The 2001 CIA World Factbook (part 12 of 17)
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Dominica: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Dominican Republic: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ecuador: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Egypt: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
El Salvador: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Equatorial Guinea: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Eritrea: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Estonia: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethiopia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Fiji: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Finland: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
France: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Gabon: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Gambia, The: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Georgia: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Germany: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ghana: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Greece: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Grenada: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Guatemala: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
Guinea: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Guinea-Bissau: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Guyana: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Haiti: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban
Holy See (Vatican City): party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification
Honduras: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Hong Kong: party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member)
Hungary: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Iceland: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation
India: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Indonesia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Iran: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Iraq: party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Ireland: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation
Israel: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Italy: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Jamaica: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Japan: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Jordan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Kazakhstan: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Kenya: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Kiribati: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Korea, North: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Korea, South: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Kuwait: party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine Dumping
Kyrgyzstan: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Laos: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Latvia: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Lebanon: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
Lesotho: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Liberia: party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
Libya: party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Liechtenstein: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea
Lithuania: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Luxembourg: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Madagascar: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Malawi: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Malaysia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Maldives: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Mali: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Malta: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Marshall Islands: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Mauritania: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Mauritius: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Mexico: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Micronesia, Federated States of: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Moldova: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Monaco: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Mongolia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Morocco: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea
Mozambique: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Namibia: party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Nauru: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Nepal: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
Netherlands: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
New Zealand: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Nicaragua: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Niger: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea
Nigeria: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Niue: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Norway: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Oman: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Pakistan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban
Palau: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Panama: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Papua New Guinea: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Paraguay: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
Peru: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Philippines: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Poland: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Portugal: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban
Qatar: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Romania: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Russia: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Rwanda: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Saint Kitts and Nevis: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Saint Lucia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Samoa: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
San Marino: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution
Sao Tome and Principe: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Saudi Arabia: party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Senegal: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping
Seychelles: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Sierra Leone: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Singapore: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Slovakia: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Slovenia: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Solomon Islands: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Somalia: party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
South Africa: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Southern Ocean: the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (regulates fishing)
note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north
Spain: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification
Sri Lanka: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Sudan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Suriname: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Swaziland: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea
Sweden: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Switzerland: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea
Syria: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Tajikistan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Tanzania: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
Thailand: party to: Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea
Togo: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Tonga: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Trinidad and Tobago: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Tunisia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Turkey: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Environmental Modification
Turkmenistan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Tuvalu: party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Uganda: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Ukraine: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
United Arab Emirates: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
United Kingdom: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
United States: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes
Uruguay: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
Uzbekistan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Vanuatu: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Venezuela: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping
Vietnam: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Western Sahara: party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Yemen: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
Yugoslavia: party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity
Zambia: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Zimbabwe: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Taiwan: party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
======================================================================
@Ethnic groups
Afghanistan: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 12%, Uzbek 6%
Albania: Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
American Samoa: Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5%
Andorra: Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998)
Angola: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla: black
Antigua and Barbuda: black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina: white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo, Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
Armenia: Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989)
note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia
Aruba: mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia: Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria: German 98%, Croatian, Slovene, other (includes Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma)
Azerbaijan: Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%, other 2.3% (1998 est.)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region
Bahamas, The: black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain: Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Bangladesh: Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados: black 80%, white 4%, other 16%
Belarus: Byelorussian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and other 7.4%
Belgium: Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize: mestizo 43.7%, Creole 29.8%, Maya 10%, Garifuna 6.2%, other 10.3%
Benin: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda: black 58%, white 36%, other 6%
Bhutan: Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Serb 31%, Bosniak 44%, Croat 17%, Yugoslav 5.5%, other 2.5% (1991)
note: Bosniak has replaced muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana: Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil: white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islands: black 90%, white, Asian
Brunei: Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria: Bulgarian 83%, Turk 8.5%, Roma 2.6%, Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Gagauz, Circassian, others (1998)
Burkina Faso: Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani
Burma: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%
Burundi: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada: British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%
Cape Verde: Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic: Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 1,500 French)
Chad: Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)
note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify Chadians than religious affiliation
Chile: white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island: Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia: mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: over 200 African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the: Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%, Europeans NA%; note - Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997 civil war; may be half that of 1998, following the widespread destruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook Islands: Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
Costa Rica: white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire: Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes 16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (1998)
Croatia: Croat 78.1%, Serb 12.2%, Bosniak 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, Czech 0.4%, Albanian 0.3%, Montenegrin 0.3%, Roma 0.2%, others 6.6% (1991)
Cuba: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus: Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.5% of the Greeks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), Turkish 18% (1.3% of the Turks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 98.7% of the Turks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), other 4% (99.2% of the other ethnic groups live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.8% of the other ethnic groups live in the Turkish Cypriot area)
Czech Republic: Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 0.5% (1991)
Denmark: Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali
Djibouti: Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%
Dominica: black, Carib Amerindian
Dominican Republic: white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
Ecuador: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt: Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%
El Salvador: mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%
Equatorial Guinea: Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritrea: ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%
Estonia: Estonian 65.1%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Byelorussian 1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.8% (1998)
Ethiopia: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): British
Faroe Islands: Scandinavian
Fiji: Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Finland: Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%
France: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guiana: black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French Polynesia: Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%
Gabon: Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), other Africans and Europeans 154,000, including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, The: African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza Strip: Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Georgia: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
Germany: German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)
Ghana: black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%
Gibraltar: Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese
Greece: Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece
Greenland: Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish and others 12% (January 2000)
Grenada: black 82% some South Asians (East Indians) and Europeans, trace Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupe: black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%
Guam: Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and other 18%
Guatemala: Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites and others 2%
Guernsey: UK and Norman-French descent
Guinea: Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-Bissau: African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
Guyana: East Indian 49%, black 32%, mixed 12%, Amerindian 6%, white and Chinese 1%
Haiti: black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City): Italians, Swiss, other
Honduras: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, black 2%, white 1%
Hong Kong: Chinese 95%, other 5%
Hungary: Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%
Iceland: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts
India: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Indonesia: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Iran: Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Iraq: Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Ireland: Celtic, English
Israel: Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%, Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab) (1996 est.)
Italy: Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)
Jamaica: black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Japan: Japanese 99.4%, Korean 0.6% (1999)
Jersey: UK and Norman-French descent
Jordan: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Kazakhstan: Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
Kenya: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%
Kiribati: predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian
Korea, North: racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, South: homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Kuwait: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%
Kyrgyzstan: Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%, other 11.8%
Laos: Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung (highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
Latvia: Latvian 56.5%, Russian 30.4%, Byelorussian 4.3%, Ukrainian 2.8%, Polish 2.6%, other 3.4%
Lebanon: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
Lesotho: Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberia: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
Libya: Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Liechtenstein: Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5%
Lithuania: Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Byelorussian 1.6%, other 2.1%
Luxembourg: Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European (guest and resident workers)
Macau: Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry), Portuguese, other
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Macedonian 66.6%, Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)
Madagascar: Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
Malawi: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European
Malaysia: Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 27%, Indian 8%, others 7% (2000)
Maldives: South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Mali: Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Malta: Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians, with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Man, Isle of: Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Marshall Islands: Micronesian
Martinique: African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Chinese less than 5%
Mauritania: mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%
Mauritius: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%
Mayotte: NA
Mexico: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States of: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
Moldova: Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Monaco: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Mongolia: Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998)
Montserrat: black, white
Morocco: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambique: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibia: black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Nauru: Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
Nepal: Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu, Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)
Netherlands: Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East Asian
New Caledonia: Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New Zealand: New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European 4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%
Nicaragua: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5%
Niger: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200 French expatriates
Nigeria: Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
Niue: Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)
Norfolk Island: descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander, Polynesians
Northern Mariana Islands: Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean
Norway: Norwegian (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Sami 20,000
Oman: Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African
Pakistan: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants)
Palau: Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures) 70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)
Panama: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New Guinea: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguay: mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%
Peru: Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Philippines: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%
Pitcairn Islands: descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives
Poland: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)
Portugal: homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000
Puerto Rico: white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
Qatar: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
Reunion: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
Romania: Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma 1.8%, German 0.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, other 0.8% (1992)
Russia: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%
Rwanda: Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint Helena: African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis: predominantly black some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese
Saint Lucia: black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian 6%, Carib Amerindian 2%
Samoa: Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San Marino: Sammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principe: mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi Arabia: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Senegal: Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Seychelles: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Sierra Leone: 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Singapore: Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
Slovakia: Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about 500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)
Slovenia: Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%, Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)
Solomon Islands: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%
Somalia: Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000
South Africa: black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%
Spain: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri Lanka: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%
Sudan: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
Suriname: Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
Svalbard: Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)
Swaziland: African 97%, European 3%
Sweden: indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Switzerland: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%
Syria: Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Tajikistan: Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%
Tanzania: mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and native African
Thailand: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Togo: native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Tokelau: Polynesian
Tonga: Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Trinidad and Tobago: black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term - primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white 0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%
Tunisia: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Turkey: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Turkmenistan: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.1% (1995)
Turks and Caicos Islands: black
Tuvalu: Polynesian 96%
Uganda: Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batoro 3%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 23%
Ukraine: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
United Arab Emirates: Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdom: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
United States: white 83.5%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Amerindian 0.8% (1992)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguay: white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically nonexistent
Uzbekistan: Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatu: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders
Venezuela: Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people
Vietnam: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham, mountain groups
Virgin Islands: black 80%, white 15%, other 5%
note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%
Wallis and Futuna: Polynesian
West Bank: Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western Sahara: Arab, Berber
Yemen: predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
Yugoslavia: Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Zambia: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Zimbabwe: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1%
Taiwan: Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
======================================================================
@Exchange rates
Afghanistan: afghanis per US dollar - 4,700 (January 2000), 4,750 (February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollar until 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally became fixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996
Albania: leke per US dollar - 146.08 (December 2000),143.71 (2000) 137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996); note - leke is the plural of lek
Algeria: Algerian dinars per US dollar - 74,813 (January 2001), 75.260 (2000), 66.574 (1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749 (1996)
American Samoa: the US dollar is used
Andorra: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996); Spanish pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)
Angola: kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000 (2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029 (1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value
Anguilla: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Antigua and Barbuda: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Argentina: Argentine pesos per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Armenia: drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53 (2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)
Aruba: Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)
Australia: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Austria: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Austrian schillings per US dollar - 11.86 (January 1999), 12.91 (1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996)
Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,579 (1 February 2001), 4,342 (October 1999), 4,373 (1999), 3,869 (1998), 3,985.38 (1997), 4,301.26 (1996)
Bahamas, The: Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate pegged to the dollar)
Bahrain: Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Bangladesh: taka per US dollar - 54.000 (January 2001), 52.142 (2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996)
Barbados: Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Belarus: Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000), 730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080 (second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996); note - on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at one new ruble to 2,000 old rubles
Belgium: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Belgian francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999), 36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996)
Belize: Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Benin: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Bermuda: Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Bhutan: ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which is also legal tender
Bolivia: bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: marka per US dollar - 2.086 (January 2001), 2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997), 0.015 (1996)
Botswana: pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018 (2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)
Brazil: reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000), 1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
British Virgin Islands: the US dollar is used
Brunei: Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001), 1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar
Bulgaria: leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000), 1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July 1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev
Burkina Faso: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Burma: kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001), 6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176 (1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435 (yearend 2000)
Burundi: Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75 (1996)
Cambodia: riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996)
Cameroon: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Canada: Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635 (1996)
Cape Verde: Cape Verdean escudos per US dollar - 123.080 (December 2000), 115.877 (2000), 102.700 (1999), 98.158 (1998), 93.177 (1997), 82.591 (1996)
Cayman Islands: Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African Republic: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Chad: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Chile: Chilean pesos per US dollar - 571.12 (January 2001), 535.47 (2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996)
China: yuan per US dollar - 8.2776 (January 2001), 8.2785 (2000), 8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996)
note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market
Christmas Island: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Colombia: Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,241.43 (January 2001), 2087.90 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997), 1,036.69 (1996)
Comoros: Comoran francs per US dollar - 524.41 (January 2001), 533.98 (2000), 461.77 (1999), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66 (1996)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January 1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677 Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Congolese francs per US dollar - 50 (January 2001), 4.5 (January 2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998), 1.31 (1997), 0.50 (1996)
note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc was introduced, replacing the new zaire
Congo, Republic of the: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Cook Islands: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Costa Rica: Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 318.95 (2001), 308.19 (2000), 285.68 (1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69 (1996)
Cote d'Ivoire: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Croatia: kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000), 7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996)
Cuba: Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar); convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)
Cyprus: Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208 (2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996); Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)
Czech Republic: koruny per US dollar - 37.425 (January 2001), 38.598 (2000), 34.569 (1999), 32.281 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996)
Denmark: Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996); note - the Danes rejected the Euro in a 28 September 2000 referendum
Djibouti: Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)
Dominica: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Dominican Republic: Dominican pesos per US dollar - 16.888 (January 2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.033 (1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997), 13.775 (1996)
Ecuador: sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (January 2001), 24,988.4 (2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5 (1996)
note: on 7 January 2000, the government passed a decree "dollarizing" the economy; on 13 March 2000, the National Congress approved a new exchange system whereby the US dollar is adopted as the main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000, the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30 April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars
Egypt: Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January 2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996)
El Salvador: Salvadoran colones per US dollar - 8.755 (fixed rate since 1993)
Equatorial Guinea: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Eritrea: nakfa per US dollar = 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January 1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)
Estonia: krooni per US dollar - 16.663 (January 2001), 16.969 (2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996); note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate of 8 to 1
Ethiopia: birr per US dollar (end of period) - 8.3140 (December 2000), 8.3140 (2000), 8.1340 (1999), 7.5030 (1998), 6.8640 (1997), 6.4260 (1996)
note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Falkland pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe Islands: Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.093 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966)
Fiji: Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.1814 (January 2001), 2.1286 (2000), 1.9696 (1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996)
Finland: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); markkaa per US dollar - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997), 4.5936 (1996)
France: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
French Guiana: Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
French Polynesia: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
Gabon: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Gambia, The: dalasi per US dollar - 15.000 (January 2001), 12.729 (3d quarter 1999), 11.395 (1999), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997), 9.789 (1996)
Gaza Strip: new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996)
Georgia: lari per US dollar - 1.9798 (December 2000), 1.9762 (2000), 2.0245 (1999), 1.3898 (1998), 1.2975 (1997), 1.2628 (1996)
Germany: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996)
Ghana: cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68 (2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23 (1996)
Gibraltar: Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greece: drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40 (2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)
Greenland: Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996)
Grenada: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Guadeloupe: Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Guam: the US dollar is used
Guatemala: quetzales per US dollar - 7.8020 (January 2001), 7.7632 (2000), 7.3856 (1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996), 5.8103 (1995)
Guernsey: Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
Guinea: Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000), 1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997), 1,004.0 (1996)
Guinea-Bissau: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997); Guinea-Bissauan pesos per US dollar - 26,373 (1996)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc as the national currency; since 1 January 1999, the CFA franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro
Guyana: Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 184.1 (November 2000), 182.2 (2000), 178.0 (1999), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996)
Haiti: gourdes per US dollar - 23.761 (January 2001), 22.524 (2000), 17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996)
Holy See (Vatican City): euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar - 2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; the Vatican will start using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy at a fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro
Honduras: lempiras per US dollar - 15.1407 (December 2000), 15.1407 (2000), 14.5039 (1999), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694 (1996)
Hong Kong: Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7990 (January 2001), 7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999), 7.7453 (1998), 7.7421 (1997), 7.7343 (1996); note - Hong Kong became a special administrative region of China on 1 July 1997; before then, the Hong Kong dollar was linked to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per US dollar
Hungary: forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647 (1996)
Iceland: Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 84.810 (January 2001), 78.676 (2000), 72.335 (1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500 (1996)
India: Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996)
Indonesia: Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001), 8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996)
Iran: Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996)
note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; the averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of 1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages 7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials per US dollar
Iraq: Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since 1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,910 (December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910 (December 1996), 3,000 (December 1995); note - subject to wide fluctuations
Ireland: Irish pounds per US dollar - 1.0658 (January 2001), 1.0823 (2000), 0.9374 (1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996)
Israel: new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996)
Italy: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,688.7 (January 1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)
Jamaica: Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001), 42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120 (1996)
Japan: yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996)
Jersey: Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
Jordan: Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.7090 (1996-present )
note: since May 1989, the Jordanian dinar has been pegged to a group of currencies
Kazakhstan: tenge per US dollar - 145.09 (January 2001), 142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996)
Kenya: Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.733 (December 2000), 76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115 (1996)
Kiribati: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Korea, North: official: North Korean won per US dollar - 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989); market: North Korean won per US dollar - 200
Korea, South: South Korean won per US dollar - 1,271.89 (January 2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29 (1997), 804.45 (1996)
Kuwait: Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3057 (January 2001), 0.3067 (2000), 0.3044 (1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996)
Kyrgyzstan: soms per US dollar - 48.701 (January 2001), 47.704 (2000), 39.008 (1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996)
Laos: kips per US dollar - 7,578.00 (December 2000), 7,102.03 (1999), 3,298.33 (1998), 1,259.98 (1997), 921.02 (1996)
Latvia: lati per US dollar - 0.614 (January 2001), 0.607 (2000), 0.585 (1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996)
Lebanon: Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (January 2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.8 (1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997), 1,571.4 (1996)
Lesotho: maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996); note - the Lesotho loti is at par with the South African rand which is also legal tender; maloti is the plural form of loti
Liberia: Liberian dollars per US dollar - 39.8100 (December 2000), 41.0483 (2000), 41.9025 (1999), 41.5075 (1998), 1.0000 (officially fixed rate 1940-97); market exchange rate: Liberian dollars per US dollar - 40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995)
note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market determined
Libya: Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081 (2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)
note: Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one for government operations and foreign companies and one for Libyan individuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)
Liechtenstein: Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360 (1996)
Lithuania: litai per US dollar - 4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May 1994); note - litai is the plural of litas
Luxembourg: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Luxembourg francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996); note - the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg
Macau: patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000), 7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Macedonian denars per US dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462 (1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)
Madagascar: Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,656.3 (November 2000), 6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996)
Malawi: Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996)
Malaysia: ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000 (2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)
Maldives: rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)
Mali: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Malta: Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.4370 (January 2001), 0.4376 (2000), 0.3994 (1999), 0.3885 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996)
Man, Isle of: Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound
Marshall Islands: the US dollar is used
Martinique: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mauritania: ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000), 238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996)
Mauritius: Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001), 26.250 (2000), 25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948 (1996)
Mayotte: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mexico: Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.7701 (January 2001), 9.4556 (2000), 9.5604 (1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9185 (1997), 7.5994 (1996)
Micronesia, Federated States of: the US dollar is used
Moldova: lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu
Monaco: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Mongolia: togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997), 548.40 (1996)
Montserrat: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Morocco: Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)
Mozambique: meticais per US dollar - 17,331.0 (January 2001), 5,199.8 (2000), 12,775.1 (1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997), 11,293.8 (1996)
Namibia: Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996)
Nauru: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Nepal: Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 74.129 (January 2001), 71.104 (2000), 68.239 (1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996)
Netherlands: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837 (1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)
Netherlands Antilles: Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar - 1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)
New Caledonia: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
New Zealand: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Nicaragua: gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000), 12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44 (1996)
Niger: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Nigeria: nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)
Niue: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Norfolk Island: Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Northern Mariana Islands: the US dollar is used
Norway: Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996)
Oman: Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
Pakistan: Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.152 (January 2001), 52.814 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997), 35.909 (1996)
Palau: the US dollar is used
Panama: balboas per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate)
Papua New Guinea: kina per US dollar - 2.81 (October 2000), 2.696 (2000), 2.539 (1999), 2.058 (1998), 1.434 (1997), 1.318 (1996)
Paraguay: guarani per US dollar - 3,570.0 (January 2001), 3,486.4 (2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997), 2,056.8 (1996); note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as a managed float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determined freely in the market
Peru: nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)
Philippines: Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001), 44.192 (2000), 39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216 (1996)
Pitcairn Islands: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Poland: zlotych per US dollar - 4.3126 (December 2000), 4.3461 (2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996)
Portugal: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10 (1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996)
Puerto Rico: the US dollar is used
Qatar: Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.6400 (fixed rate)
Reunion: euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Romania: lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2 (1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu
Russia: Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001), 28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121 (1996)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1 January 1998 rubles
Rwanda: Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70 (2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)
Saint Helena: Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
Saint Kitts and Nevis: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Saint Lucia: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Samoa: tala per US dollar - 3.3400 (January 2001), 3.2712 (2000), 3.0120 (1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996)
San Marino: euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)
Sao Tome and Principe: dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December 2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)
Saudi Arabia: Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate since June 1986)
Senegal: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Seychelles: Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November 2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997), 4.9700 (1996)
Sierra Leone: leones per US dollar - 1,653.39 (January 2001), 2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997), 920.73 (1996)
Singapore: Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001), 1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996)
Slovakia: koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000), 41.363 (1999), 35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)
Slovenia: tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66 (2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)
Solomon Islands: Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 5.0968 (November 2000), 5.0864 (2000), 4.8381 (1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.7169 (1997), 3.5664 (1996)
Somalia: Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000), 2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own currency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africa: rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996)
Spain: euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)
Sri Lanka: Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001), 77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271 (1996)
Sudan: Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.44 (January 2001), 257.12 (2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.80 (1998), 157.57 (1997), 125.08 (1996)
Suriname: Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December 2000), 987.50 (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00 (December 1997), 401.26 (December 1996)
note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate
Svalbard: Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996)
Swaziland: emalangeni per US dollar - 7.7803 (January 2001), 6.9056 (2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996); note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand; emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni
Sweden: Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)
Switzerland: Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360 (1996)
Syria: Syrian pounds per US dollar - 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9 (January 1997)
Tajikistan: Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001), 1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000, with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Tanzania: Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 803.34 (December 2000), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997), 579.98 (1996)
Thailand: baht per US dollar - 43.078 (January 2001), 40.112 (2000), 37.814 (1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996)
Togo: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Tokelau: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996)
Tonga: pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)
Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998), 6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)
Tunisia: Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001), 1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996)
Turkey: Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)
Turkmenistan: Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001), 5,200 (January 2000), 5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January 1996)
Turks and Caicos Islands: the US dollar is used
Tuvalu: Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)
Uganda: Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,700 (February 2001), 1,830.4 (January 2001), 1,644.5 (2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2 (1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996)
Ukraine: hryvnia per US dollar - 5.4331 (January 2001), 5.4402 (2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996)
United Arab Emirates: Emirati dirhams per US dollar - central bank mid-point rate: 3.6725 (since 1998); 3.6711 (1997), 3.6710 (1995-96)
United Kingdom: British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996)
United States: British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635 (1996); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994); Japanese yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996); German deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994); euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January 1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002
Uruguay: Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 12.5610 (January 2001), 12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997), 7.9718 (1996)
Uzbekistan: Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 325.0 (January 2001), 141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998), 75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996)
Vanuatu: vatu per US dollar - 143.95 (December 2000), 137.82 (2000), 129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996)
Venezuela: bolivares per US dollar - 699.700 (January 2001), 679.960 (2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333 (1996)
Vietnam: dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January 2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995 average), 11,000 (October 1994)
Virgin Islands: the US dollar is used
Wallis and Futuna: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 1127.11 (January 2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
West Bank: new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)
Western Sahara: Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)
Yemen: Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683 (2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)
Yugoslavia: new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Zambia: Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001), 3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997), 1,207.90 (1996)
Zimbabwe: Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001), 43.2900 (2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996)
Taiwan: new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000), 31.395 (yearend 1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)
======================================================================
@Executive branch
Afghanistan: on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban movement; the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioning government at this time, and the country remains divided among fighting factions
note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate government of Afghanistan; however, the UN still recognizes the government of Burhanuddin RABBANI; the Organization of the Islamic Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stronghold in the ethnically diverse north
Albania: chief of state: President of the Republic Rexhep MEIDANI (since 24 July 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Ilir META (since 29 October 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and approved by the president
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Rexhep MEIDANI elected president; People's Assembly vote by number - total votes 122, for 110, against 3, abstained 2, invalid 7
Algeria: chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ali BENFLIS (since 26 August 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud
American Samoa: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997) and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID (independent) 47.8%
Andorra: chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by Frederic de SAINT-SERNIN (since NA); Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne (since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council president; percent of General Council vote - 64%
Angola: chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Anguilla: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTON (since NA February 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March 2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the House of Assembly
Antigua and Barbuda: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE (since NA 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March 1994)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; prime minister appointed by the governor general
Argentina: chief of state: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)
election results: Fernando DE LA RUA elected president; percent of vote - 48.5%
Armenia: chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%
Aruba: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29 July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last held 12 July 1997 (next to be held by December 2001)
election results: Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ elected deputy prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%
Australia: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Rev. Peter HOLLINGSWORTH (since 29 June 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since NA)
cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austria: chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4 February 2000); Vice Chancellor Susanne RIESS-PASSER (FPOe) (since 4 February 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president from the plurality party in the National Council; in the case of the current coalition, the chancellor was chosen from another party after the plurality party failed to form a government; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent of vote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%, Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe
Azerbaijan: chief of state: President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 26 November 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term; election last held 11 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Heydar ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Heydar ALIYEV 77.6%, Etibar MAMEDOV 11.8%, Nizami SULEYMANOV 8.2%
Bahamas, The: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Orville TURNQUEST (since 2 January 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Frank WATSON (since December 1994)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general
Bahrain: chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Bangladesh: chief of state: President Shahabuddin AHMED (since 9 October 1996); note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 13 July 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 24 July 1996 (next to be held by NA October 2001); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Shahabuddin AHMED elected president without opposition; percent of National Parliament vote - NA%
Barbados: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS (since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6 September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6 September 1994)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor general
Belarus: chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18 February 2000); First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 13 March 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Mikhail DEMCHUK (since 14 July 2000), Mikhail KHORSTOV (since 27 November 2000), Valeriy KOKOREV (since 23 August 1994), Leonid KOZIK (since 4 February 1997), Gennadiy NOVITSKIY (since 11 February 1997), Aleksandr POPKOV (since 10 November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via the November 1996 referendum); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO elected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%
Belgium: chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch and approved by Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch and then approved by Parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, PRL, PS, SP, AGALEV, and ECOLO
Belize: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17 November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said MUSA (since 27 August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; governor general appoints the member of the House of Representatives who is leader of the majority party to be prime minister
Benin: chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first round presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%, Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI (National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of State) 8.6%; the second round balloting, originally scheduled for 18 March, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed a "friendly match"
Bermuda: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Thorold MASEFIELD (since NA June 1997)
head of government: Premier Jennifer SMITH (since 10 November 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; governor invites leader of largest party in Parliament to form a government as premier
Bhutan: chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay NGEDUP (since NA 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote
Bolivia: chief of state: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held May or June 2002)
election results: Hugo BANZER Suarez elected president; percent of vote - Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 17%, Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA (CONDEPA) 17%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August 1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR, and PDC
Bosnia and Herzegovina: chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Jozo KRIZANOVI (chairman since 14 June 2001, presidency member since NA March 2001 - Croat); other members of the three-member rotating (every 8 months) presidency: Zivko RADISIC (since 13 October 1998 - Serb) and Beriz BELKIC (since NA March 2001 - Bosniak); note - Ante JELAVIC was dismissed from his post by the UN High Representative in March 2001
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since 18 July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman; approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term; the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election; election last held 12-13 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002); the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Zivko RADISIC with 52% of the Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the first 8 months; Ante JELAVIC with 52% of the Croat vote followed RADISIC in the rotation; Alija IZETBEGOVIC with 87% of the Bosniak vote won the highest number of votes in the election but was ineligible to serve a second term until RADISIC and JELAVIC had each served a first term as Chairman of the Presidency; IZETBEGOVIC retired from the presidency 14 October 2000 and was temporarily replaced by Halid GENJAC; Ante JELAVIC was replaced by Jozo KRIZANOVIC in March 2001
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Karlo FILIPOVIC (since 27 February 2001); Vice President Safet HALILOVIC (since 27 February 2001); note - president and vice president rotate every year; President of the Republika Srpska: Mirko SAROVIC (since 11 November 2000)
Botswana: chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 54.3%
Brazil: chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)
election results: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president; percent of vote - 53%
British Indian Ocean Territory: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner John WHITE (since NA); Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Francis J. SAVAGE (since NA)
head of government: Chief Minister Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 15 May 1995)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council
Brunei: chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Bulgaria: chief of state: President Petar STOYANOV (since 22 January 1997); Vice President Todor KAVALDZHIEV (since 22 January 1997)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Ivan KOSTOV (since 19 May 1997); Deputy Prime Minister Petur ZHOTEV (since 21 December 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 October and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister
election results: Petar STOYANOV elected president; percent of vote - Petar STOYANOV 59.73%
Burkina Faso: chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6 November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; the president may serve unlimited terms; election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5% percent of the vote, 56% of voter turnout
note: President COMPAORE faces an increasingly well-coordinated opposition; recent charges against a former member of his Presidential Guard in the 1998 assassination of a newspaper editor signify an attempt to defuse chronic areas of dissatisfaction
Burma: chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation of the former prime minister
Burundi: chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on 25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown
Cambodia: chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the National Assembly
Cameroon: chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19 September 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted by the Prime Minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote - Paul BIYA 92.6%; note - supporters of the opposition candidates boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares relatively meaningless
Canada: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November 1993)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons is automatically designated by the governor general to become prime minister
Cape Verde: chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1 February 1991)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote - Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note: the election was won by only twelve votes
Cayman Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Governor and President of the Executive Council Peter SMITH (since 5 May 1999)
head of government: Kurt TIBBETTS (since November 2000)
cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor, four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is appointed by the monarch
Central African Republic: chief of state: President Ange-Felix PATASSE (since 22 October 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Martin ZIGUELE (since 1 April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 19 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ange-Felix PATASSE reelected president; percent of vote - Ange-Felix PATASSE 51.63%, Andre KOLINGBA 19.38%, David DACKO 11.15%
Chad: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December 1999)
cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%
note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Chile: chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16 January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2005)
election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%
China: chief of state: President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993) and Vice President HU Jintao (since 16 March 1998)
head of government: Premier ZHU Rongji (since 18 March 1998); Vice Premiers QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993), LI Lanqing (29 March 1993), WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995), and WEN Jiabao (since 18 March 1998)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 16-18 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: JIANG Zemin reelected president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,882 votes (36 delegates voted against him, 29 abstained, and 32 did not vote); HU Jintao elected vice president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,841 votes (67 delegates voted against him, 39 abstained, and 32 did not vote)
Christmas Island: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (non-resident) William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia
Colombia: chief of state: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August 1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August 1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties - the PL and PSC - and independents
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002); vice president elected by popular vote for a four-year term in a new procedure that replaces the traditional designation of vice presidents by newly elected presidents; election last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002)
election results: no candidate received more than 50% of the total vote, therefore, a run-off election to select a president from the two leading candidates was held 21 June 1998; Andres PASTRANA elected president; percent of vote - 50.3%; Gustavo BELL elected vice president; percent of vote - 50.3%
Comoros: chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 6 May 1999); note - the interim government of President Tajiddine Ben Said MASSOUNDE, which had assumed power on 6 November 1998 upon the death of President Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim, was overthrown in a bloodless coup on 30 April 1999
head of government: Prime Minister Hamada MADI (since late November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 6 and 16 March 1996 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president
note: President AZALI claimed a one-year term at the time of the coup; but elections, promised for spring 2000, were not held
election results: results of the last presidential election before the coup were: Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim elected president; percent of vote - 64.3%
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: chief of state: Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - the president succeeded his father Laurent Desire KABILA after his assassination on 16 January 2001; as president he is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - the president succeeded his father Laurent Desire KABILA after his assassination on 16 January 2001; as president he is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president
elections: before Laurent Desire KABILA seized power, the president was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997); formerly, the prime minister was elected by the High Council of the Republic; note - elections were not held in 1991 as called for by the constitution
election results: results of the last election were: MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without opposition
note: Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga was president from 24 November 1965 until forced into exile on 16 May 1997 when his government was overthrown militarily by Laurent Desire KABILA, who immediately assumed governing authority; KABILA pledged to hold elections by April 1999, but in December 1998 announced that elections would be postponed until all foreign military forces attempting to topple the government had withdrawn from the country; KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and was succeeded by his son Joseph KABILA
Congo, Republic of the: chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 August 1992 (next was to be held 27 July 1997 but will be delayed for several years pending the drafting of a new constitution)
election results: Pascal LISSOUBA elected president in 1992; percent of vote - Pascal LISSOUBA 61.3%, Bernard KOLELAS 38.7%; note - LISSOUBA was deposed in 1997, replaced by Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO
Cook Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Apenera SHORT (since NA); New Zealand High Commissioner Jon JONESSEN (since NA January 1998), representative of New Zealand
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Terepai MAOATE (since 18 November 1999); Deputy Prime Minister Norman GEORGE (since NA)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively responsible to Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats usually becomes prime minister
note: ten years of rule by the Cook Islands Party (CIP) came to an end 18 November 1999 with the resignation of Prime Minister Joe WILLIAMS; WILLIAMS had led a minority government since October 1999 when the New Alliance Party (NAP) left the government coalition and joined the main opposition Democratic Alliance Party (DAP); on 18 November 1999, DAP leader Dr. Terepai MAOATE was sworn in as prime minister
Coral Sea Islands: administered from Canberra by the Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Costa Rica: chief of state: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since 8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May 1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May 1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since 8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May 1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May 1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 1 February 1998 (next to be held 3 February 2002)
election results: Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ elected president; percent of vote - Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC) 46.6%, Jose Miguel CORRALES (PLN) 44.6%
Cote d'Ivoire: chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26 October 2000); note - took power following a popular overthrow of the interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious victory in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed power on 25 December 1999, following a military coup against the government of former President Henri Konan BEDIE
head of government: Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Development Affi N'GUESSAN (since 27 October 2000) appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 26 October 2000 (next is scheduled to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote - Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other 2.2%
Croatia: chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18 February 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ivica RACAN (since 27 January 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Goran GRANIC (since 27 January 2000), Zeljka ANTUNOVIC (since 27 January 2000), Slavko LINIC (since 27 January 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 7 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister nominated by the president in line with the balance of power in the Assembly
election results: Stjepan MESIC elected president; percent of vote - Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 56%, Drazen BUDISA (HSLS) 44%
note: government coalition - SDP, HSLS, HSS, LP, HNS, IDS
Cuba: chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 24 February 1998 (next election unscheduled)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 100%
Cyprus: chief of state: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA February 2003)
election results: Glafcos CLERIDES reelected president; percent of vote - Glafcos CLERIDES 50.8%, George IAKOVOU 49.2%
note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 13 February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for a five-year term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU has been "prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16 August 1996; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area
Czech Republic: chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 2 February 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Milos ZEMAN (since 17 July 1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Vladimir SPIDLA (since 22 July 1998), Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 22 July 1998), Jan KAVAN (since 8 December 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaclav HAVEL reelected president; Vaclav HAVEL received 47 of 81 votes in the Senate and 99 out of 200 votes in the Chamber of Deputies (second round of voting)
Denmark: chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born 26 May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since 25 January 1993)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Djibouti: chief of state: President GUELLEH Ismail Omar (since 8 May 1999);
head of government: Prime Minister DILLEITA Mohamed Dilleita (since 4 March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: GUELLEH Ismail Omar elected president; percent of vote - GUELLEH Ismail Omar 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%
Dominica: chief of state: President Vernon Lordon SHAW (since 6 October 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Pierre CHARLES (since 1 October 2000); note - assumed post after death of Roosevelt DOUGLAS
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vernon Lordon SHAW elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA%
Dominican Republic: chief of state: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term; election last held 16 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2004)
election results: Raphael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez elected president; percent of vote - Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (PRD) 49.87%, Danilo MEDINA (PLD) 24.95%, Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 24.6%
Ecuador: chief of state: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22 January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28 January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22 January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28 January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term (no reelection); election last held 31 May 1998; runoff election held 12 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: results of the last election prior to the coup were: Jamil MAHUAD elected president; percent of vote - 51%
note: a military-indigenous coup toppled democratically elected President Jamil MAHAUD on 21 January 2000; the military quickly handed power over to Vice President Gustavo NOBOA on 22 January; National Congress then elected a new vice president from a slate of candidates submitted by NOBOA; the new administration is scheduled to complete the remainder of MAHAUD's term, due to expire in January 2003
Egypt: chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term
El Salvador: chief of state: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since 1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since 1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 7 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2004)
election results: Francisco FLORES Perez elected president; percent of vote - Francisco FLORES (ARENA) 52%, Facundo GUARDADO (FMLN) 29%, Ruben ZAMORA (CDU) 7.5%, other (no individual above 3%) 11.5%
Equatorial Guinea: chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Candido Muatetema RIVAS (since 26 February 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG (since NA January 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Demetrio Elo NDONG NZE FUMU (since NA January 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote to a seven-year term; election last held 25 February 1996 (next to be held NA February 2003); prime minister and vice prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected with 98% of popular vote in elections marred by widespread fraud
Eritrea: chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority
elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 8 June 1993 (next tentatively scheduled for December 2001)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%
Estonia: chief of state: President Lennart MERI (since 5 October 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since 29 March 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes; election last held August-September 1996 (next to be held in the fall of 2001); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament
election results: Lennart MERI reelected president by an electoral assembly after Parliament was unable to break a deadlock between MERI and RUUTEL; percent of electoral assembly vote - Lennart MERI 61%, Arnold RUUTEL 39%
Ethiopia: chief of state: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August 1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994 constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives
elections: president elected by the House of People's Representatives for a six-year term; election last held NA June 1995 (next to be held NA May 2001); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections
election results: NEGASSO Gidada elected president; percent of vote by the House of People's Representatives - NA%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor Donald LAMONT (since NA May 1999); Chief Executive A. M. GURR (since NA); Financial Secretary D. F. HOWATT (since NA)
cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial secretary), and the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch
Faroe Islands: chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Ms. Vibeke LARSEN, chief administrative officer (since NA)
head of government: Prime Minister Anfinn KALLSBERG (since 15 May 1998)
cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held 30 April 1998 (next to be held no later than April 2002)
election results: Anfinn KALLSBERG elected prime minister; percent of parliamentary vote - 52.8%
note: coalition of People's Party, Republican Party and Home Rule Party
Fiji: note: armed ethnic Fijian terrorists, led by George SPEIGHT stormed the Parliament building on 19 May 2000; ethnic Indo-Fijian Prime Minister Mahendra CHAUDHRY and his government were held hostage for 56 days; following the attempted coup, the Commander of the Fiji Military Forces, naval Commodore Frank BAINIMARAMA declared martial law and dissolved the government on 29 May 2000; an interim government, headed by interim Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE, was appointed to serve until a new constitution was initiated and subsequent elections held; in November 2000, Fiji's High Court upheld the 1997 constitution and ruled that Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA remained the president; Justice Anthony GATES concluded that MARA should recall the pre-May 19th Parliament and appoint a prime minister to form a new government; the Fiji Court of Appeals upheld GATES' decision on 1 March 2001; it ruled that the 1997 constitution had not been abrogated, Parliament had not been dissolved, only prorogued for six months, and that the presidency remained vacant since MARA's resignation took effect 15 December 2000; President Ratu Josefa ILOILO reinstated QARASE's interim government as the caretaker government and elections were scheduled for August 2001; approximately 23 fluid political parties are currently jockeying for power
chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILO (since NA 2000); Vice President Jope SENILOLI (since NA 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since NA 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Epeli NAILATIKAU (since NA 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note -there is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs which consists of the highest ranking members of the traditional chiefly system
elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILO elected president by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%
Finland: chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Paavo LIPPONEN (since 13 April 1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sauli NIINISTO (since 13 April 1995)
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 6 February 2000 (next to be held NA February 2006); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed from the majority party by the president after parliamentary elections
election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esco AHO (Kesk) 48.4%
note: government coalition - SDP, Kok, Leftist Alliance (People's Democratic Union and Democratic Alternative), SFP, and Green Union
France: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the suggestion of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results: Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN (PS) 47.36%
French Guiana: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Dominique VIAN (since NA January 1997)
head of government: President of the General Council Andre LECANTE (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional Councils are appointed by the members of those councils
French Polynesia: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the Republic Paul RONCIERE (since NA 1994)
head of government: President of the Territorial Government of French Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 4 April 1991); President of the Territorial Assembly Justin ARAPARI (since 13 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as ministers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly
Gabon: chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE (since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%
Gambia, The: chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet is appointed by the president
elections: the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the number of terms is not restricted; election last held 26 September 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001)
election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH elected president; percent of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 55.8%, Ousainou DARBOE 35.8%
Georgia: chief of state: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March 1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March 1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Eduard SHEVARDNADZE reelected president; percent of vote - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 80%
Germany: chief of state: President Johannes RAU (since 1 July 1999)
head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held 23 May 2004); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held in the fall of 2002)
election results: Johannes RAU elected president; percent of Federal Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly - 52.7%
Ghana: chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)
election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%
Gibraltar: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief David DURIE (since 5 April 2000); note - DURIE was appointed in February 2000 but took office in April 2000
head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation with the chief minister; note - there is also a Gibraltar Council that advises the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor
Greece: chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19 January 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA March 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president; percent of Parliament vote - 90%
Greenland: chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Gunnar MARTENS (since NA 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Jonathan MOTZFELDT (since 19 September 1997)
cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the Parliament (Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; prime minister is elected by Parliament (usually the leader of the majority party); election last held 16 February 1999 (next to be held NA February 2003)
election results: Jonathan MOTZFELDT reelected prime minister following the 16 February 1999 elections; percent of parliamentary vote - 57.3%
note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA)
Grenada: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor general from among the members of the House of Assembly
Guadeloupe: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Jean FEDINI (since NA 1996)
head of government: President of the General Council Marcellin LUBETH (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
election results: NA
Guam: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Carl GUTIERREZ (since 8 November 1994) and Lieutenant Governor Madeleine BORDALLO (since 8 November 1994)
cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with the consent of the Guam legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)
election results: Carl GUTIERREZ reelected governor; percent of vote - Carl GUTIERREZ (Democrat) 53.2%, Joseph ADA (Republican) 46.8%
Guatemala: chief of state: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez (since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez (since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 7 November 1999; runoff held 26 December 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)
election results: Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera elected president; percent of vote - Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (FRG) 68%, Oscar BERGER Perdomo (PAN) 32%
Guernsey: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt. Gen. Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000) and Bailiff De Vic G. CAREY (since NA)
cabinet: Advisory and Finance Committee appointed by the Assembly of the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; bailiff appointed by the monarch
Guinea: chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Lamine SIDIME (since 8 March 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president; election last held 14 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003); the prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote - Lansana CONTE (PUP) 56.1%, Mamadou Boye BA (UNR-PRP) 24.6%, Alpha CONDE (RPG) 16.6%,
Guinea-Bissau: chief of state: President Koumba YALLA (since 18 February 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Faustino IMBALI (since 20 March 2001)
cabinet: NA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the legislature
election results: Koumba YALLA elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Koumba YALLA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%
Guyana: chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August 1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President JAGAN
head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since NA December 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, responsible to the legislature
elections: president elected by the majority party in the National Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of legislative vote - NA%
Haiti: chief of state: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Marie CHERESTAL (since 9 February 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the Congress
election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%
Holy See (Vatican City): chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since 16 October 1978)
head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since 2 December 1990)
cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope
elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals; election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope
election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope
Honduras: chief of state: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (since 27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL (since NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since NA); Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)
head of government: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (since 27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL (since NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since NA); Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 30 November 1997 (next to be held 25 November 2001)
election results: Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse elected president; percent of vote - Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (PL) 50%, Nora de MELGAR (PN) 40%, other 10%
Hong Kong: chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)
head of government: Chief Executive TUNG Chee-hwa (since 1 July 1997)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex-officio members and 10 appointed members; ex-officio members are: Chief Secretary Anson CHAN (since 29 November 1993), Financial Secretary Donald TSANG (since 7 March 1995), and Secretary of Justice Elsie LEUNG (since 1 July 1997)
elections: NA
Hungary: chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since NA August 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 6 July 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round of voting); Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third round
Iceland: chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2004); President GRIMSSON ran unopposed in June 2000 so there were no elections; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; President GRIMSSON ran unopposed
India: chief of state: President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 25 July 1997); Vice President Krishnan KANT (since 21 August 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Atal Behari VAJPAYEE (since 19 March 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term; election last held 14 July 1997 (next to be held NA July 2002); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 16 August 1997 (next to be held NA August 2002); prime minister elected by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held NA October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004)
election results: Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected president; percent of electoral college vote - NA%; Krishnan KANT elected vice president; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Atal Behari VAJPAYEE elected prime minister; percent of vote - NA%
Indonesia: chief of state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected separately by the 700-member People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; election last held 20 and 21 October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004)
election results: Abdurrahman WAHID elected president, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected vice president, defeating Hamzah HAZ; vote totals NA
note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy
Iran: chief of state: Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI (since NA August 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval
elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%
Iraq: chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice Presidents Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974) and Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since 29 May 1994); Deputy Prime Ministers Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979), Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-AZZAWI (since 30 July 1999), Ahmad Husayn al-KHUDAYIR (since NA July 2001), and Abd al-Tawab Mullah al-HUWAYSH (since NA July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - there is also a Revolutionary Command Council or RCC (Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman Izzat IBRAHIM al-Duri) which controls the ruling Ba'th Party, and is the most powerful political entity in the country
elections: president and vice presidents elected by a two-thirds majority of the Revolutionary Command Council; election last held 17 October 1995 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: SADDAM Husayn reelected president; percent of vote - 99%; Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF and Taha Yasin RAMADAN elected vice presidents; percent of vote - NA%
Ireland: chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November 2004); prime minister nominated by the House of Representatives and appointed by the president
election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote - Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%
note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive Democrats
Israel: chief of state: President Moshe KATSAV (since 31 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 2 March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset
elections: president elected by the Knesset for a five-year term; election last held 31 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2005); prime minister elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 6 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note - in March 1992, the Knesset approved legislation, effective in 1996, which allowed for the direct election of the prime minister, but in 2001 the Knesset voted to restore the previous method under which the legislators will choose the next prime minister after the next legislative elections in 2003
election results: Moshe KATSAV elected president by the 120-member Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES, received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON elected prime minister; percent of vote - Ariel SHARON 62.5%, Ehud BARAK 37.4%; note - after the next legislative elections scheduled for 2003, the prime minister will be elected by the Knesset
Italy: chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10 June 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and approved by the president
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by parliament
election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 70%
note: a 12-party government coalition; note - BERLUSCONI's coalition includes Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian Democratic Center, Christian Northern League
Jamaica: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general
Japan: chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 24 April 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the Diet designates the prime minister; the constitution requires that the prime minister must command a parliamentary majority, therefore, following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister
note: following the resignation of Prime Minister Yoshiro MORI, Junichiro KOIZUMI was elected as the new president of the majority Liberal Democratic Party, and soon thereafter designated by the Diet to become the next prime minister
Jersey: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)
cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch
Jordan: chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Crown Prince HAMZAH (half brother of the monarch, born 29 March 1980)
head of government: Prime Minister Ali Abul RAGHEB (since 19 June 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Kazakhstan: chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Kazymzhomart TOKAYEV (since 2 October 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's previous term had been extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, other 1.5%
note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Kenya: chief of state: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote from among the members of the National Assembly for a five-year term; in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held 29 December 1997 (next to be held by early 2003); vice president appointed by the president
election results: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI reelected; percent of vote - Daniel T. arap MOI (KANU) 40.6%, Mwai KIBAKI (DP) 31.5%, Raila ODINGA (NDP) 11.1%, Michael WAMALWA (FORD-K) 8.4%, Charity NGILU (SDP) 7.8%
Kiribati: chief of state: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the House of Assembly, includes the president, vice president, attorney general, and up to eight other ministers
elections: the House of Assembly chooses the presidential candidates from among their members and then those candidates compete in a general election; president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 27 November 1998 (next to be held by NA November 2002); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Teburoro TITO reelected president; percent of vote - Teburoro TITO 52.3%, Dr. Harry TONG 45.8%, Amberoti NIKORA 1.9%, Taberannang TIMEON 0%
Korea, North: chief of state: KIM Chong-il (since NA July 1994); note - in September 1998, KIM Chong-il was reelected Chairman of the National Defense Commission, a position accorded the nation's "highest administrative authority"; KIM Yong-nam was named President of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium and given the responsibility of representing the state and receiving diplomatic credentials
head of government: Premier HONG Song-nam (since 5 September 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly
elections: premier elected by the Supreme People's Assembly; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA)
election results: HONG Song-nam elected premier; percent of Supreme People's Assembly vote - NA%
Korea, South: chief of state: President KIM Dae-jung (since 25 February 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister YI Han-tong (since 23 May 2000)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation
elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18 December 1997 (next to be held by 18 December 2002); prime minister appointed by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation
election results: KIM Dae-jung elected president; percent of vote - KIM Dae-jung (NCNP) 40.3% (with ULD partnership), YI Hoe-chang (GNP) 38.7%, YI In-che (NPP) 19.2%
Kuwait: chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 31 December 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah (since 8 February 1978); First Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 17 October 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamud Al Sabah (since NA) and MUHAMMAD KHALID al-Hamed Al Sabah (since NA)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and approved by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch
Kyrgyzstan: chief of state: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV (since 22 December 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; elections last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held November or December 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Askar AKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Askar AKAYEV 74%, Omurbek TEKEBAYEV 14%, other candidates 12%; note - election marred by serious irregularities
Laos: chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 26 February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since NA March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since NA March 2001); Deputy Prime Ministers THONGLOUN Sisolit (since NA March 2001), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 21 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term
election results: KHAMTAI Siphandon elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA%
Latvia: chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Andris BERZINS (since 5 May 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 17 June 1999 (next to be held by NA June 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA elected as a compromise candidate in second phase of balloting, second round (after five rounds in first phase failed); percent of parliamentary vote - Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA 53%, Valdis BIRKAVS 20%, Ingrida UDRE 9%
Lebanon: chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 23 October 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Issam FARES (since 23 October 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and members of the National Assembly; the current Cabinet was formed in 1998
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly; by custom, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim
election results: Emile LAHUD elected president; National Assembly vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against, 10 abstentions
Lesotho: chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995, while his father was in exile
head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the majority party in the assembly automatically becomes prime minister; the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may even depose the monarch
Liberia: chief of state: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held NA July 2003)
election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF (UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%
Libya: chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000)
cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress
elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held NA)
election results: Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of General People's Congress vote - NA%
Liechtenstein: chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968)
head of government: Head of Government Mario FRICK (since 15 December 1993) and Deputy Head of Government Michael RITTER (since 2 February 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Diet; confirmed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch
Lithuania: chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 26 February 1998)
head of government: Premier Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3 July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the premier
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 December 1997 and 4 January 1998 (next to be held NA 2002); premier appointed by the president on the approval of the Parliament
election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote - Valdas ADAMKUS 50.4%, Arturas PAULAUSKAS 49.6%
Luxembourg: chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981);
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1 January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Lydie POLFER (since 7 August 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and vice prime minister appointed by the monarch, following popular election to the Chamber of Deputies; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
note: government coalition - CSV and DP
Macau: chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)
head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20 December 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen
elections: NA
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chief of state: President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30 November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, LDP, and DPA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister elected by parliament; election last held NA November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI 46.2%
Madagascar: chief of state: President Didier RATSIRAKA (since 10 February 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Tantely Rene Gabriot ANDRIANARIVO (since NA 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA November 2001); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of candidates nominated by the National Assembly
election results: Didier RATSIRAKA elected president; percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 50.7%, Albert ZAFY (AFFA) 49.3%
Malawi: chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 36-member Cabinet named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
Malaysia: chief of state: Paramount Ruler Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah (since 26 April 1999); Deputy Paramount Ruler Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since 8 January 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler
elections: paramount ruler and deputy paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister
election results: Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah elected paramount ruler; Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah elected deputy paramount ruler
Maldives: chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: appointed by the president; note - need not be members of Majlis
elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then that nomination must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval margin is required); president elected for a five-year term; election last held 16 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003)
election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected; percent of popular vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 90.9%
Mali: chief of state: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%
Malta: chief of state: President Guido DE MARCO (since 4 April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 6 September 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence GONZE (since 4 April 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a five-year term; election last held NA April 1999 (next to be held by NA April 2004); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
election results: Guido DE MARCO elected president; percent of House of Representatives vote - 54%
Man, Isle of: chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor His Excellency Sir Timothy DAUNT (since 27 October 1995)
head of government: Chief Minister Donald GELLING (since 3 December 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected by the Tynwald; election last held 3 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)
election results: Donald GELLING elected chief minister by the Tynwald
Marshall Islands: chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own members for a four-year term; election last held 15 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)
election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of Parliament vote - 100%
Martinique: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995); Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA)
head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE (since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
Mauritania: chief of state: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Cheik El Avia Ould Mohamed KHOUNA (since 17 November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 12 December 1997 (next to be held NA December 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected with 90.9% of the vote
Mauritius: chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992) and Vice President Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR (since 28 June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 17 September 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 17 September 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 28 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president and are responsible to the National Assembly
election results: Cassam UTEEM reelected president and Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly - NA%
Mayotte: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Pierre BAYLE (since 15 July 1998)
head of government: President of the General Council Younoussa BAMANA (since NA 1977)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term
Mexico: chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general requires consent of the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2006)
election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa (PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%
Micronesia, Federated States of: chief of state: President Leo A. FALCAM (since 21 July 1999); Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21 July 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Leo A. FALCAM (since 21 July 1999); Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21 July 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from among the four senators-at-large for four-year terms; election last held NA May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2003)
election results: Leo A. FALCAM elected president; percent of Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent of Congress vote - NA%
Moldova: chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April 2001), three Deputy Prime Ministers: Valerian CRISTEA, Andrei CUCU, and Dmitri TODOROGLO (all since 19 April 2001)
cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001; presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections (moved up a year to February 2001); according to the Moldovan constitution, the president, on consulting with Parliament, will designate a candidate for the office of prime minister; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate will request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated on 15 April 2001, cabinet received vote of confidence on 19 April 2001
election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV elected Prime Minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101
Monaco: chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch (born 14 March 1958)
head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERQUE (since 5 January 2000)
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government
Mongolia: chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president
elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - NA%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
Montserrat: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Anthony John ABBOTT (since NA September 1997)
head of government: Chief Minister David BRANDT (since 22 August 1997)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretary
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister; note - as a result of the last election, a coalition party was formed between NPP, NDP, and one of the independent candidates
Morocco: chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 23 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Abderrahmane YOUSSOUFI (since 14 March 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch following legislative elections
Mozambique: chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986); note - before being popularly elected, CHISSANO was elected president by Frelimo's Central Committee 4 November 1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since NA December 1994)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO reelected president; percent of vote - Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO 52.29%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 47.71%
Namibia: chief of state: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA elected president; percent of vote - Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA 77%
Nauru: chief of state: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term; election last held 8 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)
election results: Bernard DOWIYOGO elected president by a vote in Parliament of nine to eight
note: former President Rene HARRIS was deposed in a no-confidence vote; this is the eighth change of government in Nauru since the fall of the Lagumont HARRIS government in a no-confidence motion in early November 1996; six of the last eight governments have resulted because of parliamentary no-confidence motions
Nepal: chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to the throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew King DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah)
head of government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 22 March 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting at the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of most of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA, is believed to have been responsible for the shootings before fatally wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and while still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died three days later and was succeeded by his uncle
Netherlands: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 22 August 1994) and Vice Prime Ministers Annemarie JORRITSMA (since 3 August 1998) and Els BORST-EILERS (since 3 August 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch
note: government coalition - PvdA, VVD, and D'66; there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and councilors consulted by the executive on legislative and administrative policy
Netherlands Antilles: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 8 November 1999); Deputy Prime Minister Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER (since NA)
note: Miguel POURIER assumed prime ministership following the resignation of Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister by the Staten; election last held 30 January 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)
note: government coalition - PDB, DP-St. M, FOL, PLKP, PNP
New Caledonia: chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Thierry LATASTE (since 19 July 1999)
head of government: President of the Government Jean LEQUES (since 28 May 1999)
cabinet: Consultative Committee
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress
New Zealand: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since 4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December 1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Jim ANDERTON (since 10 December 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general
Nicaragua: chief of state: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001); note - in July 1995 the term of the office of the president was amended to five years
election results: Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance - ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 51.03%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%, Guillermo OSORNO (PCCN) 4.10%, Noel VIDAURRE (PCN) 2.26%, Benjamin LANZAS (PRONAL) 0.53%, other (18 other candidates) 4.33%
Niger: chief of state: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December 1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December 1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was appointed by the president and shares some executive responsibilities with the president
note: President Ibrahim BARE was assassinated on 9 April 1999; subsequent elections were held under the nine-month provisional government of Major Daouda Mallam WANKE
cabinet: 23-member cabinet appointed by President TANDJA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Mamadou TANDJA elected president; percent of vote - Mamadou TANDJA 59.9%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 40.1%
Nigeria: chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two four-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)
election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 62.8%, Olu FALAE (APP-AD) 37.2%
Niue: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High Commissioner John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)
head of government: Premier Sani LAKATANI (since 1 April 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 19 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2002)
election results: Sani LAKATANI elected premier; percent of Legislative Assembly vote - NA%
Norfolk Island: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK and Australia are represented by Administrator Anthony J. MESSNER (since 4 August 1997)
head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Ronald Coane NOBBS (since 23 February 2000)
cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and acts as an advisor to the Administrator
elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years; election last held 23 February 2000 (next to be held by March 2003)
election results: Ronald Coane NOBBS elected chief minister; percent of Legislative Assembly vote - NA%
Northern Mariana Islands: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since NA January 1998) and Lieutenant Governor Jesus R. SABLAN (since NA January 1998)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held in NA November 1997 (next to be held NA November 2001)
election results: Pedro P. TENORIO elected governor in a three-way race; percent of vote - Pedro P. TENORIO (Republican Party) 47%
Norway: chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20 July 1973)
head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 March 2000)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of the Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the largest party or leader of a coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the Parliament
Oman: chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Pakistan: note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the powers of the head of the government, he appointed an eight-member National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme governing body; President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR remains the ceremonial chief of state; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup date
chief of state: President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR (since 31 December 1997)
head of government: Chief Executive Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 12 October 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the chief executive
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 31 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the National Assembly; election last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA); note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF overthrew the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF in the military takeover of 12 October 1999; in May 2000, the Supreme Court validated the October 1999 coup and set a three-year limit in office for Chief Executive MUSHARRAF
election results: Rafiq TARAR elected president; percent of Parliament and provincial vote - NA%; results are for the last election for prime minister prior to the military takeover of 12 October 1999 - Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA%
Palau: chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since 19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since 19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. elected president; percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. 53%, Peter SUGIYAMA 46%; Sandra PIERANTOZZI elected vice president; percent of vote - Sandra PIERANTOZZI 52%, Alan SEID 45%
Panama: chief of state: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador "Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador "Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004)
election results: Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez elected president; percent of vote - Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (PA) 44%, Martin TORRIJOS (PRD) 37%
note: government coalition - PA, MOLIRENA, Democratic Change, MORENA, PLN, PS
Papua New Guinea: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Silas ATOPARE (since 13 November 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Mekere MORAUTA (since NA August 1999); Deputy Prime Minister Michael OGIO (since 3 November 2000)
cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the National Executive Council; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general for up to five years on the basis of majority support in National Parliament
Paraguay: chief of state: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28 March 1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28 March 1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 10 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003)
election results: Raul CUBAS Grau elected president; percent of vote - 55.3%; resigned 28 March 1999
note: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI, formerly president of the Chamber of Senators, constitutionally succeeded President Raul CUBAS Grau, who resigned after being impeached soon after the assassination of Vice President Luis Maria ARGANA; the successor to ARGANA was decided in an election held in August 2000
Peru: chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)
head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)
note: Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election 3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006
election results: President TOLEDO elected in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
Philippines: chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the Commission of Appointments
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 16 May 2004)
election results: results of the last presidential election - Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percent of vote - approximately 40%; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president; percent of vote - NA%; note - on 20 January 2001, Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was sworn in as the constitutional successor to President Joseph ESTRADA after the Supreme Court declared that President ESTRADA was unable to rule in view of the mass resignations from his government; according to the Constitution, only in cases of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the president, can the vice president serve for the unexpired term
Pitcairn Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Martin WILLIAMS (since NA May 1998); Commissioner (nonresident) Leon SALT (since NA; is the liaison person between the governor and the Island Council)
head of government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA)
cabinet: NA
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner and commissioner appointed by the monarch; island magistrate elected every three years in December by popular vote for a three-year term; last election held NA December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2002)
election results: Lea BROWN elected island magistrate; percent of vote - NA%
Poland: chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23 December 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Jerzy BUZEK - Solidarity Electoral Union - (since 31 October 1997), Deputy Prime Ministers Janusz STEINHOFF (since 12 June 2000), Longin KOMOLOWSKI (since 19 October 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president; percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzj OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%
Portugal: chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de Oliviera GUTERRES (since 28 October 1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January 2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Jorge SAMPAIO re-elected president; percent of vote - Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral (Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%
Puerto Rico: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Sila M. CALDERON (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: appointed by the governor with the consent of the legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Sila M. CALDERON (PDP) elected governor; percent of vote - 48.8%
Qatar: chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (since 27 June 1995 when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince JASSIM bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, third son of the monarch (selected crown prince by the monarch 22 October 1996); note - Amir HAMAD also holds the positions of minister of defense and commander-in-chief of the armed forces
head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch (since 20 January 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
note: in March 1999 Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member Central Municipal Council, which has consultative powers aimed at improving the provision of municipal services
Reunion: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)
head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
Romania: chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu Vadim TUDOR 33.16%
Russia: chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7 May 2000); First Deputy Premier Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18 May 2000), Deputy Premiers Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20 May 2000), Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May 1999), Ilya Iosifovich KLEBANOV (since 31 May 1999), Valentina Ivanovna MATVIYENKO (since 22 September 1998)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 March 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); note - no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - PUTIN 52.9%, Gennadiy Aadreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%, Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY 5.8%
Rwanda: chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since 22 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes
Saint Helena: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David HOLLAMBY (since NA June 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by the monarch
Saint Kitts and Nevis: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Perlette LOUISY (since September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July 1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation with the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general
Saint Lucia: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dr. Perlette LOUISY (since September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth ANTHONY (since 24 May 1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Remi THUAU (since NA)
head of government: President of the General Council Bernard LE SOAVEC (since NA 1996)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 7 May 1995 (next to be held NA May 2002); prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the General Council is elected by the members of the council
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 September 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Ralph GONSALVES (since 29 March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister
Samoa: chief of state: Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II (cochief of state from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5 April 1963)
head of government: Prime Minister TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi (since 24 November 1998); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime minister since 1992; he assumed the prime ministership in November 1998 when former Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor health; the post of deputy prime minister is currently vacant
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of state with the prime minister's advice
elections: upon the death of Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II, a new chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the chief of state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly
San Marino: chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Luigi LONFERNINI and Captain Regent Fabio BERARDI (for the period 1 April 2001-30 September 2001)
head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Gabriele GATTI (since NA July 1986)
cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term
elections: cochiefs of state (captain regents) elected by the Great and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA March 2001 (next to be held NA September 2001); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term; election last held NA June 1998 (next to be held NA June 2003)
election results: Luigi LONFERNINI and Fabio BERARDI elected captain regents; percent of legislative vote - NA; Gabriele GATTI reelected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of legislative vote - NA
note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State) which has ten other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are three secretaries of state - Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, and Finance - and several additional secretaries; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed many of the prerogatives of a prime minister
Sao Tome and Principe: chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since 30 December 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 June and 21 July 1996 (next to be held NA July 2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president
election results: Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - Miguel TROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%
Saudi Arabia: chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and includes many royal family members
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Senegal: chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Madior BOYE (since 3 March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held 27 February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou DIOUF (PS) 41.51%
Seychelles: chief of state: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)
election results: France Albert RENE reelected president; percent of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 66.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO) 19.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 13.8%
Sierra Leone: chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election held 26-27 February and 15 March 1996 (next to be held NA September 2001); note - president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms
election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH elected president; percent of vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 59.5%, John KAREFA-SMART (UNPP) 40.5%
Singapore: chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed
Slovakia: chief of state: President Rudolf SCHUSTER (since 15 June 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30 October 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May/June 2004); following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Rudolf SCHUSTER elected president in the first direct, popular election; percent of vote - Rudolf SCHUSTER 57%
note: government coalition - SDK, SDL, SMK, SOP, KDH
Slovenia: chief of state: President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 15 October 2000);
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 November 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly; election last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004)
election results: Milan KUCAN elected president; percent of vote - Milan KUCAN 56.3%, Janez PODOBNIK 18%; Janez DRNOVSEK elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA
Solomon Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Father John LAPLI (since NA 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE (since 1 July 2000); Assistant Prime Minister Nathaniel WAENA (since 1 July 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Allan KEMAKEZA (since 1 July 2000); note - Prime Minister Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU was forced to resign his position in June 2000 following the armed takeover of the capital by elements supporting the opposition parties; Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE, who had been opposition leader, was then elected prime minister at a sitting of National Parliament on 30 June 2000
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of Parliament
Somalia: chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August 2000); note - Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a transitional government; the present political situation is still unstable, particularly in the south, with interclan fighting and random banditry
head of government: ALI Khalifa Galaydh, appointed by the president 8 October 2000
cabinet: appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October 2000
election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly.
South Africa: chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 2 June 1999 (next scheduled for sometime between May and July 2004)
election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)
note: ANC-IFP governing coalition
Spain: chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (since 5 May 1996); First Vice President Juan Jose LUCAS (since 28 February 2000) and Second Vice President (and Minister of Economy) Rodrigo RATO Figaredo (since 5 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government
elections: the monarch is hereditary; president proposed by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections; election last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); vice presidents appointed by the monarch on proposal of the president
election results: Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (PP) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 44%
Sri Lanka: chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist
head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005)
election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA) 51%, Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%
Sudan: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party (front for the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates BASHIR's cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received less than a combined 4% of the vote
note: BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and retained it through several transitional governments in the early and mid-90s before being popularly elected for the first time in March 1996
Suriname: chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate receives a constitutional majority vote in the National Assembly after two votes, by the larger People's Assembly (869 representatives from the national, local, and regional councils), for five-year terms; election last held 6 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)
note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the calling of elections a year early
election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN elected president; percent of legislative vote - 72.5; National Assembly elected the president - Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (New Front) 37 votes, Rashied DOEKHIE (NDP) 10 votes
Svalbard: chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991)
head of government: Governor Morten RUUD (since NA November 1998) and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice
Swaziland: chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas DLAMINI (since 9 August 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Sweden: chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister elected by the Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes
Switzerland: chief of state: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal Assembly from among its own members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year terms that run concurrently; election last held 6 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2001)
election results: Moritz LEUENBERGER elected president; percent of Federal Assembly vote - 76%; Kaspar VILLIGER elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 72%
Syria: chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Khalid RA'D (since 13 March 2000), Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI (since 13 March 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died 10 June 2000; 20 June 2000 the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council 25 June 2000
Tajikistan: chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%
Tanzania: chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November 1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November 1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that office on 29 October 2000
cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president; percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%
Thailand: chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following a national election for the House of Representatives, the leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually becomes prime minister
Togo: chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Agbeyome KODJO (since 29 August 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other 13.75%
Tokelau: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK and New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT (since NA March 1993)
head of government: Aliki Faipule FALIMATEAO (since NA 1997)
cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected leaders, one from each atoll; functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a one-year term
Tonga: chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
Trinidad and Tobago: chief of state: President Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 19 March 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term; election last held 11 December 2000 (next to be held by NA 2005); prime minister appointed from among the members of Parliament; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives is usually appointed prime minister
election results: Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 69%
Tunisia: chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI nearly 100%
Turkey: chief of state: President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot
Turkmenistan: chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28 December 1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session of the People's Council (Halk Maslahaty)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 June 1992 (next scheduled to be held NA); note - President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by the Assembly on 28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%
Turks and Caicos Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Mervyn JONES (since 27 January 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January 1995)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and five appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor
Tuvalu: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Tomasi PUAPUA (since 26 June 1998)
head of government: Acting Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU (since 8 December 2000); note - TUILIMU took over after Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA died suddenly of a heart attack on 8 December 2000
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of Parliament; election last held 27 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: results of the last election for prime minister - Ionatana IONATANA elected prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU elected deputy prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; note - Deputy Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU became acting prime minister following the death of Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA on 8 December 2000
Uganda: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 29 January 1986); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI (since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note - first popular election for president since independence in 1962 was held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%, Kizza BESIGYE 27.8%
Ukraine: chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Anatoliy KINAKH (since 29 May 2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Oleh DUBYNA (since 29 May 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyyiv (Kiev) and Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council
election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of vote - Leonid KUCHMA 57.7%, Petro SYMONENKO 38.8%
United Arab Emirates: chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since 6 August 1966) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)
head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime Minister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) which is composed of the seven emirate rulers; the council is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation, Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power; meets four times a year
elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC (a group of seven electors) for five-year terms; election last held NA October 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
election results: ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan reelected president; percent of FSC vote - NA, but believed to be unanimous; MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum elected vice president; percent of FSC vote - NA%, but believed to be unanimous
United Kingdom: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister Anthony C. L. (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons (assuming there is no majority party, a prime minister would have a majority coalition or at least a coalition that was not rejected by the majority)
United States: chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: George W. BUSH elected president; percent of popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 48%, Albert A. GORE, Jr. (Democratic Party) 48%, Ralph NADER (Green Party) 3%, other 1%
Uruguay: chief of state: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March 2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March 2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October 1999 with run-off election on 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Jorge BATLLE elected president; percent of vote - Jorge BATLLE 52% in a runoff against Tabare VAZQUEZ 44%
Uzbekistan: chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Otkir SULTONOV (since 21 December 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held NA January 2005); note - extension of President KARIMOV's original term for an additional five years overwhelmingly approved - 99.6% of total vote in favor - by national referendum held 27 March 1995; prime minister and deputy ministers appointed by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz DZHALALOV 4.2%
Vanuatu: chief of state: President Father John BANI (since 25 March 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Edward NATAPEI (since 16 April 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Serge VOHOR (since 16 April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected for a four-year term by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils for a five-year term; election for president last held 25 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2003); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by Parliament from among its members; election for prime minister last held 16 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: Father John BANI elected president; percent of electoral college vote - NA%; Edward NATAPEI elected prime minister by Parliament with a total of 27 out of 52 votes
note: the government of Prime Minister Barak SOPE was ousted in a no confidence vote on 14 April 2001 and Edward NATAPEI was elected the new prime minister by Parliament
Venezuela: chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias elected president; percent of vote - 60%
note: government coalition - Patriotic Pole or Polo Patriotico consists of MVR, MAS, and PPT
Vietnam: chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September 1997) and Vice President Nguyen Thi BINH (since NA October 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September 1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Nguyen Cong TAN (since 29 September 1997), Nguyen Manh CAM (since 29 September 1997), and Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for a five-year term; election last held 25 September 1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative elections in NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister
election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA%
Virgin Islands: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (Since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5 January 1999) and Lieutenant Governor Gererd LUZ James II (since 5 January 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)
election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL elected governor; percent of vote - Dr. Charles W. TURNBULL (Democrat) 58.9%, former Governor Roy L. SCHNEIDER (ICM) 41.1%
Wallis and Futuna: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Administrator Christian DORS (since NA)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Soane UHILA (since NA)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly
note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly
Western Sahara: none
Yemen: chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year term (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two years to a seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote: Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%
Yugoslavia: chief of state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7 October 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for up to two, four-year terms; election last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected president; percent of vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%, Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35%
Zambia: chief of state: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Frederick CHILUBA reelected president; percent of vote - Frederick CHILUBA 72.5%, Dean MUNGO'MBA 12.6%, Humphrey MULEMBA 7%, Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4.7%, Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3.2%
Zimbabwe: chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each province) and elected by popular vote; election last held 16-17 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); co-vice presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent of electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%
Taiwan: chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bien (20 May 2000) and Vice President Annette LU (since 20 May 2000)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) CHANG Chun-hsiung (since NA October 2000) and Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) LAI In-jaw (since NA October 2000)
cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 18 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier
election results: CHEN Shui-bien elected president; percent of vote - CHEN Shui-bien (DPP) 39.3%, James SOONG (independent) 36.84%, LIEN Chan (KMT) 23.1%, HSU Hsin-liang (independent) 0.63%, LEE Ao (CNP) 0.13%
======================================================================
@Exports
Afghanistan: $80 million (does not include opium) (1996 est.)
Albania: $310 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Algeria: $19.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
American Samoa: $500 million (1998)
Andorra: $58 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Angola: $7.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Anguilla: $4.5 million (1998)
Antigua and Barbuda: $38 million (1998)
Argentina: $26.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Armenia: $284 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Aruba: $2.2 billion (including oil reexports) (2000 est.)
Australia: $69 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Austria: $63.2 billion (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Bahamas, The: $376.8 million (2000 est.)
Bahrain: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Bangladesh: $5.9 billion (2000)
Barbados: $260 million (2000 est.)
Belarus: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Belgium: $181.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Belize: $235.7 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Benin: $396 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Bermuda: $56 million (2000 est.)
Bhutan: $154 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Bolivia: $1.26 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: $950 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Botswana: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Brazil: $55.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
British Virgin Islands: $6.2 million (2000 est.)
Brunei: $2.55 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Bulgaria: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: $220 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Burma: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Burundi: $32 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Cambodia: $942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Cameroon: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Canada: $272.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Cape Verde: $40 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Cayman Islands: $1.5 million (1998)
Central African Republic: $166 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Chad: $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Chile: $18 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
China: $232 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Christmas Island: $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: $NA
Colombia: $14.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Comoros: $7.9 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: $960 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Cook Islands: $3 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Costa Rica: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Croatia: $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Cuba: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: $51.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Czech Republic: $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Denmark: $50.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Djibouti: $260 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Dominica: $60.7 million (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Ecuador: $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Egypt: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
El Salvador: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Equatorial Guinea: $860 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Eritrea: $26 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Estonia: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Ethiopia: $460 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): $7.6 million (1995)
Faroe Islands: $471 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Fiji: $537 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Finland: $44.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
France: $325 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
French Guiana: $155 million (f.o.b., 1997)
French Polynesia: $205 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Gabon: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Gambia, The: $125.8 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Gaza Strip: $682 million (f.o.b., 1998 est.) (includes West Bank)
Georgia: $372 million (2000 est.)
Germany: $578 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Ghana: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Gibraltar: $81.1 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Greece: $15.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Greenland: $276 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Grenada: $62.3 million (2000 est.)
Guadeloupe: $140 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Guam: $75.7 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Guatemala: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Guernsey: $NA
Guinea: $820 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: $80 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Guyana: $570 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Haiti: $186 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Honduras: $2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Hong Kong: $204 billion (including reexports; f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Hungary: $25.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Iceland: $2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
India: $43.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Indonesia: $64.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Iran: $25 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Iraq: $21.8 billion (2000 est.)
Ireland: $73.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Israel: $31.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Italy: $241.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Jamaica: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Japan: $450 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Jersey: $NA
Jordan: $2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Kenya: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Kiribati: $6 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Korea, North: $520 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Korea, South: $172.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Kuwait: $23.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: $482 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Laos: $323 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Latvia: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Lebanon: $700 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Lesotho: $175 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Liberia: $55 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Libya: $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: $2.47 billion (1996)
Lithuania: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Luxembourg: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Macau: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Madagascar: $538 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Malawi: $416 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Malaysia: $97.9 billion (2000 est.)
Maldives: $88 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Mali: $480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Malta: $2 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Man, Isle of: $NA
Marshall Islands: $28 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Martinique: $250 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Mauritania: $333 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Mauritius: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Mayotte: $3.44 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Mexico: $168 billion (f.o.b., 2000), includes in-bond industries (assembly plant operations)
Micronesia, Federated States of: $73 million (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
Moldova: $500 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Monaco: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
Mongolia: $454.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Montserrat: $1.5 million (1998)
Morocco: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Mozambique: $390 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Namibia: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Nauru: $25.3 million (f.o.b., 1991)
Nepal: $485 million (f.o.b., 1998), but does not include unrecorded border trade with India
Netherlands: $210.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Netherlands Antilles: $276 million (f.o.b., 2000)
New Caledonia: $411 million (f.o.b., 1999)
New Zealand: $14.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Nicaragua: $631 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Niger: $385 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Nigeria: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Niue: $117,500 (f.o.b., 1989)
Norfolk Island: $1.5 million (f.o.b., FY91/92)
Northern Mariana Islands: $NA
Norway: $59.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Oman: $11.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Pakistan: $8.6 billion (f.o.b., FY99/00)
Palau: $14.3 million (f.o.b., 1996)
Panama: $5.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Paraguay: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Peru: $7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Philippines: $38 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: $NA
Poland: $28.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Portugal: $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: $38.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Qatar: $9.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Reunion: $214 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Romania: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Russia: $105.1 billion (2000 est.)
Rwanda: $68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Saint Helena: $704,000 (f.o.b., 1995)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: $53.2 million (2000 est.)
Saint Lucia: $68.3 million (2000 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: $12 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: $53.7 million (2000 est.)
Samoa: $17 million (f.o.b., 2000)
San Marino: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Sao Tome and Principe: $3.2 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Saudi Arabia: $81.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Senegal: $959 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Seychelles: $111 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Sierra Leone: $65 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Singapore: $137 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Slovakia: $12 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Slovenia: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Solomon Islands: $165 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Somalia: $186 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
South Africa: $30.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Spain: $120.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: $5.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Sudan: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Suriname: $443 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Svalbard: $NA
Swaziland: $881 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Sweden: $95.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Switzerland: $91.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Syria: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Tajikistan: $761 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Tanzania: $937 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Thailand: $68.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Togo: $336 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Tokelau: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
Tonga: $8 million (f.o.b., 1998)
Trinidad and Tobago: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Tunisia: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Turkey: $26.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: $4.7 million (1993)
Tuvalu: $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)
Uganda: $500.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Ukraine: $14.6 billion (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: $46 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
United Kingdom: $282 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
United States: $776 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Uruguay: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Vanuatu: $25.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Venezuela: $32.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Vietnam: $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Virgin Islands: $NA
Wallis and Futuna: $250,000 (f.o.b., 1999)
West Bank: $682 million (includes Gaza Strip) (f.o.b., 1998 est.)
Western Sahara: $NA
World: $6 trillion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Yemen: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Yugoslavia: $1.5 billion (1999)
Zambia: $928 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Zimbabwe: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Taiwan: $148.38 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
======================================================================
@Exports - commodities
Afghanistan: opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems
Albania: textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco
Algeria: petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%
American Samoa: canned tuna 93%
Andorra: tobacco products, furniture
Angola: crude oil 90%, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton
Anguilla: lobster, fish, livestock, salt
Antigua and Barbuda: petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, machinery and transport equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%, other 8%
Argentina: edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor vehicles
Armenia: diamonds, scrap metal, machinery and equipment, brandy, copper ore
Aruba: live animals and animal products, art and collectibles, machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment
Australia: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and transport equipment
Austria: machinery and equipment, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel; textiles, foodstuffs
Azerbaijan: oil and gas 75%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs
Bahamas, The: pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish, refined petroleum products
Bahrain: petroleum and petroleum products 61%, aluminum 7%
Bangladesh: garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood
Barbados: sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages, chemicals, electrical components, clothing
Belarus: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs
Belgium: machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and metal products
Belize: sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses, wood
Benin: cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa
Bermuda: reexports of pharmaceuticals
Bhutan: cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India), precious stones, spices
Bolivia: soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood
Bosnia and Herzegovina: NA
Botswana: diamonds 72%, vehicles, copper, nickel, meat (1998)
Brazil: manufactures, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee
British Virgin Islands: rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand
Brunei: crude oil, natural gas, refined products
Bulgaria: clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels
Burkina Faso: cotton, animal products, gold
Burma: apparel 36%, foodstuffs 22%, wood products 21%, precious stones 5% (1999)
Burundi: coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
Cambodia: timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish
Cameroon: crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton
Canada: motor vehicles and parts, newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, aluminum, telecommunications equipment, electricity
Cape Verde: fuel, shoes, garments, fish, bananas, hides
Cayman Islands: turtle products, manufactured consumer goods
Central African Republic: diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco
Chad: cotton, cattle, textiles
Chile: copper, fish, fruits, paper and pulp, chemicals
China: machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear, toys and sporting goods; mineral fuels
Christmas Island: phosphate
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: copra
Colombia: petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers
Comoros: vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: diamonds, copper, coffee, cobalt, crude oil
Congo, Republic of the: petroleum 50%, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, diamonds
Cook Islands: copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee; fish; pearls and pearl shells; clothing
Costa Rica: coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic components, medical equipment
Cote d'Ivoire: cocoa 33%, coffee, tropical woods, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton, fish (1999)
Croatia: transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels
Cuba: sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes; Turkish Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, textiles
Czech Republic: machinery and transport equipment 44%, other manufactured goods 40%, chemicals 7%, raw materials and fuel 7% (1999)
Denmark: machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills
Djibouti: reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)
Dominica: bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges
Dominican Republic: ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats
Ecuador: petroleum, bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish
Egypt: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals
El Salvador: offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp, textiles, chemicals, electricity
Equatorial Guinea: petroleum, timber, cocoa
Eritrea: livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures
Estonia: machinery and equipment 24%, wood products 20%, textiles 17%, food products 9%, metals, chemical products (1999)
Ethiopia: coffee, gold, leather products, oilseeds, qat
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): wool, hides, meat
Faroe Islands: fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)
Fiji: sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish
Finland: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp
France: machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages
French Guiana: shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing
French Polynesia: cultured pearls 50%, coconut products, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, shark meat (1997)
Gabon: crude oil 75%, timber, manganese, uranium (1998)
Gambia, The: peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels
Gaza Strip: citrus, flowers
Georgia: citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery and metals; chemicals; fuel reexports; textiles
Germany: machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles
Ghana: gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds
Gibraltar: (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8%
Greece: manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products
Greenland: fish and fish products 94%
Grenada: bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace
Guadeloupe: bananas, sugar, rum
Guam: mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products; construction materials, fish, food and beverage products
Guatemala: coffee, sugar, bananas, fruits and vegetables, cardamom, meat, apparel, petroleum, electricity
Guernsey: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables
Guinea: bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural products
Guinea-Bissau: cashew nuts 70%, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber (1996)
Guyana: sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber
Haiti: manufactures, coffee, oils, mangoes
Honduras: coffee, bananas, shrimp, lobster, meat; zinc, lumber
Hong Kong: clothing, textiles, footwear, electrical appliances, watches and clocks, toys
Hungary: machinery and equipment 59.5%, other manufactures 29.4%, food products 6.9%, raw materials 2.4%, fuels and electricity 1.8% (2000)
Iceland: fish and fish products 70%, animal products, aluminum, diatomite, ferrosilicon
India: textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures
Indonesia: oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber
Iran: petroleum 85%, carpets, fruits and nuts, iron and steel, chemicals
Iraq: crude oil
Ireland: machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, pharmaceuticals; live animals, animal products
Israel: machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel
Italy: engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food, beverages and tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals
Jamaica: alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum
Japan: motor vehicles, semiconductors, office machinery, chemicals
Jersey: light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles
Jordan: phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures
Kazakhstan: oil 40%, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery, chemicals, grain, wool, meat, coal
Kenya: tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products, fish, cement
Kiribati: copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish
Korea, North: minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including armaments); agricultural and fishery products
Korea, South: electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish
Kuwait: oil and refined products, fertilizers
Kyrgyzstan: cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium, hydropower; machinery; shoes
Laos: wood products, garments, electricity, coffee, tin
Latvia: wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals, textiles, foodstuffs
Lebanon: foodstuffs and tobacco, textiles, chemicals, precious stones, metal and metal products, electrical equipment and products, jewelry, paper and paper products
Lesotho: manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool and mohair, food and live animals (1998)
Liberia: diamonds, iron ore, rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa
Libya: crude oil, refined petroleum products
Liechtenstein: small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery
Lithuania: machinery and equipment 22%, mineral products 15%, chemicals 12%, textiles and clothing, foodstuffs (1999)
Luxembourg: machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass
Macau: textiles, clothing, toys, electronics, cement, footwear, machinery
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel
Madagascar: coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum products
Malawi: tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products
Malaysia: electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, chemicals, palm oil, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles
Maldives: fish, clothing
Mali: cotton 50%, gold, livestock (1999 est.)
Malta: machinery and transport equipment, manufactures
Man, Isle of: tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb
Marshall Islands: fish, coconut oil, trochus shells
Martinique: refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
Mauritania: iron ore, fish and fish products, gold
Mauritius: clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses
Mayotte: ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts, coffee, cinnamon
Mexico: manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton
Micronesia, Federated States of: fish, garments, bananas, black pepper
Moldova: foodstuffs 57%, wine, tobacco; textiles and footwear, machinery (1999)
Mongolia: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Montserrat: electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle
Morocco: phosphates and fertilizers, food and beverages, minerals
Mozambique: prawns 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk electricity (2000)
Namibia: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed fish, karakul skins
Nauru: phosphates
Nepal: carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain
Netherlands: machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs
Netherlands Antilles: petroleum products
New Caledonia: ferronickels, nickel ore, fish
New Zealand: dairy products, meat, fish, wool, forestry products, manufactures
Nicaragua: coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, beef, sugar, bananas; gold
Niger: uranium ore 65%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions (1998 est.)
Nigeria: petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber
Niue: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts
Norfolk Island: postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados
Northern Mariana Islands: garments
Norway: petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish
Oman: petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles
Pakistan: textiles (garments, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, other agricultural products
Palau: trochus (type of shellfish), tuna, copra, handicrafts
Panama: bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing
Papua New Guinea: oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns
Paraguay: electricity, soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils
Peru: fish and fish products, copper, zinc, gold, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
Philippines: electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment, garments, coconut products
Pitcairn Islands: fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps
Poland: machinery and transport equipment 30.2%, intermediate manufactured goods 25.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 20.9%, food and live animals 8.5% (1999)
Portugal: clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper products, hides
Puerto Rico: pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment
Qatar: petroleum products 80%, fertilizers, steel
Reunion: sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%, (1993)
Romania: textiles and footwear 26%, metals and metal products 15%, machinery and equipment 11%, minerals and fuels 6% (1999)
Russia: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Rwanda: coffee, tea, hides, tin ore
Saint Helena: fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), coffee, handicrafts
Saint Kitts and Nevis: machinery, food, electronics, beverages, tobacco
Saint Lucia: bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fish and fish products, soybeans, animal feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: bananas 39%, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets
Samoa: coconut oil and cream, copra, fish, beer
San Marino: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics
Sao Tome and Principe: cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil
Saudi Arabia: petroleum and petroleum products 90%
Senegal: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton
Seychelles: fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products (reexports)
Sierra Leone: diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish
Singapore: machinery and equipment (including electronics), chemicals, mineral fuels
Slovakia: machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, intermediate manufactured goods 27.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%, chemicals 8% (1999)
Slovenia: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
Solomon Islands: timber, fish, palm oil, cocoa, copra
Somalia: livestock, bananas, hides, fish (1999)
South Africa: gold, diamonds, other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment
Spain: machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, other consumer goods
Sri Lanka: textiles and apparel, tea, diamonds, coconut products, petroleum products
Sudan: oil and petroleum products, cotton, sesame, livestock, groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar
Suriname: alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas
Swaziland: soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn, refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit
Sweden: machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals
Switzerland: machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products
Syria: petroleum 65%, textiles 10%, manufactured goods 10%, fruits and vegetables 7%, raw cotton 5%, live sheep 2%, phosphates 1% (1998 est.)
Tajikistan: aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Tanzania: coffee, manufactured goods, cotton, cashew nuts, minerals, tobacco, sisal (1996)
Thailand: computers and parts, textiles, integrated circuits, rice
Togo: cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Tokelau: stamps, copra, handicrafts
Tonga: squash, fish, vanilla beans
Trinidad and Tobago: petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers
Tunisia: textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural products, hydrocarbons
Turkey: apparel 25.6%, foodstuffs 15.4%, textiles 12.3%, metal manufactures 8.6%, transport equipment 8.1% (1998)
Turkmenistan: gas 33%, oil 30%, cotton fiber 18%, textiles 8% (1999)
Turks and Caicos Islands: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells
Tuvalu: copra
Uganda: coffee, fish and fish products, tea; electrical products, iron and steel
Ukraine: ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food products
United Arab Emirates: crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
United Kingdom: manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco
United States: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products
Uruguay: meat, rice, leather products, vehicles, dairy products, wool, electricity
Uzbekistan: cotton, gold, natural gas, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles
Vanuatu: copra, kava, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee
Venezuela: petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures
Vietnam: crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes
Virgin Islands: refined petroleum products
Wallis and Futuna: copra, chemicals, construction materials
West Bank: olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone
Western Sahara: phosphates 62%
World: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Yemen: crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish
Yugoslavia: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
Zambia: copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco
Zimbabwe: tobacco 29%, gold 7%, ferroalloys 7%, cotton 5% (1999 est.)
Taiwan: machinery and electrical equipment 51%, metals, textiles, plastics, chemicals
======================================================================
@Exports - partners
Afghanistan: FSU, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, India, UK, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czech Republic
Albania: Italy 67%, Greece 15%, Germany 5%, Austria 2%, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2% (2000)
Algeria: Italy 22%, US 15%, France 12%, Spain 11%, Brazil 8%, Netherlands 5% (1999)
American Samoa: US 99.6%
Andorra: France 34%, Spain 58% (1998)
Angola: US 54%, South Korea 14%, Benelux 11%, China 7%, Taiwan 6% (1999)
Anguilla: NA
Antigua and Barbuda: OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%
Argentina: Brazil 24%, EU 21%, US 11% (1999 est.)
Armenia: Belgium 36%, Iran 15%, Russia 14%, US 7%, Turkmenistan, Georgia (1999)
Aruba: US 42%, Colombia 20%, Netherlands 12% (1999)
Australia: Japan 19%, EU 14%, ASEAN 12%, US 9%, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China (1999)
Austria: EU 64.2% (Germany 35.7%, Italy 8.7%, France 4.5%), Switzerland 5.9%, US 4.5%, Hungary 3.9% (1999)
Azerbaijan: Italy, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Iran
Bahamas, The: US 22.3%, Switzerland 15.6%, UK 15%, Denmark 7.4% (1998)
Bahrain: India 14%, Saudi Arabia 5%, US 5%, UAE 5%, Japan 4%, South Korea 4% (1999)
Bangladesh: US 31.2%, Germany 9.95%, UK 8.06%, France 5.82%, Italy 4.42% (1999)
Barbados: UK 14.8%, US 11.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.6%, Venezuela 6.1%, Jamaica 5.8% (1998)
Belarus: Russia 66%, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Lithuania (1998)
Belgium: EU 76% (Germany 18%, France 18%, Netherlands 12%, UK 10%) (1999)
Belize: US 42%, UK 33%, EU 12%, Caricom 4.8%, Canada 2%, Mexico 1% (1999)
Benin: Brazil 14%, Libya 5%, Indonesia 4%, Italy 4% (1999)
Bermuda: UK 29.5%, US 9.8% (1997)
Bhutan: India 94%, Bangladesh
Bolivia: UK 16%, US 12%, Peru 11%, Argentina 10%, Colombia 7% (1998)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Croatia, Switzerland, Italy, Germany
Botswana: EU 77%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 18%, Zimbabwe 3% (1998)
Brazil: US 23%, Argentina 11%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 5% (1999)
British Virgin Islands: Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
Brunei: Japan 42%, US 17%, South Korea 14%, Thailand 3% (1999)
Bulgaria: Italy 14%, Turkey 10%, Germany 9%, Greece 8%, Yugoslavia 8%, Belgium 6%, France 5%, US 4% (2000)
Burkina Faso: Italy 13%, France 10%, Indonesia 8%, Thailand 7% (1999)
Burma: India 13%, Singapore 11%, China 11%, US 8% (1999 est.)
note: official trade statistics do not include trade in illicit goods - such as narcotics, teak, and gems - or the largely unrecorded border trade with China and Thailand
Burundi: Germany 17%, Belgium 14%, US 8%, France 6%, Switzerland 4% (1999)
Cambodia: Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8%, China 5% (1997)
Cameroon: Italy 24%, France 18%, Netherlands 10% (2000 est.)
Canada: US 86%, Japan 3%, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China (1999)
Cape Verde: Portugal, UK, Germany, Spain, France, Malaysia
Cayman Islands: mostly US
Central African Republic: Benelux 64%, Cote d'Ivoire, Spain, China, Egypt, France (1999)
Chad: Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France (1999)
Chile: EU 27%, US 16%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6%, Argentina 5% (1998)
China: US 21%, Hong Kong 18%, Japan 17%, South Korea, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Singapore, Taiwan (2000)
Christmas Island: Australia, NZ
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Australia
Colombia: US 50%, EU 14%, Andean Community of Nations 16%, Japan 2% (2000 est.)
Comoros: France 50%, Germany 25% (1998)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Benelux 62%, US 18%, South Africa, Finland, Italy (1999)
Congo, Republic of the: US 23%, Benelux 14%, Germany, Italy, Taiwan, China (1998)
Cook Islands: Japan 42%, New Zealand 25%, US 9%, Australia 9% (1999)
Costa Rica: US 54.1%, EU 21.3%, Central America 8.6% (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire: France 15%, US 8%, Netherlands 7%, Germany 6%, Italy 6% (1999)
Croatia: Italy 18%, Germany 15.7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.8%, Slovenia 10.6%, Austria 6.2% (1999)
Cuba: Russia 23%, Netherlands 23%, Canada 13% (1999)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: UK 17.3%, Greece 9.7%, Russia 7.0%, Lebanon 5.2% (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkey 51%, UK 31%, other EU 16.5% (1999)
Czech Republic: Germany 43%, Slovakia 8.4%, Austria 6.6%, Poland 5.6%, France 4% (1999)
Denmark: EU 66.5% (Germany 20.1%, Sweden 11.7%, UK 9.6%, France 5.3%, Netherlands 4.7%), Norway 5.8%, US 5.4% (1999)
Djibouti: Somalia 53%, Yemen 23%, Ethiopia 5%, (1998)
Dominica: Caricom countries 47%, UK 36%, US 7% (1996 est.)
Dominican Republic: US 66.1%, Netherlands 7.8%, Canada 7.6%, Russia 7.4%, UK 4.5% (1999 est.)
Ecuador: US 37%, Colombia 5%, Italy 5%, Chile 5%, Peru 4% (1999)
Egypt: EU 35%, Middle East 17%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, US 12% (1999)
El Salvador: US 63%, Guatemala 11%, Honduras 7%, Costa Rica 4% (1999)
Equatorial Guinea: US 62%, Spain 17%, China 9%, France 3%, Japan 3%, (1997)
Eritrea: Sudan 27.2%, Ethiopia 26.5%, Japan 13.2%, UAE 7.3%, Italy 5.3% (1998)
Estonia: Finland 19.4%, Sweden 18.8%, Russia 9.2%, Latvia 8.7%, Germany 7.5%, US 2.5% (1999)
Ethiopia: Germany 16%, Japan 13%, Djibouti 10%, Saudi Arabia 7% (1999 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): UK, Japan, Chile, NZ
Faroe Islands: Denmark 32%, UK 21%, France 9%, Germany 7%, Iceland 5%, US 5% (1996)
Fiji: Australia 33.1%, US 14.8%, UK 13.8%, other Pacific island countries 8.8%, NZ 4.5%, Japan 4.5% (1999)
Finland: EU 58% (Germany 13%, Sweden 10%, UK 9%, France 5%, Netherlands 4%), US 8%, Russia, Japan (1999)
France: EU 63% (Germany 16%, UK 10%, Spain 9%, Italy 9%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%), US 8% (1999)
French Guiana: France 62%, Switzerland 7%, US 2% (1997)
French Polynesia: Japan 62%, US 21% (1999)
Gabon: US 47%, France 19%, China 8%, Japan 1.3% (1999)
Gambia, The: Benelux 59%, Japan 20%, UK 7%, Spain 2% (1999)
Gaza Strip: Israel, Egypt, West Bank
Georgia: Russia 19%, Turkey 16%, Azerbaijan 8%, Armenia 6% (1999)
Germany: EU 55.3% (France 11.3%, UK 8.3%, Italy 7.3%, Netherlands 6.3%, Belgium/Luxembourg 5.1%), US 10.1%, Japan 2.0% (1999)
Ghana: Togo, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, US, France (1998)
Gibraltar: UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, Germany
Greece: EU 49% (Germany 15%, Italy 13%, UK 6%), US 6% (1999)
Greenland: EU (mainly Denmark) 85%, Japan 8%, US 2% (1999)
Grenada: Caricom 32.3%, UK 20%, US 13%, Netherlands 8.8% (1991)
Guadeloupe: France 60%, Martinique 18%, US 4% (1997)
Guam: US 25%
Guatemala: US 51.4%, El Salvador 8.7%, Honduras 5%, Costa Rica 3.4%, Germany 2.7% (1998)
Guernsey: UK (regarded as internal trade)
Guinea: US, Benelux, Ukraine, Ireland (1999)
Guinea-Bissau: India 59%, Singapore 12%, Italy 10% (1998)
Guyana: US 22%, Canada 22%, UK 18%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Jamaica (1999)
Haiti: US 89%, EU 8% (1999)
Honduras: US 35.4%, Germany 7.5%, El Salvador 6.4%, Guatemala 5.8%, Nicaragua 4.8% (1999)
Hong Kong: China 33%, US 24%, Japan 5%, UK 4%, Germany, Singapore (1999)
Hungary: Germany 37%, Austria 9%, Italy 6%, Netherlands 5% (2000)
Iceland: EU 64% (UK 20%, Germany 13%, France 5%, Denmark 5%), US 15%, Japan 5% (1999)
India: US 22%, UK 6%, Germany 5%, Japan 5%, Hong Kong 5%, UAE 4% (1999)
Indonesia: Japan 21%, US 14%, Singapore 10%, South Korea 7%, Netherlands 3%, Australia 3%, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan (1999 est.)
Iran: Japan, Italy, UAE, South Korea, France, China
Iraq: Russia, France, Switzerland, China (2000)
Ireland: EU 59% (UK 19%, Germany 9%, France 7%), US 20% (2000)
Israel: US 36%, UK 6%, Benelux 5%, Hong Kong 4%, Netherlands 4% (1999)
Italy: EU 56.8% (Germany 16.4%, France 12.9%, Netherlands 7.1%, Spain 6.3%, Netherlands 2.9%), US 9.5% (1999)
Jamaica: US 35.7%, EU (excluding UK) 15.8%, UK 13%, Canada 10.5% (1999)
Japan: US 30%, Taiwan 7%, South Korea 6.4%, China 6.2%, Hong Kong 5.6% (2000 est.)
Jersey: UK
Jordan: India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, EU, Indonesia, UAE, Lebanon, Kuwait, Syria, Ethiopia
Kazakhstan: EU 23%, Russia 20%, China 8% (1999)
Kenya: Uganda 18%, UK 15%, Tanzania 12%, Pakistan 8% (1999)
Kiribati: Bangladesh, Australia, US, Hong Kong (1999)
Korea, North: Japan 28%, South Korea 21%, China 5%, Germany 4%, Russia 1% (1995)
Korea, South: US 20.5%, Japan 11%, China 9.5%, Hong Kong 6.3%, Taiwan 4.4% (1999)
Kuwait: Japan 23%, US 12%, Singapore 8%, Netherlands 7% (1999)
Kyrgyzstan: Germany 33%, Russia 16%, Kazakhstan 10%, Uzbekistan 10%, China 6% (1999)
Laos: Vietnam, Thailand, Germany, France, Belgium
Latvia: Germany 16%, UK 11%, Sweden 11%, Russia 7% (1999)
Lebanon: UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Syria 6%, US 6%, Kuwait 6%, France 5%, Belgium 5%, Jordan 4% (1999)
Lesotho: South African Customs Union 65%, North America 34% (1998)
Liberia: Belgium 53%, Switzerland 9%, US 6%, France 4% (1999)
Libya: Italy 33%, Germany 24%, Spain 10%, France 5%, Turkey 4%, Tunisia 4% (1999)
Liechtenstein: EU and EFTA countries 60.57% (Switzerland 15.7%) (1995)
Lithuania: Germany 15.8%, Latvia 12.6%, Russia 6.9%, Belarus 5.8%, Denmark (1999)
Luxembourg: EU 75% (Germany 25%, France 21%, Belgium 13%, UK 8%, Italy 6%, Netherlands 5%), US 4% (1999)
Macau: US 47%, EU 30%, China 9.2%, Hong Kong 6.7% (1999)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Germany 22%, Yugoslavia 22%, US 12%, Greece 7%, Italy 6% (2000)
Madagascar: France 41%, US 19%, Germany 13%, UK 8%, Japan 6% (1999)
Malawi: South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan (1999)
Malaysia: US 21%, Singapore 18%, Japan 13%, Hong Kong 5%, Netherlands 4%, Taiwan 4%, Thailand 3% (2000 est.)
Maldives: US, UK, Sri Lanka, Japan
Mali: Italy 18%, Thailand 15%, Germany 7%, Portugal 4% (1999)
Malta: US 21.4%, France 15.2%, Germany 12.6%, UK 9.3%, Italy 4.9% (1999)
Man, Isle of: UK
Marshall Islands: US, Japan, Australia
Martinique: France 45%, Guadeloupe 28% (1997)
Mauritania: Japan 18%, France 17%, Italy 16%, Spain 11% (1998)
Mauritius: UK 32%, France 19%, US 15%, Germany 6%, Italy 4% (1999 est.)
Mayotte: France 80%, Comoros 15%, Reunion
Mexico: US 88.6%, Canada 2%, Spain 0.9%, Germany 0.9%, Japan 0.6%, UK 0.6%, Netherlands Antilles 0.5%, Switzerland 0.3% Venezuela 0.3%, Chile 0.3% (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: Japan, US, Guam
Moldova: Russia 41%, Romania 9%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 7%, Italy, Belarus (1999)
Mongolia: China 60%, US 20%, Russia 9%, Japan 2% (2000 est.)
Montserrat: US, Antigua and Barbuda (1993)
Morocco: France 35%, Spain 9%, UK 8%, Germany 7%, US 5% (1999)
Mozambique: EU 27%, South Africa 26%, Zimbabwe 15%, India 12%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1999 est.)
Namibia: UK 43%, South Africa 26%, Spain 14%, France 8%, Japan (1998 est.)
Nauru: Australia, NZ
Nepal: India 33%, US 26%, Germany 25% (FY97/98)
Netherlands: EU 78% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 12%, France 12%, UK 11%, Italy 6%), Central and Eastern Europe, US (2000)
Netherlands Antilles: US 17.5%, Guatemala 8%, Costa Rica 6.5%, The Bahamas 4.6%, Jamaica 4.1%, Chile 3.4% (1998)
New Caledonia: Japan 27%, France 17%, Taiwan 12%, South Korea 9% (1999)
New Zealand: Australia 22%, US 14%, Japan 13%, UK 7% (1999)
Nicaragua: US 37.7%, El Salvador 12.5%, Germany 9.8%, Costa Rica 5.1%, Spain 2.5%, France 2.1% (1999)
Niger: France 45%, Nigeria 27%, UK 11% (1999)
Nigeria: US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999)
Niue: NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia
Norfolk Island: Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe
Northern Mariana Islands: US
Norway: EU 73% (UK 17%, Germany 11%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%), US 5% (1999)
Oman: Japan 27%, China 12%, Thailand 18%, UAE 12%, South Korea 12%, US (1999)
Pakistan: US 24%, Hong Kong 7%, UK 7%, Germany 6%, UAE 6% (FY99/00)
Palau: US, Japan
Panama: US 42%, Germany 11%, Costa Rica 5%, Benelux 4%, Italy 4% (1999)
Papua New Guinea: Australia 30%, Japan 12%, Germany 7%, South Korea 4%, Philippines 3%, UK 3% (1999)
Paraguay: Brazil, Argentina, EU
Peru: US 29%, EU 25%, Andean Community 6%, Japan 4%, Mercosur 3% (1999)
Philippines: US 34%, Japan 14%, Netherlands 8%, Singapore 6%, UK 6%, Hong Kong 4% (1998)
Pitcairn Islands: NA
Poland: Germany 36.1%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5.3%, France 4.8%, UK 4.0%, Czech Republic 3.8% (1999)
Portugal: EU 83% (Germany 20%, Spain 18%, France 14%, UK 12%, Netherlands 5%, Benelux 5%, Italy), US 5% (1999)
Puerto Rico: US 88% (2000)
Qatar: Japan 52%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 8%, US, UAE (1998)
Reunion: France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (1994)
Romania: Italy 23%, Germany 18%, France 6%, Turkey 5%, US (1999)
Russia: US 8.8%, Germany 8.5%, Ukraine 6.5%, Belarus 5.1%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4.8% (1999)
Rwanda: Germany, Belgium, Pakistan, Italy, Kenya
Saint Helena: South Africa, UK
Saint Kitts and Nevis: US 68.5%, UK 22.3%, Caricom countries 5.5% (1995 est.)
Saint Lucia: UK 50%, US 24%, Caricom countries 16% (1995)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: US 43%, Egypt 14%, Japan 11%, Colombia 8% (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Caricom countries 49%, UK 16%, US 10% (1995)
Samoa: American Samoa 59%, US 18%, Germany 9%, New Zealand 8% (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: Netherlands 18%, Germany 9%, Portugal 9% (1998)
Saudi Arabia: Japan 18%, US 18%, France 4%, South Korea, Singapore, India (1999)
Senegal: France 17%, India 17%, Italy 12%, Spain 6%, Mali 6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4% (1999)
Seychelles: France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, China, Germany, Japan
Sierra Leone: Belgium 38%, US 6%, Italy 4%, UK 4% (1999)
Singapore: US 19%, Malaysia 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 4%, UK 4%, Netherlands 3.8%, China 3%, South Korea 3%, Germany 3% (1999)
Slovakia: EU 59.7% (Germany 27.8%, Austria 8%, Italy 8.9%), Czech Republic 18.1% (1999)
Slovenia: Germany 31%, Italy 14%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 6% (1999)
Solomon Islands: Japan 35.5%, other Asian countries 47.3% (1999)
Somalia: Saudi Arabia 53%, Yemen 19%, UAE 14%, Italy 5%, Pakistan 2% (1999)
South Africa: UK, Italy, Japan, US, Germany
Spain: EU 71% (France 20%, Germany 12%, Italy 9%, Portugal 9%, UK 8%), Latin America 6%, US 5% (2000)
Sri Lanka: US 39%, UK 13%, Middle East 8%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% (1999)
Sudan: Saudi Arabia 16%, Italy 10%, Germany 5%, France 3%, Thailand 3% (1999)
Suriname: US 23%, Norway 19%, Netherlands 11%, France, Japan, UK (1999)
Swaziland: South Africa 65%, EU 12%, Mozambique 11%, US 5% (1998)
Sweden: EU 55% (Germany 11%, UK 10%, Denmark 6%, Finland 5%, France 5%), US 9%, Norway 8% (1999)
Switzerland: EU 65.8% (Germany 22.6%, France 9.2%, Italy 8.0%, UK 5.5%, Austria 3.2%), US 12.4%, Japan 4.0% (1999)
Syria: Germany 21%, Italy 12%, France 10%, Saudi Arabia 9%, Turkey 8% (1999 est.)
Tajikistan: Liechtenstein 26%, Uzbekistan 20%, Russia 8% (1998)
Tanzania: India 20%, UK 10%, Germany 8%, Japan 8%, Netherlands 8%, Belgium 4% (1998)
Thailand: US 22%, Japan 14%, Singapore 9%, Hong Kong 5%, Netherlands 4%, Malaysia 4%, UK 4% (1999)
Togo: Nigeria, Brazil, Canada, Philippines (1999)
Tokelau: NZ
Tonga: Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: US 39.3%, Caricom countries 26.1%, Latin America 9.5%, EU 5.7% (1999)
Tunisia: Germany 28%, France 22%, Italy 17%, Belgium 5%, Libya 4% (1999)
Turkey: Germany 18.7%, US 11.4%, UK 7.4%, Italy 6.3%, France 6.0% (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: Ukraine, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan
Turks and Caicos Islands: US, UK
Tuvalu: Fiji, Australia, NZ
Uganda: Spain, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Hungary, Kenya (1999)
Ukraine: Russia 24%, Europe 30%, US 5% (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: Japan 30%, India 7%, Singapore 6%, South Korea 4%, Oman, Iran (1999)
United Kingdom: EU 58% (Germany 12%, France 10%, Netherlands 8%), US 15% (1999)
United States: Canada 23%, Mexico 14%, Japan 8%, UK 5%, Germany 4%, France, Netherlands (2000)
Uruguay: MERCOSUR partners 45%, EU 20%, US 7% (1999 est.)
Uzbekistan: Russia 13%, Switzerland 10%, UK 10%, Belgium 3%, Kazakhstan 4%, Tajikistan 4% (1999)
Vanuatu: Japan 32%, Germany 14%, Spain 8%, New Caledonia 7%, Australia 2% (1997 est.)
Venezuela: US and Puerto Rico 57%, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Germany, Netherlands, Italy (1999)
Vietnam: China, Japan, Germany, Australia, US, France, Singapore, UK, Taiwan
Virgin Islands: US, Puerto Rico
Wallis and Futuna: Italy 40%, Croatia 15%, US 14%, Denmark 13%
West Bank: Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip
Western Sahara: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
World: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries
Yemen: Thailand 34%, China 26%, South Korea 14%, Japan 3% (1999)
Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany (1998)
Zambia: Japan, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, South Africa, US, Malaysia (1997)
Zimbabwe: South Africa 10%, UK 9%, Malawi 8%, Botswana 8%, Japan 7%, (1999 est.)
Taiwan: US 23.5%, Hong Kong 21.1%, Europe 16%, ASEAN 12.2%, Japan 11.2% (2000)
======================================================================
@Fiscal year
Afghanistan: 21 March - 20 March
Albania: calendar year
Algeria: calendar year
American Samoa: 1 October - 30 September
Andorra: calendar year
Angola: calendar year
Anguilla: 1 April - 31 March
Antigua and Barbuda: 1 April - 31 March
Argentina: calendar year
Armenia: calendar year
Aruba: calendar year
Australia: 1 July - 30 June
Austria: calendar year
Azerbaijan: calendar year
Bahamas, The: 1 July - 30 June
Bahrain: calendar year
Bangladesh: 1 July - 30 June
Barbados: 1 April - 31 March
Belarus: calendar year
Belgium: calendar year
Belize: 1 April - 31 March
Benin: calendar year
Bermuda: 1 April - 31 March
Bhutan: 1 July - 30 June
Bolivia: calendar year
Bosnia and Herzegovina: calendar year
Botswana: 1 April - 31 March
Brazil: calendar year
British Virgin Islands: 1 April - 31 March
Brunei: calendar year
Bulgaria: calendar year
Burkina Faso: calendar year
Burma: 1 April - 31 March
Burundi: calendar year
Cambodia: calendar year
Cameroon: 1 July - 30 June
Canada: 1 April - 31 March
Cape Verde: calendar year
Cayman Islands: 1 April - 31 March
Central African Republic: calendar year
Chad: calendar year
Chile: calendar year
China: calendar year
Christmas Island: 1 July - 30 June
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 1 July - 30 June
Colombia: calendar year
Comoros: calendar year
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: calendar year
Congo, Republic of the: calendar year
Cook Islands: 1 April - 31 March
Costa Rica: calendar year
Cote d'Ivoire: calendar year
Croatia: calendar year
Cuba: calendar year
Cyprus: calendar year
Czech Republic: calendar year
Denmark: calendar year
Djibouti: calendar year
Dominica: 1 July - 30 June
Dominican Republic: calendar year
Ecuador: calendar year
Egypt: 1 July - 30 June
El Salvador: calendar year
Equatorial Guinea: 1 April - 31 March
Eritrea: calendar year
Estonia: calendar year
Ethiopia: 8 July - 7 July
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 1 April - 31 March
Faroe Islands: calendar year
Fiji: calendar year
Finland: calendar year
France: calendar year
French Guiana: calendar year
French Polynesia: calendar year
Gabon: calendar year
Gambia, The: calendar year
Gaza Strip: calendar year
Georgia: calendar year
Germany: calendar year
Ghana: calendar year
Gibraltar: 1 July - 30 June
Greece: calendar year
Greenland: calendar year
Grenada: calendar year
Guadeloupe: calendar year
Guam: 1 October - 30 September
Guatemala: calendar year
Guernsey: calendar year
Guinea: calendar year
Guinea-Bissau: calendar year
Guyana: calendar year
Haiti: 1 October - 30 September
Holy See (Vatican City): calendar year
Honduras: calendar year
Hong Kong: 1 April - 31 March
Hungary: calendar year
Iceland: calendar year
India: 1 April - 31 March
Indonesia: calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Iran: 21 March - 20 March
Iraq: calendar year
Ireland: calendar year
Israel: calendar year
Italy: calendar year
Jamaica: 1 April - 31 March
Japan: 1 April - 31 March
Jersey: 1 April - 31 March
Jordan: calendar year
Kazakhstan: calendar year
Kenya: 1 July - 30 June
Kiribati: NA
Korea, North: calendar year
Korea, South: calendar year
Kuwait: 1 April - 31 March
Kyrgyzstan: calendar year
Laos: 1 October - 30 September
Latvia: calendar year
Lebanon: calendar year
Lesotho: 1 April - 31 March
Liberia: calendar year
Libya: calendar year
Liechtenstein: calendar year
Lithuania: calendar year
Luxembourg: calendar year
Macau: calendar year
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: calendar year
Madagascar: calendar year
Malawi: 1 July - 30 June
Malaysia: calendar year
Maldives: calendar year
Mali: calendar year
Malta: 1 April - 31 March
Man, Isle of: 1 April - 31 March
Marshall Islands: 1 October - 30 September
Martinique: calendar year
Mauritania: calendar year
Mauritius: 1 July - 30 June
Mayotte: calendar year
Mexico: calendar year
Micronesia, Federated States of: 1 October - 30 September
Moldova: calendar year
Monaco: calendar year
Mongolia: calendar year
Montserrat: 1 April - 31 March
Morocco: calendar year
Mozambique: calendar year
Namibia: 1 April - 31 March
Nauru: 1 July - 30 June
Nepal: 16 July - 15 July
Netherlands: calendar year
Netherlands Antilles: calendar year
New Caledonia: calendar year
New Zealand: 1 July - 30 June
Nicaragua: calendar year
Niger: calendar year
Nigeria: calendar year
Niue: 1 April - 31 March
Norfolk Island: 1 July - 30 June
Northern Mariana Islands: 1 October - 30 September
Norway: calendar year
Oman: calendar year
Pakistan: 1 July - 30 June
Palau: 1 October - 30 September
Panama: calendar year
Papua New Guinea: calendar year
Paraguay: calendar year
Peru: calendar year
Philippines: calendar year
Pitcairn Islands: 1 April - 31 March
Poland: calendar year
Portugal: calendar year
Puerto Rico: 1 July - 30 June
Qatar: 1 April - 31 March
Reunion: calendar year
Romania: calendar year
Russia: calendar year
Rwanda: calendar year
Saint Helena: 1 April - 31 March
Saint Kitts and Nevis: calendar year
Saint Lucia: 1 April - 31 March
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: calendar year
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: calendar year
Samoa: calendar year
San Marino: calendar year
Sao Tome and Principe: calendar year
Saudi Arabia: calendar year
Senegal: calendar year
Seychelles: calendar year
Sierra Leone: calendar year
Singapore: 1 April - 31 March
Slovakia: calendar year
Slovenia: calendar year
Solomon Islands: calendar year
Somalia: NA
South Africa: 1 April - 31 March
Spain: calendar year
Sri Lanka: calendar year
Sudan: calendar year
Suriname: calendar year
Swaziland: 1 April - 31 March
Sweden: calendar year
Switzerland: calendar year
Syria: calendar year
Tajikistan: calendar year
Tanzania: 1 July - 30 June
Thailand: 1 October - 30 September
Togo: calendar year
Tokelau: 1 April - 31 March
Tonga: 1 July - 30 June
Trinidad and Tobago: 1 October - 30 September
Tunisia: calendar year
Turkey: calendar year
Turkmenistan: calendar year
Turks and Caicos Islands: calendar year
Tuvalu: calendar year
Uganda: 1 July - 30 June
Ukraine: calendar year
United Arab Emirates: calendar year
United Kingdom: 1 April - 31 March
United States: 1 October - 30 September
Uruguay: calendar year
Uzbekistan: calendar year
Vanuatu: calendar year
Venezuela: calendar year
Vietnam: calendar year
Virgin Islands: 1 October - 30 September
Wallis and Futuna: calendar year
West Bank: calendar year (since 1 January 1992)
Western Sahara: calendar year
Yemen: calendar year
Yugoslavia: calendar year
Zambia: calendar year
Zimbabwe: 1 July - 30 June
Taiwan: 1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December 2000 for FY00; calendar year (after FY00)
======================================================================
@Flag description
Afghanistan: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a gold emblem centered on the three bands; the emblem features a temple-like structure with Islamic inscriptions above and below, encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bolder Islamic inscription above, all of which are encircled by two crossed scimitars
note: the Taliban uses a plain white flag
Albania: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center
Algeria: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
American Samoa: blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club
Andorra: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem
Angola: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
Anguilla: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy water below
Antigua and Barbuda: red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band
Argentina: three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May
Armenia: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange
Aruba: blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: the flag of Australia is used
Australia: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars
Austria: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red
Azerbaijan: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band
Bahamas, The: three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side
Bahrain: red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side
Baker Island: the flag of the US is used
Bangladesh: green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and secondarily, the traditional color of Islam
Barbados: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)
Bassas da India: the flag of France is used
Belarus: red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears the Belarusian national ornament in red
Belgium: three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the design was based on the flag of France
Belize: blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland
Benin: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green band on the hoist side
Bermuda: red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag
Bhutan: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side
Bolivia: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band
Bosnia and Herzegovina: a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle
Botswana: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center
Bouvet Island: the flag of Norway is used
Brazil: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
British Indian Ocean Territory: white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag
British Virgin Islands: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)
Brunei: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands
Bulgaria: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)
Burkina Faso: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Burma: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions
Burundi: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
Cambodia: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
Cameroon: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Canada: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band
Cape Verde: three horizontal bands of light blue (top, double width), white (with a horizontal red stripe in the middle third), and light blue; a circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered on the hoist end of the red stripe and extends into the upper and lower blue bands
Cayman Islands: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
Central African Republic: four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band
Chad: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Chile: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based on the US flag
China: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner
Christmas Island: the flag of Australia is used
Clipperton Island: the flag of France is used
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: the flag of Australia is used
Colombia: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center
Comoros: green with a white crescent in the center of the field, its points facing downward; there are four white five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros); the design, the most recent of several, is described in the constitution approved by referendum on 7 June 1992
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: light blue with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center and a columnar arrangement of six small yellow five-pointed stars along the hoist side
Congo, Republic of the: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Cook Islands: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag
Coral Sea Islands: the flag of Australia is used
Costa Rica: five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red band
Cote d'Ivoire: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Croatia: red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered)
Cuba: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; design influenced by the US flag
Cyprus: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a white field
Czech Republic: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)
Denmark: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Djibouti: two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center
Dominica: green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
Dominican Republic: a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the cross
Ecuador: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of Colombia which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
Egypt: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band
El Salvador: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Equatorial Guinea: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
Eritrea: red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle
Estonia: pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white
Ethiopia: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors
Europa Island: the flag of France is used
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
Faroe Islands: white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Fiji: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
Finland: white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
France: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French dependent areas
French Guiana: the flag of France is used
French Polynesia: two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide white band; centered on the white band is a disk with blue and white wave pattern on the lower half and gold and white ray pattern on the upper half; a stylized red, blue and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the French flag is used for official occasions
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: the flag of France is used
Gabon: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue
Gambia, The: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green
Georgia: maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below
Germany: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold
Ghana: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
Gibraltar: two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band
Glorioso Islands: the flag of France is used
Greece: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country
Greenland: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white
Grenada: a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative divisions
Guadeloupe: three horizontal bands, a narrow green band (top), a wide red band, and a narrow green band; the green bands are separated from the red band by two narrow white stripes; a gold five-pointed star is centered in the red band toward the hoist side; the flag of France is used for official occasions
Guam: territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag
Guatemala: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath
Guernsey: white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross
Guinea: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band
Guinea-Bissau: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Guyana: green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green
Haiti: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: the flag of Australia is used
Holy See (Vatican City): two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter centered in the white band
Honduras: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
Hong Kong: red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in the center
Howland Island: the flag of the US is used
Hungary: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
Iceland: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
India: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Indonesia: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Iran: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band
Iraq: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
Ireland: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
Israel: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag
Italy: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797
Jamaica: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)
Jan Mayen: the flag of Norway is used
Japan: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center
Jarvis Island: the flag of the US is used
Jersey: white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag and in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield holding the three lions of England in yellow
Johnston Atoll: the flag of the US is used
Jordan: three equal horizontal bands of black (top, the Abbassid Caliphate of Islam), white (the Ummayyad Caliphate of Islam), and green (the Fatimid Caliphate of Islam) with a red isosceles triangle (representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916) based on the hoist side bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations
Juan de Nova Island: the flag of France is used
Kazakhstan: sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold
Kenya: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
Kingman Reef: the flag of the US is used
Kiribati: the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean
Korea, North: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star
Korea, South: white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field
Kuwait: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side
Kyrgyzstan: red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kirghiz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the traditional Kirghiz yurt
Laos: three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band
Latvia: three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon
Lebanon: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band
Lesotho: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner
Liberia: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag
Libya: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
Liechtenstein: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band
Lithuania: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red
Luxembourg: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France
Macau: light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in center of arc and four smaller
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the edges of the red field
Madagascar: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side
Malawi: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
Malaysia: 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US
Maldives: red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag
Mali: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Malta: two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the Saint George Cross, edged in red
Man, Isle of: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used
Marshall Islands: blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes
Martinique: a light blue background is divided into four quadrants by a white cross; in the center of each rectangle is a white snake; the flag of France is used for official occasions
Mauritania: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Mauritius: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green
Mayotte: the flag of France is used
Mexico: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band
Micronesia, Federated States of: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern
Midway Islands: the flag of the US is used
Moldova: same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
Monaco: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
Mongolia: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
Montserrat: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Morocco: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
Mozambique: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
Namibia: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders
Nauru: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
Navassa Island: the flag of the US is used
Nepal: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
Netherlands: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer
Netherlands Antilles: white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
New Caledonia: the flag of France is used
New Zealand: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
Nicaragua: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Niger: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band
Nigeria: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green
Niue: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
Norfolk Island: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band
Northern Mariana Islands: blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath
Norway: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Oman: three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band
Pakistan: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Palau: light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly to the hoist side
Palmyra Atoll: the flag of the US is used
Panama: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center
Papua New Guinea: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered
Paraguay: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
Peru: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
Philippines: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
Pitcairn Islands: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor
Poland: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Portugal: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line
Puerto Rico: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design influenced by the US flag, but based on the Cuban flag
Qatar: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side
Reunion: the flag of France is used
Romania: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Russia: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Rwanda: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
Saint Helena: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
Saint Kitts and Nevis: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
Saint Lucia: blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a dark blue background with a black wave line under the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the square into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one on top of the other; the flag of France is used for official occasions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
Samoa: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation
San Marino: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
Sao Tome and Principe: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
Senegal: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Seychelles: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side
Sierra Leone: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue
Singapore: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle
Slovakia: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue
Slovenia: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands
Solomon Islands: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green
Somalia: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)
South Africa: two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes
note: prior to 26 April 1994, the flag was actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which had three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags were a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: the flag of the UK is used
Spain: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar
Sri Lanka: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire flag and extends between the two panels
Sudan: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
Suriname: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band
Svalbard: the flag of Norway is used
Swaziland: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally
Sweden: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
Switzerland: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag
Syria: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
Tajikistan: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe
Tanzania: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue
Thailand: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red
Togo: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Tokelau: the flag of New Zealand is used
Tonga: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
Trinidad and Tobago: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
Tromelin Island: the flag of France is used
Tunisia: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
Turkey: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
Turkmenistan: green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe
Turks and Caicos Islands: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
Tuvalu: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
Uganda: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side
Ukraine: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky
United Arab Emirates: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side
United Kingdom: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) and which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, as well as British overseas territories
United States: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
Uruguay: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy
Uzbekistan: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and 12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
Vanuatu: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow
Venezuela: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
Vietnam: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
Virgin Islands: white, with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel
Wake Island: the flag of the US is used
Wallis and Futuna: a large white modified Maltese cross centered on a red background; the flag of France outlined in white on two sides is in the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is used for official occasions
Yemen: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
Yugoslavia: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
Zambia: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
Zimbabwe: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
Taiwan: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
======================================================================
@GDP
Afghanistan: purchasing power parity - $21 billion (2000 est.)
Albania: purchasing power parity - $10.5 billion (2000 est.)
Algeria: purchasing power parity - $171 billion (2000 est.)
American Samoa: purchasing power parity - $500 million (2000 est.)
Andorra: purchasing power parity - $1.2 billion (1996 est.)
Angola: purchasing power parity - $10.1 billion (2000 est.)
Anguilla: purchasing power parity - $96 million (1999 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: purchasing power parity - $533 million (1999 est.)
Argentina: purchasing power parity - $476 billion (2000 est.)
Armenia: purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)
Aruba: purchasing power parity - $2 billion (2000 est.)
Australia: purchasing power parity - $445.8 billion (2000 est.)
Austria: purchasing power parity - $203 billion (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: purchasing power parity - $23.5 billion (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The: purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (2000 est.)
Bahrain: purchasing power parity - $10.1 billion (2000 est.)
Bangladesh: purchasing power parity - $203 billion (2000 est.)
Barbados: purchasing power parity - $4 billion (2000 est.)
Belarus: purchasing power parity - $78.8 billion (2000 est.)
Belgium: purchasing power parity - $259.2 billion (2000 est.)
Belize: purchasing power parity - $790 million (2000 est.)
Benin: purchasing power parity - $6.6 billion (2000 est.)
Bermuda: purchasing power parity - $2.1 billion (2000 est.)
Bhutan: purchasing power parity - $2.3 billion (2000 est.)
Bolivia: purchasing power parity - $20.9 billion (2000 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: purchasing power parity - $6.5 billion (2000 est.)
Botswana: purchasing power parity - $10.4 billion (2000 est.)
Brazil: purchasing power parity - $1.13 trillion (2000 est.)
British Virgin Islands: purchasing power parity - $311 million (2000 est.)
Brunei: purchasing power parity - $5.9 billion (2000 est.)
Bulgaria: purchasing power parity - $48 billion (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: purchasing power parity - $12 billion (2000 est.)
Burma: purchasing power parity - $63.7 billion (2000 est.)
Burundi: purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (2000 est.)
Cambodia: purchasing power parity - $16.1 billion (2000 est.)
Cameroon: purchasing power parity - $26 billion (2000 est.)
Canada: purchasing power parity - $774.7 billion (2000 est.)
Cape Verde: purchasing power parity - $670 million (2000 est.)
Cayman Islands: purchasing power parity - $930 million (1997 est.)
Central African Republic: purchasing power parity - $6.1 billion (2000 est.)
Chad: purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (2000 est.)
Chile: purchasing power parity - $153.1 billion (2000 est.)
China: purchasing power parity - $4.5 trillion (2000 est.)
Christmas Island: purchasing power parity - $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: purchasing power parity - $NA
Colombia: purchasing power parity - $250 billion (2000 est.)
Comoros: purchasing power parity - $419 million (2000 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: purchasing power parity - $31 billion (2000 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: purchasing power parity - $3.1 billion (2000 est.)
Cook Islands: purchasing power parity - $100 million (1999 est.)
Costa Rica: purchasing power parity - $25 billion (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: purchasing power parity - $26.2 billion (2000 est.)
Croatia: purchasing power parity - $24.9 billion (2000 est.)
Cuba: purchasing power parity - $19.2 billion (2000 est.)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $9.7 billion (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $830 million (1999 est.)
Czech Republic: purchasing power parity - $132.4 billion (2000 est.)
Denmark: purchasing power parity - $136.2 billion (2000 est.)
Djibouti: purchasing power parity - $574 million (2000 est.)
Dominica: purchasing power parity - $290 million (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic: purchasing power parity - $48.3 billion (2000 est.)
Ecuador: purchasing power parity - $37.2 billion (2000 est.)
Egypt: purchasing power parity - $247 billion (2000 est.)
El Salvador: purchasing power parity - $24 billion (2000 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: purchasing power parity - $960 million (2000 est.)
Eritrea: purchasing power parity - $2.9 billion (2000 est.)
Estonia: purchasing power parity - $14.7 billion (2000 est.)
Ethiopia: purchasing power parity - $39.2 billion (2000 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): purchasing power parity - $52 million (FY95/96 est.)
Faroe Islands: purchasing power parity - $910 million (2000 est.)
Fiji: purchasing power parity - $5.9 billion (1999 est.)
Finland: purchasing power parity - $118.3 billion (2000 est.)
France: purchasing power parity - $1.448 trillion (2000 est.)
French Guiana: purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1998 est.)
French Polynesia: purchasing power parity - $2.6 billion (1997 est.)
Gabon: purchasing power parity - $7.7 billion (2000 est.)
Gambia, The: purchasing power parity - $1.5 billion (2000 est.)
Gaza Strip: purchasing power parity - $1.11 billion (2000 est.)
Georgia: purchasing power parity - $22.8 billion (2000 est.)
Germany: purchasing power parity - $1.936 trillion (2000 est.)
Ghana: purchasing power parity - $37.4 billion (2000 est.)
Gibraltar: purchasing power parity - $500 million (1997 est.)
Greece: purchasing power parity - $181.9 billion (2000 est.)
Greenland: purchasing power parity - $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
Grenada: purchasing power parity - $394 million (2000 est.)
Guadeloupe: purchasing power parity - $3.7 billion (1997 est.)
Guam: purchasing power parity - $3.2 billion (2000 est.)
Guatemala: purchasing power parity - $46.2 billion (2000 est.)
Guernsey: purchasing power parity - $1.3 billion (1999 est.)
Guinea: purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: purchasing power parity - $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
Guyana: purchasing power parity - $3.4 billion (2000 est.)
Haiti: purchasing power parity - $12.7 billion (2000 est.)
Honduras: purchasing power parity - $17 billion (2000 est.)
Hong Kong: purchasing power parity - $181 billion (2000 est.)
Hungary: purchasing power parity - $113.9 billion (2000 est.)
Iceland: purchasing power parity - $6.85 billion (2000 est.)
India: purchasing power parity - $2.2 trillion (2000 est.)
Indonesia: purchasing power parity - $654 billion (2000 est.)
Iran: purchasing power parity - $413 billion (2000 est.)
Iraq: purchasing power parity - $57 billion (2000 est.)
Ireland: purchasing power parity - $81.9 billion (2000 est.)
Israel: purchasing power parity - $110.2 billion (2000 est.)
Italy: purchasing power parity - $1.273 trillion (2000 est.)
Jamaica: purchasing power parity - $9.7 billion (2000 est.)
Japan: purchasing power parity - $3.15 trillion (2000 est.)
Jersey: purchasing power parity - $2.2 billion (1999 est.)
Jordan: purchasing power parity - $17.3 billion (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: purchasing power parity - $85.6 billion (2000 est.)
Kenya: purchasing power parity - $45.6 billion (2000 est.)
Kiribati: purchasing power parity - $76 million (2000 est.), supplemented by a nearly equal amount from external sources
Korea, North: purchasing power parity - $22 billion (2000 est.)
Korea, South: purchasing power parity - $764.6 billion (2000 est.)
Kuwait: purchasing power parity - $29.3 billion (2000 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: purchasing power parity - $12.6 billion (2000 est.)
Laos: purchasing power parity - $9 billion (2000 est.)
Latvia: purchasing power parity - $17.3 billion (2000 est.)
Lebanon: purchasing power parity - $18.2 billion (2000 est.)
Lesotho: purchasing power parity - $5.1 billion (2000 est.)
Liberia: purchasing power parity - $3.35 billion (2000 est.)
Libya: purchasing power parity - $45.4 billion (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: purchasing power parity - $730 million (1998 est.)
Lithuania: purchasing power parity - $26.4 billion (2000 est.)
Luxembourg: purchasing power parity - $15.9 billion (2000 est.)
Macau: purchasing power parity - $7.82 billion (2000 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: purchasing power parity - $9 billion (2000 est.)
Madagascar: purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (2000 est.)
Malawi: purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2000 est.)
Malaysia: purchasing power parity - $223.7 billion (2000 est.)
Maldives: purchasing power parity - $594 million (2000 est.)
Mali: purchasing power parity - $9.1 billion (2000 est.)
Malta: purchasing power parity - $5.6 billion (2000 est.)
Man, Isle of: purchasing power parity - $1.4 billion (1999 est.)
Marshall Islands: purchasing power parity - $105 million (1998 est.), supplemented by approximately $65 million annual US aid
Martinique: purchasing power parity - $4.39 billion (1997 est.)
Mauritania: purchasing power parity - $5.4 billion (2000 est.)
Mauritius: purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (2000 est.)
Mayotte: purchasing power parity - $85 million (1998 est.)
Mexico: purchasing power parity - $915 billion (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: purchasing power parity - $263 million (1999 est.)
note: GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging perhaps $100 million annually
Moldova: purchasing power parity - $11.3 billion (2000 est.)
Monaco: purchasing power parity - $870 million (1999 est.)
Mongolia: purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2000 est.)
Montserrat: purchasing power parity - $31 million (1999 est.)
Morocco: purchasing power parity - $105 billion (2000 est.)
Mozambique: purchasing power parity - $19.1 billion (2000 est.)
Namibia: purchasing power parity - $7.6 billion (2000 est.)
Nauru: purchasing power parity - $59 million (2000 est.)
Nepal: purchasing power parity - $33.7 billion (2000 est.)
Netherlands: purchasing power parity - $388.4 billion (2000 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: purchasing power parity - $2.4 billion (2000 est.)
New Caledonia: purchasing power parity - $3 billion (1998 est.)
New Zealand: purchasing power parity - $67.6 billion (2000 est.)
Nicaragua: purchasing power parity - $13.1 billion (2000 est.)
Niger: purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)
Nigeria: purchasing power parity - $117 billion (2000 est.)
Niue: purchasing power parity - $4.5 million (1997 est.)
Norfolk Island: purchasing power parity - $NA
Northern Mariana Islands: purchasing power parity - $900 million (2000 est.)
note: GDP numbers reflect US spending
Norway: purchasing power parity - $124.1 billion (1999 est.)
Oman: purchasing power parity - $19.6 billion (2000 est.)
Pakistan: purchasing power parity - $282 billion (2000 est.)
Palau: purchasing power parity - $129 million (1998 est.)
note: GDP numbers reflect US spending
Panama: purchasing power parity - $16.6 billion (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: purchasing power parity - $12.2 billion (2000 est.)
Paraguay: purchasing power parity - $26.2 billion (2000 est.)
Peru: purchasing power parity - $123 billion (2000 est.)
Philippines: purchasing power parity - $310 billion (2000 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: purchasing power parity - $NA
Poland: purchasing power parity - $327.5 billion (2000 est.)
Portugal: purchasing power parity - $159 billion (2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: purchasing power parity - $39 billion (2000 est.)
Qatar: purchasing power parity - $15.1 billion (2000 est.)
Reunion: purchasing power parity - $3.4 billion (1998 est.)
Romania: purchasing power parity - $132.5 billion (2000 est.)
Russia: purchasing power parity - $1.12 trillion (2000 est.)
Rwanda: purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: purchasing power parity - $18 million (1998 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: purchasing power parity - $274 million (2000 est.)
Saint Lucia: purchasing power parity - $700 million (2000 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: purchasing power parity - $74 million (1996 est.); supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: purchasing power parity - $322 million (2000 est.)
Samoa: purchasing power parity - $571 million (2000 est.)
San Marino: purchasing power parity - $860 million (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: purchasing power parity - $178 million (2000 est.)
Saudi Arabia: purchasing power parity - $232 billion (2000 est.)
Senegal: purchasing power parity - $16 billion (2000 est.)
Seychelles: purchasing power parity - $610 million (2000 est.)
Sierra Leone: purchasing power parity - $2.7 billion (2000 est.)
Singapore: purchasing power parity - $109.8 billion (2000 est.)
Slovakia: purchasing power parity - $55.3 billion (2000 est.)
Slovenia: purchasing power parity - $22.9 billion (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands: purchasing power parity - $900 million (2000 est.)
Somalia: purchasing power parity - $4.3 billion (2000 est.)
South Africa: purchasing power parity - $369 billion (2000 est.)
Spain: purchasing power parity - $720.8 billion (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: purchasing power parity - $62.7 billion (2000 est.)
Sudan: purchasing power parity - $35.7 billion (2000 est.)
Suriname: purchasing power parity - $1.48 billion (1999 est.)
Svalbard: purchasing power parity - $NA
Swaziland: purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (2000 est.)
Sweden: purchasing power parity - $197 billion (2000 est.)
Switzerland: purchasing power parity - $207 billion (2000 est.)
Syria: purchasing power parity - $50.9 billion (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (2000 est.)
Tanzania: purchasing power parity - $25.1 billion (2000 est.)
Thailand: purchasing power parity - $413 billion (2000 est.)
Togo: purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (2000 est.)
Tokelau: purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
Tonga: purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: purchasing power parity - $11.2 billion (2000 est.)
Tunisia: purchasing power parity - $62.8 billion (2000 est.)
Turkey: purchasing power parity - $444 billion (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: purchasing power parity - $19.6 billion (2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: purchasing power parity - $128 million (1999 est.)
Tuvalu: purchasing power parity - $11.6 million (1999 est.)
Uganda: purchasing power parity - $26.2 billion (2000 est.)
Ukraine: purchasing power parity - $189.4 billion (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: purchasing power parity - $54 billion (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: purchasing power parity - $1.36 trillion (2000 est.)
United States: purchasing power parity - $9.963 trillion (2000 est.)
Uruguay: purchasing power parity - $31 billion (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: purchasing power parity - $60 billion (2000 est.)
Vanuatu: purchasing power parity - $245 million (1999 est.)
Venezuela: purchasing power parity - $146.2 billion (2000 est.)
Vietnam: purchasing power parity - $154.4 billion (2000 est.)
Virgin Islands: purchasing power parity - $1.8 billion (2000 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: purchasing power parity - $30 million (1997 est.)
West Bank: purchasing power parity - $3.1 billion (2000 est.)
Western Sahara: purchasing power parity - $NA
World: GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $43.6 trillion (2000 est.)
Yemen: purchasing power parity - $14.4 billion (2000 est.)
Yugoslavia: purchasing power parity - $24.2 billion (2000 est.)
Zambia: purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe: purchasing power parity - $28.2 billion (2000 est.)
Taiwan: purchasing power parity - $386 billion (2000 est.)
======================================================================
@GDP - composition by sector
Afghanistan: agriculture: 53%
industry: 28.5%
services: 18.5% (1990)
Albania: agriculture: 55%
industry: 24%
services: 21% (2000)
Algeria: agriculture: 11%
industry: 37%
services: 52% (1999 est.)
American Samoa: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Andorra: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Angola: agriculture: 7%
industry: 60%
services: 33% (1999 est.)
Anguilla: agriculture: 4%
industry: 18%
services: 78% (1997 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: agriculture: 4%
industry: 12.5%
services: 83.5% (1996 est.)
Argentina: agriculture: 6%
industry: 32%
services: 62% (2000 est.)
Armenia: agriculture: 40%
industry: 25%
services: 35% (1999 est.)
Aruba: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Australia: agriculture: 3%
industry: 26%
services: 71% (1999 est.)
Austria: agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 30.4%
services: 67.4% (1999 est.)
Azerbaijan: agriculture: 22%
industry: 33%
services: 45% (1999 est.)
Bahamas, The: agriculture: 3%
industry: 7%
services: 90% (1999 est.)
Bahrain: agriculture: 1%
industry: 46%
services: 53% (1996 est.)
Bangladesh: agriculture: 30%
industry: 18%
services: 52% (2000 est.)
Barbados: agriculture: 4%
industry: 16%
services: 80% (1998)
Belarus: agriculture: 13%
industry: 46%
services: 41% (1999 est.)
Belgium: agriculture: 1.4%
industry: 26%
services: 72.6% (2000 est.)
Belize: agriculture: 18%
industry: 24%
services: 58% (2000 est.)
Benin: agriculture: 37.9%
industry: 13.5%
services: 48.6% (1999)
Bermuda: agriculture: 1%
industry: 10%
services: 89% (1995 est.)
Bhutan: agriculture: 38%
industry: 37%
services: 25% (2000 est.)
Bolivia: agriculture: 16%
industry: 31%
services: 53% (1999 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: agriculture: 19%
industry: 23%
services: 58% (1996 est.)
Botswana: agriculture: 4%
industry: 46% (including 36% mining)
services: 50% (1998 est.)
Brazil: agriculture: 9%
industry: 29%
services: 62% (1999 est.)
British Virgin Islands: agriculture: 1.8%
industry: 6.2%
services: 92% (1996 est.)
Brunei: agriculture: 5%
industry: 46%
services: 49% (1996 est.)
Bulgaria: agriculture: 15%
industry: 29%
services: 56% (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: agriculture: 26%
industry: 27%
services: 47% (1998)
Burma: agriculture: 42%
industry: 17%
services: 41% (2000 est.)
Burundi: agriculture: 50%
industry: 18%
services: 32% (1999 est.)
Cambodia: agriculture: 43%
industry: 20%
services: 37% (1998 est.)
Cameroon: agriculture: 43.4%
industry: 20.1%
services: 36.5% (1999 est.)
Canada: agriculture: 3%
industry: 31%
services: 66% (2000 est.)
Cape Verde: agriculture: 13%
industry: 19%
services: 68% (1998)
Cayman Islands: agriculture: 1.4%
industry: 3.2%
services: 95.4% (1994 est.)
Central African Republic: agriculture: 53%
industry: 20%
services: 27% (1999 est.)
Chad: agriculture: 40%
industry: 14%
services: 46% (1998)
Chile: agriculture: 8%
industry: 38%
services: 54% (2000)
China: agriculture: 15%
industry: 50%
services: 35% (2000 est.)
Christmas Island: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Colombia: agriculture: 19%
industry: 26%
services: 55% (1999 est.)
Comoros: agriculture: 40%
industry: 4%
services: 56% (2000 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: agriculture: 58%
industry: 17%
services: 25% (1997 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: agriculture: 10%
industry: 48%
services: 42% (1999 est.)
Cook Islands: agriculture: 18%
industry: 9%
services: 73% (1995)
Costa Rica: agriculture: 12.5%
industry: 30.7%
services: 56.8% (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire: agriculture: 32%
industry: 18%
services: 50% (1998)
Croatia: agriculture: 10%
industry: 19%
services: 71% (1999 est.)
Cuba: agriculture: 7%
industry: 37%
services: 56% (1998 est.)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: agriculture 6.3%, industry 22.4%, services 71.3% (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: agriculture 11.8%, industry 20.5%, services 67.7% (1998)
Czech Republic: agriculture: 3.7%
industry: 41.8%
services: 54.5% (1999)
Denmark: agriculture: 3%
industry: 25%
services: 72% (2000 est.)
Djibouti: agriculture: 3%
industry: 22%
services: 75% (1998 est.)
Dominica: agriculture: 21%
industry: 16%
services: 63% (1999 est.)
Dominican Republic: agriculture: 11.3%
industry: 32.2%
services: 56.5% (1999 est.)
Ecuador: agriculture: 14%
industry: 36%
services: 50% (1999 est.)
Egypt: agriculture: 17%
industry: 32%
services: 51% (1999)
El Salvador: agriculture: 12%
industry: 28%
services: 60% (1999 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: agriculture: 20%
industry: 60%
services: 20% (1999 est.)
Eritrea: agriculture: 16%
industry: 27%
services: 57% (2000 est.)
Estonia: agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 30.7%
services: 65.7% (1999)
Ethiopia: agriculture: 45%
industry: 12%
services: 43% (1999 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Faroe Islands: agriculture: 27%
industry: 11%
services: 62% (1999)
Fiji: agriculture: 16%
industry: 30%
services: 54% (1999 est.)
Finland: agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 29%
services: 67.5% (1999)
France: agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 26.1%
services: 70.6% (1999)
French Guiana: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
French Polynesia: agriculture: 4%
industry: 18%
services: 78% (1997)
Gabon: agriculture: 10%
industry: 60%
services: 30% (1999 est.)
Gambia, The: agriculture: 21%
industry: 12%
services: 67% (1998 est.)
Gaza Strip: agriculture: 9%
industry: 28%
services: 63% (1999 est., includes West Bank)
Georgia: agriculture: 32%
industry: 23%
services: 45% (1999 est.)
Germany: agriculture: 1.2%
industry: 30.4%
services: 68.4% (1999)
Ghana: agriculture: 36%
industry: 25%
services: 39% (2000 est.)
Gibraltar: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Greece: agriculture: 8.3%
industry: 27.3%
services: 64.4% (1998)
Greenland: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Grenada: agriculture: 9.7%
industry: 15%
services: 75.3% (1996 est.)
Guadeloupe: agriculture: 15%
industry: 17%
services: 68% (1997 est.)
Guam: agriculture: NA%
industry: 15% (1993)
services: NA%
Guatemala: agriculture: 23%
industry: 20%
services: 57% (2000 est.)
Guernsey: agriculture: 3%
industry: 10%
services: 87% (2000)
Guinea: agriculture: 22.3%
industry: 35.3%
services: 42.4% (1998 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: agriculture: 54%
industry: 15%
services: 31% (1997 est.)
Guyana: agriculture: 34.7%
industry: 32.5%
services: 32.8% (1998 est.)
Haiti: agriculture: 32%
industry: 20%
services: 48% (1999 est.)
Honduras: agriculture: 16.2%
industry: 31.9%
services: 51.9% (1999 est.)
Hong Kong: agriculture: 0.1%
industry: 14.3%
services: 85.6% (1999 est.)
Hungary: agriculture: 5%
industry: 35%
services: 60% (2000 est.)
Iceland: agriculture: 15% (includes fishing 13%)
industry: 21%
services: 64% (1999 est.)
India: agriculture: 25%
industry: 24%
services: 51% (2000)
Indonesia: agriculture: 21%
industry: 35%
services: 44% (1999 est.)
Iran: agriculture: 24%
industry: 28%
services: 48% (2000 est.)
Iraq: agriculture: 6%
industry: 13%
services: 81% (1993 est.)
Ireland: agriculture: 4%
industry: 38%
services: 58% (1999)
Israel: agriculture: 4%
industry: 37%
services: 59% (1999 est.)
Italy: agriculture: 2.5%
industry: 30.4%
services: 67.1% (2000 est.)
Jamaica: agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 35.2%
services: 57.4% (1999 est.)
Japan: agriculture: 2%
industry: 35%
services: 63% (1999 est.)
Jersey: agriculture: 5%
industry: 2%
services: 93% (1996)
Jordan: agriculture: 3%
industry: 25%
services: 72% (1998 est.)
Kazakhstan: agriculture: 10%
industry: 30%
services: 60% (1999 est.)
Kenya: agriculture: 25%
industry: 13%
services: 62% (1999 est.)
Kiribati: agriculture: 14%
industry: 7%
services: 79% (1996 est.)
Korea, North: agriculture: 30%
industry: 42%
services: 28% (1999 est.)
Korea, South: agriculture: 5.6%
industry: 41.4%
services: 53% (1999 est.)
Kuwait: agriculture: 0%
industry: 55%
services: 45% (1996)
Kyrgyzstan: agriculture: 39%
industry: 22%
services: 39% (1999 est.)
Laos: agriculture: 51%
industry: 22%
services: 27% (1999 est.)
Latvia: agriculture: 5%
industry: 33%
services: 62% (1999)
Lebanon: agriculture: 12%
industry: 27%
services: 61% (1999 est.)
Lesotho: agriculture: 18%
industry: 38%
services: 44% (1999)
Liberia: agriculture: 60%
industry: 10%
services: 30% (2000 est.)
Libya: agriculture: 7%
industry: 47%
services: 46% (1997 est.)
Liechtenstein: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Lithuania: agriculture: 10%
industry: 33%
services: 57% (1999 est.)
Luxembourg: agriculture: 1%
industry: 30%
services: 69% (2000 est.)
Macau: agriculture: 1%
industry: 25%
services: 74% (2000 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: agriculture: 12%
industry: 25%
services: 63% (2000)
Madagascar: agriculture: 30%
industry: 14%
services: 56% (1999 est.)
Malawi: agriculture: 37%
industry: 29%
services: 34% (1998 est.)
Malaysia: agriculture: 14%
industry: 44%
services: 42% (2000)
Maldives: agriculture: 20%
industry: 18%
services: 62% (2000 est.)
Mali: agriculture: 46%
industry: 21%
services: 33% (1998)
Malta: agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 25.5%
services: 71.7% (1999)
Man, Isle of: agriculture: 1%
industry: 9%
services: 90% (1999 est.)
Marshall Islands: agriculture: 15%
industry: 13%
services: 72% (1995)
Martinique: agriculture: 6%
industry: 11%
services: 83% (1997 est.)
Mauritania: agriculture: 25%
industry: 31%
services: 44% (1997)
Mauritius: agriculture: 10%
industry: 29%
services: 61% (1996)
Mayotte: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Mexico: agriculture: 5%
industry: 27%
services: 68% (2000)
Micronesia, Federated States of: agriculture: 19%
industry: 4%
services: 77% (1996 est.)
Moldova: agriculture: 31%
industry: 35%
services: 34% (1998)
Monaco: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Mongolia: agriculture: 36%
industry: 22%
services: 42% (2000 est.)
Montserrat: agriculture: 5.4%
industry: 13.6%
services: 81% (1996 est.)
Morocco: agriculture: 15%
industry: 33%
services: 52% (1999 est.)
Mozambique: agriculture: 44%
industry: 19%
services: 37% (1999 est.)
Namibia: agriculture: 12%
industry: 25%
services: 63% (1999 est.)
Nauru: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Nepal: agriculture: 41%
industry: 22%
services: 37% (2000 est.)
Netherlands: agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 26.3%
services: 70.4% (2000 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: agriculture: 1%
industry: 15%
services: 84% (1996 est.)
New Caledonia: agriculture: 4%
industry: 30%
services: 66% (1997 est.)
New Zealand: agriculture: 8%
industry: 23%
services: 69% (1999)
Nicaragua: agriculture: 31.6%
industry: 22.8%
services: 45.6% (1999)
Niger: agriculture: 40%
industry: 18%
services: 42% (1998)
Nigeria: agriculture: 40%
industry: 40%
services: 20% (1999 est.)
Niue: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Norfolk Island: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Northern Mariana Islands: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Norway: agriculture: 2%
industry: 25%
services: 73% (1999)
Oman: agriculture: 3%
industry: 40%
services: 57% (1999 est.)
Pakistan: agriculture: 25.4%
industry: 24.9%
services: 49.7% (1999 est.)
Palau: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Panama: agriculture: 7%
industry: 16.5%
services: 76.5% (1999 est.)
Papua New Guinea: agriculture: 30%
industry: 35%
services: 35% (1999 est.)
Paraguay: agriculture: 28%
industry: 21%
services: 51% (1999 est.)
Peru: agriculture: 15%
industry: 42%
services: 43% (1999)
Philippines: agriculture: 20%
industry: 32%
services: 48% (1997 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Poland: agriculture: 3.8%
industry: 36.6%
services: 59.6% (1999)
Portugal: agriculture: 4%
industry: 36%
services: 60% (1999 est.)
Puerto Rico: agriculture: 1%
industry: 45%
services: 54% (1999 est.)
Qatar: agriculture: 1%
industry: 49%
services: 50% (1996 est.)
Reunion: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Romania: agriculture: 13.9%
industry: 32.6%
services: 53.5% (2000)
Russia: agriculture: 7%
industry: 34%
services: 59% (1999 est.)
Rwanda: agriculture: 40%
industry: 20%
services: 40% (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Saint Kitts and Nevis: agriculture: 5.5%
industry: 22.5%
services: 72% (1996)
Saint Lucia: agriculture: 10.7%
industry: 32.3%
services: 57% (1996 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: agriculture: 10.6%
industry: 17.5%
services: 71.9% (1996 est.)
Samoa: agriculture: 15%
industry: 24%
services: 61% (2000 est.)
San Marino: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Sao Tome and Principe: agriculture: 23%
industry: 19%
services: 58% (1997 est.)
Saudi Arabia: agriculture: 6%
industry: 47%
services: 47% (1998 est.)
Senegal: agriculture: 19%
industry: 20%
services: 61% (1997 est.)
Seychelles: agriculture: 3.1%
industry: 26.3%
services: 70.6% (1999)
Sierra Leone: agriculture: 43%
industry: 26%
services: 31% (1999)
Singapore: agriculture: NEGL%
industry: 30%
services: 70%
Slovakia: agriculture: 4.5%
industry: 29.3%
services: 66.2% (1999 est.)
Slovenia: agriculture: 4%
industry: 35%
services: 61% (1999 est.)
Solomon Islands: agriculture: 50%
industry: 3.5%
services: 46.5% (1995)
Somalia: agriculture: 60%
industry: 10% (largely shut down in 2000)
services: 30% (2000 est.)
South Africa: agriculture: 5%
industry: 30%
services: 65% (1999 est.)
Spain: agriculture: 4%
industry: 31%
services: 65% (1999)
Sri Lanka: agriculture: 21%
industry: 19%
services: 60% (1998)
Sudan: agriculture: 39%
industry: 17%
services: 44% (1998 est.)
Suriname: agriculture: 13%
industry: 22%
services: 65% (1998 est.)
Swaziland: agriculture: 10%
industry: 46%
services: 44% (1998 est.)
Sweden: agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 27.9%
services: 69.9% (1999)
Switzerland: agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 31.1%
services: 66.1% (1995)
Syria: agriculture: 29%
industry: 22%
services: 49% (1997)
Tajikistan: agriculture: 19.8%
industry: 18.1%
services: 62.1% (1998)
Tanzania: agriculture: 49%
industry: 17%
services: 34% (1998 est.)
Thailand: agriculture: 13%
industry: 40%
services: 47% (1999)
Togo: agriculture: 42%
industry: 21%
services: 37% (1997)
Tokelau: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Tonga: agriculture: 30%
industry: 10%
services: 60% (1997)
Trinidad and Tobago: agriculture: 2%
industry: 44%
services: 54% (1998 est.)
Tunisia: agriculture: 14%
industry: 32%
services: 54% (1999 est.)
Turkey: agriculture: 15%
industry: 29%
services: 56% (1999)
Turkmenistan: agriculture: 25%
industry: 43%
services: 32% (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Tuvalu: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Uganda: agriculture: 43%
industry: 17%
services: 40% (1998 est.)
Ukraine: agriculture: 12%
industry: 26%
services: 62% (1998 est.)
United Arab Emirates: agriculture: 3%
industry: 52%
services: 45% (1996 est.)
United Kingdom: agriculture: 1.7%
industry: 24.9%
services: 73.4% (1999)
United States: agriculture: 2%
industry: 18%
services: 80% (1999)
Uruguay: agriculture: 10%
industry: 28%
services: 62% (1999)
Uzbekistan: agriculture: 28%
industry: 21%
services: 51% (1999 est.)
Vanuatu: agriculture: 20%
industry: 9%
services: 71% (1999 est.)
Venezuela: agriculture: 5%
industry: 24%
services: 71% (1999 est.)
Vietnam: agriculture: 25%
industry: 35%
services: 40% (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Wallis and Futuna: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
West Bank: agriculture: 9%
industry: 28%
services: 63%
note: includes Gaza Strip (1999 est.)
Western Sahara: agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: 40%-45% (1996 est.)
World: agriculture: 4%
industry: 32%
services: 64% (1999 est.)
Yemen: agriculture: 20%
industry: 42%
services: 38% (1998)
Yugoslavia: agriculture: 20%
industry: 50%
services: 30% (1998 est.)
Zambia: agriculture: 18%
industry: 27%
services: 55% (1999 est.)
Zimbabwe: agriculture: 28%
industry: 32%
services: 40% (1997 est.)
Taiwan: agriculture: 3%
industry: 33%
services: 64% (1999 est.)
======================================================================
@GDP - per capita
Afghanistan: purchasing power parity - $800 (2000 est.)
Albania: purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2000 est.)
Algeria: purchasing power parity - $5,500 (2000 est.)
American Samoa: purchasing power parity - $8,000 (2000 est.)
Andorra: purchasing power parity - $18,000 (1996 est.)
Angola: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Anguilla: purchasing power parity - $8,200 (1999 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: purchasing power parity - $8,200 (1999 est.)
Argentina: purchasing power parity - $12,900 (2000 est.)
Armenia: purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2000 est.)
Aruba: purchasing power parity - $28,000 (2000 est.)
Australia: purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2000 est.)
Austria: purchasing power parity - $25,000 (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The: purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2000 est.)
Bahrain: purchasing power parity - $15,900 (2000 est.)
Bangladesh: purchasing power parity - $1,570 (2000 est.)
Barbados: purchasing power parity - $14,500 (2000 est.)
Belarus: purchasing power parity - $7,500 (2000 est.)
Belgium: purchasing power parity - $25,300 (2000 est.)
Belize: purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2000 est.)
Benin: purchasing power parity - $1,030 (2000 est.)
Bermuda: purchasing power parity - $33,000 (2000 est.)
Bhutan: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Bolivia: purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2000 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Botswana: purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2000 est.)
Brazil: purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.)
British Virgin Islands: purchasing power parity - $16,000 (2000 est.)
Brunei: purchasing power parity - $17,600 (2000 est.)
Bulgaria: purchasing power parity - $6,200 (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Burma: purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.)
Burundi: purchasing power parity - $720 (2000 est.)
Cambodia: purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.)
Cameroon: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Canada: purchasing power parity - $24,800 (2000 est.)
Cape Verde: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Cayman Islands: purchasing power parity - $24,500 (1997 est.)
Central African Republic: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Chad: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Chile: purchasing power parity - $10,100 (2000 est.)
China: purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)
Christmas Island: purchasing power parity - $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: purchasing power parity - $NA
Colombia: purchasing power parity - $6,200 (2000 est.)
Comoros: purchasing power parity - $720 (2000 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: purchasing power parity - $600 (2000 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Cook Islands: purchasing power parity - $5,000 (1999 est.)
Costa Rica: purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2000 est.)
Croatia: purchasing power parity - $5,800 (2000 est.)
Cuba: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $16,000 (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: purchasing power parity - $5,300 (1999 est.)
Czech Republic: purchasing power parity - $12,900 (2000 est.)
Denmark: purchasing power parity - $25,500 (2000 est.)
Djibouti: purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.)
Dominica: purchasing power parity - $4,000 (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic: purchasing power parity - $5,700 (2000 est.)
Ecuador: purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2000 est.)
Egypt: purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)
El Salvador: purchasing power parity - $4,000 (2000 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)
Eritrea: purchasing power parity - $710 (2000 est.)
Estonia: purchasing power parity - $10,000 (2000 est.)
Ethiopia: purchasing power parity - $600 (2000 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): purchasing power parity - $19,000 (FY95/96 est.)
Faroe Islands: purchasing power parity - $20,000 (2000 est.)
Fiji: purchasing power parity - $7,300 (1999 est.)
Finland: purchasing power parity - $22,900 (2000 est.)
France: purchasing power parity - $24,400 (2000 est.)
French Guiana: purchasing power parity - $6,000 (1998 est.)
French Polynesia: purchasing power parity - $10,800 (1997 est.)
Gabon: purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2000 est.)
Gambia, The: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Gaza Strip: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Georgia: purchasing power parity - $4,600 (2000 est.)
Germany: purchasing power parity - $23,400 (2000 est.)
Ghana: purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2000 est.)
Gibraltar: purchasing power parity - $17,500 (1997 est.)
Greece: purchasing power parity - $17,200 (2000 est.)
Greenland: purchasing power parity - $20,000 (2000 est.)
Grenada: purchasing power parity - $4,400 (2000 est.)
Guadeloupe: purchasing power parity - $9,000 (1997 est.)
Guam: purchasing power parity - $21,000 (2000 est.)
Guatemala: purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2000 est.)
Guernsey: purchasing power parity - $20,000 (1999 est.)
Guinea: purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)
Guyana: purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2000 est.)
Haiti: purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2000 est.)
Honduras: purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2000 est.)
Hong Kong: purchasing power parity - $25,400 (2000 est.)
Hungary: purchasing power parity - $11,200 (2000 est.)
Iceland: purchasing power parity - $24,800 (2000 est.)
India: purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.)
Indonesia: purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2000 est.)
Iran: purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2000 est.)
Iraq: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
Ireland: purchasing power parity - $21,600 (2000 est.)
Israel: purchasing power parity - $18,900 (2000 est.)
Italy: purchasing power parity - $22,100 (2000 est.)
Jamaica: purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2000 est.)
Japan: purchasing power parity - $24,900 (2000 est.)
Jersey: purchasing power parity - $24,800 (1999 est.)
Jordan: purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2000 est.)
Kenya: purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.)
Kiribati: purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)
Korea, North: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Korea, South: purchasing power parity - $16,100 (2000 est.)
Kuwait: purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2000 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2000 est.)
Laos: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2000 est.)
Latvia: purchasing power parity - $7,200 (2000 est.)
Lebanon: purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2000 est.)
Lesotho: purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2000 est.)
Liberia: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Libya: purchasing power parity - $8,900 (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: purchasing power parity - $23,000 (1998 est.)
Lithuania: purchasing power parity - $7,300 (2000 est.)
Luxembourg: purchasing power parity - $36,400 (2000 est.)
Macau: purchasing power parity - $17,500 (2000 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: purchasing power parity - $4,400 (2000 est.)
Madagascar: purchasing power parity - $800 (2000 est.)
Malawi: purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)
Malaysia: purchasing power parity - $10,300 (2000 est.)
Maldives: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)
Mali: purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)
Malta: purchasing power parity - $14,300 (2000 est.)
Man, Isle of: purchasing power parity - $18,800 (1999 est.)
Marshall Islands: purchasing power parity - $1,670 (1998 est.)
Martinique: purchasing power parity - $11,000 (1997 est.)
Mauritania: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)
Mauritius: purchasing power parity - $10,400 (2000 est.)
Mayotte: purchasing power parity - $600 (1998 est.)
Mexico: purchasing power parity - $9,100 (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (1999 est.)
Moldova: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
Monaco: purchasing power parity - $27,000 (1999 est.)
Mongolia: purchasing power parity - $1,780 (2000 est.)
Montserrat: purchasing power parity - $5,000 (1999 est.)
Morocco: purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2000 est.)
Mozambique: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Namibia: purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2000 est.)
Nauru: purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2000 est.)
Nepal: purchasing power parity - $1,360 (2000 est.)
Netherlands: purchasing power parity - $24,400 (2000 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: purchasing power parity - $11,400 (2000 est.)
New Caledonia: purchasing power parity - $15,000 (1998 est.)
New Zealand: purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2000 est.)
Nicaragua: purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2000 est.)
Niger: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Nigeria: purchasing power parity - $950 (2000 est.)
Niue: purchasing power parity - $2,800 (1997 est.)
Norfolk Island: purchasing power parity - $NA
Northern Mariana Islands: purchasing power parity - $12,500 (2000 est.)
Norway: purchasing power parity - $27,700 (2000 est.)
Oman: purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.)
Pakistan: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)
Palau: purchasing power parity - $7,100 (1998 est.)
Panama: purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
Paraguay: purchasing power parity - $4,750 (2000 est.)
Peru: purchasing power parity - $4,550 (2000 est.)
Philippines: purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2000 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: purchasing power parity - $NA
Poland: purchasing power parity - $8,500 (2000 est.)
Portugal: purchasing power parity - $15,800 (2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: purchasing power parity - $10,000 (2000 est.)
Qatar: purchasing power parity - $20,300 (2000 est.)
Reunion: purchasing power parity - $4,800 (1998 est.)
Romania: purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2000 est.)
Russia: purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.)
Rwanda: purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (1998 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: purchasing power parity - $7,000 (2000 est.)
Saint Lucia: purchasing power parity - $4,500 (2000 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: purchasing power parity - $11,000 (1996 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: purchasing power parity - $2,800 (2000 est.)
Samoa: purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2000 est.)
San Marino: purchasing power parity - $32,000 (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Saudi Arabia: purchasing power parity - $10,500 (2000 est.)
Senegal: purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2000 est.)
Seychelles: purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.)
Sierra Leone: purchasing power parity - $510 (2000 est.)
Singapore: purchasing power parity - $26,500 (2000 est.)
Slovakia: purchasing power parity - $10,200 (2000 est.)
Slovenia: purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)
Somalia: purchasing power parity - $600 (2000 est.)
South Africa: purchasing power parity - $8,500 (2000 est.)
Spain: purchasing power parity - $18,000 (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: purchasing power parity - $3,250 (2000 est.)
Sudan: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
Suriname: purchasing power parity - $3,400 (1999 est.)
Svalbard: purchasing power parity - $NA
Swaziland: purchasing power parity - $4,000 (2000 est.)
Sweden: purchasing power parity - $22,200 (2000 est.)
Switzerland: purchasing power parity - $28,600 (2000 est.)
Syria: purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: purchasing power parity - $1,140 (2000 est.)
Tanzania: purchasing power parity - $710 (2000 est.)
Thailand: purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2000 est.)
Togo: purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.)
Tokelau: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)
Tonga: purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: purchasing power parity - $9,500 (2000 est.)
Tunisia: purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.)
Turkey: purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: purchasing power parity - $7,300 (1999 est.)
Tuvalu: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (1999 est.)
Uganda: purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)
Ukraine: purchasing power parity - $3,850 (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: purchasing power parity - $22,800 (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: purchasing power parity - $22,800 (2000 est.)
United States: purchasing power parity - $36,200 (2000 est.)
Uruguay: purchasing power parity - $9,300 (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2000 est.)
Vanuatu: purchasing power parity - $1,300 (1999 est.)
Venezuela: purchasing power parity - $6,200 (2000 est.)
Vietnam: purchasing power parity - $1,950 (2000 est.)
Virgin Islands: purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2000 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (1997 est.)
West Bank: purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.)
Western Sahara: purchasing power parity - $NA
World: purchasing power parity - $7,200 (2000 est.)
Yemen: purchasing power parity - $820 (2000 est.)
Yugoslavia: purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2000 est.)
Zambia: purchasing power parity - $880 (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe: purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
Taiwan: purchasing power parity - $17,400 (2000 est.)
======================================================================
@GDP - real growth rate
Afghanistan: NA%
Albania: 7.5% (2000 est.)
Algeria: 5% (2000 est.)
American Samoa: NA%
Andorra: NA%
Angola: 4.9% (2000 est.)
Anguilla: 7% (1999 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: 4.6% (1999 est.)
Argentina: 0.8% (2000 est.)
Armenia: 5% (2000 est.)
Aruba: 3.5% (2000 est.)
Australia: 4.7% (2000 est.)
Austria: 3.1% (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: 11.4% (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The: 4.5% (2000 est.)
Bahrain: 5% (2000 est.)
Bangladesh: 5.3% (2000 est.)
Barbados: 2.8% (2000 est.)
Belarus: 4% (2000 est.)
Belgium: 4.1% (2000 est.)
Belize: 4% (2000 est.)
Benin: 5% (2000 est.)
Bermuda: 1.5% (2000 est.)
Bhutan: 6% (2000 est.)
Bolivia: 2.5% (2000 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 8% (2000 est.)
Botswana: 6% (2000 est.)
Brazil: 4.2% (2000 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 6% (2000 est.)
Brunei: 3% (2000 est.)
Bulgaria: 5% (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: 5% (2000 est.)
Burma: 4.9% (2000 est.)
Burundi: 1.8% (2000 est.)
Cambodia: 4% (2000 est.)
Cameroon: 4.4% (2000 est.)
Canada: 4.3% (2000 est.)
Cape Verde: 6% (2000 est.)
Cayman Islands: 4.9% (1999 est.)
Central African Republic: 3.5% (2000 est.)
Chad: 4% (2000 est.)
Chile: 5.5% (2000 est.)
China: 8% (2000 est.)
Christmas Island: NA%
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA%
Colombia: 3% (2000 est.)
Comoros: 0.5% (2000 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: -15% (2000 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: 3.8% (2000 est.)
Cook Islands: NA%
Costa Rica: 3% (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: -0.3% (2000 est.)
Croatia: 3.2% (2000 est.)
Cuba: 5.6% (2000 est.)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: 4.2% (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 4.9% (1999 est.)
Czech Republic: 2.5% (2000 est.)
Denmark: 2.8% (2000 est.)
Djibouti: 2% (2000 est.)
Dominica: 0.5% (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic: 8% (2000 est.)
Ecuador: 0.8% (2000 est.)
Egypt: 5% (2000 est.)
El Salvador: 2.5% (2000 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: 12% (2000 est.)
Eritrea: -1% (2000 est.)
Estonia: 6.4% (2000 est.)
Ethiopia: 2% (2000 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 1% (FY95/96 est.)
Faroe Islands: 5% (2000 est.)
Fiji: -8% (1999 est.)
Finland: 5.6% (2000 est.)
France: 3.1% (2000 est.)
French Guiana: NA%
French Polynesia: 2.5% (1997 est.)
Gabon: 1.2% (2000 est.)
Gambia, The: 4.9% (2000 est.)
Gaza Strip: -7.5% (2000 est.)
Georgia: 1.9% (2000 est.)
Germany: 3% (2000 est.)
Ghana: 3% (2000 est.)
Gibraltar: NA%
Greece: 3.8% (2000 est.)
Greenland: NA%
Grenada: 7% (2000 est.)
Guadeloupe: NA%
Guam: NA%
Guatemala: 3% (2000 est.)
Guernsey: 5.7% (1999 est.)
Guinea: 5% (2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: 7.6% (2000 est.)
Guyana: 3% (2000 est.)
Haiti: 1.2% (2000 est.)
Honduras: 5% (2000 est.)
Hong Kong: 10% (2000 est.)
Hungary: 5.5% (2000 est.)
Iceland: 4.3% (2000 est.)
India: 6% (2000 est.)
Indonesia: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Iran: 3% (2000 est.)
Iraq: 15% (2000 est.)
Ireland: 9.9% (2000 est.)
Israel: 5.9% (2000 est.)
Italy: 2.7% (2000 est.)
Jamaica: 0.2% (2000 est.)
Japan: 1.3% (2000 est.)
Jersey: NA%
Jordan: 2% (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: 10.5% (2000 est.)
Kenya: 0.4% (2000 est.)
Kiribati: 1% (2000 est.)
Korea, North: -3% (2000 est.)
Korea, South: 9% (2000 est.)
Kuwait: 6% (2000 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: 5.7% (2000 est.)
Laos: 4% (2000 est.)
Latvia: 5.5% (2000 est.)
Lebanon: 1% (2000 est.)
Lesotho: 2.5% (2000 est.)
Liberia: 15% (2000 est.)
Libya: 6.5% (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: NA%
Lithuania: 2.9% (2000 est.)
Luxembourg: 5.7% (2000 est.)
Macau: 2% (2000 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 5% (2000 est.)
Madagascar: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Malawi: 3% (2000 est.)
Malaysia: 8.6% (2000 est.)
Maldives: 7.6% (2000 est.)
Mali: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Malta: 3.4% (2000 est.)
Man, Isle of: 13.5% (1999 est.)
Marshall Islands: -5% (1998 est.)
Martinique: NA%
Mauritania: 5% (2000 est.)
Mauritius: 7.5% (2000 est.)
Mayotte: NA%
Mexico: 7.1% (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: 0.3% (1999 est.)
Moldova: -1.5% (2000 est.)
Monaco: NA%
Mongolia: -1% (2000 est.)
Montserrat: -1.5% (1999 est.)
Morocco: 0.8% (2000 est.)
Mozambique: 3.8% (2000 est.)
Namibia: 4% (2000 est.)
Nauru: NA%
Nepal: 3.7% (2000 est.)
Netherlands: 4% (2000 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: -3.5% (2000 est.)
New Caledonia: 3.5% (1998 est.)
New Zealand: 3.6% (2000 est.)
Nicaragua: 5% (2000 est.)
Niger: 3.5% (2000 est.)
Nigeria: 3.5% (2000 est.)
Niue: NA%
Norfolk Island: NA%
Northern Mariana Islands: NA%
Norway: 2.7% (2000 est.)
Oman: 4.6% (2000 est.)
Pakistan: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Palau: -1.4% (1998 est.)
Panama: 2.5% (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 2.9% (2000 est.)
Paraguay: 1% (2000 est.)
Peru: 3.6% (2000 est.)
Philippines: 3.6% (2000 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA%
Poland: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Portugal: 2.7% (2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: 2.8% (2000 est.)
Qatar: 4% (2000 est.)
Reunion: 3.8% (1998 est.)
Romania: 2.2% (2000 est.)
Russia: 6.3% (2000 est.)
Rwanda: 5.8% (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: NA%
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 5% (2000 est.)
Saint Lucia: 0.5% (2000 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: NA%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 2% (2000 est.)
Samoa: 6.8% (2000 est.)
San Marino: 8% (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: 3% (2000 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 4% (2000 est.)
Senegal: 5.7% (2000 est.)
Seychelles: 1.5% (2000 est.)
Sierra Leone: 4.2% (2000 est.)
Singapore: 10.1% (2000 est.)
Slovakia: 2.2% (2000 est.)
Slovenia: 4.5% (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands: 1% (2000 est.)
Somalia: NA%
South Africa: 3% (2000 est.)
Spain: 4% (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: 5.6% (2000 est.)
Sudan: 7% (2000 est.)
Suriname: -1% (1999 est.)
Svalbard: NA%
Swaziland: 2.4% (2000 est.)
Sweden: 4.3% (2000 est.)
Switzerland: 3% (2000 est.)
Syria: 3.5% (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: 5.1% (2000 est.)
Tanzania: 5.2% (2000 est.)
Thailand: 4.2% (2000 est.)
Togo: 3.4% (2000 est.)
Tokelau: NA%
Tonga: 5% (2000 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: 5% (2000 est.)
Tunisia: 5% (2000 est.)
Turkey: 6% (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: 16% (2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 8.7% (1999 est.)
Tuvalu: 3% (1999 est.)
Uganda: 6% (2000 est.)
Ukraine: 6% (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 4% (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: 3% (2000 est.)
United States: 5% (2000 est.)
Uruguay: -1.1% (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: 2.1% (2000 est.)
Vanuatu: -2.5% (1999 est.)
Venezuela: 3.2% (2000 est.)
Vietnam: 5.5% (2000 est.)
Virgin Islands: NA%
Wallis and Futuna: NA%
West Bank: -7.5% (2000 est.)
Western Sahara: NA%
World: 4.8% (2000 est.)
Yemen: 6% (2000 est.)
Yugoslavia: 15% (2000 est.)
Zambia: 4% (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe: -6.1% (2000 est.)
Taiwan: 6.3% (2000 est.)
======================================================================
@Geographic coordinates
Afghanistan: 33 00 N, 65 00 E
Albania: 41 00 N, 20 00 E
Algeria: 28 00 N, 3 00 E
American Samoa: 14 20 S, 170 00 W
Andorra: 42 30 N, 1 30 E
Angola: 12 30 S, 18 30 E
Anguilla: 18 15 N, 63 10 W
Antarctica: 90 00 S, 0 00 E
Antigua and Barbuda: 17 03 N, 61 48 W
Arctic Ocean: 90 00 N, 0 00 E
Argentina: 34 00 S, 64 00 W
Armenia: 40 00 N, 45 00 E
Aruba: 12 30 N, 69 58 W
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: 12 14 S, 123 05 E
Atlantic Ocean: 0 00 N, 25 00 W
Australia: 27 00 S, 133 00 E
Austria: 47 20 N, 13 20 E
Azerbaijan: 40 30 N, 47 30 E
Bahamas, The: 24 15 N, 76 00 W
Bahrain: 26 00 N, 50 33 E
Baker Island: 0 13 N, 176 31 W
Bangladesh: 24 00 N, 90 00 E
Barbados: 13 10 N, 59 32 W
Bassas da India: 21 30 S, 39 50 E
Belarus: 53 00 N, 28 00 E
Belgium: 50 50 N, 4 00 E
Belize: 17 15 N, 88 45 W
Benin: 9 30 N, 2 15 E
Bermuda: 32 20 N, 64 45 W
Bhutan: 27 30 N, 90 30 E
Bolivia: 17 00 S, 65 00 W
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 44 00 N, 18 00 E
Botswana: 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Bouvet Island: 54 26 S, 3 24 E
Brazil: 10 00 S, 55 00 W
British Indian Ocean Territory: 6 00 S, 71 30 E
British Virgin Islands: 18 30 N, 64 30 W
Brunei: 4 30 N, 114 40 E
Bulgaria: 43 00 N, 25 00 E
Burkina Faso: 13 00 N, 2 00 W
Burma: 22 00 N, 98 00 E
Burundi: 3 30 S, 30 00 E
Cambodia: 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Cameroon: 6 00 N, 12 00 E
Canada: 60 00 N, 95 00 W
Cape Verde: 16 00 N, 24 00 W
Cayman Islands: 19 30 N, 80 30 W
Central African Republic: 7 00 N, 21 00 E
Chad: 15 00 N, 19 00 E
Chile: 30 00 S, 71 00 W
China: 35 00 N, 105 00 E
Christmas Island: 10 30 S, 105 40 E
Clipperton Island: 10 17 N, 109 13 W
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 12 30 S, 96 50 E
Colombia: 4 00 N, 72 00 W
Comoros: 12 10 S, 44 15 E
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 0 00 N, 25 00 E
Congo, Republic of the: 1 00 S, 15 00 E
Cook Islands: 21 14 S, 159 46 W
Coral Sea Islands: 18 00 S, 152 00 E
Costa Rica: 10 00 N, 84 00 W
Cote d'Ivoire: 8 00 N, 5 00 W
Croatia: 45 10 N, 15 30 E
Cuba: 21 30 N, 80 00 W
Cyprus: 35 00 N, 33 00 E
Czech Republic: 49 45 N, 15 30 E
Denmark: 56 00 N, 10 00 E
Djibouti: 11 30 N, 43 00 E
Dominica: 15 25 N, 61 20 W
Dominican Republic: 19 00 N, 70 40 W
Ecuador: 2 00 S, 77 30 W
Egypt: 27 00 N, 30 00 E
El Salvador: 13 50 N, 88 55 W
Equatorial Guinea: 2 00 N, 10 00 E
Eritrea: 15 00 N, 39 00 E
Estonia: 59 00 N, 26 00 E
Ethiopia: 8 00 N, 38 00 E
Europa Island: 22 20 S, 40 22 E
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 51 45 S, 59 00 W
Faroe Islands: 62 00 N, 7 00 W
Fiji: 18 00 S, 175 00 E
Finland: 64 00 N, 26 00 E
France: 46 00 N, 2 00 E
French Guiana: 4 00 N, 53 00 W
French Polynesia: 15 00 S, 140 00 W
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: 43 00 S, 67 00 E
Gabon: 1 00 S, 11 45 E
Gambia, The: 13 28 N, 16 34 W
Gaza Strip: 31 25 N, 34 20 E
Georgia: 42 00 N, 43 30 E
Germany: 51 00 N, 9 00 E
Ghana: 8 00 N, 2 00 W
Gibraltar: 36 11 N, 5 22 W
Glorioso Islands: 11 30 S, 47 20 E
Greece: 39 00 N, 22 00 E
Greenland: 72 00 N, 40 00 W
Grenada: 12 07 N, 61 40 W
Guadeloupe: 16 15 N, 61 35 W
Guam: 13 28 N, 144 47 E
Guatemala: 15 30 N, 90 15 W
Guernsey: 49 28 N, 2 35 W
Guinea: 11 00 N, 10 00 W
Guinea-Bissau: 12 00 N, 15 00 W
Guyana: 5 00 N, 59 00 W
Haiti: 19 00 N, 72 25 W
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: 53 06 S, 72 31 E
Holy See (Vatican City): 41 54 N, 12 27 E
Honduras: 15 00 N, 86 30 W
Hong Kong: 22 15 N, 114 10 E
Howland Island: 0 48 N, 176 38 W
Hungary: 47 00 N, 20 00 E
Iceland: 65 00 N, 18 00 W
India: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Indian Ocean: 20 00 S, 80 00 E
Indonesia: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Iran: 32 00 N, 53 00 E
Iraq: 33 00 N, 44 00 E
Ireland: 53 00 N, 8 00 W
Israel: 31 30 N, 34 45 E
Italy: 42 50 N, 12 50 E
Jamaica: 18 15 N, 77 30 W
Jan Mayen: 71 00 N, 8 00 W
Japan: 36 00 N, 138 00 E
Jarvis Island: 0 22 S, 160 03 W
Jersey: 49 15 N, 2 10 W
Johnston Atoll: 16 45 N, 169 31 W
Jordan: 31 00 N, 36 00 E
Juan de Nova Island: 17 03 S, 42 45 E
Kazakhstan: 48 00 N, 68 00 E
Kenya: 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Kingman Reef: 6 24 N, 162 24 W
Kiribati: 1 25 N, 173 00 E
Korea, North: 40 00 N, 127 00 E
Korea, South: 37 00 N, 127 30 E
Kuwait: 29 30 N, 45 45 E
Kyrgyzstan: 41 00 N, 75 00 E
Laos: 18 00 N, 105 00 E
Latvia: 57 00 N, 25 00 E
Lebanon: 33 50 N, 35 50 E
Lesotho: 29 30 S, 28 30 E
Liberia: 6 30 N, 9 30 W
Libya: 25 00 N, 17 00 E
Liechtenstein: 47 10 N, 9 32 E
Lithuania: 56 00 N, 24 00 E
Luxembourg: 49 45 N, 6 10 E
Macau: 22 10 N, 113 33 E
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 41 50 N, 22 00 E
Madagascar: 20 00 S, 47 00 E
Malawi: 13 30 S, 34 00 E
Malaysia: 2 30 N, 112 30 E
Maldives: 3 15 N, 73 00 E
Mali: 17 00 N, 4 00 W
Malta: 35 50 N, 14 35 E
Man, Isle of: 54 15 N, 4 30 W
Marshall Islands: 9 00 N, 168 00 E
Martinique: 14 40 N, 61 00 W
Mauritania: 20 00 N, 12 00 W
Mauritius: 20 17 S, 57 33 E
Mayotte: 12 50 S, 45 10 E
Mexico: 23 00 N, 102 00 W
Micronesia, Federated States of: 6 55 N, 158 15 E
Midway Islands: 28 13 N, 177 22 W
Moldova: 47 00 N, 29 00 E
Monaco: 43 44 N, 7 24 E
Mongolia: 46 00 N, 105 00 E
Montserrat: 16 45 N, 62 12 W
Morocco: 32 00 N, 5 00 W
Mozambique: 18 15 S, 35 00 E
Namibia: 22 00 S, 17 00 E
Nauru: 0 32 S, 166 55 E
Navassa Island: 18 25 N, 75 02 W
Nepal: 28 00 N, 84 00 E
Netherlands: 52 30 N, 5 45 E
Netherlands Antilles: 12 15 N, 68 45 W
New Caledonia: 21 30 S, 165 30 E
New Zealand: 41 00 S, 174 00 E
Nicaragua: 13 00 N, 85 00 W
Niger: 16 00 N, 8 00 E
Nigeria: 10 00 N, 8 00 E
Niue: 19 02 S, 169 52 W
Norfolk Island: 29 02 S, 167 57 E
Northern Mariana Islands: 15 12 N, 145 45 E
Norway: 62 00 N, 10 00 E
Oman: 21 00 N, 57 00 E
Pacific Ocean: 0 00 N, 160 00 W
Pakistan: 30 00 N, 70 00 E
Palau: 7 30 N, 134 30 E
Palmyra Atoll: 5 52 N, 162 06 W
Panama: 9 00 N, 80 00 W
Papua New Guinea: 6 00 S, 147 00 E
Paracel Islands: 16 30 N, 112 00 E
Paraguay: 23 00 S, 58 00 W
Peru: 10 00 S, 76 00 W
Philippines: 13 00 N, 122 00 E
Pitcairn Islands: 25 04 S, 130 06 W
Poland: 52 00 N, 20 00 E
Portugal: 39 30 N, 8 00 W
Puerto Rico: 18 15 N, 66 30 W
Qatar: 25 30 N, 51 15 E
Reunion: 21 06 S, 55 36 E
Romania: 46 00 N, 25 00 E
Russia: 60 00 N, 100 00 E
Rwanda: 2 00 S, 30 00 E
Saint Helena: 15 56 S, 5 42 W
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 17 20 N, 62 45 W
Saint Lucia: 13 53 N, 60 68 W
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 46 50 N, 56 20 W
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 13 15 N, 61 12 W
Samoa: 13 35 S, 172 20 W
San Marino: 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Sao Tome and Principe: 1 00 N, 7 00 E
Saudi Arabia: 25 00 N, 45 00 E
Senegal: 14 00 N, 14 00 W
Seychelles: 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Sierra Leone: 8 30 N, 11 30 W
Singapore: 1 22 N, 103 48 E
Slovakia: 48 40 N, 19 30 E
Slovenia: 46 00 N, 15 00 E
Solomon Islands: 8 00 S, 159 00 E
Somalia: 10 00 N, 49 00 E
South Africa: 29 00 S, 24 00 E
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: 54 30 S, 37 00 W
Southern Ocean: 65 00 S, 0 00 E (nominally), but the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica, and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude
Spain: 40 00 N, 4 00 W
Spratly Islands: 8 38 N, 111 55 E
Sri Lanka: 7 00 N, 81 00 E
Sudan: 15 00 N, 30 00 E