall think himself wronged by his captain, or other officer commanding the troop or company to which he belongs, he is to complain thereof to the commanding officer of the station or regiment.

WUHAH, Ind. Sandals.

WULANDA, or WULANDEZ, Ind. The Dutch are so called in India.

X.

XEBEC, (Chébec, Fr.) A sort of armed vessel, with lateen sails, which is used in the Mediterranean.

XENOPHON. A Greek general who has rendered his name immortal by a well-conducted retreat; and is equally celebrated for good military maxims, which are still extant in his Cyropœdia.

XERIFF. A prince, or chief ruler in Barbary is so called.

XERXES. A king of Persia, son of Darius, and grandson of Cyrus. This monarch has been rendered notorious in history, by the extravagance of his preparations to invade Greece, and his ultimate failure; which latter may be attributed to the undisciplined state of his army, and to the presumption of his general Mardonius. He entered the Hellespont with so numerous a fleet, that it covered its surface between the two lands. The number he embarked exceeded 1,000,000 men, who were entirely defeated by 40,000 well-disciplined troops from Greece.

XYSTARCHA. In antiquity, the master and director of the Xystus.

In the Greek Gymnasium, the Xystarcha was the second officer, and the Gymnasiarcha the first; the former was his lieutenant, and presided over the two Xysti, as well as over every species of exercise that was practised therein.

XYSTER. An instrument used by surgeons to scrape and shave bones with.

XYSTUS. Among the ancients, a long portico, open or covered at the top, where the athletæ practised wrestling and running: the gladiators who exercised therein, were called Xystici.

Among the Romans, the xystus was only an alley, or double row of trees, meeting like an arbor, and forming a shade to walk under; so that, in this sense, it might be considered as an open walking place, where the Romans entertained one another.

Y.

YACHT, (Yacht, Fr.) This word is taken from the Dutch. It is a small ship with one deck, carrying four, eight, or twelve guns, and thirty or forty men. Yachts, in general, are from 30 to 160 tons; contrived and adorned both within side and without, for carrying state passengers. They answer the purposes of business as well as pleasure, being remarkable good sailers.

YADDASHT, Ind. A memorandum.

YEHOODY, Ind. A Jew.

YEOMAN. The French use this word when they allude to the yeomen of the guards. In a general acceptation of the word among us, yeoman signifies a free man, who has land of his own.

YEOMAN of the guard. One belonging to a sort of foot guards, who attend at the British king’s palace. The yeomen were uniformly required to be six feet high. They are in number 100 on constant duty, and 70 off duty. The one half wear arquebuses, and the other pertuisans. Their attendance is confined to the king’s person, both at home and abroad. They are clad after the manner of king Henry VIII., and are commonly known by the name of the beefeaters.

The yeomen of the guards were anciently 250 men of the next rank under gentry. This corps was first instituted by king Henry VII. anno. 1486.

YEOMANRY. The collective body of yeomen. In this class may be considered men of small landed property, independent farmers, &c.

YESAWUL, Ind. A state messenger; a servant of parade, who carries a gold or silver staff; an aid-de-camp.

YETESAB, Ind. An officer who regulates the weights.

YOG, Ind. Junction, or union.

YIELD. See SURRENDER.

YOUNGER regiment, is that which was last raised. See SENIORITY.

YOUNGER officer, is he whose commission is of the latest date; and according to these rules, regiments and officers are posted and commanded. See SENIORITY.

YOUNGSTERS. A familiar term to signify the junior officers of a troop or company. The word youngster is likewise used in the navy. The French say mousse in naval phraseology.

Z.

ZAAT, Ind. Division of people into tribes or sects.

ZAGAIE, Fr. A weapon made in the form of a long dart, which the Moors make use of in battle, and which they cast with extreme dexterity.

ZAIMS. Principal leaders or chiefs; after whom a mounted militia which they support and pay is called among the Turks.

ZAYM, Ind. A feudal chief, or military tenant.

ZEAL. More than common ardor for the good of the service.

ZEBANBUNDY, Ind. A deposition.

ZEINAUB, Ind. A term of distinction used to persons of rank or eminence.

ZEMEEN, Ind. Ground.

ZEMEENDAR, Ind. A person who holds a tract of land in his own right.

ZEMEENDARY, Ind. The lands of a zemeendar.

ZENITH, Zenith, Fr. The point or vertex in the heavens directly over one’s head. If we conceive a line drawn through the observer and the centre of the earth, which must necessarily be perpendicular to the horizon, it will reach to a point among the fixed stars called the zenith.

The zenith is directly opposite to the Nadir; one above our heads, and the other below our feet.

ZERAKET, Ind. Agriculture.

ZERB, Ind. A blow; a stroke.

ZERB SHALLAAK, Ind. A blow given with a stick.

ZIG-ZAG, Fr. A term used in mechanics. The working beams or balances which give motion to the several pumps to throw the water up from the river to the hill at Marly, near Paris, form a sort of zig-zag.

ZIG-ZAGS, in fortification, are trenches or paths with several windings, so cut, that the besieged are prevented from enfilading the besieger in his approaches.

ZIMRA, Ind. A certificate.

ZINDIGEE, Ind. Grain, cattle, lands, plantations.

ZIYAMUT, Ind. A fief bestowed for military services.

ZULLUM, Ind. Violence; oppression.

ZUROOREAT, Ind. Necessaries.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

General

Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings, not all elements may display as intended.

The text in this e-text is that used in the source document. English nor non-English words and phrases have been corrected, unless mentioned under Changes below. This also applies to misspellings, unusual, archaic and obsolete spellings (of proper and geographical names as well), the mixing-up of languages, dubious and wrong translations, and to the use (or absence) of accents and diacriticals in French and German words. Inconsistencies in capitalisation and typography (also of keywords) have not been rectified, except as listed below. Missing words have been added only when indicated below. Errors (also in calculations), repetitions, contradictions and inconsistencies in contents, data, definitions, etc. have not been corrected or otherwise addressed, unless mentioned below. Errors and inconsistencies in the alphabetical order of (sub-)keywords have not been corrected; for the alphabetical sort order, I and J, and occasionally Y, appear to be considered the same letters, as are U and V. The book uses decimal commas, (high and low) decimal points and spaces to separate integers and decimals. The use of multiple quote marks in multi-paragraph quotes has not been standardised.

In some tables dashes may indicate lack of data and/or they may be used as a ditto symbol: it is not always clear what the author intended. The author or printer have abbreviated many words and phrases in the tables to fit the width they had available (the source document was printed in two rather narrow columns); these abbreviations have been kept unchanged (apart from the insertion of periods or apostrophes etc.) unless mentioned below. Where column headers, units etc. are not present in this e-text, they were lacking in the source document as well. Some digits have been replaced with a question mark ? because the data were illegible in the source document and could not be verified through other sources.

Internal references

Internal references (for example, See ...) do not always provide relevant or additional information. Some articles that are not referred or linked to may provide more information than the articles that are referred to. Some of the text contains reference letters that appear to refer to illustrations; such illustrations are not present in the source document, with the exception of those on pages 123 and 124.

The source document contains the following references to non-existing or irrelevant articles: Page 54, See Curb; Page 79, See Instruments; Pages 110 and 112, See Cutlass; Pages 112, 145, 203, 276, See Sword Exercise and page 333, See Sword-Exercise; Page 113, See Encyclopoedia; Page 116, see Drum-Out; Page 117, See Spoils; Page 119, See Disorder; Page 136, See Enlistment; Page 138, See Contractor; Page 139, reference to Conserves; Page 140, see Spy; Page 149, See Atchievement; Page 154, See Lights; Pages 229, 472, 528, See Jets de Feu; Page 254, See Acid (Muriatic, oxigenized); Page 263, See Border la Haye; Page 266, See Ginguet; Page 289, See Inclination; Page 308, See Articles of War, section XIX; Page 310, See Junction and See Priming Irons; Pages 313, 559, See Quay; Page 368, See Plotting; Page 467, See Mute; Page 470, See Livery; Page 497, See Fleece; Page 505, See Parabolic Conoid; Page 507, See Park; Page 509, See Watering; Page 537, See Polygraphy; Page 564, reference to exterior ... radius; Page 583, See Bond; Page 649, See Intrenching Tools; Page 702, See Spun Hay; Page 705, See Waggon-Master; Page 708, See Avant courier; Page 718, See Sonnette.

Other remarks

Various pages, Durtubie: probably (Théodore) d’Urtubie, author of the Manuel de l’Artilleur.

Page 43, Gros Jegerndorff: probably Groß Jägerndorff.

Page 51, Battle of Spaudau: possibly an error for Battle of Spanden.

Page 90, Thus -3, is 8 times less than nothing: possibly an error for Thus -8, is 8 times less than nothing.

Page 91, < or ⫎ are signs of minority: the symbol ⫎ as given in this e-text is an upside-down rendition of the symbol as printed in the source document.

Page 91, Characters in fire-works: the characters as given in this text are used to represent the shape of the characters in the source document rather than the actual characters.

Page 91, Thus 40°, 55′, 18″, 55‴, is read 40 degrees, 35 minutes: as erroneously printed in the source document.

Page 116, being divided into 60″ seconds: the repeated units (″ and seconds) are as printed in the source document.

Page 120, table Diameters of the shots ...: the missing digit (second row 3, column 4) is probably 5 (6.541).

Page 121, table Diameters of the bullets ..., row 1, column 0: the value .715 is likely to be incorrect; the missing digit in row 1, column 1 is probably 7 (.751).

Page 185, Alain Marrison Mallet: probably Alain Manesson Mallet.

Page 224, Supplément aux Rêveries de ce Mar: the title of the work is Supplément aux rêveries du Maréchal de Saxe.

Page 318, 2 sticks of about 5.5 feet long, and 1-5 inches square: the author may have intended 1 to 5 inches square or ¹⁄₅ inches square.

Page 323, Maria Parcia lex appeared in 1691: probably an error for ... appeared in 691 (see the other years mentioned in this context).

Page 338, “At the same time of the year: the closing quote mark is lacking.

Page 396, “It has already been shewn with what obstinacy: there is no closing quote mark.

Page 414, Grouda: probably an error for Gouda.

Page 417, kanen (two bottom rows Dresden in table Liquid Measure): probably an error for kanne; 953 (same table, row Florence, barile wine measure) possibly an error for 9,53.

Page 439, Table of the quantity of powder required ..., bottom line (Rock): item number 9 is probably an error for item number 6.

Page 446-447, In order to the attainment ... the following tables are subjoined: the fourth through tenth tables are not included under this keyword; the tables referred to appear to be present elsewhere in the book (under Weights and under Measures).

Page 450, table Gold Coins, entries France (40 and 20 franc piece) and Geneva: the two values 2²⁄₅ cover three rows (the last two rows for France and the row for Geneva), but are assumed to belong to the rows for France’s 20 and 40 franc pieces.

Page 474, entry Naumachiæ, ... may probably lead to great na- exertions: some text appears to be missing. A contemporary book (Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary ..., 2nd Edition, London 1805) has ... may probably lead to great naval exertions.

Page 496-497, Brigade Orders, orders which are issued by the generals commanding, through the brigade majors, to the several adju- corps that do duty together, or are brigaded: there is some text missing. Contemporary books (e.g., Charles James, An Universal Military Dictionary, London, 1816) have ... Brigade Orders, orders which are issued by the generals commanding, through the brigade majors, to the several adjutants of regiments, for the government of corps that do duty together, or are brigaded.

Page 499: Keyword Ostage: possible error for Otage.

Page 509, Hâter le Pas, Fr. to slacken your pace; to go slower: actually means the opposite: to increase your speed; to go faster.

Page 518, Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.): possibly intended to read Penal, (Pénal, -ale, Fr.).

Page 524, Pied de Roi and Pied Quarré, one hundred and forty lines and one hundred and forty inches errors for one hundred and forty four lines and inches respectively.

Page 525, a triangular square, or a rectangle: probably an error for a triangle, a square, or a rectangle;

Page 525, table Triangular Piles of Shot: as printed in the source document, though there are several mistakes in the numbers given, nor do the numbers agree with the formula as given in the text that follows the table.

Page 532, Il lui planter sa poltronnerie au nez: planter is an error for a past or perfect tense.

Page 537, polkowink: possibly an error for pułkownik.

Page 539, Porstick method: possibly an error for Poristic method.

Page 554: the symbol ╳ has been used merely to represent the shape of a large cross.

Page 600, given for good performed: one or more words appear to be missing.

Page 606, General Table of Sky Rockets: the meaning of the values in the row Mallet for driving may be intended to read 3lb. 8oz. etc.

Page 629, “This term does not come from serviens: the closing quote mark is absent.

Page 646, A five heures Sonnantes, Fr.: as printed in the source document.

Page 692, exercise of mock battle formerly practised: possibly an error for exercise or mock battle formerly practised.

Page 698, Where such barbarity is the costume: probably an error for Where such barbarity is the coutume or coûtume.

Page 704, “The Turks are a nation: there is no closing quote mark.

Page 705/706, We have already remarked under Table d’Officiers, ... it was strictly forbidden: the prohibition is not mentioned in the article referred to.

Page 745, the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch: as printed; 166 is possibly intended to be a fraction (¹⁄₆?).

Changes made to the text

General remarks

Footnotes, tables and illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs.

Several obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors (including missing and incorrect punctuation) have been corrected silently when this correction would not change the meaning of the text. Some dashes that were used to fill out justified text in the source document’s narrow columns have been removed. Several erroneously repeated words have been deleted.

In some of the tables, ditto marks (or blank spaces, periods and dashes etc. acting as such) have been replaced with the dittoed text or data. Some tables and table entries have been split or otherwise re-arranged for better readability.

Global changes and standardisations

In the source document some of the keywords are printed on top of each other, with braces combining them:

KEYWORD1,} Explanatory text. KEYWORD2,}

Where possible, this presentation has been standardised to the usual in-line lay-out for this text document:

KEYORD1, KEYWORD2, Explanatory text.

The indications of the source language and their italics mark-up have been standardised (Fr. to Fr., etc.); cheval- and chevaux-de-frize (and variants) have been standardised to cheval-de-frize and chevaux-de-frize (with otherwise unchanged spelling); seige(s) has been standardised to siege(s); frustrum(s) was standardised to frustum(s). A period has been added after the Roman ordinal in regnal names etc. where this was not present. Various ways in which numerical fractions (for example, 1/2, 1-2, ½) were printed have been standardised to ¹⁄₂.

Individual changes

Page etc. Source document This text

v a class of beings which a class of beings of which

1 ---- Start letter A inserted

20 translated from the Aide Momoire translated from the Aide Mémoire

29 The piece itself weighs 42 50 The piece itself weighs 42-50 pounds pounds

39 exigencies of state they require exigencies of state that require

47 Battle of Maubege, Cobourg Battle of Maubeuge, Cobourg Austrian Austrian

48 1795. Battle of Bonnel 1795. Battle of Bommel

51 Action at Unberhausen Action at Ungerhausen

52 Battre de’écharpe Battre d’écharpe

59, table Weight when filled ---- footnote anchor [7] inserted in bottom row of table

68 3597270 .3597270

one-twenty-eighth of a pound one twenty-eighth of a pound

70 by the testimony of four by the testimony of four gentlemen! officers’ sons, gentlemen. Officers’ sons, however, however,

Caisson, in military affairs, as Caisson, in military affairs, is a wooden frame or chest a wooden frame or chest

battre la Tambour battre le Tambour

72, table Distribution of the depth of a camp brace covers rows To the staff brace covers rows To the first officers through To the front of row of batmen’s tents through To the grand sutler’s tent the front of the grand sutler’s tent

81 See Aigremone See Aigremore

83 2 spare skafts 2 spare shafts

84, table Wood axletrees ---- sub-group column heading Di. of arm. inserted under Limber

85, table Ranges with carronades 1798 ---- column heading Yards inserted above all but the column Charge

---- table Diameter of the wheels of the field carriages moved from keyword Carronades to keyword Carriages.

91 chargez vos arms, un, deux, chargez vos armes, un, deux,

92, tables Charges for medium and light guns ---- column heading Kinds inserted cf. table Charges for heavy guns ....

99 Commissaire-général de la Commissaire-général de la cavalerie degére cavalerie légère

Commissaire provinciaux Commissaires provinciaux d’artillerie d’artillerie

Commissaire ordinaires Commissaires ordinaires d’artillerie d’artillerie

Commissaire géneral des poudres Commissaire général des poudres et saltpetres et salpêtres

Commissaire provinciaux et Commissaires provinciaux et ordinaires des guerres ordinaires des guerres

105 the pallisade on the the pallisade on the counterscrap counterscarp

110 from nose to croop from nose to croup

112 x y 2 = a x y² = a

Cunette. See Culvette Cunette. See Cuvette

115 être en de défense être en défense

116 Denonciateur d’un désertur Denonciateur d’un déserteur

119 Desorde, Fr. See Disorder Desordre, Fr. See Disorder

Developpe, Fr. to unfold Developper, Fr. to unfold

120 and the number 58.24, under the and the number 5.824, under the first first

123 in the memoirs of general in the memoirs of general Montecuculi Montecuculli

140 See Armicer See Armiger

151 La-mer falaise La mer falaise

153 On these tresles On these tressels

155 Their corps d’armie or legion Their corps d’armée or legions

158 asnaphaan, which being a low a snaphaan, which being a low Dutch word Dutch word

162 From Sadan down the Meuse to From Sedan down the Meuse to Charlemont Charlemont

164, paragraphs Square foot and Cubic foot: ... + 12 = ... × 12 = (three occurrences)

184 In the first vertical column In the first horizontal row (for this e-text the table has been rotated by 90°)

187 Minno, Baron of Coehorn Menno, Baron of Coehorn

192 The author of Oeuvres Militares The author of Oeuvres Militaires

201 Mr. Emerson, in his principles Mr. Emerson, in his Principles of Mechanics of Mechanics

217 Every timarist in Turkey Every timariot in Turkey

219 General de bettaile General de bataille

237 grenadiers posteiches grenadiers postiches

242 Exploits Guerrieres Exploits Guerriers

Délcarer la Guerre Déclarer la Guerre

249, table Length and weight of English Brass guns ---- column Kind aligned with other columns (misprint in source document)

---- 5th group in column Kind: poorly aligned 1 and 2 in left-most column combined to 12 (pounders)

table Ranges of brass guns with one shot two-column header lbz. two headers lbs. and oz.

---- braces added to grouped rows for 24 and 12 (pounders) as with 6 (pounders)

250, table Effects of case shot from a battalion gun 8z. 8 oz.

3z. 3 oz.

---- column Kind of charge: direction of braces standardised

There were three rounds fired at There were three rounds fired at each change each charge

251 Table heading Ranges with 5¹⁄₂ Table heading Ranges with 5¹⁄₂ inch shells ... inch shells ...

255 mud forts made in India so called mud forts made in India are so called

259 preserved by Boxhoom preserved by Boxhoorn

261 Harquebuseir, a soldier Harquebusier, a soldier

272 likewise terminated without likewise terminated without bloodshead bloodshed

280 compagnies de bas-officers compagnies de bas-officiers

292 100 of the garrison of 100 of the garrison of Tritchinoply Tritchinopoly

304 1 catlin, 2 tenaculems 1 catlin, 2 tenaculums

1 elevator, 1 lanticular, a 1 elevator, 1 lenticular, a brush brush

a tenaculem, thread for a tenaculum, thread for ligatures ligatures

321 the chevaliers and gens darmes the chevaliers and gens d’armes fought on foot fought on foot

333 The French armies now form corps The French armies now form corps d’armie d’armée

336 in the verticle plane of the in the vertical plane of the mortar’s axis mortar’s axis

351 Longrinis Longrines

353 may be posted in the several may be posted in the several machicoulies machicoulises

357 in a semicular form in a semicircular form

360 le Service des Armées contenant le Service des Armées contenant sur organasion son organisation

366 être mener à la promenade être mené à la promenade

to make solders go through to make soldiers go through

399 bôete aux rondes boîte aux rondes

400 viv. Les travaux de Mars viz. Les travaux de Mars

407 differing from the pallaisse differing from the paillasse

426, last two tables (Jewish and Roman long measures) ---- right-hand side of tables (English measures) aligned with the left-hand side

table Jewish Long or Itinerary Measure cubic cubit

Roman long Measure, deduced to Roman long Measure, reduced to English English

430-431, There are four kinds of levers ... Inclined plane. Several paragraphs and lines in Re-arranged to form a more the source document were mixed coherent text up

435 The hyperbola too in all The hyperbola too in all probability be attempted probability he attempted

The first material deviations The first material deviation

436 from some of these series’s the from some of these series the area hath been computed area hath been computed

the area will be 7853981633, the area will be .7853981633,

451, first row Hamburgh rixdoller banco rixdollar banco

454 those who have not professed those who have not professed mehomedanism mahomedanism

456, Table Medium Ranges with Land Service ... 1798, row 3lbs. 4 oz., column 13 Inch, Range 244 yards 1244 yards

457 are erroneously fix-to an angle are erroneously fixed to an of 45 degrees angle of 45 degrees

460 movement égal, ou uniforme mouvement égal, ou uniforme

Rejecter la motion Rejeter la motion

466 called officires a husse-col called officiers a hausse-col

468 Mur de pierres léches Mur de pierres sèches

469 ---- closing quote mark inserted after ... they endeavored to undermine the foundations

471 Nobobs, however, often kept Nabobs, however, often kept possession possession

474 the art of was carried on by the art of war carried on by ships at sea ships at sea

and of the Nile and Trafalgar and of the Nile and Trafalgar where fought were fought

479 Niveau de la campaign Niveau de la campagne

482 ---- closing quote mark inserted after The same by me

486 Otoedrical, having eight sides Octoedrical, having eight sides

489 ---- closing quote mark inserted after ... or in covers open at the sides

493 Il se sont offusqué Il se sent offusqué

496 and the Spanish South America and the Spanish in South America

497 Fortitudoe jus Rhodum tenuit Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit

505 xy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d xy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

yy = ax3 + bx2 + cx + a yy = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

according to senority according to seniority

in fencing, to miss one’s party in fencing, to miss one’s parry

Parallelipiped, Parallelepiped, (Parallelopepide, Fr.) (Parallelepipede, Fr.)

507 Parc d’Höpital Parc d’Hôpital

508 Se delarer d’un Parti Se declarer d’un Parti

509 Returner sur ses Pas Retourner sur ses Pas

513 mais sont fruit est doux mais son fruit est doux

518 Penal, (Pénale, ale, Fr.) Penal, (Pénal, ale, Fr.)

519 and of one half-second pendulum and of one half-second pendulum ⁹⁄₈ inches 9.8 inches

527 instead of the two statutes of instead of the two statues of the emperors the emperors

528 and the but end so sharped, that and the but end so shaped, that when fired when fired

535 Ette de poids Etre de poids

536 Poix refine, Fr. Rosin Poix résine, Fr. Rosin

537 Polynomial, (Polyname, Fr.) Polynomial, (Polynôme, Fr.)

539 haut les armes, corresponds haut les armes, corresponds with out recover with our recover

540 as porter toutes ses voiles as porter toutes ses voiles

544 Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder make Poudrier, Fr. a gunpowder maker

547 Il voulut tiret, mais son Il voulut tirer, mais son pistolet pris qu’un rat pistolet ne prit qu’un rat

548 discover- a promptitude of discovered a promptitude of conception conception

550 Prisonners de guerre Prisonniers de guerre

551 Program, a word derived ... Program, (Programme, Fr.) a Projectiles (Programme, Fr.) are word derived ... Projectiles, such bodies ... are such bodies ...

552 Project, Fr. Project, (Projet, Fr.)

556 être énvoyer en garnison être envoyé en garnison

559 Batalion Quarre d’hommes Bataillon Quarre d’hommes

572 Recoil of Sea Service, ... RECOIL of Sea Service, ...

576 100 DOLLS. --- DOLLS. --- 100

579 Redoubter, Fr. To be alarmed at Redouter, Fr. To be alarmed at

604 in a virmicular direction in a vermicular direction

606 tables Composition and Composition for the Stars Salpetre, Seltpetre Saltpetre

608 ronde de governeur ronde de gouverneur

609 Roulemens, Fr. The several ... Roulements, Fr. The several ...

613 Sachets de ballas de plomb Sachets de balles de plomb

616 whose three sides and three whose three sides and three angels are unequal angles are unequal

625 the neglect or military science the neglect of military science

626 de côté et d’autre se son tués de côté et d’autre se sont tués

627 and was styled Musterschriéber and was styled Musterschreiber

631 Capitaines de Serre-Files Capitaine de Serre-File

632 To Set a sentry. Poser une To Set a sentry, (Poser une sentinelle. sentinelle, Fr.)

641 signaux mutes signaux muets

660 Regiments, not having Regiments, not having paillasses paillaisses

664 Surintendant général des poudres Surintendant général des poudres et saltpêtres de France et salpêtres de France

679 De taper un Canon Détaper un Canon

688 Tocsin, Fr. An alarm ball Tocsin, Fr. An alarm bell

689, table 5¹⁄₂ howitzer of 10 cwt. 5¹⁄₂ inch howitzer of 10 cwt.

694 Belidor’s Architecture Hydraulic Belidor’s Architecture Hydraulique

698 Hair Trigger, (détente à Hair Trigger, (détente à chevaux, Fr.) cheveux, Fr.)

702 which project pieces of ordnance which project from pieces of ordnance

706 in the abbey church of St. in the abbey church of _St. Germain, des Prés des Paris Germain des Prés de Paris_

714 Rer Polic Rer. Polic.

Traites des Subsistances Traité des Subsistances Militaires Militaires

718 Voil, Fr. Theft Vol, Fr. Theft

tête et queue piece tête et queue d’une piece

738 rotolo peso dicassa rotolo peso di cassa

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