The 2001 CIA World Factbook (part 10 of 17)
Sierra Leone: total: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)
Slovakia: total: 17
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 7 (2000 est.)
Slovenia: total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands: total: 29
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 18 (2000 est.)
Somalia: total: 57
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 11 (2000 est.)
South Africa: total: 599
1,524 to 2,437 m: 33
914 to 1,523 m: 304
under 914 m: 262 (2000 est.)
Spain: total: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 25 (2000 est.)
Spratly Islands: total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)
Sudan: total: 49
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 25
under 914 m: 9 (2000 est.)
Suriname: total: 41
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 35 (2000 est.)
Svalbard: total: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)
Swaziland: total: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (2000 est.)
Sweden: total: 108
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 103 (2000 est.)
Switzerland: total: 25
under 914 m: 25 (2000 est.)
Syria: total: 76
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 63 (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: total: 51
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 36 (2000 est.)
Tanzania: total: 115
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 63
under 914 m: 35 (2000 est.)
Thailand: total: 51
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 34 (2000 est.)
Togo: total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)
Tonga: total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)
Tromelin Island: total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)
Tunisia: total: 17
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 7 (2000 est.)
Turkey: total: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 26 (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: total: 63
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 41 (2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)
Tuvalu: total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)
Uganda: total: 24
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 8 (2000 est.)
Ukraine: total: 604
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 52
914 to 1,523 m: 45
under 914 m: 457 (2000 est.)
United Arab Emirates: total: 18
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: total: 140
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 116 (2000 est.)
United States: total: 9,546
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 164
914 to 1,523 m: 1,675
under 914 m: 7,698 (2000 est.)
Uruguay: total: 49
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 31 (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: total: 257
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 222
Vanuatu: total: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 17 (2000 est.)
Venezuela: total: 247
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 97
under 914 m: 140 (2000 est.)
Vietnam: total: 17
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 8 (2000 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)
Western Sahara: total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)
Yemen: total: 37
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 5 (2000 est.)
Yugoslavia: total: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 14 (2000 est.)
Zambia: total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 65
under 914 m: 31 (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe: total: 437
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 209
under 914 m: 224 (2000 est.)
Taiwan: total: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)
======================================================================
@Area
Afghanistan: total: 647,500 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Albania: total: 28,748 sq km
land: 27,398 sq km
water: 1,350 sq km
Algeria: total: 2,381,740 sq km
land: 2,381,740 sq km
water: 0 sq km
American Samoa: total: 199 sq km
land: 199 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island
Andorra: total: 468 sq km
land: 468 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Angola: total: 1,246,700 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Anguilla: total: 91 sq km
land: 91 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Antarctica: total: 14 million sq km
land: 14 million sq km (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq km ice-covered) (est.)
note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe
Antigua and Barbuda: total: 442 sq km (Antigua 281 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)
land: 442 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Redonda
Arctic Ocean: total: 14.056 million sq km
note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies
Argentina: total: 2,766,890 sq km
land: 2,736,690 sq km
water: 30,200 sq km
Armenia: total: 29,800 sq km
land: 28,400 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km
Aruba: total: 193 sq km
land: 193 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: total: 5 sq km
land: 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island
Atlantic Ocean: total: 76.762 million sq km
note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Australia: total: 7,686,850 sq km
land: 7,617,930 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Austria: total: 83,858 sq km
land: 82,738 sq km
water: 1,120 sq km
Azerbaijan: total: 86,600 sq km
land: 86,100 sq km
water: 500 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991
Bahamas, The: total: 13,940 sq km
land: 10,070 sq km
water: 3,870 sq km
Bahrain: total: 620 sq km
land: 620 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Baker Island: total: 1.4 sq km
land: 1.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Bangladesh: total: 144,000 sq km
land: 133,910 sq km
water: 10,090 sq km
Barbados: total: 430 sq km
land: 430 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Bassas da India: total: 0.2 sq km
land: 0.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Belarus: total: 207,600 sq km
land: 207,600 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Belgium: total: 30,510 sq km
land: 30,230 sq km
water: 280 sq km
Belize: total: 22,966 sq km
land: 22,806 sq km
water: 160 sq km
Benin: total: 112,620 sq km
land: 110,620 sq km
water: 2,000 sq km
Bermuda: total: 58.8 sq km
land: 58.8 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Bhutan: total: 47,000 sq km
land: 47,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Bolivia: total: 1,098,580 sq km
land: 1,084,390 sq km
water: 14,190 sq km
Bosnia and Herzegovina: total: 51,129 sq km
land: 51,129 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Botswana: total: 600,370 sq km
land: 585,370 sq km
water: 15,000 sq km
Bouvet Island: total: 58.5 sq km
land: 58.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Brazil: total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
British Indian Ocean Territory: total: 60 sq km
land: 60 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago
British Virgin Islands: total: 150 sq km
land: 150 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the island of Anegada
Brunei: total: 5,770 sq km
land: 5,270 sq km
water: 500 sq km
Bulgaria: total: 110,910 sq km
land: 110,550 sq km
water: 360 sq km
Burkina Faso: total: 274,200 sq km
land: 273,800 sq km
water: 400 sq km
Burma: total: 678,500 sq km
land: 657,740 sq km
water: 20,760 sq km
Burundi: total: 27,830 sq km
land: 25,650 sq km
water: 2,180 sq km
Cambodia: total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km
Cameroon: total: 475,440 sq km
land: 469,440 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
Canada: total: 9,976,140 sq km
land: 9,220,970 sq km
water: 755,170 sq km
Cape Verde: total: 4,033 sq km
land: 4,033 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Cayman Islands: total: 259 sq km
land: 259 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Central African Republic: total: 622,984 sq km
land: 622,984 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Chad: total: 1.284 million sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
water: 24,800 sq km
Chile: total: 756,950 sq km
land: 748,800 sq km
water: 8,150 sq km
note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez
China: total: 9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km
Christmas Island: total: 135 sq km
land: 135 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Clipperton Island: total: 7 sq km
land: 7 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: total: 14 sq km
land: 14 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island
Colombia: total: 1,138,910 sq km
land: 1,038,700 sq km
water: 100,210 sq km
note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank
Comoros: total: 2,170 sq km
land: 2,170 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: total: 2,345,410 sq km
land: 2,267,600 sq km
water: 77,810 sq km
Congo, Republic of the: total: 342,000 sq km
land: 341,500 sq km
water: 500 sq km
Cook Islands: total: 240 sq km
land: 240 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Coral Sea Islands: total: less than 3 sq km
land: less than 3 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 1 million sq km, with the Willis Islets the most important
Costa Rica: total: 51,100 sq km
land: 50,660 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Isla del Coco
Cote d'Ivoire: total: 322,460 sq km
land: 318,000 sq km
water: 4,460 sq km
Croatia: total: 56,542 sq km
land: 56,414 sq km
water: 128 sq km
Cuba: total: 110,860 sq km
land: 110,860 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Cyprus: total: 9,250 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in the Turkish Cypriot area)
land: 9,240 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Czech Republic: total: 78,866 sq km
land: 77,276 sq km
water: 1,590 sq km
Denmark: total: 43,094 sq km
land: 42,394 sq km
water: 700 sq km
note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaeland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Djibouti: total: 22,000 sq km
land: 21,980 sq km
water: 20 sq km
Dominica: total: 754 sq km
land: 754 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Dominican Republic: total: 48,730 sq km
land: 48,380 sq km
water: 350 sq km
Ecuador: total: 283,560 sq km
land: 276,840 sq km
water: 6,720 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands
Egypt: total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
El Salvador: total: 21,040 sq km
land: 20,720 sq km
water: 320 sq km
Equatorial Guinea: total: 28,051 sq km
land: 28,051 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Eritrea: total: 121,320 sq km
land: 121,320 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Estonia: total: 45,226 sq km
land: 43,211 sq km
water: 2,015 sq km
note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea
Ethiopia: total: 1,127,127 sq km
land: 1,119,683 sq km
water: 7,444 sq km
Europa Island: total: 28 sq km
land: 28 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): total: 12,173 sq km
land: 12,173 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands
Faroe Islands: total: 1,399 sq km
land: 1,399 sq km
water: 0 sq km (some lakes and streams)
Fiji: total: 18,270 sq km
land: 18,270 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Finland: total: 337,030 sq km
land: 305,470 sq km
water: 31,560 sq km
France: total: 547,030 sq km
land: 545,630 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km
note: includes only metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas administrative divisions
French Guiana: total: 91,000 sq km
land: 89,150 sq km
water: 1,850 sq km
French Polynesia: total: 4,167 sq km (118 islands and atolls)
land: 3,660 sq km
water: 507 sq km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: total: 7,781 sq km
land: 7,781 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen; excludes "Adelie Land" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US
Gabon: total: 267,667 sq km
land: 257,667 sq km
water: 10,000 sq km
Gambia, The: total: 11,300 sq km
land: 10,000 sq km
water: 1,300 sq km
Gaza Strip: total: 360 sq km
land: 360 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Georgia: total: 69,700 sq km
land: 69,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Germany: total: 357,021 sq km
land: 349,223 sq km
water: 7,798 sq km
Ghana: total: 238,540 sq km
land: 230,020 sq km
water: 8,520 sq km
Gibraltar: total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Glorioso Islands: total: 5 sq km
land: 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock
Greece: total: 131,940 sq km
land: 130,800 sq km
water: 1,140 sq km
Greenland: total: 2,175,600 sq km
land: 2,175,600 sq km (341,700 sq km ice-free, 1,833,900 sq km ice-covered) (est.)
Grenada: total: 340 sq km
land: 340 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Guadeloupe: total: 1,780 sq km
land: 1,706 sq km
water: 74 sq km
note: Guadeloupe is an archipelago of nine inhabited islands, including Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Desirade, Iles des Saintes (2), Saint-Barthelemy, Iles de la Petite Terre, and Saint-Martin (French part of the island of Saint Martin
Guam: total: 549 sq km
land: 549 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Guatemala: total: 108,890 sq km
land: 108,430 sq km
water: 460 sq km
Guernsey: total: 194 sq km
land: 194 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands
Guinea: total: 245,857 sq km
land: 245,857 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Guinea-Bissau: total: 36,120 sq km
land: 28,000 sq km
water: 8,120 sq km
Guyana: total: 214,970 sq km
land: 196,850 sq km
water: 18,120 sq km
Haiti: total: 27,750 sq km
land: 27,560 sq km
water: 190 sq km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: total: 412 sq km
land: 412 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Holy See (Vatican City): total: 0.44 sq km
land: 0.44 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Honduras: total: 112,090 sq km
land: 111,890 sq km
water: 200 sq km
Hong Kong: total: 1,092 sq km
land: 1,042 sq km
water: 50 sq km
Howland Island: total: 1.6 sq km
land: 1.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Hungary: total: 93,030 sq km
land: 92,340 sq km
water: 690 sq km
Iceland: total: 103,000 sq km
land: 100,250 sq km
water: 2,750 sq km
India: total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km
Indian Ocean: total: 68.556 million sq km
note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, and other tributary water bodies
Indonesia: total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Iran: total: 1.648 million sq km
land: 1.636 million sq km
water: 12,000 sq km
Iraq: total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km
Ireland: total: 70,280 sq km
land: 68,890 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km
Israel: total: 20,770 sq km
land: 20,330 sq km
water: 440 sq km
Italy: total: 301,230 sq km
land: 294,020 sq km
water: 7,210 sq km
note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Jamaica: total: 10,990 sq km
land: 10,830 sq km
water: 160 sq km
Jan Mayen: total: 373 sq km
land: 373 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Japan: total: 377,835 sq km
land: 374,744 sq km
water: 3,091 sq km
note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)
Jarvis Island: total: 4.5 sq km
land: 4.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Jersey: total: 116 sq km
land: 116 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Johnston Atoll: total: 2.8 sq km
land: 2.8 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Jordan: total: 92,300 sq km
land: 91,971 sq km
water: 329 sq km
Juan de Nova Island: total: 4.4 sq km
land: 4.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Kazakhstan: total: 2,717,300 sq km
land: 2,669,800 sq km
water: 47,500 sq km
Kenya: total: 582,650 sq km
land: 569,250 sq km
water: 13,400 sq km
Kingman Reef: total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Kiribati: total: 717 sq km
land: 717 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands
Korea, North: total: 120,540 sq km
land: 120,410 sq km
water: 130 sq km
Korea, South: total: 98,480 sq km
land: 98,190 sq km
water: 290 sq km
Kuwait: total: 17,820 sq km
land: 17,820 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Kyrgyzstan: total: 198,500 sq km
land: 191,300 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km
Laos: total: 236,800 sq km
land: 230,800 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
Latvia: total: 64,589 sq km
land: 64,589 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Lebanon: total: 10,400 sq km
land: 10,230 sq km
water: 170 sq km
Lesotho: total: 30,355 sq km
land: 30,355 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Liberia: total: 111,370 sq km
land: 96,320 sq km
water: 15,050 sq km
Libya: total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Liechtenstein: total: 160 sq km
land: 160 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Lithuania: total: 65,200 sq km
land: 65,200 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Luxembourg: total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Macau: total: 21 sq km
land: 21 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: total: 25,333 sq km
land: 24,856 sq km
water: 477 sq km
Madagascar: total: 587,040 sq km
land: 581,540 sq km
water: 5,500 sq km
Malawi: total: 118,480 sq km
land: 94,080 sq km
water: 24,400 sq km
Malaysia: total: 329,750 sq km
land: 328,550 sq km
water: 1,200 sq km
Maldives: total: 300 sq km
land: 300 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Mali: total: 1.24 million sq km
land: 1.22 million sq km
water: 20,000 sq km
Malta: total: 316 sq km
land: 316 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Man, Isle of: total: 572 sq km
land: 572 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Marshall Islands: total: 181.3 sq km
land: 181.3 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, and Kwajalein
Martinique: total: 1,100 sq km
land: 1,060 sq km
water: 40 sq km
Mauritania: total: 1,030,700 sq km
land: 1,030,400 sq km
water: 300 sq km
Mauritius: total: 1,860 sq km
land: 1,850 sq km
water: 10 sq km
note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues
Mayotte: total: 374 sq km
land: 374 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Mexico: total: 1,972,550 sq km
land: 1,923,040 sq km
water: 49,510 sq km
Micronesia, Federated States of: total: 702 sq km
land: 702 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae
Midway Islands: total: 6.2 sq km
land: 6.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Eastern Island, Sand Island, and Spit Island
Moldova: total: 33,843 sq km
land: 33,371 sq km
water: 472 sq km
Monaco: total: 1.95 sq km
land: 1.95 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Mongolia: total: 1.565 million sq km
land: 1.565 million sq km
water: 0 sq km
Montserrat: total: 100 sq km
land: 100 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Morocco: total: 446,550 sq km
land: 446,300 sq km
water: 250 sq km
Mozambique: total: 801,590 sq km
land: 784,090 sq km
water: 17,500 sq km
Namibia: total: 825,418 sq km
land: 825,418 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Nauru: total: 21 sq km
land: 21 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Navassa Island: total: 5.2 sq km
land: 5.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Nepal: total: 140,800 sq km
land: 136,800 sq km
water: 4,000 sq km
Netherlands: total: 41,526 sq km
land: 33,883 sq km
water: 7,643 sq km
Netherlands Antilles: total: 960 sq km
land: 960 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin)
New Caledonia: total: 19,060 sq km
land: 18,575 sq km
water: 485 sq km
New Zealand: total: 268,680 sq km
land: 268,670 sq km
water: 10 sq km
note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands
Nicaragua: total: 129,494 sq km
land: 120,254 sq km
water: 9,240 sq km
Niger: total: 1.267 million sq km
land: 1,266,700 sq km
water: 300 sq km
Nigeria: total: 923,768 sq km
land: 910,768 sq km
water: 13,000 sq km
Niue: total: 260 sq km
land: 260 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Norfolk Island: total: 34.6 sq km
land: 34.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Northern Mariana Islands: total: 477 sq km
land: 477 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian
Norway: total: 324,220 sq km
land: 307,860 sq km
water: 16,360 sq km
Oman: total: 212,460 sq km
land: 212,460 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Pacific Ocean: total: 155.557 million sq km
note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Pakistan: total: 803,940 sq km
land: 778,720 sq km
water: 25,220 sq km
Palau: total: 458 sq km
land: 458 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Palmyra Atoll: total: 11.9 sq km
land: 11.9 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Panama: total: 78,200 sq km
land: 75,990 sq km
water: 2,210 sq km
Papua New Guinea: total: 462,840 sq km
land: 452,860 sq km
water: 9,980 sq km
Paracel Islands: total: NA sq km
land: NA sq km
water: 0 sq km
Paraguay: total: 406,750 sq km
land: 397,300 sq km
water: 9,450 sq km
Peru: total: 1,285,220 sq km
land: 1.28 million sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
Philippines: total: 300,000 sq km
land: 298,170 sq km
water: 1,830 sq km
Pitcairn Islands: total: 47 sq km
land: 47 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Poland: total: 312,685 sq km
land: 304,465 sq km
water: 8,220 sq km
Portugal: total: 92,391 sq km
land: 91,951 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Puerto Rico: total: 9,104 sq km
land: 8,959 sq km
water: 145 sq km
Qatar: total: 11,437 sq km
land: 11,437 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Reunion: total: 2,512 sq km
land: 2,502 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Romania: total: 237,500 sq km
land: 230,340 sq km
water: 7,160 sq km
Russia: total: 17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km
Rwanda: total: 26,338 sq km
land: 24,948 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km
Saint Helena: total: 410 sq km
land: 410 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes St. Helena Island, Ascension, and the island group of Tristan da Cunha, which consists of Tristan da Cunha Island, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the three Nightingale Islands
Saint Kitts and Nevis: total: 261 sq km (Saint Kitts 168 sq km; Nevis 93 sq km)
land: 261 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Saint Lucia: total: 620 sq km
land: 610 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: total: 242 sq km
land: 242 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: total: 389 sq km (Saint Vincent 344 sq km)
land: 389 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Samoa: total: 2,860 sq km
land: 2,850 sq km
water: 10 sq km
San Marino: total: 61.2 sq km
land: 61.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Sao Tome and Principe: total: 1,001 sq km
land: 1,001 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Saudi Arabia: total: 1,960,582 sq km
land: 1,960,582 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Senegal: total: 196,190 sq km
land: 192,000 sq km
water: 4,190 sq km
Seychelles: total: 455 sq km
land: 455 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Sierra Leone: total: 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km
water: 120 sq km
Singapore: total: 647.5 sq km
land: 637.5 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Slovakia: total: 48,845 sq km
land: 48,800 sq km
water: 45 sq km
Slovenia: total: 20,253 sq km
land: 20,253 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Solomon Islands: total: 28,450 sq km
land: 27,540 sq km
water: 910 sq km
Somalia: total: 637,657 sq km
land: 627,337 sq km
water: 10,320 sq km
South Africa: total: 1,219,912 sq km
land: 1,219,912 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: total: 3,903 sq km
land: 3,903 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist of some nine islands
Southern Ocean: total: 20.327 million sq km
note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Spain: total: 504,782 sq km
land: 499,542 sq km
water: 5,240 sq km
note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Melilla, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
Spratly Islands: total: less than 5 sq km
land: less than 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South China Sea
Sri Lanka: total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,740 sq km
water: 870 sq km
Sudan: total: 2,505,810 sq km
land: 2.376 million sq km
water: 129,810 sq km
Suriname: total: 163,270 sq km
land: 161,470 sq km
water: 1,800 sq km
Svalbard: total: 62,049 sq km
land: 62,049 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)
Swaziland: total: 17,363 sq km
land: 17,203 sq km
water: 160 sq km
Sweden: total: 449,964 sq km
land: 410,934 sq km
water: 39,030 sq km
Switzerland: total: 41,290 sq km
land: 39,770 sq km
water: 1,520 sq km
Syria: total: 185,180 sq km
land: 184,050 sq km
water: 1,130 sq km
note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory
Tajikistan: total: 143,100 sq km
land: 142,700 sq km
water: 400 sq km
Tanzania: total: 945,087 sq km
land: 886,037 sq km
water: 59,050 sq km
note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
Thailand: total: 514,000 sq km
land: 511,770 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km
Togo: total: 56,785 sq km
land: 54,385 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km
Tokelau: total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Tonga: total: 748 sq km
land: 718 sq km
water: 30 sq km
Trinidad and Tobago: total: 5,128 sq km
land: 5,128 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Tromelin Island: total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Tunisia: total: 163,610 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km
Turkey: total: 780,580 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km
Turkmenistan: total: 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Turks and Caicos Islands: total: 430 sq km
land: 430 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Tuvalu: total: 26 sq km
land: 26 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Uganda: total: 236,040 sq km
land: 199,710 sq km
water: 36,330 sq km
Ukraine: total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
United Arab Emirates: total: 82,880 sq km
land: 82,880 sq km
water: 0 sq km
United Kingdom: total: 244,820 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
United States: total: 9,629,091 sq km
land: 9,158,960 sq km
water: 470,131 sq km
note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia
Uruguay: total: 176,220 sq km
land: 173,620 sq km
water: 2,600 sq km
Uzbekistan: total: 447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km
Vanuatu: total: 12,200 sq km
land: 12,200 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes more than 80 islands
Venezuela: total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
Vietnam: total: 329,560 sq km
land: 325,360 sq km
water: 4,200 sq km
Virgin Islands: total: 352 sq km
land: 349 sq km
water: 3 sq km
Wake Island: total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Wallis and Futuna: total: 274 sq km
land: 274 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets
West Bank: total: 5,860 sq km
land: 5,640 sq km
water: 220 sq km
note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967
Western Sahara: total: 266,000 sq km
land: 266,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km
World: total: 510.072 million sq km
land: 148.94 million sq km
water: 361.132 million sq km
note: 70.8% of the world's surface is water, 29.2% is land
Yemen: total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
Yugoslavia: total: 102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km
Zambia: total: 752,614 sq km
land: 740,724 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km
Zimbabwe: total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km
Taiwan: total: 35,980 sq km
land: 32,260 sq km
water: 3,720 sq km
note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy
======================================================================
@Area - comparative
Afghanistan: slightly smaller than Texas
Albania: slightly smaller than Maryland
Algeria: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas
American Samoa: slightly larger than Washington, DC
Andorra: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Angola: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Anguilla: about half the size of Washington, DC
Antarctica: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
Antigua and Barbuda: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Arctic Ocean: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US
Argentina: slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US
Armenia: slightly smaller than Maryland
Aruba: slightly larger than Washington, DC
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Atlantic Ocean: slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the US
Australia: slightly smaller than the contiguous 48 states of the US
Austria: slightly smaller than Maine
Azerbaijan: slightly smaller than Maine
Bahamas, The: slightly smaller than Connecticut
Bahrain: 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Baker Island: about 2.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Bangladesh: slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Barbados: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Bassas da India: about one-third the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Belarus: slightly smaller than Kansas
Belgium: about the size of Maryland
Belize: slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Benin: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Bermuda: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Bhutan: about half the size of Indiana
Bolivia: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
Bosnia and Herzegovina: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Botswana: slightly smaller than Texas
Bouvet Island: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Brazil: slightly smaller than the US
British Indian Ocean Territory: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
British Virgin Islands: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
Brunei: slightly smaller than Delaware
Bulgaria: slightly larger than Tennessee
Burkina Faso: slightly larger than Colorado
Burma: slightly smaller than Texas
Burundi: slightly smaller than Maryland
Cambodia: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Cameroon: slightly larger than California
Canada: slightly larger than the US
Cape Verde: slightly larger than Rhode Island
Cayman Islands: 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Central African Republic: slightly smaller than Texas
Chad: slightly more than three times the size of California
Chile: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
China: slightly smaller than the US
Christmas Island: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC
Clipperton Island: about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Colombia: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
Comoros: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Congo, Republic of the: slightly smaller than Montana
Cook Islands: 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Coral Sea Islands: NA
Costa Rica: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Cote d'Ivoire: slightly larger than New Mexico
Croatia: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Cuba: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Cyprus: about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut
Czech Republic: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Denmark: slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts
Djibouti: slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Dominica: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
Dominican Republic: slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire
Ecuador: slightly smaller than Nevada
Egypt: slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
El Salvador: slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Equatorial Guinea: slightly smaller than Maryland
Eritrea: slightly larger than Pennsylvania
Estonia: slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined
Ethiopia: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Europa Island: about 0.16 times the size of Washington, DC
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): slightly smaller than Connecticut
Faroe Islands: eight times the size of Washington, DC
Fiji: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Finland: slightly smaller than Montana
France: slightly less than twice the size of Colorado
French Guiana: slightly smaller than Indiana
French Polynesia: slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Delaware
Gabon: slightly smaller than Colorado
Gambia, The: slightly less than twice the size of Delaware
Gaza Strip: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Georgia: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Germany: slightly smaller than Montana
Ghana: slightly smaller than Oregon
Gibraltar: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Glorioso Islands: about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Greece: slightly smaller than Alabama
Greenland: slightly more than three times the size of Texas
Grenada: twice the size of Washington, DC
Guadeloupe: 10 times the size of Washington, DC
Guam: three times the size of Washington, DC
Guatemala: slightly smaller than Tennessee
Guernsey: slightly larger than Washington, DC
Guinea: slightly smaller than Oregon
Guinea-Bissau: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
Guyana: slightly smaller than Idaho
Haiti: slightly smaller than Maryland
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: slightly more than two times the size of Washington, DC
Holy See (Vatican City): about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Honduras: slightly larger than Tennessee
Hong Kong: six times the size of Washington, DC
Howland Island: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Hungary: slightly smaller than Indiana
Iceland: slightly smaller than Kentucky
India: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Indian Ocean: about 5.5 times the size of the US
Indonesia: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Iran: slightly larger than Alaska
Iraq: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Ireland: slightly larger than West Virginia
Israel: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Italy: slightly larger than Arizona
Jamaica: slightly smaller than Connecticut
Jan Mayen: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Japan: slightly smaller than California
Jarvis Island: about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Jersey: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC
Johnston Atoll: about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Jordan: slightly smaller than Indiana
Juan de Nova Island: about seven times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Kazakhstan: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Kenya: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Kingman Reef: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Kiribati: four times the size of Washington, DC
Korea, North: slightly smaller than Mississippi
Korea, South: slightly larger than Indiana
Kuwait: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Kyrgyzstan: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Laos: slightly larger than Utah
Latvia: slightly larger than West Virginia
Lebanon: about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut
Lesotho: slightly smaller than Maryland
Liberia: slightly larger than Tennessee
Libya: slightly larger than Alaska
Liechtenstein: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
Lithuania: slightly larger than West Virginia
Luxembourg: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Macau: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: slightly larger than Vermont
Madagascar: slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
Malawi: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Malaysia: slightly larger than New Mexico
Maldives: about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC
Mali: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Malta: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
Man, Isle of: slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC
Marshall Islands: about the size of Washington, DC
Martinique: slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC
Mauritania: slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico
Mauritius: almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC
Mayotte: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Mexico: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Micronesia, Federated States of: four times the size of Washington, DC
Midway Islands: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Moldova: slightly larger than Maryland
Monaco: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Mongolia: slightly smaller than Alaska
Montserrat: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Morocco: slightly larger than California
Mozambique: slightly less than twice the size of California
Namibia: slightly more than half the size of Alaska
Nauru: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Navassa Island: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Nepal: slightly larger than Arkansas
Netherlands: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
Netherlands Antilles: more than five times the size of Washington, DC
New Caledonia: slightly smaller than New Jersey
New Zealand: about the size of Colorado
Nicaragua: slightly smaller than the state of New York
Niger: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Nigeria: slightly more than twice the size of California
Niue: 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Norfolk Island: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
Northern Mariana Islands: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Norway: slightly larger than New Mexico
Oman: slightly smaller than Kansas
Pacific Ocean: about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world
Pakistan: slightly less than twice the size of California
Palau: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Palmyra Atoll: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Panama: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Papua New Guinea: slightly larger than California
Paracel Islands: NA
Paraguay: slightly smaller than California
Peru: slightly smaller than Alaska
Philippines: slightly larger than Arizona
Pitcairn Islands: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Poland: slightly smaller than New Mexico
Portugal: slightly smaller than Indiana
Puerto Rico: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
Qatar: slightly smaller than Connecticut
Reunion: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Romania: slightly smaller than Oregon
Russia: slightly less than 1.8 times the size of the US
Rwanda: slightly smaller than Maryland
Saint Helena: slightly more than two times the size of Washington, DC
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Saint Lucia: 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: twice the size of Washington, DC
Samoa: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
San Marino: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Sao Tome and Principe: more than five times the size of Washington, DC
Saudi Arabia: slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US
Senegal: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Seychelles: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Sierra Leone: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Singapore: slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Slovakia: about twice the size of New Hampshire
Slovenia: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Solomon Islands: slightly smaller than Maryland
Somalia: slightly smaller than Texas
South Africa: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: slightly larger than Rhode Island
Southern Ocean: slightly more than twice the size of the US
Spain: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
Spratly Islands: NA
Sri Lanka: slightly larger than West Virginia
Sudan: slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US
Suriname: slightly larger than Georgia
Svalbard: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Swaziland: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Sweden: slightly larger than California
Switzerland: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
Syria: slightly larger than North Dakota
Tajikistan: slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Tanzania: slightly larger than twice the size of California
Thailand: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
Togo: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Tokelau: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Tonga: four times the size of Washington, DC
Trinidad and Tobago: slightly smaller than Delaware
Tromelin Island: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Tunisia: slightly larger than Georgia
Turkey: slightly larger than Texas
Turkmenistan: slightly larger than California
Turks and Caicos Islands: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Tuvalu: 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Uganda: slightly smaller than Oregon
Ukraine: slightly smaller than Texas
United Arab Emirates: slightly smaller than Maine
United Kingdom: slightly smaller than Oregon
United States: about one-half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe
Uruguay: slightly smaller than the state of Washington
Uzbekistan: slightly larger than California
Vanuatu: slightly larger than Connecticut
Venezuela: slightly more than twice the size of California
Vietnam: slightly larger than New Mexico
Virgin Islands: twice the size of Washington, DC
Wake Island: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Wallis and Futuna: 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
West Bank: slightly smaller than Delaware
Western Sahara: about the size of Colorado
World: land area about 16 times the size of the US
Yemen: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
Yugoslavia: slightly smaller than Kentucky
Zambia: slightly larger than Texas
Zimbabwe: slightly larger than Montana
Taiwan: slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined
======================================================================
@Background
Afghanistan: Afghanistan was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1979. The USSR was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others. Fighting subsequently continued among the various mujahidin factions, but the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban movement has been able to seize most of the country. In addition to the continuing civil strife, the country suffers from enormous poverty, a crumbling infrastructure, and widespread land mines.
Albania: In 1990 Albania ended 44 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven difficult as corrupt governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, a dilapidated infrastructure, widespread gangsterism, and disruptive political opponents. International observers judged local elections in 2000 to be acceptable and a step toward democratic development, but serious deficiencies remain to be corrected before the the 2001 parliamentary elections.
Algeria: After a century of rule by France, Algeria became independent in 1962. The surprising first round success of the fundamentalist FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) party in December 1991 balloting caused the army to intervene, crack down on the FIS, and postpone the subsequent elections. The FIS response has resulted in a continuous low-grade civil conflict with the secular state apparatus, which nonetheless has allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties. FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded itself in January 2000 and many armed militants surrendered under an amnesty program designed to promote national reconciliation. Nevertheless, residual fighting continues. Other concerns include large-scale unemployment and the need to diversify the petroleum-based economy.
American Samoa: Settled as early as 1000 B. C., Samoa was "discovered" by European explorers in the 18th century. International rivalries in the latter half of the 19th century were settled by an 1899 treaty in which Germany and the US divided the Samoan archipelago. The US formally occupied its portion - a smaller group of eastern islands with the excellent harbor of Pago Pago - the following year.
Andorra: Long isolated and impoverished, mountainous Andorra has achieved considerable prosperity since World War II through its tourist industry. Many immigrants (legal and illegal) are attracted to the thriving economy with its lack of income taxes.
Angola: Civil war has been the norm in Angola since independence from Portugal in 1975. A 1994 peace accord between the government and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces. A national unity government was installed in April of 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century.
Anguilla: Colonized by English settlers from Saint Kitts in 1650, Anguilla was administered by Great Britain until the early 19th century, when the island - against the wishes of the inhabitants - was incorporated into a single British dependency along with Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several attempts at separation failed. In 1971, two years after a revolt, Anguilla was finally allowed to secede; this arrangement was formally recognized in 1980 with Anguilla becoming a separate British dependency.
Antarctica: Speculation over the existence of a "southern land" was not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions began exploring the Peninsula region and areas south of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1838 was it established that Antarctica was indeed a continent and not just a group of islands. Various "firsts" were achieved in the early 20th century, including: 1902, first balloon flight (by British explorer Robert Falcon SCOTT); 1912, first to the South Pole (five Norwegian explorers under Roald AMUNDSEN); 1928, first fixed-wing aircraft flight (by Australian adventurer/explorer Sir Hubert WILKINS); 1929, first flight over the South Pole (by Americans Richard BYRD and Bernt BALCHEN); and 1935, first transantarctic flight (American Lincoln ELLSWORTH). Following World War II, there was an upsurge in scientific research on the continent. A number of countries have set up year-round research stations on Antarctica. Seven have made territorial claims, but no other country recognizes these claims. In order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in 1959, it entered into force in 1961.
Antigua and Barbuda: The islands of Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981. Some 3,000 refugees fleeing a volcanic eruption on nearby Montserrat have settled in Antigua and Barbuda since 1995.
Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.
Argentina: Following independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina experienced periods of internal political conflict between conservatives and liberals and between civilian and military factions. After World War II, a long period of Peronist dictatorship was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983, and numerous elections since then have underscored Argentina's progress in democratic consolidation.
Armenia: An Orthodox Christian country, Armenia was incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated exclave, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the exclave in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution.
Aruba: Discovered and claimed for Spain in 1499, Aruba was acquired by the Dutch in 1636. The island's economy has been dominated by three main industries. A 19th century gold rush was followed by prosperity brought on by the opening in 1924 of an oil refinery. The last decades of the 20th century saw a boom in the tourism industry. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba's request in 1990.
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Recent geological explorations have indicated promising petroleum formations.
Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal (Germany), Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain), and the St. Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are important strategic access waterways. The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south.
Australia: Australia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 1901. It was able to take advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. A referendum to change Australia's status, from a commonwealth headed by the British monarch to an independent republic, was defeated in 1999.
Austria: Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies, Austria's 1955 State Treaty declared the country "permanently neutral" as a condition of Soviet military withdrawal. Neutrality, once ingrained as part of the Austrian cultural identity, has been called into question since the Soviet collapse of 1991 and Austria's increasingly prominent role in European affairs. A prosperous country, Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and the euro monetary system in 1999.
Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan - a nation of Turkic Muslims - has been an independent republic since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Despite a cease-fire, in place since 1994, Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over the Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh enclave (largely Armenian populated). Azerbaijan has lost almost 20% of its territory and must support some 750,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) as a result of the conflict. Corruption is ubiquitous and the promise of widespread wealth from Azerbaijan's undeveloped petroleum resources remains largely unfulfilled.
Bahamas, The: Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas have prospered through tourism and international banking and investment management. Because of its geography, the country is a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments to the US, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal migrants into the US.
Bahrain: Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Possessing minimal oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining, and has transformed itself into an international banking center. The new amir is pushing economic and political reforms, and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In 2001, the International Court of Justice awarded the Hawar Islands, long disputed with Qatar, to Bahrain.
Baker Island: The US took possession of the island in 1857, and its guano deposits were mined by US and British companies during the second half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at colonization was begun on this island - as well as on nearby Howland Island - but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. Presently the island is a National Wildlife Refuge run by the US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle of the west coast.
Bangladesh: Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of this extremely poor country annually floods during the monsoon rainy season, hampering economic development.
Barbados: The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. Its economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance.
Bassas da India: This atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs and is awash at high tide. A French possession since 1897, it was placed under the administration of a commissioner residing in Reunion in 1968.
Belarus: After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration but, to date, neither side has actively sought to implement the accord.
Belgium: Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. It has prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy.
Belize: Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the independence of Belize (formerly British Honduras) until 1981. Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992. Tourism has become the mainstay of the economy. The country remains plagued by high unemployment, growing involvement in the South American drug trade, and increased urban crime.
Benin: Dahomey gained its independence from France in 1960; the name was changed to Benin in 1975. From 1974 to 1989 the country was a socialist state; free elections were reestablished in 1991.
Bermuda: Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists headed for Virginia. Tourism to the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Bermuda has developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence was soundly defeated in 1995.
Bhutan: Under British influence a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later a treaty was signed whereby the country became a British protectorate. Independence was attained in 1949, with India subsequently guiding foreign relations and supplying aid. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of these displaced persons are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. Maoist Assamese separatists from India, who have established themselves in the southeast portion of Bhutan, have drawn Indian cross-border incursions.
Bolivia: Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups. Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and drug production. Current goals include attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system, continuing the privatization program, and waging an anti-corruption campaign.
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991, was followed by a referendum for independence from the former Yugoslavia in February 1992. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt the three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government. This national government is charged with conducting foreign, economic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government comprised of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are charged with overseeing internal functions. In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission is to deter renewed hostilities. SFOR remains in place at a level of approximately 21,000 troops.
Botswana: Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. The economy, one of the most robust on the continent, is dominated by diamond mining.
Bouvet Island: This uninhabited volcanic island is almost entirely covered by glaciers and is difficult to approach. It was discovered in 1739 by a French naval officer after whom the island was named. No claim was made until 1825 when the British flag was raised. In 1928, the UK waived its claim in favor of Norway, which had occupied the island the previous year. In 1971, Bouvet Island and the adjacent territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. Since 1977, Norway has run an automated meteorological station on the island.
Brazil: Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the country to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of the interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970s. Highly unequal income distribution remains a pressing problem.
British Indian Ocean Territory: Established as a territory of the UK in 1965, a number of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) islands were transferred to the Seychelles when it attained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago. The largest and most southerly of the islands, Diego Garcia, contains a joint UK-US naval support facility. All of the remaining islands are uninhabited. Former agricultural workers, earlier resident in the islands, were relocated primarily to Mauritius but also to the Seychelles, between 1967 and 1973. In 2000, a British High Court ruling invalidated the local immigration order which had excluded them from the archipelago, but upheld the special military status of Diego Garcia.
British Virgin Islands: First settled by the Dutch in 1648, the islands were soon after (1672) annexed by the English. The economy is closely tied to the larger and more populous US Virgin Islands to the west; the US dollar is the legal currency.
Brunei: The Sultanate of Brunei's heyday occurred between the 15th and 17th centuries, when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the less developed countries. The same family has now ruled in Brunei for over six centuries.
Bulgaria: Bulgaria earned its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878, but having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, it fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multi-party election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today, reforms and democratization keep Bulgaria on a path toward eventual integration into NATO and the EU - with which it began accession negotiations in 2000.
Burkina Faso: Independence from France came to Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) in 1960. Governmental instability during the 1970s and 1980s was followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate south every year to Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana.
Burma: Despite multiparty elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party winning a decisive victory, the military junta ruling the country refused to hand over power. Key opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG San Suu Kyi, under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, was again placed under house detention in September 2000; her supporters are routinely harassed or jailed.
Burundi: Between 1993 and 2000, wide-spread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions in Burundi created hundreds of thousands of refugees and left tens of thousands dead. Although some refugees have returned from neighboring countries, continued ethnic strife has forced many others to flee. Burundian troops, seeking to secure their borders, have intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Cambodia: Following a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces.
Cameroon: The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon merged in 1961 to form the present country. Cameroon has generally enjoyed stability, which has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in the hands of an ethnic oligarchy.
Canada: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Its paramount political problem continues to be the relationship of the province of Quebec, with its French-speaking residents and unique culture, to the remainder of the country.
Cape Verde: The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; they subsequently became a trading center for African slaves. Most Cape Verdeans descend from both groups. Independence was achieved in 1975.
Cayman Islands: The Cayman Islands were colonized from Jamaica by the British during the 18th and 19th centuries. Administered by Jamaica from 1863, they remained a British dependency after 1962 when the former became independent.
Central African Republic: The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - a civilian government was installed in 1993.
Chad: Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.
Chile: A three-year-old Marxist government was overthrown in 1973 by a dictatorial military regime led by Augusto PINOCHET, which ruled until a freely elected president was installed in 1990. Sound economic policies, first implemented by the PINOCHET dictatorship, led to unprecedented growth in 1991-97 and have helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government. Growth slowed in 1998-99, but recovered strongly in 2000.
China: For centuries China has stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences. But in the first half of the 20th century, China was beset by major famines, civil unrest, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision making. Output quadrupled in the next 20 years and China now has the world's second largest GDP. Political controls remain tight even while economic controls continue to weaken.
Christmas Island: Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the island was annexed and settlement was begun by the UK in 1888. Phosphate mining began in the 1890s. The UK transferred sovereignty to Australia in 1958. The phosphate mine, closed in 1987, was reopened four years later, but the need for an alternative industry has spurred investment in tourism. Old mining areas are being restored, and almost two-thirds of the island has been declared a national park.
Clipperton Island: This isolated island was named for John CLIPPERTON, a pirate who made it his hideout early in the 18th century. Annexed by France in 1855, it was seized by Mexico in 1897. Arbitration eventually awarded the island to France, which took possession in 1935.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: The islands were discovered in 1609, but remained uninhabited until the 19th century. Annexed by the UK in 1857, they were transferred to the Australian Government in 1955. The population on the two inhabited islands is split between the mostly Europeans on West Island and the Malays on Home Island.
Colombia: Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and Venezuela). A 40-year insurgent campaign to overthrow the Colombian Government escalated during the 1990s, undergirded in part by funds from the drug trade. Although the violence is deadly and large swaths of the countryside are under guerrilla influence, the movement lacks the military strength or popular support necessary to overthrow the government. While Bogota continues to try to negotiate a settlement, neighboring countries worry about the violence spilling over their borders.
Comoros: Unstable Comoros has endured 19 coups or attempted coups since gaining independence from France in 1975. In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and Moheli declared their independence from Comoros. In 1999, military chief Col. AZALI seized power. He has pledged to resolve the secessionist crisis through the 2000 Fomboni Accord, a confederal arrangement that the Organization of African Unity has yet to recognize.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Since 1994 the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC; formerly called Zaire) has been rent by ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees from the fighting in Rwanda and Burundi. The government of former president MOBUTU Sese Seko was toppled by a rebellion led by Laurent KABILA in May 1997; his regime was subsequently challenged by a Rwanda- and Uganda-backed rebellion in August 1998. Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan intervened to support the Kinshasa regime. A cease-fire was signed on 10 July 1999, but sporadic fighting continued. KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and his son Joseph KABILA was named head of state. The new president quickly began overtures to end the war.
Congo, Republic of the: Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government installed in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President SASSOU-NGUESSO.
Cook Islands: Named after Captain Cook, who sighted them in 1770, the islands became a British protectorate in 1888. By 1900, administrative control was transferred to New Zealand; in 1965 residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand. The emigration of skilled workers to New Zealand and government deficits are continuing problems.
Coral Sea Islands: Scattered over some 1 million square kilometers of ocean, the Coral Sea Islands were declared a territory of Australia in 1969. They are uninhabited except for a small meteorological staff on Willis Island. Automated weather stations, beacons, and a lighthouse occupy many other islands and reefs.
Costa Rica: Costa Rica is a Central American success story: since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development. Although still a largely agricultural country, it has achieved a relatively high standard of living. Land ownership is widespread. Tourism is a rapidly expanding industry.
Cote d'Ivoire: Close ties to France since independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical African states. Falling cocoa prices and political turmoil, however, sparked an economic downturn in 1999 and 2000. On 25 December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government led by President Henri Konan BEDIE. Presidential and legislative elections held in October and December 2000 provoked violence due to the exclusion of opposition leader Alassane OUATTARA. In October 2000, Laurent GBAGBO replaced junta leader Robert GUEI as president, ending 10 months of military rule.
Croatia: In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became an independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands. Under UN supervision the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998.
Cuba: Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule has held the country together since. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. The country is now slowly recovering from a severe economic recession in 1990, following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies, worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually. Havana portrays its difficulties as the result of the US embargo in place since 1961. Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, or falsified visas - is a continuing problem. Some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted only about 35% of these.
Cyprus: Independence from the UK was approved in 1960 with constitutional guarantees by the Greek Cypriot majority to the Turkish Cypriot minority. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored attempt to seize the government was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled almost 40% of the island. In 1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", but it is recognized only by Turkey. UN-led talks on the status of Cyprus resumed in December 1999 to prepare the ground for meaningful negotiations leading to a comprehensive settlement.
Czech Republic: After World War II, Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize party rule and create "socialism with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year ushered in a period of harsh repression. With the collapse of Soviet authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its freedom through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Now a member of NATO, the Czech Republic has moved toward integration in world markets, a development that poses both opportunities and risks.
Denmark: Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the political and economic integration of Europe. So far, however, the country has opted out of some aspects of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the economic and monetary system (EMU) and issues concerning certain internal affairs.
Djibouti: The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. A peace accord in 1994 ended a three-year uprising by Afars rebels.
Dominica: Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonized by Europeans, due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763, which made the island a colony in 1805. In 1980, two years after independence, Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and tyrannical administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia CHARLES, the first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who remained in office for 15 years.
Dominican Republic: A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative, rule for much of the 20th century was brought to an end in 1996 when free and open elections ushered in a new government.
Ecuador: The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999.
Egypt: Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
El Salvador: El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost the lives of some 75,000 people, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.
Equatorial Guinea: Composed of a mainland portion and five inhabited islands, Equatorial Guinea has been ruled by ruthless leaders who have badly mismanaged the economy since independence from 190 years of Spanish rule in 1968. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996 presidential and 1999 legislative elections were widely seen as being flawed.
Eritrea: Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two and a half year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices on 12 December 2000.
Estonia: After centuries of Swedish and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with Western Europe.
Ethiopia: Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule, one exception being the Italian occupation of 1936-41. In 1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), in 1991. A constitution was adopted in 1994 and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A two and a half year border war with Eritrea that ended with a peace treaty on 12 December 2000 has strengthened the ruling coalition, but has hurt the nation's economy.
Europa Island: A French possession since 1897, the island is heavily wooded; it is the site of a small military garrison that staffs a weather station.
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982.
Faroe Islands: The population of the Faroe Islands is largely descended from Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century. The islands have been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th century. A high degree of self-government was attained in 1948.
Fiji: Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). A 1990 constitution favored native Melanesian control of Fiji, but led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. Amendments enacted in 1997 made the constitution more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a coup in May of 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. New elections are scheduled for August 2001.
Finland: Ruled by Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and by Russia from 1809, Finland finally won its independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and fend off invasions by the Soviet Union and Germany. In the subsequent half century, the Finns have made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
France: Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier parliamentary democracies. In recent years, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the advent of the euro in January 1999. Presently, France is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European defense and security apparatus.
French Guiana: First settled by the French in 1604, French Guiana was the site of notorious penal settlements until 1951. The European Space Agency launches its communication satellites from Kourou.
French Polynesia: The French annexed various Polynesian island groups during the 19th century. In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing on the Mururoa atoll after a three-year moratorium. The tests were suspended in January 1996.
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: The Southern Lands consist of two archipelagos, Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen, and two volcanic islands, Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul. They contain no permanent inhabitants and are visited only by researchers studying the native fauna. The Antarctic portion consists of "Adelie Land," a thin slice of the Antarctic continent discovered and claimed by the French in 1840.
Gabon: Ruled by autocratic presidents since independence from France in 1960, Gabon introduced a multiparty system and a new constitution in the early 1990s that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and for reforms of governmental institutions. A small population, abundant natural resources, and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the more prosperous black African countries.
Gambia, The: The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965; it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia with Senegal between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty. A military coup in 1994 overthrew the president and banned political activity, but a new 1996 constitution and presidential elections, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, have completed a nominal return to civilian rule.
Gaza Strip: The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of the interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Permanent status is to be determined through direct negotiations, which resumed in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus. An intifadah broke out in September 2000; the resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability in the Palestinian Authority are undermining progress toward a permanent settlement.
Georgia: Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Russian troops remain garrisoned at four military bases and as peacekeepers in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (but are scheduled to withdraw from two of the bases by July 2001). Despite a badly degraded transportation network - brought on by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages - the country continues to move toward a market economy and greater integration with Western institutions.
Germany: As Western Europe's richest and most populous nation, Germany remains a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed the country in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries formed a common European currency, the euro.
Ghana: Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. A long series of coups resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political parties. A new constitution, restoring multiparty politics, was approved in 1992. Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. He was succeeded by John KUFUOR.
Gibraltar: Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a 1967 referendum, Gibraltarians ignored Spanish pressure and voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency.
Glorioso Islands: A French possession since 1892, the Glorioso Islands are composed of two lushly vegetated islands (Ile Glorieuse and Ile du Lys) and three rock islets. A military garrison operates a weather and radio station on Ile Glorieuse.
Greece: Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories with Greek-speaking populations. Following the defeat of communist rebels in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted seven years. Democratic elections in 1974 and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy; Greece joined the European Community or EC in 1981 (which became the EU in 1992).
Greenland: The world's largest island, about 84% ice-capped, Greenland was granted self-government in 1978 by the Danish parliament. The law went into effect the following year. Denmark continues to exercise control of Greenland's foreign affairs.
Grenada: One of the smallest independent countries in the western hemisphere, Grenada was seized by a Marxist military council on 19 October 1983. Six days later the island was invaded by US forces and those of six other Caribbean nations, which quickly captured the ringleaders and their hundreds of Cuban advisers. Free elections were reinstituted the following year.
Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe has been a French possession since 1635. The island of Saint-Martin is divided with the Netherlands (whose southern portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles).
Guam: Guam was ceded to the US by Spain in 1898. Captured by the Japanese in 1941, it was retaken by the US three years later. The military installation on the island is one of the most strategically important US bases in the Pacific.
Guatemala: Guatemala was freed of Spanish colonial rule in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments as well as a 36-year guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement formally ending the conflict, which had led to the death of more than 100,000 people and had created some 1 million refugees.
Guernsey: The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy, which held sway in both France and England. The islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II.
Guinea: Independent from France since 1958, Guinea did not hold democratic elections until 1993 when Gen. Lansana CONTE (head of the military government) was elected president of the civilian government. He was reelected in 1998. Unrest in Sierra Leone has spilled over into Guinea, threatening stability and creating a humanitarian emergency.
Guinea-Bissau: In 1994, 20 years after independence from Portugal, the country's first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held. An army uprising that triggered a bloody civil war in 1998, created hundreds of thousands of displaced persons. The president was ousted by a military junta in May 1999. An interim government turned over power in February 2000 when opposition leader Koumba YALLA took office following two rounds of transparent presidential elections. Guinea-Bissau's transition back to democracy will be complicated by a crippled economy devastated by civil war and the military's predilection for governmental meddling.
Guyana: Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966 and became a republic in 1970. In 1989 Guyana launched an Economic Recovery Program, which marked a dramatic reversal from a state-controlled, socialist economy towards a more open, free market system. Results through the first decade have proven encouraging.
Haiti: One of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence for most of its history. Over three decades of dictatorship followed by military rule ended in 1990 when Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE was elected president. Most of his term was usurped by a military takeover, but he was able to return to office in 1994 and oversee the installation of a close associate to the presidency in 1996. ARISTIDE won a second term as president in 2000, and took office early the following year.
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: These uninhabited, barren islands were transferred from the UK to Australia in 1947. Populated by large numbers of seal and bird species, the islands have been designated a nature preserve.
Holy See (Vatican City): Popes in their secular role ruled much of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Vatican and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include the failing health of Pope John Paul II, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the adjustment of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic faith.
Honduras: Part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras became an independent nation in 1821. After two and one-half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government and an ally to Salvadoran Government forces fighting against leftist guerrillas.
Hong Kong: Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in Hong Kong and that Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years.
Howland Island: Discovered by the US early in the 19th century, the island was officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British companies mined for guano until about 1890. Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt; it is named in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island is administered by the US Department of the Interior as a National Wildlife Refuge.
Hungary: Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. In the more open GORBACHEV years, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and steadily shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Hungary developed close political and economic ties to Western Europe. It joined NATO in 1999 and is a frontrunner in a future expansion of the EU.
Iceland: Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Limited home rule from Denmark was granted in 1874 and complete independence attained in 1944. Literacy, longevity, income, and social cohesion are first-rate by world standards.
India: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, goes back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier inhabitants created classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in 12th were followed by European traders beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism under Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU led to independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Fundamental concerns in India include the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic strife, all this despite impressive gains in economic investment and output.
Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important access waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Ocean south of 60 degrees south.
Indonesia: The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. The independent status of East Timor - now under UN administration - has yet to be formally established.
Iran: Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling shah was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces subsequently crushed westernizing liberal elements. Militant Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory. The key current issue is how rapidly the country should open up to the modernizing influences of the outside world.
Iraq: Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq became an independent kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military strongmen have ruled the country since then, the latest being SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-1988). In August 1990 Iraq seized Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during January-February 1991. The victors did not occupy Iraq, however, thus allowing the regime to stay in control. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. UN trade sanctions remain in effect due to incomplete Iraqi compliance with relevant UNSC resolutions.
Ireland: A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched off several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in independence from the UK for the 26 southern counties; the six northern counties (Ulster) remained part of Great Britain. In 1948 Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, approved in 1998, was implemented the following year.
Israel: Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. The territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations are being conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives (from the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip) and Israel and Syria, to achieve a permanent settlement. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. On 25 May 2000, Israel withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied since 1982.
Italy: Italy became a nation-state belatedly - in 1861 when the city-states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the European Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include illegal immigration, the ravages of organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the more prosperous north.
Jamaica: Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a dropoff in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Subsequent governments have been open market oriented. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.
Jan Mayen: This desolate, mountainous island was named after a Dutch whaling captain who indisputably discovered it in 1614 (earlier claims are inconclusive). Visited only occasionally by seal hunters and trappers over the following centuries, the island came under Norwegian sovereignty in 1929. The long dormant Beerenberg volcano resumed activity in 1970; it is the northernmost active volcano on earth.
Japan: While retaining its time-honored culture, Japan rapidly absorbed Western technology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After its devastating defeat in World War II, Japan recovered to become the second most powerful economy in the world and a staunch ally of the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced a major slowdown in the 1990s following three decades of unprecedented growth.
Jarvis Island: First discovered by the British in 1821, the uninhabited island was annexed by the US in 1858, but abandoned in 1879 after tons of guano had been removed. The UK annexed the island in 1889, but never carried out plans for further exploitation. The US occupied and reclaimed the island in 1935. Abandoned after World War II, the island is currently a National Wildlife Refuge administered by the US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle of the west coast.
Jersey: The island of Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II.
Johnston Atoll: Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in 1858, but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for high altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction is now complete, and cleanup and closure of the facility is progressing.
Jordan: For most of its history since independence from British administration in 1946, Jordan was ruled by King HUSSEIN (1953-1999). A pragmatic ruler, he successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population, through several wars and coup attempts. In 1989 he resumed parliamentary elections and gradually permitted political liberalization; in 1994 a formal peace treaty was signed with Israel. King ABDALLAH II - the eldest son of King HUSSEIN and Princess MUNA - assumed the throne following his father's death in February 1999. Since then, he has consolidated his power and established his domestic priorities.
Juan de Nova Island: Named after a famous 15th century Spanish navigator and explorer, the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has been exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military garrison oversees a meteorological station.
Kazakhstan: Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; and continuing to strengthen relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.
Kenya: Revered president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when current President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. The country faces a period of political uncertainty because MOI is constitutionally required to step down at the next elections that have to be held by early 2003.
Kingman Reef: The US annexed the reef in 1922. Its sheltered lagoon served as a way station for flying boats on Hawaii-to-American Samoa flights during the late 1930s. There is no flora on the reef, which is frequently awash, but it does support an abundant and diverse marine fauna. In 2001, the waters surrounding the reef were designated a National Wildlife Refuge.
Kiribati: The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in 1971 and complete independence in 1979 under the new name of Kiribati. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Island groups in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati.
Korea, North: Following World War II, Korea was split into a northern, communist half and a southern, Western-oriented half. KIM Chong-il has ruled North Korea since his father and the country's founder, president KIM Il-song, died in 1994. After decades of mismanagement, the North relies heavily on international food aid to feed its population, while continuing to expend resources to maintain an army of about 1 million. North Korea's long-range missile development and research into nuclear and chemical weapons are of major concern to the international community.
Korea, South: After World War II, a republic was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a communist-style government was installed in the north. The Korean War (1950-53) had US and other UN forces intervene to defend South Korea from North Korean attacks supported by the Chinese. An armistice was signed in 1953 splitting the peninsula at the 38th parallel known as the DMZ. Thereafter, South Korea achieved rapid economic growth, with per capita income rising to 13 times the level of North Korea. In 1997, the nation suffered a severe financial crisis from which it continues to make a solid recovery. South Korea has also maintained its commitment to democratize its political processes. In June 2000, a historic first south-north summit took place between the south's President KIM Dae-jung and the north's leader KIM Chong-il. In December 2000, President KIM Dae-jung won the Noble Peace Prize for his lifeling committment to democracy and human rights in Asia. He is the first Korean to win a Nobel Prize.
Kuwait: Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that completely liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait has spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91.
Kyrgyzstan: A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in 1864; it achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Current concerns include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism.
Laos: In 1975 the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy. Initial closer ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with a gradual return to private enterprise, an easing of foreign investment laws, and the admission into ASEAN in 1997.
Latvia: After a brief period of independence between the two World Wars, Latvia was annexed by the USSR in 1940. It reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 30% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia continues to revamp its economy for eventual integration into various Western European political and economic institutions.
Lebanon: Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions and regaining its national sovereignty since 1991 and the end of the devastating 16-year civil war. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions in the government. Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several successful elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Hizballah, the radical Shi'a party, retains its weapons. Syria maintains about 25,000 troops in Lebanon based mainly in Beirut, North Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's troop deployment was legitimized by the Arab League during Lebanon's civil war and in the Ta'if Accord. Damascus justifies its continued military presence in Lebanon by citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests, and the failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if Accord. Israel's withdrawal from its security zone in southern Lebanon in May of 2000, however, has emboldened some Lebanese Christians and Druze to demand that Syria withdraw its forces as well.
Lesotho: Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after 23 years of military rule.
Liberia: Seven years of civil strife were brought to a close in 1996 when free and open presidential and legislative elections were held. President TAYLOR now holds strong executive power with no real political opposition. The years of fighting coupled with the flight of most businesses have disrupted formal economic activity. A still unsettled domestic security situation has slowed the process of rebuilding the social and economic structure of this war-torn country.
Libya: Since he took power in a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory. Viewing himself as a revolutionary leader, he used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, even supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Libyan military adventures failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad was finally repulsed in 1987. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. Those sanctions were suspended in April 1999.
Liechtenstein: The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in 1806. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to conclude a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral) the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. However, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use of the financial institutions for money laundering.
Lithuania: Independent between the two World Wars, Lithuania was annexed by the USSR in 1940. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but this proclamation was not generally recognized until September of 1991 (following the abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops withdrew in 1993. Lithuania subsequently has restructured its economy for eventual integration into Western European institutions.
Luxembourg: Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839, but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both World Wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union) and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area.
Macau: Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December 1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in Macau and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs.
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: International recognition of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's (FYROM) independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 was delayed by Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols. Greece finally lifted its trade blockade in 1995, and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, despite continued disagreement over FYROM's use of "Macedonia." FYROM's large Albanian minority and the de facto independence of neighboring Kosovo continue to be sources of ethnic tension.
Madagascar: Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997 in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency.
Malawi: Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following year. National multiparty elections were held again in 1999.
Malaysia: Malaysia was created in 1963 through the merging of Malaya (independent in 1957) and the former British Singapore, both of which formed West Malaysia, and Sabah and Sarawak in north Borneo, which composed East Malaysia. The first three years of independence were marred by hostilities with Indonesia. Singapore separated from the union in 1965.
Maldives: The Maldives were long a sultanate, first under Dutch and then under British protection. They became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. Tourism and fishing are being developed on the archipelago.
Mali: The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his reelection in 1997, President KONARE has continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he would not run for a third term.
Malta: Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814. The island staunchly supported the UK through both World Wars and remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964. A decade later Malta became a republic. Over the last 15 years, the island has become a major freight transshipment point, financial center, and tourist destination. It is an official candidate for EU membership.
Man, Isle of: Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the British crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx Celtic language.
Marshall Islands: After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US nuclear testing on some of the islands between 1947 and 1962.
Martinique: Colonized by France in 1635, the island has subsequently remained a French possession except for three brief periods of foreign occupation.
Mauritania: Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were widely seen as being flawed; Mauritania remains, in reality, a one-party state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between its black minority population and the dominant Maur (Arab-Berber) populace.
Mauritius: Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, Mauritius was subsequently held by the Dutch, French, and British before independence was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Recent poor weather and declining sugar prices have slowed economic growth leading to some protests over standards of living in the Creole community.
Mayotte: Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other Comoros in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago that voted in 1974 to retain its link with France and forgo independence.
Mexico: The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came under Spanish rule for three centuries before achieving independence early in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994 threw Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession in over half a century. The nation continues to make an impressive recovery. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states.
Micronesia, Federated States of: In 1979 the Federated States of Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory under US administration, adopted a constitution. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on US aid.
Midway Islands: The US took formal possession of the islands in 1867. The laying of the trans-Pacific cable, which passed through the islands, brought the first residents in 1903. Between 1935 and 1947, Midway was used as a refueling stop for trans-Pacific flights. The US naval victory over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 was one of the turning points of World War II. The islands continued to serve as a naval station until closed in 1993. Today the islands are a wildlife refuge open to the public.
Moldova: Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru (Dnister) River supporting the Slavic majority population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe and plagued by a moribund economy, in 2001 Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist as its president.
Monaco: Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.
Mongolia: Long a province of China, Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power. In 1996, the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) defeated the MPRP in a national election. Over the next four years the Coalition implemented a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and institutionalize democratic reforms. However, the former communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional reforms and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won 72 of the 76 seats in Parliament and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities.
Montserrat: Much of this island has been devastated and two-thirds of the population has fled abroad due to the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano that began on 18 July 1995.
Morocco: Morocco's long struggle for independence from France ended in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier was turned over to the new country that same year. Morocco virtually annexed Western Sahara during the late 1970s, but final resolution on the status of the territory remains unresolved. Gradual political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997.
Mozambique: Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development. The ruling party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement with rebel forces ended the fighting in 1992.
Namibia: South Africa occupied the German colony of Sud-West Afrika during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that was soon named Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Independence came in 1990.
Nauru: Nauru's phosphate deposits began to be mined early in the 20th century by a German-British consortium; the island was occupied by Australian forces in World War I. Upon achieving independence in 1968, Nauru became the smallest independent republic in the world; it joined the UN in 1999.
Navassa Island: This uninhabited island was claimed by the US in 1857 for its guano, and mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The lighthouse, built in 1917, was shut down in 1996 and administration of Navassa Island transferred from the Coast Guard to the Department of the Interior. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity; the following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge.
Nepal: In 1951, the Nepalese monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. The refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of these displaced persons are housed in seven United Nations Offices of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps.
Netherlands: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I but suffered a brutal invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EC, and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.
Netherlands Antilles: Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade, the island of Curacao was hard hit by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity (and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in the early 20th century with the construction of oil refineries to service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. The island of Sint Maarten is shared with France; its northern portion is named Saint Martin and is part of Guadeloupe.
New Caledonia: Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s seems to have dissipated.
New Zealand: The British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both World Wars. New Zealand withdrew from a number of defense alliances during the 1970s and 1980s. In recent years the government has sought to address longstanding native Maori grievances.
Nicaragua: Settled as a colony of Spain in the 1520s, Nicaragua gained its independence in 1821. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990 and again in 1996 saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country has slowly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by Hurricane Mitch in 1998.
Niger: Not until 1993, 33 years after independence from France, did Niger hold its first free and open elections. A 1995 peace accord ended a five-year Tuareg insurgency in the north. Coups in 1996 and 1999 were followed by the creation of a National Reconciliation Council that effected a transition to civilian rule in December 1999.
Nigeria: Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999 and a peaceful transition to civilian government completed. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, the OBASANJO administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions, if it is to build a sound foundation for economic growth and political stability.
Niue: Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic differences between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the rest of the Cook Islands, have caused it to be separately administered. The population of the island continues to drop (from a peak of 5,200 in 1966 to 2,100 in 2000) with substantial emigration to New Zealand.
Norfolk Island: Two British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony (1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned. In 1856, the island was resettled by Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions.
Northern Mariana Islands: Under US administration as part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific, the people of the Northern Mariana Islands decided in the 1970s not to seek independence but instead to forge closer links with the US. Negotiations for territorial status began in 1972. A covenant to establish a commonwealth in political union with the US was approved in 1975. A new government and constitution went into effect in 1978.
Norway: Despite its neutrality, Norway was not able to avoid occupation by Germany in World War II. In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current focus is on containing spending on the extensive welfare system and planning for the time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU.
Oman: In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said ousted his father and has ruled as sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the UK. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries.
Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). Strategically important access waterways include the La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, and Torres Straits. The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Pacific Ocean south of 60 degrees south.
Pakistan: The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved. A third war between these countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan seceding and becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. A dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998.
Palau: After three decades as part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific under US administration, this westernmost cluster of the Caroline Islands opted for independent status in 1978 rather than join the Federated States of Micronesia. A Compact of Free Association with the US was approved in 1986, but not ratified until 1993. It entered into force the following year when the islands gained their independence.
Palmyra Atoll: The Kingdom of Hawaii claimed the atoll in 1862, and the US included it among the Hawaiian Islands when it annexed the archipelago in 1898. The Hawaii Statehood Act of 1959 did not include Palmyra Atoll, which is now privately owned by the Nature Conservancy. This organization is managing the atoll as a nature preserve. The lagoons and surrounding waters within the 12 nautical mile US territorial seas were transferred to the US Fish and Wildlife service and designated a National Wildlife Refuge in January 2001.
Panama: With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. On 7 September 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of 1999. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the intervening years. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by or on 31 December 1999.
Papua New Guinea: The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to administer the combined areas until independence in 1975. A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville ended in 1997, after claiming some 20,000 lives.
Paracel Islands: This archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potentially large oil reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Prattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops captured a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. However, the islands are still claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan.
Paraguay: In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70), Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males and much of its territory. It stagnated economically for the next half century. In the Chaco War of 1932-35, large, economically important areas were won from Bolivia. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER was overthrown in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political infighting in recent years, relatively free and regular presidential elections have been held since then.
Peru: After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980. In recent years, bold reform programs and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity and drug trafficking have resulted in solid economic growth.
Philippines: The Philippines were ceded by Spain to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. They attained their independence in 1946 after being occupied by the Japanese in World War II. The 21-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986 when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into exile. In 1992, the US closed down its last military bases on the islands. The Philippines has had two electoral presidential transitions since Marcos' removal by "people power." In January 2001, the Supreme Court declared Joseph ESTRADA unable to rule in view of mass resignations from his government and administered the oath of office to Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO as his constitutional successor. The government continues to struggle with ongoing Muslim insurgencies in the south.
Pitcairn Islands: Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the British and settled in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in the South Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to about 50 today.
Poland: Poland gained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite country following the war, but one that was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, boosting hopes for acceptance to the EU. Poland joined the NATO alliance in 1999.
Portugal: Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal entered the EC in 1985.
Puerto Rico: Discovered by Columbus in 1493, the island was ceded by Spain to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. A popularly elected governor has served since 1948. In plebiscites held in 1967 and 1993, voters chose to retain commonwealth status.
Qatar: Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by the amir who had ruled the country since 1972. He was overthrown by his son, the current Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, in a bloodless coup in 1995. In 2001, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Oil and natural gas revenues enable Qatar to have a per capita income not far below the leading industrial countries of Western Europe.
Reunion: The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade route.
Romania: Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a communist "peoples republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of President Nicolae CEAUSESCU became increasingly draconian through the 1980s. He was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Much economic restructuring remains to be carried out before Romania can achieve its hope of joining the EU.
Russia: The defeat of the Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of power by the communists and the formation of the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the communist period.
Rwanda: In 1959, three years before independence, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). Since then most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation. A series of massive population displacements, a nagging Hutu extremist insurgency, and Rwandan involvement in two wars over the past four years in the neighboring DROC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts.
Saint Helena: Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, St. Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. It acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's exile, from 1815 until his death in 1821, but its importance as a port of call declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Ascension Island is the site of a US Air Force auxiliary airfield; Gough Island has a meteorological station.
Saint Kitts and Nevis: First settled by the British in 1623, the islands became an associated state with full internal autonomy in 1967. The island of Anguilla rebelled and was allowed to secede in 1971. Saint Kitts and Nevis achieved independence in 1983. In 1998, a vote in Nevis on a referendum to separate from Saint Kitts fell short of the two-thirds majority needed.
Saint Lucia: The island, with its fine natural harbor at Castries, was contested between England and France throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries (changing possession 14 times); it was finally ceded to the UK in 1814. Self-government was granted in 1967 and independence in 1979.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: First settled by the French in the early 17th century, the islands represent the sole remaining vestige of France's once vast North American possessions.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Disputed between France and Great Britain in the 18th century, Saint Vincent was ceded to the latter in 1783. Autonomy was granted in 1969, and independence in 1979.
Samoa: New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western" from its name in 1997.
San Marino: The third smallest state in Europe (after The Holy See and Monaco) also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marinus in 301 A.D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of Italy. Social and political trends in the republic also track closely with those of its larger neighbor.
Sao Tome and Principe: Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. Although independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s. The first free elections were held in 1991.
Saudi Arabia: In 1902 Abdul al-Aziz Ibn SAUD captured Riyadh and set out on a 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian peninsula. In the 1930s, the discovery of oil transformed the country. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. A burgeoning population, aquifer depletion, and an economy largely dependent on petroleum output and prices are all major governmental concerns.
Senegal: Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.
Seychelles: A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993.
Sierra Leone: Since 1991, civil war between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (well over one-third of the population) many of whom are now refugees in neighboring countries. A peace agreement, signed in July 1999, collapsed in May 2000 after the RUF took over 500 UN peacekeepers hostage. The RUF stepped up attacks on Guinea in December 2000, despite a cease-fire that it signed with the Freetown government one month earlier. As of late 2000, up to 13,000 UN peacekeepers were protecting the capital and key towns in the south. A UK force of 750 was helping to reinforce security and train the Sierra Leone army.
Singapore: Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and with per capita GDP above that of the leading nations of Western Europe.
Slovakia: In 1918 the Slovaks joined the closely related Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. Following the chaos of World War II, Czechoslovakia became a communist nation within Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. Soviet influence collapsed in 1989 and Czechoslovakia once more became free. The Slovaks and the Czechs agreed to separate peacefully on 1 January 1993. Historic, political, and geographic factors have caused Slovakia to experience more difficulty in developing a modern market economy than some of its Central European neighbors.
Slovenia: In 1918 the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new nation, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power of the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy make Slovenia a leading candidate for future membership in the EU and NATO.
Solomon Islands: The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the 1890s. Some of the bitterest fighting of World War II occurred on these islands. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. Current issues include government deficits, deforestation, and malaria control.
Somalia: A SIAD BARRE regime was ousted in January 1991; turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy followed for nine years. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland which now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of the ruling clan and economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and Nugaal comprise a neighboring self-declared Republic of Puntland, which has also made strides towards reconstructing legitimate, representative government. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. A Transitional National Government (TNG) was created in October 2000 in Arta, Djibouti which was attended by a broad representation of Somali clans. The TNG has a three-year mandate to create a permanent national Somali government. The TNG does not recognize Somaliland or Puntland as independent republics but so far has been unable to reunite them with the unstable regions in the south; numerous warlords and factions are still fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions.
South Africa: After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The resulting Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid - the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule.
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: The islands lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands. Grytviken, on South Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. The famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses a small military garrison. The islands have large bird and seal populations and, recognizing the importance of preserving the marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the exclusive fishing zone from 12 miles to 200 miles around each island.
Southern Ocean: A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean).
Spain: Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating Civil War (1936-39). In the second half of the 20th century, it has played a catch-up role in the western international community. Continuing concerns are large-scale unemployment and the Basque separatist movement.
Spratly Islands: Rich fishing grounds and the potential for gas and oil deposits have caused this archipelago to be claimed in its entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. All five parties have occupied certain islands or reefs, and occasional clashes have occurred between Chinese and Vietnamese naval forces
Sri Lanka: Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded to the British in 1802. As Ceylon it became independent in 1948; its name was changed in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted in violence in the mid-1980s. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic war that continues to fester.
Sudan: Military dictatorships promulgating an Islamic government have mostly run the country since independence from the UK in 1956. Over the past two decades, a civil war pitting black Christians and animists in the south against the Arab-Muslims of the north has cost at least 1.5 million lives in war- and famine-related deaths, as well as the displacement of millions of others.
Suriname: Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to rule through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally brought about a democratic election. In 1989, the military overthrew the civilian government, but a democratically elected government returned to power in 1991.
Svalbard: First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years later it officially took over the territory.
Swaziland: Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted 1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s have pressured the monarchy (one of the oldest on the continent) to grudgingly allow political reform and greater democracy.
Sweden: A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements has recently been undermined by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs, and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's role in the political and economic integration of Europe caused Sweden not to join the EU until 1995, and to forgo the introduction of the euro in 1999.
Switzerland: Switzerland's independence and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland was not involved in either of the two World Wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, may be rendering obsolete the country's concern for neutrality.
Syria: Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Since 1976, Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon, ostensibly in a peacekeeping capacity. In recent years, Syria and Israel have held occasional peace talks over the return of the Golan Heights.
Tajikistan: Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implementation reportedly completed by late 1999. Part of the agreement required the legalization of opposition political parties prior to the 1999 elections, which occurred, but such parties have made little progress in successful participation in government. Random criminal and political violence in the country remains a complication impairing Tajikistan's ability to engage internationally.
Tanzania: Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.
Thailand: A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century; it was known as Siam until 1939. Thailand is the only southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict.
Togo: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. General Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-serving head of state. Despite the facade of multiparty elections that resulted in EYADEMA's victory in 1993, the government continues to be dominated by the military. In addition, Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen.
Tokelau: Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925. According to a UN report, these low-lying islands will disappear in the 21st century, if global warming continues to raise sea levels.
Tonga: The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Trinidad and Tobago: The islands came under British control in the 19th century; independence was granted in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing.
Tromelin Island: First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological station.
Tunisia: Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGIUBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to diffuse rising pressure for a more open political society.
Turkey: Turkey was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Soon thereafter the country instituted secular laws to replace traditional religious fiats. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain strained. Periodic military offensives against Kurdish separatists have dislocated part of the population in southeast Turkey and have drawn international condemnation.
Turkmenistan: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out.
Turks and Caicos Islands: The islands were part of the UK's Jamaican colony until 1962, when they assumed the status of a separate crown colony upon Jamaica's independence. The governor of The Bahamas oversaw affairs from 1965 to 1973. With Bahamian independence, the islands received a separate governor in 1973. Although independence was agreed upon for 1982, the policy was reversed and the islands are presently a British overseas territory.
Tuvalu: In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years.
Uganda: Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed another 100,000 lives. During the 1990s the government promulgated non-party presidential and legislative elections.
Ukraine: Richly endowed in natural resources, Ukraine has been fought over and subjugated for centuries; its 20th-century struggle for liberty is not yet complete. A short-lived independence from Russia (1917-1920) was followed by brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died, and World War II, in which German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 million more deaths. Although independence was attained in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, true freedom remains elusive as many of the former Soviet elite remain entrenched, stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civic liberties.
United Arab Emirates: The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the UAE. They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is not far below those of the leading West European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed it to play a vital role in the affairs of the region.
United Kingdom: Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside of the European Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. Regional assemblies with varying degrees of power opened in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 1999.
United States: The United States became the world's first modern democracy after its break with Great Britain (1776) and the adoption of a constitution (1789). During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation-state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.
Uruguay: A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement, the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to agree to military control of his administration in 1973. By the end of the year the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold throughout the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
Uzbekistan: Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1925. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include insurgency by Islamic militants based in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, a non-convertible currency, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
Vanuatu: The British and French who settled the New Hebrides in the 19th century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which administered the islands until independence in 1980.
Venezuela: Venezuela was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Ecuador). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Current concerns include: drug-related conflicts along the Colombian border, increasing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.
Vietnam: France occupied all of Vietnam by 1884. Independence was declared after World War II, but the French continued to rule until 1954 when they were defeated by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the north. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later North Vietnamese forces overran the south. Economic reconstruction of the reunited country has proven difficult as aging Communist Party leaders have only grudgingly initiated reforms necessary for a free market.
Virgin Islands: During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.
Wake Island: The US annexed Wake Island in 1899 for a cable station. An important air and naval base was constructed in 1940-41. In December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese and held until the end of World War II. In subsequent years, Wake was developed as a stopover and refueling site for military and commercial aircraft transiting the Pacific. Since 1974, the island's airstrip has been used by the US military and some commercial cargo planes, as well as for emergency landings. There are over 700 landings a year on the island.
Wallis and Futuna: Although discovered by the Dutch and the British in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the French who declared a protectorate over the islands in 1842. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a French overseas territory.
West Bank: The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Permanent status is to be determined through direct negotiations, which resumed in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus. An intifadah broke out in September 2000; the resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability in the Palestinian Authority are undermining progress toward a permanent settlement.
Western Sahara: Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire; a referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed and is not expected to occur until at least 2002.
World: Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about the environment, including loss of forests, shortages of energy and water, the drop in biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1988, and 6 billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war).
Yemen: North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.
Yugoslavia: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various partisan bands that fought themselves as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although communist in name, his new government successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their independence in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" in 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the autonomous republic of Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO and Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo. Blatant attempts to manipulate presidential balloting in October of 2000 were followed by massive nationwide demonstrations and strikes that saw the election winner, Vojislav KOSTUNICA, replace MILOSEVIC.
Zambia: The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until takeover by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties.
Zimbabwe: The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated to keep whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence.
Taiwan: In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan, however it reverted to Chinese control after World War II. Following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Over the next five decades, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the native population within its governing structure. Throughout this period, the island has prospered to become one of East Asia's economic "Tigers." The dominant political issue continues to be the relationship between Taiwan and China and the question of eventual reunification.
======================================================================
@Birth rate
Afghanistan: 41.42 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania: 19.01 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria: 22.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 24.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra: 10.29 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola: 46.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 15.17 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: 19.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina: 18.41 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia: 11.47 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba: 12.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Australia: 12.86 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria: 9.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: 18.44 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: 19.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 20.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: 25.3 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados: 13.47 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus: 9.57 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium: 10.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize: 31.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin: 44.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 12.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 35.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia: 27.27 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 12.86 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana: 28.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil: 18.45 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 15.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei: 20.45 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: 8.06 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: 44.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma: 20.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi: 40.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 33.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 36.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Canada: 11.21 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: 28.71 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 13.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Central African Republic: 37.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad: 48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile: 16.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China: 15.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA births/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA births/1,000 population
Colombia: 22.41 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros: 39.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 46.02 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: 38.24 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 20.27 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 40.38 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Croatia: 12.82 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba: 12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 13.08 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 9.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark: 11.96 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 40.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica: 17.81 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: 24.77 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador: 25.99 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt: 24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador: 28.67 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: 37.72 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 42.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Estonia: 8.7 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 44.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA births/1,000 population
Faroe Islands: 13.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji: 23.33 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland: 10.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France: 12.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 22.02 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 18.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon: 27.42 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 41.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 42.48 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia: 11.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany: 9.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana: 28.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: 11.25 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece: 9.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland: 16.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada: 23.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: 16.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam: 25.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala: 34.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 9.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea: 39.78 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: 39.29 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana: 17.92 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti: 31.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras: 31.94 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 11.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary: 9.32 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland: 14.62 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India: 24.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 22.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran: 17.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq: 34.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland: 14.57 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel: 19.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy: 9.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica: 18.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan: 10.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey: 11.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan: 25.44 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: 17.3 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya: 28.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kiribati: 31.98 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North: 19.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South: 14.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait: 21.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: 26.18 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos: 37.84 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia: 8.03 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon: 20.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho: 31.24 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia: 46.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Libya: 27.67 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein: 11.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania: 10 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: 12.25 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau: 12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 13.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar: 42.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi: 37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia: 24.75 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Maldives: 38.15 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali: 48.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta: 12.75 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of: 11.58 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands: 45.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique: 15.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania: 42.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius: 16.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte: 44.39 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico: 22.77 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova: 13.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco: 9.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia: 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat: 17.43 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco: 24.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique: 37.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia: 34.71 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru: 27.22 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal: 33.4 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands: 11.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: 16.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia: 20.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand: 14.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: 27.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger: 50.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria: 39.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue: NA births/1,000 population
Norfolk Island: NA births/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands: 20.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway: 12.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman: 37.96 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan: 31.21 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau: 19.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama: 19.06 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 32.15 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay: 30.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru: 23.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines: 27.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA births/1,000 population
Poland: 10.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal: 11.51 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico: 15.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar: 15.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion: 21.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania: 10.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia: 9.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda: 33.97 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena: 13.49 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18.78 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia: 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 15.88 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 17.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Samoa: 15.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino: 10.76 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: 42.74 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 37.34 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal: 37.46 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles: 17.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone: 45.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Singapore: 12.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia: 10.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia: 9.32 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands: 34.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia: 47.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa: 21.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain: 9.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: 16.58 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan: 37.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname: 20.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard: NA births/1,000 population
Swaziland: 40.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden: 9.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland: 10.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria: 30.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: 33.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania: 39.65 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand: 16.63 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo: 37.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau: NA births/1,000 population
Tonga: 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: 13.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia: 17.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey: 18.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: 28.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu: 21.56 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda: 47.52 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ukraine: 9.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 18.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom: 11.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States: 14.2 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay: 17.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: 26.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu: 25.4 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela: 20.65 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam: 21.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands: 15.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: NA births/1,000 population
West Bank: 35.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
World: 21.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen: 43.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: 12.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia: 41.46 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe: 24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Taiwan: 14.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@Budget
Afghanistan: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Albania: revenues: $393 million
expenditures: $676 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Algeria: revenues: $15.8 billion
expenditures: $16 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.3 billion (2001 est.)
American Samoa: revenues: $121 million (37% in local revenue and 63% in US grants)
expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY96/97)
Andorra: revenues: $385 million
expenditures: $342 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Angola: revenues: $928 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992 est.)
Anguilla: revenues: $20.4 million
expenditures: $23.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.8 million (1997 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: revenues: $122.6 million
expenditures: $141.2 million, including capital expenditures of $17.3 million (1997 est.)
Argentina: revenues: $44 billion
expenditures: $48 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Armenia: revenues: $360 million
expenditures: $566 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Aruba: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $541 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Australia: revenues: $94 billion
expenditures: $103 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Austria: revenues: $56.3 billion
expenditures: $60.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Azerbaijan: revenues: $777 million
expenditures: $995 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Bahamas, The: revenues: $766 million
expenditures: $845 million, including capital expenditures of $97 million (FY97/98)
Bahrain: revenues: $1.8 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: revenues: $4.9 billion
expenditures: $6.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Barbados: revenues: $725.5 million
expenditures: $750.6 million, including capital expenditures of $126.3 million (FY97/98 est.)
Belarus: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1997 est.)
Belgium: revenues: $114.8 billion
expenditures: $117 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.6 billion (1999)
Belize: revenues: $157 million
expenditures: $279 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Benin: revenues: $299 million
expenditures: $445 million, including capital expenditures of $14 million (1995 est.)
Bermuda: revenues: $504.6 million
expenditures: $537 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY97/98)
Bhutan: revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96 est.)
note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures
Bolivia: revenues: $2.7 billion
expenditures: $2.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: revenues: $1.9 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Botswana: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $560 million (FY96)
Brazil: revenues: $151 billion
expenditures: $149 billion, including capital expenditures of $36 billion (1998)
British Virgin Islands: revenues: $121.5 million
expenditures: $115.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Brunei: revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.35 billion (1997 est.)
Bulgaria: revenues: $4.85 billion
expenditures: $4.92 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: revenues: $277 million
expenditures: $492 million, including capital expenditures of $233 million (1995 est.)
Burma: revenues: $7.9 billion
expenditures: $12.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7 billion (FY96/97)
Burundi: revenues: $125 million
expenditures: $176 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cambodia: revenues: $363 million
expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
Cameroon: revenues: $2.1 billion
expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Canada: revenues: $126.1 billion
expenditures: $125.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.8 billion (2000)
Cape Verde: revenues: $188 million
expenditures: $228 million, including capital expenditures of $116 million (1996)
Cayman Islands: revenues: $265.2 million
expenditures: $248.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Central African Republic: revenues: $638 million
expenditures: $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $888 million (1994 est.)
Chad: revenues: $198 million
expenditures: $218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
Chile: revenues: $16 billion
expenditures: $17 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
China: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Christmas Island: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Colombia: revenues: $22 billion
expenditures: $24 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Comoros: revenues: $48 million
expenditures: $53 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: revenues: $269 million
expenditures: $244 million, including capital expenditures of $24 million (1996 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: revenues: $870 million
expenditures: $970 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Cook Islands: revenues: $25 million
expenditures: $23 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY 99/00)
Costa Rica: revenues: $1.95 billion
expenditures: $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $420 million (2000 est.)
Croatia: revenues: $6 billion
expenditures: $4.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Cuba: revenues: $13.5 billion
expenditures: $14.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Cyprus: revenues: Greek Cypriot area - $2.9 billion (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area - $294 million (2000 est.)
expenditures: Greek Cypriot area - $3.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $324 million (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot $495 million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (2000 est.)
Czech Republic: revenues: $16.7 billion
expenditures: $18 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Denmark: revenues: $52.9 billion
expenditures: $51.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (2001 est.)
Djibouti: revenues: $133 million
expenditures: $187 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Dominica: revenues: $72 million
expenditures: $79.9 million, including capital expenditures of $11.5 million (FY97/98)
Dominican Republic: revenues: $2.3 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $867 million (1999 est.)
Ecuador: revenues: planned $5.1 billion (not including revenue from potential privatizations)
expenditures: $5.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Egypt: revenues: $22.6 billion
expenditures: $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99)
El Salvador: revenues: $1.8 billion
expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $43 million, including capital expenditures of $7 million (1996 est.)
Eritrea: revenues: $283.9 million
expenditures: $351.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Estonia: revenues: $1.37 billion
expenditures: $1.37 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Ethiopia: revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $1.48 billion, including capital expenditures of $415 million (FY96/97)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): revenues: $66.2 million
expenditures: $67.9 million, including capital expenditures of $23.2 million (FY98/99 est.)
Faroe Islands: revenues: $488 million
expenditures: $484 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1999)
Fiji: revenues: $610 million
expenditures: $501 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Finland: revenues: $36.1 billion
expenditures: $31 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
France: revenues: $210 billion
expenditures: $240 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
French Guiana: revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1996)
French Polynesia: revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $900 million, including capital expenditures of $185 million (1996)
Gabon: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $302 million (1996 est.)
Gambia, The: revenues: $90.5 million
expenditures: $80.9 million, including capital expenditures of $4.1 million (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
note: includes West Bank (1999 est.)
Georgia: revenues: $437 million
expenditures: $626 million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (1999)
Germany: revenues: $996 billion
expenditures: $1.036 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Ghana: revenues: $1.39 billion
expenditures: $1.47 billion, including capital expenditures of $370 million (1996 est.)
Gibraltar: revenues: $307 million
expenditures: $284 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Greece: revenues: $45 billion
expenditures: $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Greenland: revenues: $646 million
expenditures: $629 million, including capital expenditures of $85 million (1999)
Grenada: revenues: $85.8 million
expenditures: $102.1 million, including capital expenditures of $28 million (1997)
Guadeloupe: revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1996)
Guam: revenues: $605.3 million
expenditures: $654.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000)
Guatemala: revenues: $2.2 billion
expenditures: $1.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Guernsey: revenues: $381.3 million
expenditures: $368.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Guinea: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $417.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (2000 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Guyana: revenues: $220.1 million
expenditures: $286.4 million, including capital expenditures of $86.6 million (1998)
Haiti: revenues: $317 million
expenditures: $362 million, including capital expenditures of $84 million (FY99/00 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City): revenues: $209.6 million
expenditures: $198.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Honduras: revenues: $607 million
expenditures: $411.9 million, including capital expenditures of $106 million (1999 est.)
Hong Kong: revenues: $20.8 billion
expenditures: $24.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00)
Hungary: revenues: $13 billion
expenditures: $14.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Iceland: revenues: $3.5 billion
expenditures: $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $467 million (1999)
India: revenues: $44.3 billion
expenditures: $73.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Indonesia: revenues: $26 billion
expenditures: $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Iran: revenues: $27 billion
expenditures: $27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Iraq: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Ireland: revenues: $25.7 billion
expenditures: $19.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (2000)
Israel: revenues: $40 billion
expenditures: $42.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Italy: revenues: $488 billion
expenditures: $501 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Jamaica: revenues: $2.23 billion
expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of $232.5 million (FY99/00 est.)
Japan: revenues: $441 billion
expenditures: $718 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of about $84 billion (FY01/02 est.)
Jersey: revenues: $601 million
expenditures: $588 million, including capital expenditures of $98 million (2000 est.)
Jordan: revenues: $2.8 billion
expenditures: $3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: revenues: $3.1 billion
expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Kenya: revenues: $2.91 billion
expenditures: $2.97 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Kiribati: revenues: $33.3 million
expenditures: $47.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1996 est.)
Korea, North: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Korea, South: revenues: $81.8 billion
expenditures: $94.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.1 billion (1999)
Kuwait: revenues: $11.5 billion
expenditures: $17.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY01/02)
Kyrgyzstan: revenues: $207.4 million
expenditures: $238.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Laos: revenues: $211 million
expenditures: $462 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY98/99 est.)
Latvia: revenues: $1.33 billion
expenditures: $1.27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Lebanon: revenues: $3.31 billion
expenditures: $5.55 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Lesotho: revenues: $76 million
expenditures: $80 million, including capital expenditures of $15 million (FY99/00 est.)
Liberia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Libya: revenues: $6.85 billion
expenditures: $4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: revenues: $424.2 million
expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Lithuania: revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Luxembourg: revenues: $5.6 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Macau: revenues: $1.26 billion
expenditures: $1.22 billion, including capital expenditures of $175 million (1999 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: revenues: $1.06 billion
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of $107 million (1996 est.)
Madagascar: revenues: $553 million
expenditures: $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Malawi: revenues: $490 million
expenditures: $523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Malaysia: revenues: $16.4 billion
expenditures: $17.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $43 billion (2000 est.)
Maldives: revenues: $166 million (excluding foreign grants)
expenditures: $192 million, including capital expenditures of $80 million (1999 est.)
Mali: revenues: $730 million
expenditures: $770 million, including capital expenditures of $320 million (1997 est.)
Malta: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $265.4 million (1999)
Man, Isle of: revenues: $485 million
expenditures: $463 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Marshall Islands: revenues: $80.1 million
expenditures: $77.4 million, including capital expenditures of $19.5 million (FY95/96 est.)
Martinique: revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $140 million (1996)
Mauritania: revenues: $329 million
expenditures: $265 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (1996 est.)
Mauritius: revenues: $1.1 billion
expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Mayotte: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Mexico: revenues: $125 billion
expenditures: $130 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of: revenues: $161 million ($69 million less grants)
expenditures: $160 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Moldova: revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Monaco: revenues: $518 million
expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995)
Mongolia: revenues: $262 million
expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Montserrat: revenues: $31.4 million
expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4 million (1997 est.)
Morocco: revenues: $9.6 billion
expenditures: $8.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.1 billion (2001 est.)
Mozambique: revenues: $466.9 million
expenditures: $1.004 billion, including capital expenditures of $502.5 million (2000 est.)
Namibia: revenues: $883 million
expenditures: $950 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)
Nauru: revenues: $23.4 million
expenditures: $64.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96)
Nepal: revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $818 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY96/97 est.)
Netherlands: revenues: $134 billion
expenditures: $134 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: revenues: $710.8 million
expenditures: $741.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
New Caledonia: revenues: $861.3 million
expenditures: $735.3 million, including capital expenditures of $52 million (1996 est.)
New Zealand: revenues: $19.2 billion
expenditures: $19.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Nicaragua: revenues: $734 million
expenditures: $836 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Niger: revenues: $377 million, including $146 million from foreign sources
expenditures: $377 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million (1999 est.)
Nigeria: revenues: $3.4 billion
expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Niue: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Norfolk Island: revenues: $4.6 million
expenditures: $4.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92/93)
Northern Mariana Islands: revenues: $221 million
expenditures: $213 million, including capital expenditures of $17.7 million (1996)
Norway: revenues: $71.7 billion
expenditures: $57.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Oman: revenues: $4.7 billion
expenditures: $5.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $490 million (1999)
Pakistan: revenues: $8.9 billion
expenditures: $11.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Palau: revenues: $57.7 million
expenditures: $80.8 million, including capital expenditures of $17.1 million (FY98/99 est.)
Panama: revenues: $2.8 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $471 million (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Paraguay: revenues: $1.3 billion
expenditures: $2 billion, including capital expenditures of $700 million (1999 est.)
Peru: revenues: $8.5 billion
expenditures: $9.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (1996 est.)
Philippines: revenues: $14.5 billion
expenditures: $12.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: revenues: $729,884
expenditures: $878,119, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY94/95 est.)
Poland: revenues: $49.6 billion
expenditures: $52.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Portugal: revenues: $48.6 billion
expenditures: $50.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.7 billion (2000 est.)
Puerto Rico: revenues: $6.7 billion
expenditures: $9.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00)
Qatar: revenues: $3.9 billion
expenditures: $4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Reunion: revenues: NA
expenditures: NA
Romania: revenues: $11.7 billion
expenditures: $12.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Russia: revenues: $40 billion
expenditures: $33.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Rwanda: revenues: $198 million
expenditures: $411 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Saint Helena: revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: revenues: $64.1 million
expenditures: $73.3 million, including capital expenditures of $10.4 million (1997 est.)
Saint Lucia: revenues: $141.2 million
expenditures: $146.7 million, including capital expenditures of $25.1 million (FY97/98 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: revenues: $70 million
expenditures: $60 million, including capital expenditures of $24 million (1996 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: revenues: $85.7 million
expenditures: $98.6 million, including capital expenditures of $25.7 million (1997 est.)
Samoa: revenues: $74.8 million
expenditures: $81.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
San Marino: revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: revenues: $58 million
expenditures: $114 million, including capital expenditures of $54 million (1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia: revenues: $66 billion
expenditures: $66 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Senegal: revenues: $885 million
expenditures: $885 million, including capital expenditures of $125 million (1996 est.)
Seychelles: revenues: $249 million
expenditures: $262 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Sierra Leone: revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Singapore: revenues: $18.1 billion
expenditures: $17.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.5 billion (FY99/00 est.)
Slovakia: revenues: $5.2 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Slovenia: revenues: $8.11 billion
expenditures: $8.32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Solomon Islands: revenues: $147 million
expenditures: $168 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Somalia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
South Africa: revenues: $31.1 billion
expenditures: $34.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY01/02)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: revenues: $291,777
expenditures: $451,000, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
Spain: revenues: $105 billion
expenditures: $109 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.8 billion (2000 est.)
Sri Lanka: revenues: $3 billion
expenditures: $3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Sudan: revenues: $1.2 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Suriname: revenues: $393 million
expenditures: $403 million, including capital expenditures of $34 million (1997 est.)
Svalbard: revenues: $11.5 million
expenditures: $11.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Swaziland: revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $450 million, including capital expenditures of $115 million (FY96/97)
Sweden: revenues: $133 billion
expenditures: $125.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Switzerland: revenues: $32.66 billion
expenditures: $34.89 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.3 billion (1998 est.)
Syria: revenues: $2.25 billion
expenditures: $5.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $196 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Tanzania: revenues: $1.21 billion
expenditures: $1.36 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Thailand: revenues: $19 billion
expenditures: $21 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Togo: revenues: $232 million
expenditures: $252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Tokelau: revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)
Tonga: revenues: $49 million
expenditures: $120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: revenues: $1.54 billion
expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $117.3 million (1998)
Tunisia: revenues: $7.5 billion
expenditures: $8.1 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.6 billion (2000 est.)
Turkey: revenues: $54.5 billion
expenditures: $75.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.3 billion (2000)
Turkmenistan: revenues: $588.6 million
expenditures: $658.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $33.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997-1998 est.)
Tuvalu: revenues: $6.2 million
expenditures: $6.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Uganda: revenues: $959 million
expenditures: $1.04 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY98/99 est.)
Ukraine: revenues: $8.3 billion
expenditures: $8.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
United Arab Emirates: revenues: $6.5 billion
expenditures: $7.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: revenues: $555.2 billion
expenditures: $510.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37.7 billion (FY00)
United States: revenues: $1.828 trillion
expenditures: $1.703 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)
Uruguay: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Vanuatu: revenues: $94.4 million
expenditures: $99.8 million, including capital expenditures of $30.4 million (1996 est.)
Venezuela: revenues: $26.4 billion
expenditures: $27 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Vietnam: revenues: $5.3 billion
expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (1999 est.)
Virgin Islands: revenues: $364.4 million
expenditures: $364.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $17 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
West Bank: revenues: $1.6 billion
expenditures: $1.73 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
note: includes Gaza Strip (1999 est.)
Western Sahara: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Yemen: revenues: $3 billion
expenditures: $3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Zambia: revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA million (1999 est.)
Zimbabwe: revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279 million (FY96/97 est.)
Taiwan: revenues: $42.74 billion
expenditures: $48.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@Capital
Afghanistan: Kabul
Albania: Tirana
Algeria: Algiers
American Samoa: Pago Pago
Andorra: Andorra la Vella
Angola: Luanda
Anguilla: The Valley
Antigua and Barbuda: Saint John's
Argentina: Buenos Aires
Armenia: Yerevan
Aruba: Oranjestad
Australia: Canberra
Austria: Vienna
Azerbaijan: Baku (Baki)
Bahamas, The: Nassau
Bahrain: Manama
Bangladesh: Dhaka
Barbados: Bridgetown
Belarus: Minsk
Belgium: Brussels
Belize: Belmopan
Benin: Porto-Novo is the official capital; Cotonou is the seat of government
Bermuda: Hamilton
Bhutan: Thimphu
Bolivia: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
Botswana: Gaborone
Brazil: Brasilia
British Virgin Islands: Road Town
Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria: Sofia
Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou
Burma: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)
Burundi: Bujumbura
Cambodia: Phnom Penh
Cameroon: Yaounde
Canada: Ottawa
Cape Verde: Praia
Cayman Islands: George Town
Central African Republic: Bangui
Chad: N'Djamena
Chile: Santiago
China: Beijing
Christmas Island: The Settlement
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: West Island
Colombia: Bogota
Comoros: Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the: Brazzaville
Cook Islands: Avarua
Costa Rica: San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the administrative center; the US, like other countries, maintains its Embassy in Abidjan
Croatia: Zagreb
Cuba: Havana
Cyprus: Nicosia
Czech Republic: Prague
Denmark: Copenhagen
Djibouti: Djibouti
Dominica: Roseau
Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo
Ecuador: Quito
Egypt: Cairo
El Salvador: San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea: Malabo
Eritrea: Asmara (formerly Asmera)
Estonia: Tallinn
Ethiopia: Addis Ababa
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Stanley
Faroe Islands: Torshavn
Fiji: Suva
Finland: Helsinki
France: Paris
French Guiana: Cayenne
French Polynesia: Papeete
Gabon: Libreville
Gambia, The: Banjul
Georgia: T'bilisi
Germany: Berlin
Ghana: Accra
Gibraltar: Gibraltar
Greece: Athens
Greenland: Nuuk (Godthab)
Grenada: Saint George's
Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre
Guam: Hagatna (Agana)
Guatemala: Guatemala
Guernsey: Saint Peter Port
Guinea: Conakry
Guinea-Bissau: Bissau
Guyana: Georgetown
Haiti: Port-au-Prince
Holy See (Vatican City): Vatican City
Honduras: Tegucigalpa
Hungary: Budapest
Iceland: Reykjavik
India: New Delhi
Indonesia: Jakarta
Iran: Tehran
Iraq: Baghdad
Ireland: Dublin
Israel: Jerusalem; note - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv
Italy: Rome
Jamaica: Kingston
Japan: Tokyo
Jersey: Saint Helier
Jordan: Amman
Kazakhstan: Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana in December 1998
Kenya: Nairobi
Kiribati: Tarawa
Korea, North: P'yongyang
Korea, South: Seoul
Kuwait: Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek
Laos: Vientiane
Latvia: Riga
Lebanon: Beirut
Lesotho: Maseru
Liberia: Monrovia
Libya: Tripoli
Liechtenstein: Vaduz
Lithuania: Vilnius
Luxembourg: Luxembourg
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Skopje
Madagascar: Antananarivo
Malawi: Lilongwe
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Maldives: Male
Mali: Bamako
Malta: Valletta
Man, Isle of: Douglas
Marshall Islands: Majuro
Martinique: Fort-de-France
Mauritania: Nouakchott
Mauritius: Port Louis
Mayotte: Mamoutzou
Mexico: Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of: Palikir
Moldova: Chisinau
Monaco: Monaco
Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar
Montserrat: Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades, in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat)
Morocco: Rabat
Mozambique: Maputo
Namibia: Windhoek
Nauru: no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal: Kathmandu
Netherlands: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
Netherlands Antilles: Willemstad
New Caledonia: Noumea
New Zealand: Wellington
Nicaragua: Managua
Niger: Niamey
Nigeria: Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially transferred from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices have now made the move to Abuja
Niue: Alofi
Norfolk Island: Kingston
Northern Mariana Islands: Saipan
Norway: Oslo
Oman: Muscat
Pakistan: Islamabad
Palau: Koror; note - a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast of Koror
Panama: Panama
Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby
Paraguay: Asuncion
Peru: Lima
Philippines: Manila
Pitcairn Islands: Adamstown
Poland: Warsaw
Portugal: Lisbon
Puerto Rico: San Juan
Qatar: Doha
Reunion: Saint-Denis
Romania: Bucharest
Russia: Moscow
Rwanda: Kigali
Saint Helena: Jamestown
Saint Kitts and Nevis: Basseterre
Saint Lucia: Castries
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Saint-Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Kingstown
Samoa: Apia
San Marino: San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe: Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia: Riyadh
Senegal: Dakar
Seychelles: Victoria
Sierra Leone: Freetown
Singapore: Singapore
Slovakia: Bratislava
Slovenia: Ljubljana
Solomon Islands: Honiara
Somalia: Mogadishu
South Africa: Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center and Bloemfontein the judicial center
Spain: Madrid
Sri Lanka: Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital
Sudan: Khartoum
Suriname: Paramaribo
Svalbard: Longyearbyen
Swaziland: Mbabane; note - Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital
Sweden: Stockholm
Switzerland: Bern
Syria: Damascus
Tajikistan: Dushanbe
Tanzania: Dar es Salaam; note - legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National Assembly now meets there on regular basis
Thailand: Bangkok
Togo: Lome
Tokelau: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Tonga: Nuku'alofa
Trinidad and Tobago: Port-of-Spain
Tunisia: Tunis
Turkey: Ankara
Turkmenistan: Ashgabat
Turks and Caicos Islands: Cockburn Town (on Grand Turk)
Tuvalu: Funafuti
Uganda: Kampala
Ukraine: Kiev (Kyyiv)
United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom: London
United States: Washington, DC
Uruguay: Montevideo
Uzbekistan: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Vanuatu: Port-Vila
Venezuela: Caracas
Vietnam: Hanoi
Virgin Islands: Charlotte Amalie
Wallis and Futuna: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)
Western Sahara: none
Yemen: Sanaa
Yugoslavia: Belgrade
Zambia: Lusaka
Zimbabwe: Harare
Taiwan: Taipei
======================================================================
@Climate
Afghanistan: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Albania: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
American Samoa: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
Andorra: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Arctic Ocean: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Armenia: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: tropical
Atlantic Ocean: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
Australia: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Austria: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan: dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Baker Island: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Bangladesh: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados: tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Bassas da India: tropical
Belarus: cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
Belgium: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
Benin: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Bhutan: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Bolivia: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Botswana: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island: antarctic
Brazil: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
Brunei: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Burundi: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Cambodia: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Canada: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Cape Verde: temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic
Cayman Islands: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Chad: tropical in south, desert in north
Chile: temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
China: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Clipperton Island: tropical, humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall
Colombia: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Congo, Republic of the: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands: tropical; moderated by trade winds
Coral Sea Islands: tropical
Costa Rica: tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
Cuba: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, winters
Czech Republic: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Djibouti: desert; torrid, dry
Dominica: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Ecuador: tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea: tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert
Estonia: maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Island: tropical
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
Fiji: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland: cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
French Polynesia: tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: antarctic
Gabon: tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind
Ghana: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islands: tropical
Greece: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupe: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
Guam: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
Guinea: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
Haiti: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City): temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong: tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Island: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Hungary: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
India: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Ireland: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Israel: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Jamaica: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Island: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jersey: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atoll: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordan: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Island: tropical
Kazakhstan: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Kenya: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reef: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribati: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwait: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
Latvia: maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania: transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Madagascar: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi: sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Malaysia: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Maldives: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Malta: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
Man, Isle of: cool summers and mild winters; temperate; overcast about one-third of the time
Marshall Islands: wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt
Martinique: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritania: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Mexico: varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islands: subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Moldova: moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Montserrat: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique: tropical to subtropical
Namibia: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
Navassa Island: marine, tropical
Nepal: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand: temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
Niue: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Northern Mariana Islands: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers causing glaciers to grow; rainy year-round on west coast
Oman: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Palau: wet season May to November; hot and humid
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panama: tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Paracel Islands: tropical
Paraguay: subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Philippines: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands: tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Portugal: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Puerto Rico: tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Qatar: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Romania: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Rwanda: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Helena: Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)
San Marino: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Saudi Arabia: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Senegal: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Seychelles: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Slovakia: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Solomon Islands: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
Somalia: principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
South Africa: mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean: sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
Spain: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Spratly Islands: tropical
Sri Lanka: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)
Suriname: tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Swaziland: varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
Syria: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus
Tajikistan: midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togo: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Island: tropical
Tunisia: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Turkey: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Turkmenistan: subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
United States: mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
Uruguay: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds
Venezuela: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Virgin Islands: subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November
Wake Island: tropical
Wallis and Futuna: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
World: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
Yemen: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Yugoslavia: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Zambia: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Zimbabwe: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
Taiwan: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
======================================================================
@Coastline
Afghanistan: 0 km (landlocked)
Albania: 362 km
Algeria: 998 km
American Samoa: 116 km
Andorra: 0 km (landlocked)
Angola: 1,600 km
Anguilla: 61 km
Antarctica: 17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda: 153 km
Arctic Ocean: 45,389 km
Argentina: 4,989 km
Armenia: 0 km (landlocked)
Aruba: 68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: 74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean: 111,866 km
Australia: 25,760 km
Austria: 0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan: 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)
Bahamas, The: 3,542 km
Bahrain: 161 km
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Bangladesh: 580 km
Barbados: 97 km
Bassas da India: 35.2 km
Belarus: 0 km (landlocked)
Belgium: 66 km
Belize: 386 km
Benin: 121 km
Bermuda: 103 km
Bhutan: 0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia: 0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 20 km
Botswana: 0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island: 29.6 km
Brazil: 7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory: 698 km
British Virgin Islands: 80 km
Brunei: 161 km
Bulgaria: 354 km
Burkina Faso: 0 km (landlocked)
Burma: 1,930 km
Burundi: 0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia: 443 km
Cameroon: 402 km
Canada: 243,791 km
Cape Verde: 965 km
Cayman Islands: 160 km
Central African Republic: 0 km (landlocked)
Chad: 0 km (landlocked)
Chile: 6,435 km
China: 14,500 km
Christmas Island: 138.9 km
Clipperton Island: 11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 2.6 km
Colombia: 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)
Comoros: 340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 37 km
Congo, Republic of the: 169 km
Cook Islands: 120 km
Coral Sea Islands: 3,095 km
Costa Rica: 1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire: 515 km
Croatia: 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba: 3,735 km
Cyprus: 648 km
Czech Republic: 0 km (landlocked)
Denmark: 7,314 km
Djibouti: 314 km
Dominica: 148 km
Dominican Republic: 1,288 km
Ecuador: 2,237 km
Egypt: 2,450 km
El Salvador: 307 km
Equatorial Guinea: 296 km
Eritrea: 2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km
Estonia: 3,794 km
Ethiopia: 0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island: 22.2 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 1,288 km
Faroe Islands: 1,117 km
Fiji: 1,129 km
Finland: 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)
France: 3,427 km
French Guiana: 378 km
French Polynesia: 2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: 1,232 km
Gabon: 885 km
Gambia, The: 80 km
Gaza Strip: 40 km
Georgia: 310 km
Germany: 2,389 km
Ghana: 539 km
Gibraltar: 12 km
Glorioso Islands: 35.2 km
Greece: 13,676 km
Greenland: 44,087 km
Grenada: 121 km
Guadeloupe: 306 km
Guam: 125.5 km
Guatemala: 400 km
Guernsey: 50 km
Guinea: 320 km
Guinea-Bissau: 350 km
Guyana: 459 km
Haiti: 1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: 101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City): 0 km (landlocked)
Honduras: 820 km
Hong Kong: 733 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Hungary: 0 km (landlocked)
Iceland: 4,988 km
India: 7,000 km
Indian Ocean: 66,526 km
Indonesia: 54,716 km
Iran: 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq: 58 km
Ireland: 1,448 km
Israel: 273 km
Italy: 7,600 km
Jamaica: 1,022 km
Jan Mayen: 124.1 km
Japan: 29,751 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Jersey: 70 km
Johnston Atoll: 10 km
Jordan: 26 km
Juan de Nova Island: 24.1 km
Kazakhstan: 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya: 536 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Kiribati: 1,143 km
Korea, North: 2,495 km
Korea, South: 2,413 km
Kuwait: 499 km
Kyrgyzstan: 0 km (landlocked)
Laos: 0 km (landlocked)
Latvia: 531 km
Lebanon: 225 km
Lesotho: 0 km (landlocked)
Liberia: 579 km
Libya: 1,770 km
Liechtenstein: 0 km (landlocked)
Lithuania: 99 km
Luxembourg: 0 km (landlocked)
Macau: 40 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar: 4,828 km
Malawi: 0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia: 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Maldives: 644 km
Mali: 0 km (landlocked)
Malta: 196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Man, Isle of: 160 km
Marshall Islands: 370.4 km
Martinique: 350 km
Mauritania: 754 km
Mauritius: 177 km
Mayotte: 185.2 km
Mexico: 9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of: 6,112 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Moldova: 0 km (landlocked)
Monaco: 4.1 km
Mongolia: 0 km (landlocked)
Montserrat: 40 km
Morocco: 1,835 km
Mozambique: 2,470 km
Namibia: 1,572 km
Nauru: 30 km
Navassa Island: 8 km
Nepal: 0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands: 451 km
Netherlands Antilles: 364 km
New Caledonia: 2,254 km
New Zealand: 15,134 km
Nicaragua: 910 km
Niger: 0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria: 853 km
Niue: 64 km
Norfolk Island: 32 km
Northern Mariana Islands: 1,482 km
Norway: 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)
Oman: 2,092 km
Pacific Ocean: 135,663 km
Pakistan: 1,046 km
Palau: 1,519 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Panama: 2,490 km
Papua New Guinea: 5,152 km
Paracel Islands: 518 km
Paraguay: 0 km (landlocked)
Peru: 2,414 km
Philippines: 36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands: 51 km
Poland: 491 km
Portugal: 1,793 km
Puerto Rico: 501 km
Qatar: 563 km
Reunion: 207 km
Romania: 225 km
Russia: 37,653 km
Rwanda: 0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena: 60 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 135 km
Saint Lucia: 158 km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 84 km
Samoa: 403 km
San Marino: 0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe: 209 km
Saudi Arabia: 2,640 km
Senegal: 531 km
Seychelles: 491 km
Sierra Leone: 402 km
Singapore: 193 km
Slovakia: 0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia: 46.6 km
Solomon Islands: 5,313 km
Somalia: 3,025 km
South Africa: 2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: NA km
Southern Ocean: 17,968 km
Spain: 4,964 km
Spratly Islands: 926 km
Sri Lanka: 1,340 km
Sudan: 853 km
Suriname: 386 km
Svalbard: 3,587 km
Swaziland: 0 km (landlocked)
Sweden: 3,218 km
Switzerland: 0 km (landlocked)
Syria: 193 km
Tajikistan: 0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania: 1,424 km
Thailand: 3,219 km
Togo: 56 km
Tokelau: 101 km
Tonga: 419 km
Trinidad and Tobago: 362 km
Tromelin Island: 3.7 km
Tunisia: 1,148 km
Turkey: 7,200 km
Turkmenistan: 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 389 km
Tuvalu: 24 km
Uganda: 0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine: 2,782 km
United Arab Emirates: 1,318 km
United Kingdom: 12,429 km
United States: 19,924 km
Uruguay: 660 km
Uzbekistan: 0 km; note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu: 2,528 km
Venezuela: 2,800 km
Vietnam: 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands: 188 km
Wake Island: 19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna: 129 km
West Bank: 0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara: 1,110 km
World: 356,000 km
Yemen: 1,906 km
Yugoslavia: 199 km
Zambia: 0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe: 0 km (landlocked)
Taiwan: 1,566.3 km
======================================================================
@Communications - note
Bouvet Island: automatic meteorological station
Coral Sea Islands: there are automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs relaying data to the mainland
Europa Island: 1 meteorological station
Glorioso Islands: 1 meteorological station
Juan de Nova Island: 1 meteorological station
Saint Helena: Gough Island has a meteorological station
Tromelin Island: important meteorological station
======================================================================
@Constitution
Afghanistan: none
Albania: a new constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted the vote
Algeria: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996; note - referendum approving the revisions of 28 November 1996 was signed into law 7 December 1996
American Samoa: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
Andorra: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993
Angola: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
Anguilla: Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda: 1 November 1981
Argentina: 1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Armenia: adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Aruba: 1 January 1986
Australia: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria: 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
Azerbaijan: adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The: 10 July 1973
Bahrain: adopted late December 2000 (new constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
Bangladesh: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times
Barbados: 30 November 1966
Belarus: 30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996
Belgium: 7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state
Belize: 21 September 1981
Benin: December 1990
Bermuda: 8 June 1968, amended 1989
Bhutan: no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers
Bolivia: 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force
Botswana: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil: 5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands: 1 June 1977
Brunei: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Bulgaria: adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso: 2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted
Burma: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; progress has since been stalled
Burundi: 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
Cambodia: promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon: 20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996
Canada: 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Cape Verde: new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president
Cayman Islands: 1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Central African Republic: passed by referendum 29 December 1994; adopted 7 January 1995
Chad: passed by referendum 31 March 1995
Chile: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997
China: most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island: Christmas Island Act of 1958
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
Colombia: 5 July 1991
Comoros: 20 October 1996
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994; in November 1998, a draft constitution was approved by former President Laurent KABILA but it has not been ratified by a national referendum
Congo, Republic of the: Draft constitution approved by transitional parliament in September 2000
Cook Islands: 4 August 1965
Costa Rica: 7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire: 3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last time 27 July 1998
Croatia: adopted on 22 December 1990
Cuba: 24 February 1976, amended July 1992
Cyprus: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Czech Republic: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Denmark: 1849 was the original constitution; there was a major overhaul 5 June 1953, allowing for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
Djibouti: multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
Dominica: 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic: 28 November 1966
Ecuador: 10 August 1998
Egypt: 11 September 1971
El Salvador: 23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea: approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
Eritrea: the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
Estonia: adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia: ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji: 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level
Finland: 17 July 1919
France: 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993
French Guiana: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon: adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The: 24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished in January 1997
Georgia: adopted 17 October 1995
Germany: 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
Ghana: new constitution approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar: 30 May 1969
Greece: 11 June 1975; amended March 1986
Greenland: 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada: 19 December 1973
Guadeloupe: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam: Organic Act of 1 August 1950
Guatemala: 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea: 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau: 16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
Guyana: 6 October 1980
Haiti: approved March 1987; suspended June 1988, with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991, government claimed to be observing the constitution; return to constitutional rule, October 1994
Holy See (Vatican City): Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
Honduras: 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong Kong: Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
India: 26 January 1950
Indonesia: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Iran: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraq: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
Ireland: 29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite
Israel: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
Italy: 1 January 1948
Jamaica: 6 August 1962
Japan: 3 May 1947
Jersey: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan: 8 January 1952
Kazakhstan: adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
Kenya: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1997
Kiribati: 12 July 1979
Korea, North: adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992 and September 1998
Korea, South: 25 February 1988
Kuwait: approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan: adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 10 February 1996 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature
Laos: promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia: the 1991 Constitutional Law which supplements the 1922 constitution, provides for basic rights and freedoms
Lebanon: 23 May 1926, amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Taif Accord) of October 1989
Lesotho: 2 April 1993
Liberia: 6 January 1986
Libya: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Liechtenstein: 5 October 1921
Lithuania: adopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
Macau: Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
note: Democratic Party for Albanians (DPA), which is now a member party of the government, is calling for a rewrite of the constitution to declare ethnic Albanians a constituent national group and allow for greater regional autonomy
Madagascar: 19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi: 18 May 1994
Malaysia: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
Maldives: adopted January 1998
Mali: adopted 12 January 1992
Malta: 1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974
Man, Isle of: unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961, does not embody the Manx Constitution
Marshall Islands: 1 May 1979
Martinique: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Mauritania: 12 July 1991
Mauritius: 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico: 5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of: 10 May 1979
Moldova: new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
Monaco: 17 December 1962
Mongolia: 12 February 1992
Montserrat: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Morocco: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique: 30 November 1990
Namibia: ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
Nauru: 29 January 1968
Nepal: 9 November 1990
Netherlands: adopted 1814; amended many times, last time 17 February 1983
Netherlands Antilles: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended
New Caledonia: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand: consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments and The Constitution Act 1986 which is the principal formal charter
Nicaragua: 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
Niger: the constitution of January 1993 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and again by referendum on 18 July 1999
Nigeria: NA 1999 new constitution adopted
Niue: 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island: Norfolk Island Act of 1979
Northern Mariana Islands: Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978
Norway: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884
Oman: none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a new basic law which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999
Palau: 1 January 1981
Panama: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983 and 1994
Papua New Guinea: 16 September 1975
Paraguay: promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru: 31 December 1993
Philippines: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands: 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Poland: 16 October 1997; adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 23 May 1997
Portugal: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, and 3 September 1997
Puerto Rico: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatar: provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972; in July 1999 Amir HAMAD issued a decree forming a committee to draft a permanent constitution
Reunion: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Romania: 8 December 1991
Russia: adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda: on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding
Saint Helena: 1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 19 September 1983
Saint Lucia: 22 February 1979
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 27 October 1979
Samoa: 1 January 1962
San Marino: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe: approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Saudi Arabia: governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
Senegal: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Seychelles: 18 June 1993
Sierra Leone: 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore: 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia: ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
Slovenia: adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands: 7 July 1978
Somalia: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the Transitional National Government formed in October 2000 has a mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections within three years
South Africa: 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: adopted 3 October 1985
Spain: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka: adopted 16 August 1978
Sudan: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
Suriname: ratified 30 September 1987
Swaziland: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but was not formally presented to the people; since then a few more outlines for a constitution have been compiled under the Constitutional Review Commission (CRC), but so far none have been accepted
Sweden: 1 January 1975
Switzerland: 29 May 1874
Syria: 13 March 1973
Tajikistan: 6 November 1994
Tanzania: 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand: new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
Togo: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
Tonga: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago: 1 August 1976
Tunisia: 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Turkey: 7 November 1982
Turkmenistan: adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands: introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988
Tuvalu: 1 October 1978
Uganda: 8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
Ukraine: adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates: 2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
United Kingdom: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
United States: 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistan: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu: 30 July 1980
Venezuela: 30 December 1999
Vietnam: 15 April 1992
Virgin Islands: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen: 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Yugoslavia: 27 April 1992
Zambia: 2 August 1991
Zimbabwe: 21 December 1979
Taiwan: 1 January 1947, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, and 1999
======================================================================
@Country name
Afghanistan: conventional long form: Islamic State of Afghanistan; note - the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan
local short form: Afghanestan
former: Republic of Afghanistan
Albania: conventional long form: Republic of Albania
conventional short form: Albania
local long form: Republika e Shqiperise
local short form: Shqiperia
former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Algeria: conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
conventional short form: Algeria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah
local short form: Al Jaza'ir
American Samoa: conventional long form: Territory of American Samoa
conventional short form: American Samoa
abbreviation: AS
Andorra: conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
conventional short form: Andorra
local long form: Principat d'Andorra
local short form: Andorra
Angola: conventional long form: Republic of Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola
Anguilla: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Anguilla
Antarctica: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina: conventional long form: Argentine Republic
conventional short form: Argentina
local long form: Republica Argentina
local short form: Argentina
Armenia: conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic
Aruba: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Aruba
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Australia: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia
Austria: conventional long form: Republic of Austria
conventional short form: Austria
local long form: Republik Oesterreich
local short form: Oesterreich
Azerbaijan: conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
conventional short form: Azerbaijan
local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Bahamas, The: conventional long form: Commonwealth of The Bahamas
conventional short form: The Bahamas
Bahrain: conventional long form: State of Bahrain
conventional short form: Bahrain
local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn
local short form: Al Bahrayn
former: Dilmun
Baker Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Baker Island
Bangladesh: conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
former: East Pakistan
Barbados: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Barbados
Bassas da India: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bassas da India
Belarus: conventional long form: Republic of Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local long form: Respublika Byelarus'
local short form: none
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
Belgium: conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium
conventional short form: Belgium
local long form: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie
local short form: Belgique/Belgie
Belize: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Belize
former: British Honduras
Benin: conventional long form: Republic of Benin
conventional short form: Benin
local long form: Republique du Benin
local short form: Benin
former: Dahomey
Bermuda: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bermuda
former: Somers Islands
Bhutan: conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan
conventional short form: Bhutan
Bolivia: conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia
conventional short form: Bolivia
local long form: Republica de Bolivia
local short form: Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: none
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
Botswana: conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland
Bouvet Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bouvet Island
Brazil: conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil
British Indian Ocean Territory: conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form: none
abbreviation: BIOT
British Virgin Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: British Virgin Islands
abbreviation: BVI
Brunei: conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam
conventional short form: Brunei
Bulgaria: conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form: Bulgaria
Burkina Faso: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Burkina Faso
former: Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta
Burma: conventional long form: Union of Burma
conventional short form: Burma
local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)
local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Burundi: conventional long form: Republic of Burundi
conventional short form: Burundi
local long form: Republika y'u Burundi
local short form: Burundi
former: Urundi
Cambodia: conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea
local short form: Kampuchea
former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
Cameroon: conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
conventional short form: Cameroon
former: French Cameroon
Canada: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
Cape Verde: conventional long form: Republic of Cape Verde
conventional short form: Cape Verde
local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde
local short form: Cabo Verde
Cayman Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Cayman Islands
Central African Republic: conventional long form: Central African Republic
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique Centrafricaine
local short form: none
former: Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empire
abbreviation: CAR
Chad: conventional long form: Republic of Chad
conventional short form: Chad
local long form: Republique du Tchad
local short form: Tchad
Chile: conventional long form: Republic of Chile
conventional short form: Chile
local long form: Republica de Chile
local short form: Chile
China: conventional long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC
Christmas Island: conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island
conventional short form: Christmas Island
Clipperton Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Clipperton Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Clipperton
former: sometimes called Ile de la Passion
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: conventional long form: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
conventional short form: Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia: conventional long form: Republic of Colombia
conventional short form: Colombia
local long form: Republica de Colombia
local short form: Colombia
Comoros: conventional long form: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
conventional short form: Comoros
local long form: Republique Federale Islamique des Comores
local short form: Comores
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: conventional long form: Democratic Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique Democratique du Congo
local short form: none
former: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo/Leopoldville, Congo/Kinshasa, Zaire
abbreviation: DROC
Congo, Republic of the: conventional long form: Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique du Congo
local short form: none
former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo
Cook Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Cook Islands
former: Harvey Islands
Coral Sea Islands: conventional long form: Coral Sea Islands Territory
conventional short form: Coral Sea Islands
Costa Rica: conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire: conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire
conventional short form: Cote d'Ivoire
local long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire
local short form: Cote d'Ivoire
former: Ivory Coast
Croatia: conventional long form: Republic of Croatia
conventional short form: Croatia
local long form: Republika Hrvatska
local short form: Hrvatska
Cuba: conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: Republica de Cuba
local short form: Cuba
Cyprus: conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus
note: the Turkish Cypriot area refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC)
Czech Republic: conventional long form: Czech Republic
conventional short form: Czech Republic
local long form: Ceska Republika
local short form: Ceska Republika
Denmark: conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form: Denmark
local long form: Kongeriget Danmark
local short form: Danmark
Djibouti: conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti
conventional short form: Djibouti
former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland
Dominica: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Dominica
conventional short form: Dominica
Dominican Republic: conventional long form: Dominican Republic
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republica Dominicana
local short form: none
Ecuador: conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador
local long form: Republica del Ecuador
local short form: Ecuador
Egypt: conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
El Salvador: conventional long form: Republic of El Salvador
conventional short form: El Salvador
local long form: Republica de El Salvador
local short form: El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea: conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea
local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial
local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial
former: Spanish Guinea
Eritrea: conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia
Estonia: conventional long form: Republic of Estonia
conventional short form: Estonia
local long form: Eesti Vabariik
local short form: Eesti
former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Ethiopia: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
conventional short form: Ethiopia
local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
local short form: Ityop'iya
former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa
abbreviation: FDRE
Europa Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Europa Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Europa
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Faroe Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Faroe Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Foroyar
Fiji: conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands
conventional short form: Fiji
Finland: conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen Tasavalta
local short form: Suomi
France: conventional long form: French Republic
conventional short form: France
local long form: Republique Francaise
local short form: France
French Guiana: conventional long form: Department of Guiana
conventional short form: French Guiana
local long form: none
local short form: Guyane
French Polynesia: conventional long form: Territory of French Polynesia
conventional short form: French Polynesia
local long form: Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise
local short form: Polynesie Francaise
former: French Colony of Oceania
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: conventional long form: Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
conventional short form: French Southern and Antarctic Lands
local long form: Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises
local short form: Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises
Gabon: conventional long form: Gabonese Republic
conventional short form: Gabon
local long form: Republique Gabonaise
local short form: Gabon
Gambia, The: conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia
conventional short form: The Gambia
Gaza Strip: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Gaza Strip
local long form: none
local short form: Qita Ghazzah
Georgia: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Georgia
local long form: none
local short form: Sak'art'velo
former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Germany: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany
conventional short form: Germany
local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland
local short form: Deutschland
former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich
Ghana: conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
conventional short form: Ghana
former: Gold Coast
Gibraltar: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Gibraltar
Glorioso Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Glorioso Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Iles Glorieuses
Greece: conventional long form: Hellenic Republic
conventional short form: Greece
local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia
local short form: Ellas or Ellada
former: Kingdom of Greece
Greenland: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Greenland
local long form: none
local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat
Grenada: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Grenada
Guadeloupe: conventional long form: Department of Guadeloupe
conventional short form: Guadeloupe
local long form: Departement de la Guadeloupe
local short form: Guadeloupe
Guam: conventional long form: Territory of Guam
conventional short form: Guam
Guatemala: conventional long form: Republic of Guatemala
conventional short form: Guatemala
local long form: Republica de Guatemala
local short form: Guatemala
Guernsey: conventional long form: Bailiwick of Guernsey
conventional short form: Guernsey
Guinea: conventional long form: Republic of Guinea
conventional short form: Guinea
local long form: Republique de Guinee
local short form: Guinee
former: French Guinea
Guinea-Bissau: conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau
local long form: Republica da Guine-Bissau
local short form: Guine-Bissau
former: Portuguese Guinea
Guyana: conventional long form: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
conventional short form: Guyana
former: British Guiana
Haiti: conventional long form: Republic of Haiti
conventional short form: Haiti
local long form: Republique d'Haiti
local short form: Haiti
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Holy See (Vatican City): conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City)
conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City)
local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)
local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)
Honduras: conventional long form: Republic of Honduras
conventional short form: Honduras
local long form: Republica de Honduras
local short form: Honduras
Hong Kong: conventional long form: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Hong Kong
local long form: Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu
local short form: Xianggang
abbreviation: HK
Howland Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Howland Island
Hungary: conventional long form: Republic of Hungary
conventional short form: Hungary
local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag
local short form: Magyarorszag
Iceland: conventional long form: Republic of Iceland
conventional short form: Iceland
local long form: Lyoveldio Island
local short form: Island
India: conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India
Indonesia: conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Iran: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
former: Persia
Iraq: conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq
Ireland: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ireland
Israel: conventional long form: State of Israel
conventional short form: Israel
local long form: Medinat Yisra'el
local short form: Yisra'el
Italy: conventional long form: Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy
Jamaica: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jamaica
Jan Mayen: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jan Mayen
Japan: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Japan
Jarvis Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jarvis Island
Jersey: conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey
conventional short form: Jersey
Johnston Atoll: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Johnston Atoll
Jordan: conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
conventional short form: Jordan
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah
local short form: Al Urdun
former: Transjordan
Juan de Nova Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Juan de Nova
Kazakhstan: conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Kenya: conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
conventional short form: Kenya
former: British East Africa
Kingman Reef: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Kingman Reef
Kiribati: conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati
conventional short form: Kiribati
note: pronounced kir-ih-bahss
former: Gilbert Islands
Korea, North: conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
conventional short form: North Korea
local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
local short form: none
note: the North Koreans generally use the term "Choson" to refer to their country
abbreviation: DPRK
Korea, South: conventional long form: Republic of Korea
conventional short form: South Korea
local long form: Taehan-min'guk
local short form: none
note: the South Koreans generally use the term "Han-guk" to refer to their country
abbreviation: ROK
Kuwait: conventional long form: State of Kuwait
conventional short form: Kuwait
local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt
local short form: Al Kuwayt
Kyrgyzstan: conventional long form: Kyrgyz Republic
conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan
local long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
Laos: conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic
conventional short form: Laos
local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
local short form: none
Latvia: conventional long form: Republic of Latvia
conventional short form: Latvia
local long form: Latvijas Republika
local short form: Latvija
former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lebanon: conventional long form: Lebanese Republic
conventional short form: Lebanon
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah
local short form: Lubnan
Lesotho: conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
conventional short form: Lesotho
former: Basutoland
Liberia: conventional long form: Republic of Liberia
conventional short form: Liberia
Libya: conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
conventional short form: Libya
local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma
local short form: none
Liechtenstein: conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein
conventional short form: Liechtenstein
local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein
local short form: Liechtenstein
Lithuania: conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania
conventional short form: Lithuania
local long form: Lietuvos Respublika
local short form: Lietuva
former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Luxembourg: conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
Macau: conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Macau
local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)
local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
abbreviation: FYROM
Madagascar: conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar
conventional short form: Madagascar
local long form: Republique de Madagascar
local short form: Madagascar
former: Malagasy Republic
Malawi: conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
conventional short form: Malawi
former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland
Malaysia: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Malaysia
former: Federation of Malaysia
Maldives: conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
conventional short form: Maldives
local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
local short form: Dhivehi Raajje
Mali: conventional long form: Republic of Mali
conventional short form: Mali
local long form: Republique de Mali
local short form: Mali
former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
Malta: conventional long form: Republic of Malta
conventional short form: Malta
local long form: Repubblika ta' Malta
local short form: Malta
Man, Isle of: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Isle of Man
Marshall Islands: conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands
conventional short form: Marshall Islands
former: Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Martinique: conventional long form: Department of Martinique
conventional short form: Martinique
local long form: Departement de la Martinique
local short form: Martinique
Mauritania: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
conventional short form: Mauritania
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah
local short form: Muritaniyah
Mauritius: conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
conventional short form: Mauritius
Mayotte: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
conventional short form: Mayotte
Mexico: conventional long form: United Mexican States
conventional short form: Mexico
local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form: Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of: conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia
conventional short form: none
former: Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
abbreviation: FSM
Midway Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Midway Islands
Moldova: conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova
local short form: none
former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Monaco: conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco
local short form: Monaco
Mongolia: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia
Montserrat: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat
Morocco: conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form: Al Maghrib
Mozambique: conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique
former: Portuguese East Africa
Namibia: conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
conventional short form: Namibia
former: German Southwest Africa, South-West Africa
Nauru: conventional long form: Republic of Nauru
conventional short form: Nauru
former: Pleasant Island
Navassa Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Navassa Island
Nepal: conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal
conventional short form: Nepal
Netherlands: conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form: Netherlands
local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form: Nederland
Netherlands Antilles: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles
local long form: none
local short form: Nederlandse Antillen
former: Curacao and Dependencies
New Caledonia: conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
conventional short form: New Caledonia
local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances
local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie
New Zealand: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: New Zealand
abbreviation: NZ
Nicaragua: conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua
conventional short form: Nicaragua
local long form: Republica de Nicaragua
local short form: Nicaragua
Niger: conventional long form: Republic of Niger
conventional short form: Niger
local long form: Republique du Niger
local short form: Niger
Nigeria: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
conventional short form: Nigeria
Niue: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Niue
former: Savage Island
Norfolk Island: conventional long form: Territory of Norfolk Island
conventional short form: Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands: conventional long form: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
conventional short form: Northern Mariana Islands
former: Mariana Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Norway: conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form: Norway
local long form: Kongeriket Norge
local short form: Norge
Oman: conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Muscat and Oman
Pakistan: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan
Palau: conventional long form: Republic of Palau
conventional short form: Palau
local long form: Beluu er a Belau
local short form: Belau
former: Palau District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Palmyra Atoll: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Palmyra Atoll
Panama: conventional long form: Republic of Panama
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: Republica de Panama
local short form: Panama
Papua New Guinea: conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea
conventional short form: Papua New Guinea
former: Territory of Papua and New Guinea
abbreviation: PNG
Paracel Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Paracel Islands
Paraguay: conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay
conventional short form: Paraguay
local long form: Republica del Paraguay
local short form: Paraguay
Peru: conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru
Philippines: conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines
conventional short form: Philippines
local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas
local short form: Pilipinas
Pitcairn Islands: conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
conventional short form: Pitcairn Islands
Poland: conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form: Polska
Portugal: conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal
Puerto Rico: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
conventional short form: Puerto Rico
Qatar: conventional long form: State of Qatar
conventional short form: Qatar
local long form: Dawlat Qatar
local short form: Qatar
note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation falls between cutter and gutter, but not like guitar
Reunion: conventional long form: Department of Reunion
conventional short form: Reunion
local long form: none
local short form: Ile de la Reunion
former: Bourbon Island
Romania: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
Russia: conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Rwanda: conventional long form: Rwandese Republic
conventional short form: Rwanda
local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form: Rwanda
former: Ruanda
Saint Helena: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis: conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis
former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Lucia: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa: conventional long form: Independent State of Samoa
conventional short form: Samoa
former: Western Samoa
San Marino: conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
conventional short form: San Marino
local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
local short form: San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe: conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe
local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
local short form: Sao Tome e Principe
Saudi Arabia: conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form: Saudi Arabia
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Senegal: conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form: Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal
Seychelles: conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form: Seychelles
Sierra Leone: conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone
Singapore: conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
conventional short form: Singapore
Slovakia: conventional long form: Slovak Republic
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska Republika
local short form: Slovensko
Slovenia: conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form: Slovenia
local long form: Republika Slovenija
local short form: Slovenija
Solomon Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Solomon Islands
former: British Solomon Islands
Somalia: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Somalia
former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic
South Africa: conventional long form: Republic of South Africa
conventional short form: South Africa
former: Union of South Africa
abbreviation: RSA
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: conventional long form: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
conventional short form: none
Spain: conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local short form: Espana
Spratly Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Spratly Islands
Sri Lanka: conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
former: Serendib, Ceylon
Sudan: conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
conventional short form: Sudan
local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
local short form: As-Sudan
former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Suriname: conventional long form: Republic of Suriname
conventional short form: Suriname
local long form: Republiek Suriname
local short form: Suriname
former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana
Svalbard: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitzbergen)
Swaziland: conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland
conventional short form: Swaziland
Sweden: conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden
conventional short form: Sweden
local long form: Konungariket Sverige
local short form: Sverige
Switzerland: conventional long form: Swiss Confederation
conventional short form: Switzerland
local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German), Confederation Suisse (French), Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
local short form: Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera (Italian)
Syria: conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic
conventional short form: Syria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
local short form: Suriyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
Tajikistan: conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form: Tajikistan
local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form: none
former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Tanzania: conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form: Tanzania
former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
Thailand: conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand
conventional short form: Thailand
former: Siam
Togo: conventional long form: Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togoland
Tokelau: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau
Tonga: conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga
former: Friendly Islands
Trinidad and Tobago: conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago
Tromelin Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tromelin Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Tromelin
Tunisia: conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis
Turkey: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
Turkmenistan: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Turks and Caicos Islands: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tuvalu
former: Ellice Islands
Uganda: conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda
Ukraine: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
United Arab Emirates: conventional long form: United Arab Emirates
conventional short form: none
local long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
local short form: none
former: Trucial Oman, Trucial States
abbreviation: UAE
United Kingdom: conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
conventional short form: United Kingdom
abbreviation: UK
United States: conventional long form: United States of America
conventional short form: United States
abbreviation: US or USA
Uruguay: conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form: Uruguay
local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form: Uruguay
former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province
Uzbekistan: conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Vanuatu: conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu
conventional short form: Vanuatu
former: New Hebrides
Venezuela: conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
local short form: Venezuela
Vietnam: conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
conventional short form: Vietnam
local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam
local short form: Viet Nam
abbreviation: SRV
Virgin Islands: conventional long form: United States Virgin Islands
conventional short form: Virgin Islands
former: Danish West Indies
Wake Island: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Wake Island
Wallis and Futuna: conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna
local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna
local short form: Wallis et Futuna
West Bank: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: West Bank
Western Sahara: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Western Sahara
former: Spanish Sahara
Yemen: conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman
Yugoslavia: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
conventional short form: Yugoslavia
local long form: Savezna Republika Jugoslavija
local short form: Jugoslavija
Zambia: conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia
Zimbabwe: conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia
Taiwan: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Taiwan
local long form: none
local short form: T'ai-wan
former: Formosa
======================================================================
@Currency
Afghanistan: afghani (AFA)
Albania: lek (ALL)
Algeria: Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa: US dollar (USD)
Andorra: French franc (FRF); Spanish peseta (ESP); euro (EUR)
Angola: kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina: Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia: dram (AMD)
Aruba: Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia: Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria: Austrian schilling (ATS); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Austria at a fixed rate of 13.7603 Austrian shillings per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The: Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain: Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh: taka (BDT)
Barbados: Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus: Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium: Belgian franc (BEF); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Belgium at a fixed rate of 40.3399 Belgian francs per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Belize: Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda: Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan: ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia: boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: marka (BAM)
Botswana: pula (BWP)
Brazil: real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands: US dollar (USD)
Brunei: Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria: lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma: kyat (MMK)
Burundi: Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia: riel (KHR)
Cameroon: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada: Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde: Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands: Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chad: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile: Chilean peso (CLP)
China: yuan (CNY)
Christmas Island: Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia: Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros: Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Cook Islands: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica: Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia: kuna (HRK)
Cuba: Cuban peso (CUP)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish lira (TRL)
Czech Republic: Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark: Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti: Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic: Dominican peso (DOP)
Ecuador: US dollar (USD)
Egypt: Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador: Salvadoran colon (SVC); US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea: nakfa (ERN)
Estonia: Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia: birr (ETB)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands: Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji: Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland: markka (FIM); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Finland at a fixed rate of 5.94573 markkaa per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
France: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in France at a fixed rate of 6.55957 French francs per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
French Guiana: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
French Polynesia: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The: dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip: new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia: lari (GEL)
Germany: deutsche mark (DEM); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Germany at a fixed rate of 1.95583 deutsche marks per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Ghana: cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar: Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece: drachma (GRD); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Greece (which entered the European Monetary Union on 1 January 2001) at a fixed rate of 340.750 drachmae per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Greenland: Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Guam: US dollar (USD)
Guatemala: quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey: British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea: Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used
Guyana: Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti: gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City): Italian lira (ITL); euro (EUR)
Honduras: lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong: Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary: forint (HUF)
Iceland: Icelandic krona (ISK)
India: Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia: Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran: Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq: Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Ireland: Irish pound (IEP); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Ireland at a fixed rate of 0.787564 Irish pounds per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Israel: new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Italy: Italian lira (ITL); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Italy at a fixed rate of 1,936.27 Italian lire per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Jamaica: Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan: yen (JPY)
Jersey: British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan: Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan: tenge (KZT)
Kenya: Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati: Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North: North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South: South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait: Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)
Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyzstani som (KGS)
Laos: kip (LAK)
Latvia: Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon: Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho: loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia: Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya: Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein: Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania: litas (LTL)
Luxembourg: Luxembourg franc (LUF); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Luxembourg at a fixed rate of 40.3399 Luxembourg francs per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Macau: pataca (MOP)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar: Malagasy franc (MGF)
Malawi: Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia: ringgit (MYR)
Maldives: rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta: Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of: British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Marshall Islands: US dollar (USD)
Martinique: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Mauritania: ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius: Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Mexico: Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of: US dollar (USD)
Moldova: Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Mongolia: togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco: Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique: metical (MZM)
Namibia: Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru: Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal: Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands: Netherlands guilder (NLG); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in the Netherlands at a fixed rate of 2.20371 Netherlands guilders per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Netherlands Antilles: Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua: gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria: naira (NGN)
Niue: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island: Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands: US dollar (USD)
Norway: Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman: Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan: Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau: US dollar (USD)
Panama: balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea: kina (PGK)
Paraguay: guarani (PYG)
Peru: nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines: Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland: zloty (PLN)
Portugal: Portuguese escudo (PTE); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Portugal at a fixed rate of 200.482 Portuguese escudos per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Puerto Rico: US dollar (USD)
Qatar: Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Romania: leu (ROL)
Russia: Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda: Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena: Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa: tala (WST)
San Marino: Italian lira (ITL); euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe: dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia: Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Seychelles: Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone: leone (SLL)
Singapore: Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia: Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia: tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands: Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia: Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa: rand (ZAR)
Spain: Spanish peseta (ESP); euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Spain at a fixed rate of 166.386 Spanish pesetas per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
Sri Lanka: Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan: Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname: Surinamese guilder (SRG)
Svalbard: Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland: lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden: Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland: Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria: Syrian pound (SYP)
Tajikistan: somoni
Tanzania: Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand: baht (THB)
Togo: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga: pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia: Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey: Turkish lira (TRL)
Turkmenistan: Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands: US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu: Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar
Uganda: Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine: hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates: Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom: British pound (GBP)
United States: US dollar (USD)
Uruguay: Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan: Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu: vatu (VUV)
Venezuela: bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam: dong (VND)
Virgin Islands: US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank: new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara: Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen: Yemeni rial (YER)
Yugoslavia: new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the German deutsche mark is legal tender (1999)
Zambia: Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe: Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
Taiwan: new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
======================================================================
@Currency code
Afghanistan: AFA
Albania: ALL
Algeria: DZD
American Samoa: USD
Andorra: FRF; ESP; EUR
Angola: AOA
Anguilla: XCD
Antigua and Barbuda: XCD
Argentina: ARS
Armenia: AMD
Aruba: AWG
Australia: AUD
Austria: ATS; EUR
Azerbaijan: AZM
Bahamas, The: BSD
Bahrain: BHD
Bangladesh: BDT
Barbados: BBD
Belarus: BYB/BYR
Belgium: BEF; EUR
Belize: BZD
Benin: XOF
Bermuda: BMD
Bhutan: BTN; INR
Bolivia: BOB
Bosnia and Herzegovina: BAM
Botswana: BWP
Brazil: BRL
British Virgin Islands: USD
Brunei: BND
Bulgaria: BGL
Burkina Faso: XOF
Burma: MMK
Burundi: BIF
Cambodia: KHR
Cameroon: XAF
Canada: CAD
Cape Verde: CVE
Cayman Islands: KYD
Central African Republic: XAF
Chad: XAF
Chile: CLP
China: CNY
Christmas Island: AUD
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: AUD
Colombia: COP
Comoros: KMF
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: CDF
Congo, Republic of the: XAF
Cook Islands: NZD
Costa Rica: CRC
Cote d'Ivoire: XOF
Croatia: HRK
Cuba: CUP
Cyprus: CYP; TRL
Czech Republic: CZK
Denmark: DKK
Djibouti: DJF
Dominica: XCD
Dominican Republic: DOP
Ecuador: USD
Egypt: EGP
El Salvador: SVC; USD
Equatorial Guinea: XAF
Eritrea: ERN
Estonia: EEK
Ethiopia: ETB
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): FKP
Faroe Islands: DKK
Fiji: FJD
Finland: FIM; EUR
France: FRF; EUR
French Guiana: FRF; EUR
French Polynesia: XPF
Gabon: XAF
Gambia, The: GMD
Gaza Strip: ILS
Georgia: GEL
Germany: DEM; EUR
Ghana: GHC
Gibraltar: GIP
Greece: GRD; EUR
Greenland: DKK
Grenada: XCD
Guadeloupe: FRF; EUR
Guam: USD
Guatemala: GTQ; USD
Guernsey: GBP
Guinea: GNF
Guinea-Bissau: XOF; GWP
Guyana: GYD
Haiti: HTG
Holy See (Vatican City): ITL; EUR
Honduras: HNL
Hong Kong: HKD
Hungary: HUF
Iceland: ISK
India: INR
Indonesia: IDR
Iran: IRR
Iraq: IQD
Ireland: IEP; EUR
Israel: ILS
Italy: ITL; EUR
Jamaica: JMD
Japan: JPY
Jersey: GBP
Jordan: JOD
Kazakhstan: KZT
Kenya: KES
Kiribati: AUD
Korea, North: KPW
Korea, South: KRW
Kuwait: KWD
Kyrgyzstan: KGS
Laos: LAK
Latvia: LVL
Lebanon: LBP
Lesotho: LSL; ZAR
Liberia: LRD
Libya: LYD
Liechtenstein: CHF
Lithuania: LTL
Luxembourg: LUF; EUR
Macau: MOP
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: MKD
Madagascar: MGF
Malawi: MWK
Malaysia: MYR
Maldives: MVR
Mali: XOF
Malta: MTL
Man, Isle of: GBP
Marshall Islands: USD
Martinique: FRF; EUR
Mauritania: MRO
Mauritius: MUR
Mayotte: FRF; EUR
Mexico: MXN
Micronesia, Federated States of: USD
Moldova: MDL
Monaco: FRF; EUR
Mongolia: MNT
Montserrat: XCD
Morocco: MAD
Mozambique: MZM
Namibia: NAD; ZAR
Nauru: AUD
Nepal: NPR
Netherlands: NLG; EUR
Netherlands Antilles: ANG
New Caledonia: XPF
New Zealand: NZD
Nicaragua: NIO
Niger: XOF
Nigeria: NGN
Niue: NZD
Norfolk Island: AUD
Northern Mariana Islands: USD
Norway: NOK
Oman: OMR
Pakistan: PKR
Palau: USD
Panama: PAB; USD
Papua New Guinea: PGK
Paraguay: PYG
Peru: PEN
Philippines: PHP
Pitcairn Islands: NZD
Poland: PLN
Portugal: PTE; EUR
Puerto Rico: USD
Qatar: QAR
Reunion: FRF; EUR
Romania: ROL
Russia: RUR
Rwanda: RWF
Saint Helena: SHP
Saint Kitts and Nevis: XCD
Saint Lucia: XCD
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: FRF; EUR
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: XCD
Samoa: WST
San Marino: ITL; EUR
Sao Tome and Principe: STD
Saudi Arabia: SAR
Senegal: XOF
Seychelles: SCR
Sierra Leone: SLL
Singapore: SGD
Slovakia: SKK
Slovenia: SIT
Solomon Islands: SBD
Somalia: SOS
South Africa: ZAR
Spain: ESP; EUR
Sri Lanka: LKR
Sudan: SDD
Suriname: SRG
Svalbard: NOK
Swaziland: SZL
Sweden: SEK
Switzerland: CHF
Syria: SYP
Tajikistan: SM
Tanzania: TZS
Thailand: THB
Togo: XOF
Tokelau: NZD
Tonga: TOP
Trinidad and Tobago: TTD
Tunisia: TND
Turkey: TRL
Turkmenistan: TMM
Turks and Caicos Islands: USD
Tuvalu: AUD
Uganda: UGX
Ukraine: UAH
United Arab Emirates: AED
United Kingdom: GBP
United States: USD
Uruguay: UYU
Uzbekistan: UZS
Vanuatu: VUV
Venezuela: VEB
Vietnam: VND
Virgin Islands: USD
Wallis and Futuna: XPF
West Bank: ILS; JOD
Western Sahara: MAD
Yemen: YER
Yugoslavia: YUM
Zambia: ZMK
Zimbabwe: ZWD
Taiwan: TWD
======================================================================
@Death rate
Afghanistan: 17.72 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria: 5.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra: 5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola: 24.68 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 5.61 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: 5.87 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina: 7.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia: 9.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba: 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Australia: 7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria: 9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: 9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: 7.14 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: 8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados: 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus: 13.97 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium: 10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize: 4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin: 14.51 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 7.42 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 14.03 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia: 8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 7.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana: 24.18 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil: 9.34 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei: 3.38 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: 14.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: 17.05 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma: 12.3 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi: 16.36 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 10.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 11.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Canada: 7.47 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: 7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Central African Republic: 18.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad: 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile: 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China: 6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA deaths/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA deaths/1,000 population
Colombia: 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros: 9.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 15.15 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: 16.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 16.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Croatia: 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba: 7.33 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 10.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark: 10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 14.66 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica: 7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: 4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador: 5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt: 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador: 6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: 13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 12.07 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Estonia: 13.48 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 17.84 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA deaths/1,000 population
Faroe Islands: 8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji: 5.75 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland: 9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France: 9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 4.77 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon: 17.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 12.92 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia: 14.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany: 10.42 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana: 10.26 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: 8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece: 9.73 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland: 7.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada: 7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: 6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam: 4.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala: 6.79 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 9.87 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea: 17.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: 15.33 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana: 8.87 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti: 15 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras: 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary: 13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland: 6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India: 8.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran: 5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq: 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland: 8.07 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel: 6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy: 10.07 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica: 5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan: 8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey: 9.27 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan: 2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: 10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya: 14.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kiribati: 8.88 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North: 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South: 5.93 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait: 2.45 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos: 13.02 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia: 14.8 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon: 6.39 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho: 15.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia: 16.36 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Libya: 3.51 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania: 12.86 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: 8.88 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau: 3.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar: 12.42 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi: 22.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Maldives: 8.09 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali: 18.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta: 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of: 11.84 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands: 6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique: 6.39 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania: 13.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius: 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte: 8.84 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico: 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova: 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco: 13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia: 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat: 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco: 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique: 24.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia: 20.9 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru: 7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal: 10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands: 8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia: 5.62 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand: 7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger: 22.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria: 13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue: NA deaths/1,000 population
Norfolk Island: NA deaths/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands: 2.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway: 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman: 4.1 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan: 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau: 7.23 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama: 4.95 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay: 4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru: 5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines: 6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA deaths/1,000 population
Poland: 9.98 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal: 10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico: 7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar: 4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion: 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania: 12.28 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia: 13.85 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda: 21.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena: 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 9.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia: 5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 6.64 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Samoa: 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino: 7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal: 8.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles: 6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone: 19.19 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Singapore: 4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia: 9.25 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia: 9.98 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands: 4.27 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia: 18.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa: 16.77 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain: 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan: 10.04 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname: 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard: NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland: 21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden: 10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland: 8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria: 5.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: 8.57 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania: 12.95 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand: 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo: 11.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau: NA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga: 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: 8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia: 4.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey: 5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: 8.98 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu: 7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda: 17.97 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ukraine: 16.43 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 3.79 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom: 10.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States: 8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay: 9.03 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: 8 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu: 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela: 4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam: 6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands: 5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank: 4.37 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
World: 8.93 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen: 9.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia: 21.97 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe: 23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Taiwan: 6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@Debt - external
Afghanistan: $5.5 billion (1996 est.)
Albania: $1 billion (2000)
Algeria: $25 billion (2000 est.)
American Samoa: $NA
Andorra: $NA
Angola: $10.8 billion (2000 est.)
Anguilla: $8.8 million (1998)
Antigua and Barbuda: $357 million (1998)
Argentina: $154 billion (2000 est.)
Armenia: $836 million (January 2001)
Aruba: $285 million (1996)
Australia: $220.6 billion (2000)
Austria: $16 billion (1999)
Azerbaijan: $1 billion (2000)
Bahamas, The: $385.8 million (2000 est.)
Bahrain: $2.7 billion (2000)
Bangladesh: $17 billion (2000)
Barbados: $425 million (2000 est.)
Belarus: $1 billion (2000 est.)
Belgium: $28.3 billion (1999 est.)
Belize: $338 million (1998)
Benin: $1.6 billion (1998 est.)
Bermuda: $NA
Bhutan: $120 million (1998)
Bolivia: $6.6 billion (2000)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: $3.4 billion (2000 est.)
Botswana: $455 million (2000)
Brazil: $232 billion (2000)
British Virgin Islands: $36.1 million (1997)
Brunei: $0
Bulgaria: $10.4 billion (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso: $1.3 billion (1997)
Burma: $6 billion (FY99/00 est.)
Burundi: $1.12 billion (1999 est.)
Cambodia: $829 million (1999 est.)
Cameroon: $10.9 billion (2000 est.)
Canada: $1.9 billion (2000)
Cape Verde: $260 million (2000)
Cayman Islands: $70 million (1996)
Central African Republic: $790 million (1999 est.)
Chad: $1 billion (1999 est.)
Chile: $39 billion (2000)
China: $162 billion (2000 est.)
Christmas Island: $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: $NA
Colombia: $34 billion (2000 est.)
Comoros: $197 million (1997 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: $13 billion (1998 est.)
Congo, Republic of the: $5 billion (1999 est.)
Cook Islands: $141 million (1996 est.)
Costa Rica: $4.2 billion (2000 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: $13.9 billion (2000 est.)
Croatia: $9.9 billion (December 1999)
Cuba: $11.1 billion (convertible currency, 1999); another $15 billion -$20 billion owed to Russia (2000)
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: $NA; Turkish Cypriot area: $NA
Czech Republic: $21.3 billion (2000)
Denmark: $21.7 billion (2000)
Djibouti: $356 million (1999 est.)
Dominica: $108.9 million (1999)
Dominican Republic: $4.7 billion (2000 est.)
Ecuador: $15 billion (1999)
Egypt: $31 billion (2000 est.)
El Salvador: $4.1 billion (2000 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: $290 million (1999 est.)
Eritrea: $281 million (2000 est.)
Estonia: $1.6 billion (2000 est.)
Ethiopia: $10 billion (1999 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): $NA
Faroe Islands: $64 million (1999)
Fiji: $193 million (1998)
Finland: $30 billion (December 1993)
France: $106 billion (1998)
French Guiana: $1.2 billion (1988)
French Polynesia: $NA
Gabon: $3.9 billion (2000 est.)
Gambia, The: $440 million (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: $108 million (1997 est.) (includes West Bank)
Georgia: $1.9 billion (2000)
Germany: $NA
Ghana: $7 billion (1999 est.)
Gibraltar: $NA
Greece: $57 billion (2000 est.)
Greenland: $25 million (1999)
Grenada: $182.8 million (1998)
Guadeloupe: $NA
Guam: $NA
Guatemala: $4.7 billion (2000 est.)
Guernsey: $NA
Guinea: $3.6 billion (1999 est.)
Guinea-Bissau: $964 million (1998 est.)
Guyana: $1.1 billion (2000)
Haiti: $1 billion (1998 est.)
Honduras: $5.4 billion (2000)
Hong Kong: $48.1 billion (1999)
Hungary: $29.6 billion (2000)
Iceland: $2.6 billion (1999)
India: $99.6 billion (2000)
Indonesia: $144 billion (2000 est.)
Iran: $7.5 billion (2000 est.)
Iraq: $139 billion (2000 est.)
Ireland: $11 billion (1998)
Israel: $38 billion (2000 est.)
Italy: $NA
Jamaica: $4.7 billion (2000 est.)
Japan: $NA
Jersey: none
Jordan: $8 billion (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan: $12.5 billion (2000 est.)
Kenya: $6.2 billion (2000)
Kiribati: $10 million (1999 est.)
Korea, North: $12 billion (1996 est.)
Korea, South: $137 billion (November 2000)
Kuwait: $6.9 billion (2000 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: $1.4 billion (2000 est.)
Laos: $2.46 billion (1998 est.)
Latvia: $800 million (2000 est.)
Lebanon: $9.6 billion (2000 est.)
Lesotho: $720 million (2000 est.)
Liberia: $3 billion (1999 est.)
Libya: $4.1 billion (2000 est.)
Liechtenstein: $0 (1996)
Lithuania: $2.5 billion (2000 est.)
Luxembourg: $NA
Macau: $1.7 billion (1997)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: $1.4 billion (2000)
Madagascar: $4.4 billion (1999)
Malawi: $2.9 billion (2000 est.)
Malaysia: $41.8 billion (2000 est.)
Maldives: $237 million (2000 est.)
Mali: $3 billion (1999)
Malta: $130 million (1997)
Man, Isle of: $NA
Marshall Islands: $125 million (FY96/97 est.)
Martinique: $180 million (1994)
Mauritania: $2.1 billion (1999)
Mauritius: $1.9 billion (1998 est.)
Mayotte: $NA
Mexico: $162 billion (2000)
Micronesia, Federated States of: $111 million (1997 est.)
Moldova: $900 million (2000)
Monaco: $NA
Mongolia: $760 million (2000 est.)
Montserrat: $8.9 million (1997)
Morocco: $18.4 billion (2000 est.)
Mozambique: $1.4 billion (2000 est.)
Namibia: $217 million (2000 est.)
Nauru: $33.3 million
Nepal: $2.4 billion (1997)
Netherlands: $0
Netherlands Antilles: $1.35 billion (1996)
New Caledonia: $79 million (1998 est.)
New Zealand: $30.8 billion (2000 est.)
Nicaragua: $6.4 billion (2000 est.)
Niger: $1.3 billion (1999 est.)
Nigeria: $32 billion (2000 est.)
Niue: $NA
Norfolk Island: $NA
Northern Mariana Islands: $NA
Norway: $0 (Norway is a net external creditor)
Oman: $4.5 billion (2000 est.)
Pakistan: $38 billion (2000 est.)
Palau: $0 (FY99/00)
Panama: $7.56 billion (2000 est.)
Papua New Guinea: $2.9 billion (2000 est.)
Paraguay: $3 billion (2000 est.)
Peru: $31 billion (2000 est.)
Philippines: $52 billion (1999)
Pitcairn Islands: $NA
Poland: $57 billion (2000)
Portugal: $13.1 billion (1997 est.)
Puerto Rico: $NA
Qatar: $13.1 billion (2000 est.)
Reunion: $NA
Romania: $9.3 billion (2000 est.)
Russia: $163 billion (2000 est.)
Rwanda: $1.3 billion (1999)
Saint Helena: $NA
Saint Kitts and Nevis: $115.1 million (1998)
Saint Lucia: $131.6 million (1998)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: $NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: $99.3 million (1998)
Samoa: $180 million (1998 est.)
San Marino: $NA
Sao Tome and Principe: $268 million (2000)
Saudi Arabia: $26.3 billion (2000 est.)
Senegal: $4.1 billion (1998 est.)
Seychelles: $240 million (1999 est.)
Sierra Leone: $1.28 billion (1999)
Singapore: $9.7 billion (2000)
Slovakia: $10.3 billion (2000 est.)
Slovenia: $6.2 billion (2000)
Solomon Islands: $152.4 million (1998)
Somalia: $2.6 billion (1999 est.)
South Africa: $25.6 billion (2000 est.)
Spain: $90 billion (1993 est.)
Sri Lanka: $9.9 billion (2000)
Sudan: $24.9 billion (2000 est.)
Suriname: $512 million (2000 est.)
Swaziland: $281 million (2000 est.)
Sweden: $66.5 billion (1994)
Switzerland: $NA
Syria: $22 billion (2000 est.)
Tajikistan: $1.3 billion (1999 est.)
Tanzania: $6.8 billion (2000 est.)
Thailand: $90 billion (2000 est.)
Togo: $1.5 billion (1999)
Tokelau: $0
Tonga: $62 million (1998)
Trinidad and Tobago: $2.8 billion (2000 est.)
Tunisia: $13 billion (2000 est.)
Turkey: $109 billion (2000 est.)
Turkmenistan: $2.5 billion (2000 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: $NA
Tuvalu: $NA
Uganda: $3.6 billion (2000 est.)
Ukraine: $10.3 billion (2000)
United Arab Emirates: $12.6 billion (2000 est.)
United Kingdom: $NA
United States: $862 billion (1995 est.)
Uruguay: $8 billion (2000 est.)
Uzbekistan: $3.3 billion (1999 est.)
Vanuatu: $48 million (1997 est.)
Venezuela: $34 billion (2000)
Vietnam: $13.2 billion (2000)
Virgin Islands: $NA
Wallis and Futuna: $NA
West Bank: $108 million (includes Gaza Strip) (1997 est.)
Western Sahara: $NA
World: $2 trillion for less developed countries (2000 est.)
Yemen: $4.4 billion (2000)
Yugoslavia: $14.1 billion (1999 est.)
Zambia: $6.5 billion (2000)
Zimbabwe: $4.1 billion (2000 est.)
Taiwan: $40 billion (2000)
======================================================================
@Dependency status
American Samoa: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Anguilla: overseas territory of the UK
Aruba: part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles; Dutch Government responsible for defense and foreign affairs
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Baker Island: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Bassas da India: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Bermuda: overseas territory of the UK
Bouvet Island: territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice and Police from Oslo
British Indian Ocean Territory: overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner, resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London
British Virgin Islands: overseas territory of the UK
Cayman Islands: overseas territory of the UK
Christmas Island: territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Clipperton Island: possession of France; administered by France from French Polynesia by a high commissioner of the Republic
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Cook Islands: self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
Coral Sea Islands: territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Europa Island: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina
Faroe Islands: part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1948
French Guiana: overseas department of France
French Polynesia: overseas territory of France since 1946
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: overseas territory of France since 1955; administered from Paris by High Commissioner of the Republic Brigitte GIRARDIN (since 25 March 1998), assisted by Secretary General Jean-Yves HERMOSO (since NA)
Gibraltar: overseas territory of the UK
Glorioso Islands: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Greenland: part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979
Guadeloupe: overseas department of France
Guam: organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Guernsey: British crown dependency
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Hong Kong: special administrative region of China
Howland Island: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Jan Mayen: territory of Norway; administered from Oslo through a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard); however, authority has been delegated to a station commander of the Norwegian Defense Communication Service
Jarvis Island: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Jersey: British crown dependency
Johnston Atoll: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam AFB, and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Juan de Nova Island: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Kingman Reef: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the US Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior
note: on 1 September 2000, the Department of the Interior accepted restoration of its administrative jurisdiction over Kingman Reef from the Department of the Navy; Executive Order 3223 signed 18 January 2001 established Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge to be administered by the Director, US Fish and Wildlife Service; this refuge is managed to protect the terrestrial and aquatic wildlife of Kingman Reef out to the twelve nautical mile territorial sea limit
Macau: special administrative region of China
Man, Isle of: British crown dependency
Martinique: overseas department of France
Mayotte: territorial collectivity of France
Midway Islands: unincorporated territory of the US; formerly administered from Washington, DC, by the US Navy, under Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific Division; this facility has been operationally closed since 10 September 1993; on 31 October 1996, through a presidential executive order, the jurisdiction and control of the atoll was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
Montserrat: overseas territory of the UK
Navassa Island: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse located on the southern side of the island; there has also been a private claim advanced against the island
Netherlands Antilles: part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954; Dutch Government responsible for defense and foreign affairs
New Caledonia: overseas territory of France since 1956
Niue: self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs
Norfolk Island: territory of Australia; Canberra administers Commonwealth responsibilities on Norfolk Island through the Department of Environment, Sport, and Territories
Northern Mariana Islands: commonwealth in political union with the US; federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs
Palmyra Atoll: incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior
Pitcairn Islands: overseas territory of the UK
Puerto Rico: commonwealth associated with the US
Reunion: overseas department of France
Saint Helena: overseas territory of the UK
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: self-governing territorial collectivity of France
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina; administered from the Falkland Islands by UK civil commissioner Donald A. LAMONT, representing Queen ELIZABETH II; Grytviken, formerly a whaling station on South Georgia, is the garrison town
Svalbard: territory of Norway; administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
Tokelau: territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelauans are drafting a constitution, developing institutions and patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with Wellington
Tromelin Island: possession of France; administered by a high commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Turks and Caicos Islands: overseas territory of the UK
Virgin Islands: organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between the Virgin Islands and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior
Wake Island: unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Department of the Interior; activities on the island are managed by the US Army under a US Air Force permit
Wallis and Futuna: overseas territory of France
======================================================================
@Dependent areas
Australia: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
France: Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand: Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United States: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986)
======================================================================
@Diplomatic representation from the US
Afghanistan: the US embassy in Kabul has been closed since January 1989 due to security concerns
Albania: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph LIMPRECHT
embassy: Rruga Elbasanit Labinoti 103, Tirana
mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100(A), APO AE 09624
telephone: [355] (42) 32875, 33520
FAX: [355] (42) 32222
Algeria: chief of mission: Ambassador Janet A. SANDERSON
embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers
mailing address: B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers
telephone: [213] (21) 69-11-86, 69-12-55, 69-18-54, 69-38-75
FAX: [213] (21) 69-39-79
American Samoa: none (territory of the US)
Andorra: the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are represented by the Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; telephone: (3493) 280-2227; FAX: (3493) 205-7705
Angola: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN
embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumeddienne, Luanda
mailing address: international mail: Caixa Postal 6484, Luanda; pouch: American Embassy Luanda, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2550
telephone: [244] (2) 345-481, 346-418
FAX: [244] (2) 346-924
Anguilla: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Antigua and Barbuda: the US does not have an embassy in Antigua and Barbuda (embassy closed 30 June 1994); the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina: chief of mission: Ambassador James D. WALSH
embassy: Avenida Colombia 4300, 1425 Buenos Aires
mailing address: international mail: use street address; APO address: Unit 4334, APO AA 34034
telephone: [54] (11) 4777-4533/4534
FAX: [54] (11) 4511-4997
Armenia: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. LEMMON
embassy: 18 Marshal Bagramian Avenue, Yerevan
mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7020
telephone: [374] (2) 52-16-11
FAX: [374] (2) 151-550
Aruba: chief of mission: Consul General Barbara J. STEPHENSON
embassy: J. B. Gorsiraweg #1, Curacao
mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao
telephone: [599] (9) 461-3066
FAX: [599] (9) 461-6489
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: none (territory of Australia)
Australia: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward W. GNEHM, Jr.
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Sydney
consulate(s): Melbourne and Perth
Austria: chief of mission: Ambassador Kathryn Walt HALL
embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Vienna
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [43] (1) 313-39-2060
FAX: [43] (1) 313-39-2057
Azerbaijan: chief of mission: Ambassador Ross WILSON
embassy: Azadliq Prospekt 83, Baku 370007
mailing address: American Embassy Baku, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7050
telephone: [9] (9412) 98-03-35, 36, 37
FAX: [9] (9412) 90-66-71
Bahamas, The: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate J. Richard BLANKENSHIP
embassy: Queen Street, Nassau
mailing address: local or express mail address: P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau; stateside address: American Embassy Nassau, P. O. Box 599009, Miami, FL 33159-9009; pouch address: Nassau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-3370
telephone: [1] (242) 322-1181, 328-2206
FAX: [1] (242) 356-0222
Bahrain: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG
embassy: #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 321, Zinj District, Manama
mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama
telephone: [973] 273-300
FAX: [973] 272-594
Bangladesh: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann PETERS
embassy: Road 27, House 110, Banani, Dhaka
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000
telephone: [880] (2) 8824700 through 8824722
FAX: [880] (2) 8823744
Barbados: chief of mission: Ambassador James A. DALEY
embassy: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown; FPO AA 34055
telephone: [1] (246) 436-4950
FAX: [1] (246) 429-5246
Belarus: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KOZAK
embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya St., Minsk 220002
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [375] (17) 210-12-83
FAX: [375] (17) 234-7853
Belgium: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710
telephone: [32] (2) 508-2111
FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725
Belize: chief of mission: Ambassador Carolyn CURIEL
embassy: 29 Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City
mailing address: P. O. Box 286, Unit 7401, APO AA 34025
telephone: [501] (2) 77161
FAX: [501] (2) 30802
Benin: chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela E. BRIDGEWATER
embassy: Rue Caporal Bernard Anani, Cotonou
mailing address: B. P. 2012, Cotonou
telephone: [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92
FAX: [229] 30-14-39, 30-19-74
Bermuda: chief of mission: Consul General Lawrence D. OWEN
consulate(s) general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton
mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate General Hamilton, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-5300
telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342
FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592
Bhutan: the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)
Bolivia: chief of mission: Ambassador V. Manuel ROCHA
embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz
mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
telephone: [591] (2) 432254
FAX: [591] (2) 433854
Bosnia and Herzegovina: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas J. MILLER
embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [387] (33) 445-700
FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar
Botswana: chief of mission: Ambassador John E. LANGE
embassy: address NA, Gaborone
mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
telephone: [267] 353982
FAX: [267] 356947
Brazil: chief of mission: Ambassador Anthony S. HARRINGTON
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (061) 321-7272
FAX: [55] (061) 225-9136
consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife
British Indian Ocean Territory: none (overseas territory of the UK)
British Virgin Islands: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Brunei: chief of mission: Ambassador Sylvia Gaye STANFIELD
embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan
mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96507
telephone: [673] (2) 229670
FAX: [673] (2) 225293
Bulgaria: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard M. MILES
embassy: 1 Suborna Street, Sofia
mailing address: American Embassy Sofia, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5740
telephone: [359] (2) 980-52-41
FAX: [359] (2) 981-89-77
Burkina Faso: chief of mission: Ambassador Jimmy J. KOLKER
embassy: 602 Avenue Raoul Follerau, Koulouba, Secteur 4, Ouagadougou
mailing address: B. P. 35, Ouagadougou 01
telephone: [226] 306723
FAX: [226] 303890
Burma: chief of mission: Permanent Charge d'Affaires Priscilla A. CLAPP
embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)
mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone: [95] (1) 282055, 282182
FAX: [95] (1) 280409
Burundi: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Carlin YATES
embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
telephone: [257] 223454
FAX: [257] 222926
Cambodia: chief of mission: Ambassador Kent M. WIEDEMANN
embassy: 16-18 Mongkol lem St. 228, Phnom Penh
mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
telephone: [855] (23) 216-436
FAX: [855] (23) 216-437
Cameroon: chief of mission: Ambassador John M. YATES
embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
mailing address: P. O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520
telephone: [237] 23-40-14, 22-25-89, 23-05-12, 22-17-94
FAX: [237] 23-07-53
branch office(s): Douala
Canada: chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon D. GIFFIN
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430
telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470
FAX: [1] (613) 238-5720
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver
Cape Verde: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael D. METELITS
embassy: Rua Abilio Macedo 81, Praia
mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia
telephone: [238] 61 56 16
FAX: [238] 61 13 55
Cayman Islands: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Central African Republic: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert C. PERRY
embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui
mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui
telephone: [236] 61 02 00
FAX: [236] 61 44 94
Chad: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT
embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
telephone: [235] (51) 70-09, (51) 90-52, (51) 92-33
FAX: [235] (51) 56-54
Chile: chief of mission: Ambassador John O'LEARY
embassy: Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago
mailing address: APO AA 34033
telephone: [56] (2) 232-2600
FAX: [56] (2) 339-3710
China: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph W. PRUEHER
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3431
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6422
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang
Christmas Island: none (territory of Australia)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: none (territory of Australia)
Colombia: chief of mission: Ambassador Anne W. PATTERSON
embassy: Calle 22D-BIS, numbers 47-51, Apartado Aereo 3831
mailing address: Carrera 45 #22D-45, Bogota, D.C., APO AA 34038
telephone: [57] (1) 315-0811
FAX: [57] (1) 315-2197
Comoros: the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: chief of mission: Ambassador William Lacy SWING
embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa
mailing address: Unit 31550, APO AE 09828
telephone: [243] (12) 21804, 21807
FAX: [243] (88) 43805
Congo, Republic of the: chief of mission: Ambassador David H. KAEUPER
embassy: NA
mailing address: NA
telephone: [243] (88) 43608
FAX: [243] (88) 41036
note: the embassy is temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (US Embassy Kinshasa, 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa)
Cook Islands: none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)
Coral Sea Islands: none (territory of Australia)
Costa Rica: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas J. DODD
embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
telephone: [506] 220-3939
FAX: [506] 220-2305
Cote d'Ivoire: chief of mission: Ambassador George MU
embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan
mailing address: B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01
telephone: [225] 20 21 09 79
FAX: [225] 20 22 32 59
Croatia: chief of mission: Ambassador Lawrence G. ROSSIN
embassy: Andrije Hebranga 2, 100000 Zagreb
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [385] (1) 455-55-00
FAX: [385] (1) 455-85-85
Cuba: none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Vicki HUDDLESTON; address: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada between L and M Streets, Vedado Seccion, Havana; telephone: 33-3551 through 3559 (operator assistance required); FAX: 33-3700; protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland
Cyprus: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald K. BANDLER
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, 2407 Nicosia
mailing address: P. O. Box 4536, FPO AE 09836
telephone: [357] (2) 776400
FAX: [357] (2) 780944
Czech Republic: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Steven J. COFFEY
embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [420] (2) 5753-0663
FAX: [420] (2) 5753-0583
Denmark: chief of mission: Ambassador Stuart BERNSTEIN
embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen
mailing address: PSC 73, APO AE 09716
telephone: [45] 35 55 31 44
FAX: [45] 35 38 96 16
Djibouti: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald YAMAMOTO
embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti
mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti
telephone: [253] 35 39 95
FAX: [253] 35 39 40
Dominica: the US does not have an embassy in Dominica; US interests are served by the embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados
Dominican Republic: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles T. MANATT
embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo
mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500
telephone: [1] (809) 221-2171
FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437
Ecuador: chief of mission: Ambassador Gwen C. CLARE
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
mailing address: APO AA 34039
telephone: [593] (2) 562-890
FAX: [593] (2) 502-052
consulate(s) general: Guayaquil
Egypt: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER
embassy: 5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900
telephone: [20] (2) 795-7371
FAX: [20] (2) 797-2000
El Salvador: chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS
embassy: Boulevard Santa Elena Final, Antiguo Cuscatlan, La Libertad, San Salvador
mailing address: Unit 3116, APO AA 34023
telephone: [503] 278-4444
FAX: [503] 278-6011
Equatorial Guinea: chief of mission: Ambassador John M. YATES; note - the US does not have an embassy in Equatorial Guinea (embassy closed September 1995); US relations with Equatorial Guinea are handled through the US Embassy in Yaounde, Cameroon; the US State Department is considering opening a Consulate Agency in Malabo
Eritrea: chief of mission: Ambassador William D. CLARKE
embassy: Franklin D. Roosevelt Street, Asmara
mailing address: P. O. Box 211, Asmara
telephone: [291] (1) 120004
FAX: [291] (1) 127584
Estonia: chief of mission: Ambassador Melissa WELLS
embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [372] 668-8100
FAX: [372] 668-8134
Ethiopia: chief of mission: Ambassador Tibor P. NAGY, Jr.
embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa
telephone: [251] (1) 550666
FAX: [251] (1) 551328
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)
Faroe Islands: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
Fiji: chief of mission: Ambassador Osman M. SIDDIQUE
embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva
mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva
telephone: [679] 314466
FAX: [679] 300081
Finland: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Carol VAN VOORST
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, FIN-00140, Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone: [358] (9) 171931
FAX: [358] (9) 174681
France: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Howard H. LEACH; Charge d'Affaires Douglas L. McELHANEY
embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08
mailing address: PSC 116, APO AE 09777
telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22
FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83
consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg
French Guiana: none (overseas department of France)
French Polynesia: none (overseas territory of France)
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: none (overseas territory of France)
Gabon: chief of mission: Ambassador James V. LEDESMA
embassy: Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville
mailing address: B. P. 4000, Libreville
telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, 74 34 92
FAX: [241] 74 55 07
Gambia, The: chief of mission: Ambassador George W. B. HALEY
embassy: Fajara, Kairaba Avenue, Banjul
mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul
telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391970, 391971
FAX: [220] 392475
Georgia: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth S. YALOWITZ
embassy: #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi 380026
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [995] (32) 989-967/68
FAX: [995] (32) 933-759
Germany: chief of mission: Ambassador John C. KORNBLUM (was due to resign on 20 January 2001)
embassy: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin
mailing address: PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265
telephone: [49] (30) 238-5174
FAX: [49] (30) 238-6290
consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich
Ghana: chief of mission: Ambassador Kathryn D. ROBINSON
embassy: Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra
mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra
telephone: [233] (21) 775348
FAX: [233] (21) 776008
Gibraltar: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Glorioso Islands: none (possession of France)
Greece: chief of mission: Ambassador R. Nicholas BURNS
embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens
mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108
telephone: [30] (1) 721-2951
FAX: [30] (1) 645-6282
consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki
Greenland: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)
Grenada: chief of mission: the ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Grenada
embassy: Point Salines, Saint George's
mailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's, Grenada, West Indies
telephone: [1] (473) 444-1173 through 1176
FAX: [1] (473) 444-4820
Guadeloupe: none (overseas department of France)
Guam: none (territory of the US)
Guatemala: chief of mission: Ambassador Prudence BUSHNELL
embassy: 7-01 Avenida Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City
mailing address: APO AA 34024
telephone: [502] 331-1541/55
FAX: [502] 334-8477
Guernsey: none (British crown dependency)
Guinea: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Timberlake FOSTER
embassy: Rue Ka 038, Conakry
mailing address: B. P. 603, Conakry
telephone: [224] 41 15 20, 41 15 21, 41 15 23
FAX: [224] 41 15 22
Guinea-Bissau: the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998 in the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then President VIEIRA and military-led junta
Guyana: chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald D. GODARD
embassy: 100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown
telephone: [592] (2) 54900 through 54909, 57960 through 57969
FAX: [592] (2) 58497
Haiti: chief of mission: Ambassador Brian Dean CURRAN
embassy: 5 Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince
mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince
telephone: [509] 222-0354, 222-0269, 222-0200, 223-4776
FAX: [509] 23-1641
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: none (territory of Australia)
Holy See (Vatican City): chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00162 Rome
mailing address: PSC 59, Box F, APO AE 09624
telephone: [39] (06) 4674-3428
FAX: [39] (06) 5758346
Honduras: chief of mission: Ambassador Frank ALMAGUER
embassy: Avenida La Paz, Apartado Postal No. 3453, Tegucigalpa
mailing address: American Embassy, APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa
telephone: [504] 238-5114, 236-9320
FAX: [504] 236-9037
Hong Kong: chief of mission: Consul General Michael KLOSSON
consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong
mailing address: PSC 464, Box 30, FPO AP 96522-0002
telephone: [852] 2523-9011
FAX: [852] 2845-1598
Hungary: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter F. TUFO
embassy: Szabadsag Ter 12, H.-1054 Budapest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270
telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400, 475-4703 (after hours)
FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764
Iceland: chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara J. GRIFFITHS
embassy: Laufasvegur 21, Reykjavik
mailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340
telephone: [354] 5629100
FAX: [354] 5629118
India: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard F. CELESTE
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (11) 688-9033, 611-3033
FAX: [91] (11) 419-0025
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
Indonesia: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert GELBARD
embassy: Jalan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Iran: none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland
Iraq: none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Polish Embassy in Baghdad; address: P. O. Box 2051 Hay Babel, Baghdad; telephone: [964] (1) 718-9267; FAX: [964] (1) 718-9297
Ireland: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. SULLIVAN
embassy: 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [353] (1) 668-7122/668-8777
FAX: [353] (1) 668-9946
Israel: chief of mission: Ambassador Martin S. INDYK
embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv
mailing address: PSC 98, Unit 7228, APO AE 09830
telephone: [972] (3) 519-7575
FAX: [972] (3) 517-3227
consulate(s) general: Jerusalem; note - an independent US mission, established in 1928, whose members are not accredited to a foreign government
Italy: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome
mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624
telephone: [39] (06) 46741
FAX: [39] (06) 488-2672
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
Jamaica: chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley Louis MCLELLAND
embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859
FAX: [1] (876) 926-6743
Japan: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Howard H. BAKER, Jr.
embassy: 10-5 Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420
mailing address: Unit 45004, Box 205, APO AP 96337-5004
telephone: [81] (03) 3224-5000
FAX: [81] (03) 3224-5856
consulate(s) general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo
consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya
Jersey: none (British crown dependency)
Jordan: chief of mission: Ambassador William J. BURNS
embassy: Abdoum, Amman
mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; APO AE 09892-0200
telephone: [962] (6) 5920101
FAX: [962] (6) 5920121
Juan de Nova Island: none (possession of France)
Kazakhstan: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard H. JONES
embassy: 99/97A Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 480091
mailing address: American Embassy Almaty, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7030
telephone: [7] (3272) 63-39-21, 50-76-23, 50-76-27 (emergency number)
FAX: [7] (3272) 63-38-83, 50-76-24
Kenya: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON
embassy: US Embassy, Mombasa Road, Nairobi
mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831
telephone: [254] (2) 537-800
FAX: [254] (2) 537-810
Kiribati: the US does not have an embassy in Kiribati; the ambassador to the Marshall Islands is accredited to Kiribati
Korea, North: none (Swedish Embassy in P'yongyang represents the US as consular protecting power)
Korea, South: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: 82 Sejong-ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul 110-710
mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 15550, APO AP 96205-0001
telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114
FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845
Kuwait: chief of mission: Ambassador James A. LAROCCO
embassy: Bayan, near the Bayan palace, Kuwait City
mailing address: P. O. Box 77 Safat, 13001 Safat, Kuwait Unit 69000, APO AE 09880-9000
telephone: [965] 539-5307
FAX: [965] 538-0282
Kyrgyzstan: chief of mission: Ambassador John M. O'KEEFE
embassy: 171 Prospect Mira, 720016 Bishkek
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [996] (312) 551-241, (517) 777-217
FAX: [996] (312) 551-264
Laos: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Karen Brevard STEWART
embassy: 19 Rue Bartholonie, B. P. 114, Vientiane
mailing address: American Embassy, Box V, APO AP 96546
telephone: [856] (21) 212581, 212582, 212585
FAX: [856] (21) 212584
Latvia: chief of mission: Ambassador James H. HOLMES
embassy: Raina Boulevard 7, LV-1510, Riga
mailing address: American Embassy Riga, PSC 78, Box Riga, APO AE 09723
telephone: [371] 721-0005
FAX: [371] 782-0047
Lebanon: chief of mission: Ambassador David M. SATTERFIELD
embassy: Antelias, Beirut
mailing address: P. O. Box 70-840, Antelias, Beirut; PSC 815, Box 2, FPO AE 09836-0002
telephone: [961] (4) 543600, 543600
FAX: [961] (4) 544136
Lesotho: chief of mission: Ambassador Katherine H. PETERSON
embassy: 254 Kingsway, Maseru West (Consular Section)
mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho
telephone: [266] 312666
FAX: [266] 310116
Liberia: chief of mission: Ambassador Bismarck MYRICK
embassy: 111 United Nations Drive, P. O. Box 10-0098, Mamba Point, Monrovia
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [231] 226-370 through 226-380
FAX: [231] 226-148
Libya: the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli on 2 May 1980
Liechtenstein: the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein
Lithuania: chief of mission: Ambassador John F. TEFFT
embassy: Akmenu 6, 2600 Vilnius
mailing address: American Embassy, Vilnius, PSC 78, Box V, APO AE 09723
telephone: [370] (2) 223-031
FAX: [370] (2) 227-236
Luxembourg: chief of mission: Ambassador James C. HORMEL
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)
telephone: [352] 46 01 23
FAX: [352] 46 14 01
Macau: the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael M. EINIK
embassy: Bul. Ilinden bb, 91000 Skopje
mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)
telephone: [389] (91) 116-180
FAX: [389] (91) 117-103
Madagascar: chief of mission: Ambassador Shirley E. BARNES
embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo
mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo
telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57
FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39
Malawi: chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. MEECE
embassy: Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road
mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
telephone: [265] 773 166
FAX: [265] 770 471
Malaysia: chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur
mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; American Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152
telephone: [60] (3) 2168-5000
FAX: [60] (3) 2168-4961
Maldives: the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits there
Mali: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael RANNEBERGER
embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako
mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako
telephone: [223] 22 54 70
FAX: [223] 22 37 12
Malta: chief of mission: Ambassador George SALIBA
embassy: 3rd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, Malta VLT 01
mailing address: P. O. Box 535, Valletta, Malta, CMR 01
telephone: [356] 235960 through 235965
FAX: [356] 243229
Man, Isle of: none (British crown dependency)
Marshall Islands: chief of mission: Ambassador Joan M. PLAISTED
embassy: Oceanside, Mejen Weto, Long Island, Majuro
mailing address: P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379
telephone: [692] 247-4011
FAX: [692] 247-4012
Martinique: none (overseas department of France)
Mauritania: chief of mission: Ambassador John W. LIMBERT
embassy: Rue Abdallaye, Nouakchott
mailing address: B. P. 222, Nouakchott
telephone: [222] 25-26-60, 25-26-63
FAX: [222] 25-15-92
Mauritius: chief of mission: Ambassador Mark W. ERWIN
embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis
mailing address: international mail: P. O. Box 544, Port Louis; US mail: American Embassy, Port Louis, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2450
telephone: [230] 208-2347, 208-2354, 208-9763 through 9767
FAX: [230] 208-9534
Mayotte: none (territorial collectivity of France)
Mexico: chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffery DAVIDOW
embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal
mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087
telephone: [52] (5) 209-9100
FAX: [52] (5) 208-3373, 511-9980
consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana
consulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nuevo Laredo, Nogales
Micronesia, Federated States of: chief of mission: Ambassador Diane E. WATSON
embassy: address NA, Kolonia
mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941
telephone: [691] 320-2187
FAX: [691] 320-2186
Moldova: chief of mission: Ambassador Rudolf Vilem PERINA
embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevicie, #103, Chisinau 2009
mailing address: use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080
telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72
FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44
Monaco: the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco
Mongolia: chief of mission: Ambassador John DINGER
embassy: inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address: United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [976] (11) 329095
FAX: [976] (11) 320776
Montserrat: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Morocco: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward M. GABRIEL
embassy: 2 Avenue de Mohamed El Fassi, Rabat
mailing address: PSC 74, Box 3, APO AE 90718
telephone: [212] (37) 76 22 65
FAX: [212] (37) 76 56 61
consulate(s) general: Casablanca
Mozambique: chief of mission: Ambassador Sharon P. WILKINSON
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (1) 492797
FAX: [258] (1) 490114
Namibia: chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey A. BADER
embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen Street, Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [264] (61) 221601
FAX: [264] (61) 229792
Nauru: the US does not have an embassy in Nauru; the US Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Nauru
Nepal: chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph FRANK
embassy: Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [977] (1) 411179, 410531
FAX: [977] (1) 419963
Netherlands: chief of mission: Ambassador Cynthia P. SCHNEIDER
embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague
mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715
telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209
FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general: Amsterdam
Netherlands Antilles: chief of mission: Consul General Barbara J. STEPHENSON
consulate(s) general: J. B. Gorsiraweg #1, Willemstad AN, Curacao
mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao
telephone: [599] (9) 4613066
FAX: [599] (9) 4616489
New Caledonia: none (overseas territory of France)
New Zealand: chief of mission: Ambassador Carol MOSELEY-BRAUN
embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington
mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP 96531-1001
telephone: [64] (4) 472-2068
FAX: [64] (4) 478-1701
consulate(s) general: Auckland
Nicaragua: chief of mission: Ambassador Oliver P. GARZA
embassy: Apartado Postal 327, Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua
mailing address: APO AA 34021
telephone: [505] (2) 662298, 666010, 666012, 666013, 666015, 666018, 666026, 666027, 666032, 666033
FAX: [505] (2) 669074
Niger: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles O. CECIL
embassy: Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey
mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey
telephone: [227] 72 26 61 through 72 26 64
FAX: [227] 73 31 67
Nigeria: chief of mission: Ambassador Howard Franklin JETER
embassy: 8 Mambilla Drive, Abuja
mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos
telephone: [234] (1) 261-0050, -0078
FAX: [234] (1) 261-0257
Niue: none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)
Norfolk Island: none (territory of Australia)
Norway: chief of mission: Ambassador Robin Chandler DUKE
embassy: Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo
mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50
FAX: [47] (22) 43 07 77
Oman: chief of mission: Ambassador John B. CRAIG
embassy: Jameat A'Duwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat
mailing address: international: P. O. Box 202, Code No. 115, Medinat Al-Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
telephone: [968] 698989
FAX: [968] 699189
Pakistan: chief of mission: Ambassador William B. MILAM
embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200
telephone: [92] (51) 2080-0000
FAX: [92] (51) 2276427
consulate(s) general: Karachi
consulate(s): Lahore, Peshawar
Palau: chief of mission: the Ambassador to the Philippines is accredited to Palau; Charge d'Affaires Allen E. NUGENT
embassy: address NA, Koror
mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Republic of Palau 96940
telephone: [680] 488-2920, 2990
FAX: [680] 488-2911
Panama: chief of mission: Ambassador Simon FERRO
embassy: Avenida Balboa and Calle 37, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5
mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945, APO AA 34002
telephone: [507] 207-7000
FAX: [507] 227-1964
Papua New Guinea: chief of mission: Ambassador Arma Jane KARAER
embassy: Douglas Street, Port Moresby
mailing address: P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby
telephone: [675] 321-1455
FAX: [675] 321-3423
Paraguay: chief of mission: Ambassador David N. GREENLEE
embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Casilla Postal 402, Asuncion
mailing address: Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001
telephone: [595] (21) 213-715
FAX: [595] (21) 213-728
Peru: chief of mission: Ambassador John HAMILTON
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000
FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
Philippines: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Michael E. MALINOWSKI
embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita 1000 Manila
mailing address: FPO 96515
telephone: [63] (2) 523-1001
FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361
Pitcairn Islands: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Poland: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher R. HILL
embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-054, Warsaw P1
mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone: [48] (22) 628-30-41
FAX: [48] (22) 628-82-98
consulate(s) general: Krakow
Portugal: chief of mission: Ambassador Gerald S. MCGOWAN
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon
mailing address: PSC 83, APO AE 09726
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Puerto Rico: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
Qatar: chief of mission: Ambassador Elizabeth Davenport MCKUNE
embassy: 22 February Road, Doha
mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha
telephone: [974] 488 4101
FAX: [974] 488 4298
note: workweek is Saturday-Wednesday
Reunion: none (overseas department of France)
Romania: chief of mission: Ambassador James C. ROSAPEPE
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
telephone: [40] (1) 210 40 42
FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95
branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca
Russia: chief of mission: Ambassador James F. COLLINS
embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5203
consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
Rwanda: chief of mission: Ambassador George M. STAPLES
embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone: [250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47
FAX: [250] 721 28
Saint Helena: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: the US does not have an embassy in Saint Kitts and Nevis; the US Ambassador in Barbados is accredited to Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia: the US does not have an embassy in Saint Lucia; the US Ambassador in Barbados is accredited to Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: none (territorial collectivity of France)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: the US does not have an embassy in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; the US Ambassador in Barbados is accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa: chief of mission: Ambassador Carol MOSELEY BRAUN (Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa, resides in Wellington, New Zealand)
embassy: 5th floor, Beach Road, Apia
mailing address: P. O. Box 3430, Apia
telephone: [685] 21631
FAX: [685] 22030
San Marino: the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe: the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
Saudi Arabia: chief of mission: Ambassador Wyche FOWLER, Jr.
embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693
telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800
FAX: [966] (1) 488-7360
consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Senegal: chief of mission: Ambassador Harriet L. ELAM-THOMAS
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 823-4296, 823-7384
FAX: [221] 822-2991
Seychelles: the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Seychelles
Sierra Leone: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph H. MELROSE, Jr.
embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485
FAX: [232] (22) 225471
Singapore: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508
mailing address: PSC Box 470, FPO AP 96534-0001
telephone: [65] 476-9100
FAX: [65] 476-9340
Slovakia: chief of mission: Ambassador Carl SPIELVOGEL
embassy: Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [421] (7) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (7) 5443-0096
Slovenia: chief of mission: Ambassador Nancy ELY-RAPHEL
embassy: Presernova 31, SI-1000 Ljubljana
mailing address: P. O. Box 254, Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana; American Embassy Ljubljana, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7140
telephone: [386] (01) 200-5500
FAX: [386] (01) 200-5555
Solomon Islands: the US does not have an embassy in Solomon Islands (embassy closed July 1993); the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands
Somalia: the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are represented by the US Embassy in Nairobi at Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue; mail address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831; telephone: [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838
South Africa: chief of mission: Ambassador Delano E. LEWIS, Sr.
embassy: 877 Pretorius Street, Pretoria
mailing address: P. O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001
telephone: [27] (12) 342-1048
FAX: [27] (12) 342-2244
consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)
Spain: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward L. ROMERO
embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
Sri Lanka: chief of mission: Ambassador E. Ashley WILLS
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (1) 448007
FAX: [94] (1) 437345
Sudan: US officials at the US Embassy in Khartoum were moved for security reasons in February 1996 and have been relocated to the US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Cairo, Egypt, from where they make periodic visits to Khartoum; the US Embassy in Khartoum is located on Sharia Abdul Latif Avenue; mailing address - P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829; telephone - [249] (11) 774611 or 774700; FAX - [249] (11) 774137; the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya is located in the Interim Office Building on Mombasa Road, Nairobi; mailing address - P. O. Box 30137, Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831; telephone - [254] (2) 751613; FAX - [254] (2) 743204; the US Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is located at (North Gate) 8, Kamel El-Din Salah Street, Garden City, Cairo; mailing address - Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900; telephone - [20] (2) 3557371; FAX - [20] (2) 3573200
Suriname: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel A. JOHNSON
embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo
mailing address: Department of State, 3390 Paramaribo Place, Washington, DC, 20521-3390
telephone: [597] 472900
FAX: [597] 420800
Swaziland: chief of mission: Ambassador Gregory L. JOHNSON
embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane
mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane
telephone: [268] 404-6441 through 404-6445
FAX: [268] 404-5959
Sweden: chief of mission: Ambassador Lyndon Lowell OLSON, Jr.
embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm
mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch)
telephone: [46] (8) 783 53 00
FAX: [46] (8) 661 19 64
Switzerland: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Richard FREDERICKS
embassy: Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3001 Bern
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [41] (31) 357 70 11
FAX: [41] (31) 357 73 44
Syria: chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER
embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansur Street, No. 2, Damascus
mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus
telephone: [963] (11) 333-2814
FAX: [963] (11) 224-7938
Tajikistan: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert P. J. FINN
embassy: temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in Almaty (Kazakhstan)
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: NA
FAX: NA
Tanzania: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Wanda NESBITT
embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam
mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam
telephone: [255] (22) 666010 through 666015
FAX: [255] (22) 666701
Thailand: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard E. HECKLINGER
embassy: 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address: APO AP 96546
telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000
FAX: [66] (2) 254-1171
consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai
Togo: chief of mission: Ambassador Karl HOFMANN
embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: [228] 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
FAX: [228] 21 79 52
Tokelau: none (territory of New Zealand)
Tonga: the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward E. SHUMAKER, III (until April, 2001)
embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone: [1] (868) 622-6371 through 6376, 6176
FAX: [1] (868) 628-5462
Tunisia: chief of mission: Ambassador Rust DEMMING
embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [216] (1) 782-566
FAX: [216] (1) 789-719
Turkey: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert PEARSON
embassy: Ataturk Bulvarii 110, Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 468-6110
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul (closed as of December 2000 for security review)
consulate(s): Adana (closed as of December 2000 for security review)
Turkmenistan: chief of mission: Ambassador Steven R. MANN
embassy: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
FAX: [9] (9312) 51-13-05
Turks and Caicos Islands: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Tuvalu: the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu
Uganda: chief of mission: Ambassador Martin G. BRENNAN
embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala
mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala
telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795
FAX: [256] (41) 259794
Ukraine: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos PASCUAL
embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsubynskoho, 254053 Kiev 53
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000
FAX: [380] (44) 244-7350
United Arab Emirates: chief of mission: Ambassador Theodore H. KATTOUF
embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi
mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi; American Embassy Abu Dhabi, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6010 (pouch); note - work week is Saturday through Wednesday
telephone: [971] (2) 4436691
FAX: [971] (2) 4435441
consulate(s) general: Dubai
United Kingdom: chief of mission: Ambassador Philip LADER
embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W1A1AE
mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040
telephone: [44] (0) 207499-9000 (switchboard)
FAX: [44] (171) 409-1637
consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh
Uruguay: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher C. ASHBY
embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11100
mailing address: APO AA 34035
telephone: [598] (2) 408-777, 203-6061
FAX: [598] (2) 48 86 11
Uzbekistan: chief of mission: Ambassador John Edward HERBST
embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115
mailing address: use embassy street address; US Embassy Tashkent, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7110
telephone: [998] (71) 120-5444
FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335
Vanuatu: the US does not have an embassy in Vanuatu; the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu
Venezuela: chief of mission: Ambassador Donna J. HRINAK
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (2) 975-6411
FAX: [58] (2) 975-6710
Vietnam: chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas B. "Pete" PETERSON
embassy: 7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [84] (4) 8431500
FAX: [84] (4) 8351510
consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City
Virgin Islands: none (territory of the US)
Wallis and Futuna: none (overseas territory of France)
Western Sahara: none
Yemen: chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara K. BODINE
embassy: Dhahar Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa
mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
telephone: [967] (1) 303-161
FAX: [967] (1) 303-182
Yugoslavia: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires William MONTGOMERY
embassy: Kneza Milosa 30, 11000 Belgrade
note: the US reestablished relations with Yugoslavia 17 November 2000; the embassy is not scheduled to open for business until extensive renovations have been completed
Zambia: chief of mission: Ambassador David B. DUNN
embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone: [260] (1) 250-955
FAX: [260] (1) 252-225
Zimbabwe: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Earl M. IRVING
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone: [263] (4) 250-593
FAX: [263] (4) 796487
Taiwan: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people on Taiwan are maintained through a private corporation, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has its headquarters in Rosslyn, Virginia (telephone: [1] (703) 525-8474 and FAX: [1] (703) 841-1385) and offices in Taipei at #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, telephone [886] (2) 2709-2000, FAX [886] (2) 2702-7675, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 5th Floor, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, FAX [886] (7) 223-8237, and the American Trade Center at Room 3208 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 2720-1550, FAX [886] (2) 2757-7162
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@Diplomatic representation in the US
Afghanistan: none; note - embassy operations suspended 21 August 1997
consulate(s) general: New York
Albania: chief of mission: Ambassador Petrit BUSHATI
chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942
FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342
Algeria: chief of mission: Ambassador Idriss JAZAIRY
chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2174