Pictorial history of the Louisiana Purchase and the World's Fair at St. Louis : containing captivating descriptions of magnificent buildings at the world renowned exposition, gardens and cascades, colossal structures and marvelous exhibits, such as works of art, scientific and industrial achievements, the latest inventions, discoveries, etc., including an account of all the world's fairs for a century

Front matter

Glass \ —

Book -_-,

PICTORIAL HISTORY

Introduction

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HE royal land titles to North America were wonderfully bestowed by profligate kings to adventurous favorites, whose ambition was to found colonies and find riches, and the superhuman gifts of the anointed sovereigns, beyond seas, were taken so seriously by themselves, that the rights of the Colonists under their civil and military governors, always threatened, were often disturbed by wars and rumors of wars. The man of high destiny who came forward in this association was Major George Washington, a young gentleman on the staff of the Royal Governor of Virginia, Dinwiddie. The civil occupation of the young man was that of surveyor, and his military duty, the inspection of the militia. A very difficult and dangerous task was to be accomplished, and the Governor directed Major Washington, designated as " a gent," in whom the royal representative had confidence, to find the French commandant who held the Fort that united Lake Erie with the Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio country. The Allegheny River was then the Ohio, and the Monongahela, the great tributary joining at a The Fork," where there were no habitations of civilized men.

The Major, fully instructed of the importance of his mission, was the bearer of a letter informing the French chieftain that he was trespassing on the lands of the King of England, and gravely, but with courtesy, warned him to depart in peace. The Major had a guide — Christopher Geist — a man of experience as a hunter, scout, woodsman and pioneer, who had in 1749 visited Ohio, avowedly as a hunter, but actually an explorer for a London Company, in which some gentlemen of Virginia were interested, and had taken advice from Benjamin Franklin. Geist's travels were for the purpose of burying lead plates, duly inscribed, at the mouths of the rivers running South into the Ohio, and the primary purpose to do this from the Fork to the Falls — Pittsburg to Louisville. The plate planting was not accomplished as desired, because it was extra hazardous, and the hunter crossed the streams tributary to the Ohio from the North, eluding the French savages by taking a line nearly at equal distances from the lake and the river, making a call at a British

Vll viii INTRODUCTION.

Trading Post, called the Twiggitees, north of the site of Dayton and on the right bank of the Miami. The flag of England was unfurled and a salute fired in honor of the explorer.

The return trip was the more dangerous part of the exploration, for it was necessary to pass through the happy hunting grounds of the savages captivated by the French, and the woodlands and meadows, and the fruity underbrush were a boundless game preserve, stocked with deer, bear, buffalo and turkeys, almost equal in attraction to the land over the great river, made famous forever by the hunters of Kentucky. The buffalo trails were well chosen and well worn highways, but the alert and hardy Geist outwitted the red scalp hunters, and got safely home in Pennsylvania.

After the savage wars in the wilderness were over the veteran pioneer was rewarded by a splendid grant of land by the State of Kentucky ; and he became the father of a family great in numbers and distinction, among them the Blairs and Browns ; and the wife of Henry Clay was one of his descendants. It was this stern but kindly backwoodsman, whose blood was German, chosen by Dinwiddie as companion and guide for the messenger of war, who delivered the papers to the respective representatives of the Kings of France and England which made them officially aware grim war was at hand. Geist, the guide, builded wiser than he knew, when he twice saved the young man of twenty-two years, the future Father of his Country, and the most formidable foe of the English Empire.

On his way home, nearing the frozen and flooded Allegheny, Major Washington was hunted by Indians whose errand was the murder of the emissary of the English, and the execution of the design was narrowly escaped. The young officer, a few days later, was hurled from a raft by the jamming of the pushing pole he was wielding in the floating ice, and almost overwhelmed in the icy torrent. The expert strength of the guide in both perils was an element of safety, nearly, if not altogether, essential. The mission of the bearer of royal communications between the Courts of France and England developed in itself much importance, and was of still greater consequence, as it was the decisive step that advanced him exceedingly in public estimation, rapidly followed by uncommon promotion.

Of course the French very strenuously declined to oblige the English by abandoning the fortress confided to them, that was the connecting link

INTRODUCTION. ix

of the French chain, representing the greatest ambition and fondest pride of the kingdom, between the northern lakes, the western rivers and the sonthern seas, and the scope of that which was at stake, included not only the mouth of the St. Lawrence and the gigantic lakes of the majestic stream, but the mouth of the Mississippi, the father of floods. On her shores the splendors of the world, the glories of arms were to shine, and navies of commerce spread their white wings, the merchant princes of the earth to assemble, and the great sea powers thunder three centuries for supremacy in the Golden Indies, in which England won against France, in a sea fight, after the Revolutionary War, when it was a saying that Rodney's victory was consolation for Yorktown ; and if France had not been vanquished on the ocean, Napoleon would never have offered Louisiana for sale, and the pen of Jefferson could not have won the game of Empire against the sword of Bonaparte.

Major Washington arrived at the pivotal French fort at a time of special interest. On the way he had been entertained by French officers, who thought the tall youthful Virginian would loosen his tongue upon the administration of spirituous hospitality, but the facile hosts liberated their speech, while the composed guest had very little to say, and did not discuss even the merits of LaSalle, the explorer, in whose name the French claimed all the lands whose waters reached, by way of any channel, the Mississippi. In the neighborhood of the French fortress, on a river and near the lake that defied the English, were discovered and counted by the vigilant bearer of dispatches, many new canoes, and logs cut for more.

The significance of the slaughter of tall timber at this time and place, was that the next Spring the French would appear in force at the Fork and fortify it. The extent and meaning were clear and the Governor of the Colony was glad to see once more in the Capital the staff officer who had not only carried letters to and fro, but had studied the menacing fort. So impressed were the King's officers with the information the messenger had gathered he was given but a day to write his report, and it was a most important document. The news was that if the English and Virginians were resolved to fight for the Fork, there was no time to lose. There was an expedition arranged to be commanded by Washington to fortify the Fork before the French could get there.

The Colonies were not organized to act in unity or harmony, and the x INTRODUCTION.

French were not only first on the ground, but greatly superior in numbers. Washington displayed great courage, built a fort he named " Necessity,'' and, meeting a party of the enemy, the first shot was by his order, and a favorite young French officer was killed. The fort was well named, for it was soon a " necessity " to capitulate it.

The next aggressive movement by the English and Virginians was the fatal campaign of Braddock. Franklin's policy at last prevailed and the attack was made on Quebec, and the French broken there, they did not wait for the arrival of another expedition to the Fork, but retreated in canoes down the Ohio.

The great valley of North America was placed in all its riches before the world by wars. There were shuffles with treaties, and the plays of the nations were like a game of cards. Then the world was a theatre, and there appeared on the stage a group of players of greater distinction and more commanding presence than the dramata personse of any play, and in its performance and sequence changed maps of Europe and America, and the currents of events for all ages.

New Orleans was identified with the mouth of the Mississippi and the centre of interest and triumph, that, as the scenery shifted, displayed the people in the toil of progress. In the winning of the west and the gaining of the south, culminating in doubling the proportions actually attained of the United States, there appeared five of our Presidents — Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. Governor Patrick Henry, George Rodgers Clark, called by John Randolph the " Hannibal of the West ;" Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk too, were another illustrious group. Franklin's influence sent Wolfe to victory and death at Quebec, and the French fleet to entrap Cornwallis at Yorktown.

In the great act of the Purchase of Louisiana, France was selling out her share of the continent — whatever it was. Bonaparte knew it and meant it, and it was the better way. The people who want the land for homes should help themselves.

The days of concessions of American territory by Kings of England measuring from Capes of Virginia, or that the Kings of Spain should parcel out the earth to give away, were over. Perhaps Bonaparte may have harbored a doubt as to the title of the lands he sold us to newly arm his army, and restrain the ambition of the English to take slices of all the continents and claim all the islands of the seas ; but the American people at large have favored always to give the country the land sufficient

INTRODUCTION. xi

for a World Power ; and it is not by the favor of the hereditary monarchs that the Star of Empire has moved West in the path of the constellations.

The purchase of Alaska was a piece of good fortune for us, for there are great resources in the far North. The British have in Canada the most extensive wheat field for the future, unoccupied, that the world affords, with perhaps the exception of Siberia. One pauses to think what might have been if Bonaparte had not cajoled Spain, and if he had not been beguiled by Jefferson into exchanging an Empire in America for the mighty American dollars which bought the muskets that Avon at Austerlitz, when Napoleon's star reached the meridian in the forever famous ci Sun of Austerlitz." He had not become a crusader for universal empire when he sold Louisiana.

The madness that unmade what genius had wrought, startling Europe and amazing the nations of the earth, when he met the vanquished Emperors of Russia and Austria on one field ; and though they were not his prisoners, he captivated them and they complimented him and were his friends so long as they could be. He swept over Europe from Bologne to Bohemia, from Madrid to Moscow, from the Adriatic to the Baltic, conquering and to conquer, and saw the Bourbons succeed him in the palaces of France, and found himself twice abdicating and an exile.

He was an episode who had shattered the dynasties of Europe, and sought one of his own by marriage with, the daughter of an Austrian Emperor. He failed because he could not endow himself with immortal youth, continue as he had for his twenty masterful years, crowding into each of them astonishing activity and power, and the achievements of centuries. False to the genius that was his birthright, and the blood of the people who fell in the wars that will be forever known by his name, he struck down the idolatries of royalty, but increased instead of obliterating the superstitions needful to the maintenance of royal families.

He was the man with the gray coat, the high boots, the cocked hat, and dress sword, though the sceptre he stretched forth at Austerlitz was a riding whip. Still, he did not try a government for the people and by the people, but the author of the Declaration of Independence and the prisoner at St. Helena doubled the territory and all resources of the United States, in our purchase of land, and the Republic is a World Power — as Jefferson put it, an Empire of Liberty.

Europeans were largely and long of the opinion that the Atlantic was a Haunted Ocean — the scene of the most imposing dream of all xii INTRODUCTION.

tragedies— that of the lost Paradise. Believers lield there was sufficient testimony that the glimpses of overwhelmed cities under the waves rewarded faithful watchers. Three Western powers, Spain, France and England, contested for three centuries, possessions of the seas and their islands, in the tropics of the Americas, and claimed imperial estates of wild land — inherited Divine Right, Endowment and Dominion.

The Magician from Genoa, under the favor of the trade-winds, crossed the abyss that had swallowed up adventure for uncounted millenniums. He beheld on an October night, a light in the west that was not of a star, and when morning came he gazed upon an exquisite and unknown shore, landed bearing the banners of Spain, kneeled upon the soil of beauty that was a marvel, and delivered it from the darkness of ancient Night, sacred to the sway of the Sovereigns of Castile and Arragon.

The sword of Columbus was an enchanter's wand, and the clouded ages brightened when more land for the people was found, and the vain pretenders to inherent Divinity parceled out the prodigious continents, the whole hemisphere weighing in the balances of the rounded world. The tribes of savages beside the great rivers and in the deeper forests, slaughtered their kind in the quarrels of the anointed Myths of the Monarchies.

The Spaniards, French and English were competitors in Colonies that were spots of light — lamps to guide the feet of the rising generations from the old home to the new countries, with fairer fortunes than their fathers found in the Fatherlands. The Spaniards touched first the West Indies, then the Floridas, and the daring De Soto discovered Louisiana and the Mississippi, the Father of Floods, that was his grave.

The navigators in American waters, of Great Britain, sailed between the Capes of Virginia, the early landmarks of the English speaking people by which the Kings had surveyed royal gifts to favorites. John Smith was the leader at Jamestown, the hero pioneer of another race than that from the adventurers of the peninsulas of the Mediterranean, but of like hardihood and spirit of enterprise.

The French struck far to the north for the Great Lakes, the Niagara and St. Lawerence Rivers, and their heroes of the foremost settlements were fixed in the Canadas, the Lands of Snow, that strikingly contrasted with the Lands of the Sun the Spaniards sought. The era was that of exploration. The Dutch found the Hudson and the Cape of Good Hope. The breaking waves " dashed high on the stern and rock-bound " coast of

INTRODUCTION. xiii

Massachusetts Bay, and the Pilgrims were the vital seed-corn of the New England colonies, that became, when the Declaration of Independence was made good, free ; and the Southern States aided to form a union " more perfect " and expanded.

Napoleon, after his fall, had a deeper personal interest in American arms, and the rifles and riflemen of the Mississippi Valley, as displayed in the Battle of New Orleans, under the direction of General Andrew Jackson. The generalship of Jackson, before the British attempted to storm the trench, prepared the victory so that the winning was easy. Napoleon's wish, oil his return from Elba, to become acquainted with the deadly Kentucky rifle in a friendly way, became known. A few days before he set forth on his Waterloo campaign, two specimens of the weapon, certified to have been in the hands of Jackson's men in the fight that settled the title to the prodigious province, making up any deficiency that might be in the parchment Napoleon signed.

Jackson " blazed the way '' for the annexation of Florida, and, as he called it, " The Reannexation of Texas " to the United States. Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, should be everlastingly held in remembrance for his stalwart services, in his u solitary and alone " putting the balls with his giant strength in initiative motion, to join the luminous procession to the Pacific, opening across the continent to the greater ocean of the globe — our " Broadway Road to India.

There never was a stroke of State more cleverly delivered than that of the Purchase ; and the finer touch that no foreign power could hold New Orleans and be our friend. The strategy was statesmanship ' and generalship. There is no history that is within the memory of the people of the nations, more historic ; no romance more romantic ; no drama more dramatic, than the New Orleans History, Romance and Drama, of the Louisiana Purchase.

Chapter I. The Mouth Of The Mississippi

La Salle and Louisiana — The French First in the Field From the Source to the Mouth of the Mississippi — A Summary — A Pleasant Story and Testimony of the Chivalry of the Creoles, and San Domingo Criticism on all Negroes and Mixed Blood 17

Chapter II. New Orleans As A Foreign City

Census Tables Before and After the Purchase — Unsanitary Conditions a Century Ago — Startling Sketches of Town Life — Creoles — Negroes — Theatres — Carnivals, by Sensational Writer, from a Pamphlet Published in Paris — Splendid Prophecy of Prosperity 34

Chapter III. Jefferson's Journalism In His Letter Writing Habit

He Was Not in the Current Sense a Newsman, but had the Daily Paper Instinct and Understanding and Method of Writing on Warm Facts and ' Issues — His Letters Light Up the Louisiana Purchase at all Points — His Sensational Language Personal to Napoleon — Annotations of Napoleon's Aberrations — Splendors and Wonders of the St. Louis Exposition — Up to the Occasion, Greatest Show on Earth 43

Chapter IV. Napoleon's Personal Part In The " Purchase."

His Speeches Reported by the Historian Marbois — The Lecture to the British Minister — England's Anger — Bonaparte's Threats — British Complaints that France Aided Their Revolted Colonies — Striking Description of the First Consul — He had Not, He Said, a Moment to Lose, to Place Louisiana Where the British Couldn't Get It— Said He Gave England a Maritime Rival to

Humble Her Pride 57

xv xvi CONTENTS.

Chapter V. Jefferson's Personal Part In Purchasing Louisiana

Our Land Purchases — How Jefferson and Bonaparte Doubled the Dimensions of the United States and Made our Nation a World Power — Jefferson's Personal Letter That Touched the Right Spot and Had the Desired Effect— The Jeffersonian Threat of a British Alliance — Bluffed Bonaparte, Who Claimed to Have a Patent for the Policy — He Makes Good Use of a French Friend 77

Chapter VI. The Way The Battle Happened

The Representative Men and Armaments in the Battle of New Orleans — The Decline of Napoleon in Power — England Supreme at Sea— The Drift to War Between England and the United States — Cultivation of New Ties and the British Wanted Louisiana — The Opportunity to Avenge the Purchase was Superficially Easy — The Sudden Change of Scene and Jefferson's Purchase was Confirmed by Jackson's Victory 87

Chapter VII. Home War On Jackson

British Beaten — Civil War Opened on Jackson — The Hero of New Orleans in a Sea of Troubles — Awful Alarm About Military Men and Measures — Jackson Prosecuted and Fined — Courts and Congress Have Him Tried — He Wins and the Country Rings, a Hurrah for Jackson " — A Series of Presidential Elections Involved 103

Chapter VIII. The Disputed Boundaries Of The Louisiana Purchase

The Course of the Empire of Liberty — The Influences that Shaped National Possessions and Destiny — Our English, French and Spanish Competition — Causes of Confusion of Titles — The Insecurity of Royal Land Claims — Early Views of the Extent of the Louisiana Purchase — Official Correction of Error in Maps of American Continent — What Americans Lost and are Losing in the North and Northwest by our Impaired Unity, a Lack of the Jeffersonian and Napoleonic Combination 120

Chapter IX. Aaron Burr's Conspiracy To Capture The Louisiana

PURCHASE.

The Nature and Circumstances of the Treasonable Plot—Burr's Explanations

CONTENTS. xvii

and Some Details for Capturing the New Possession for Himself — What Accusations were Made Concerning the Louisiana and Mexican Plot Countenanced by Jefferson, who Directly Charged Treason — Burr Wanted an Empire ; President and People were Opposed and the Conspiracy Collapsed 138

Chapter X. The Peace Of Appomattox

Honor the Heroes on Both Sides of Our Home-made and Fought-to-a-Finish War — Let Us Perfect the Pacification of Our Common Country — One Nation 156

Chapter XI. The Purchase Saved The Union

Without It We Would Have Been Undone— With It We Have Liberty and Union Now and Forever, and the Happiness of the People and the Splendors of the Nation, are the Promise of the Ages 162

Chapter XII. America's World's Fair

Official Accounts of the Gigantic Work Done on the Appointed Day When May Dawns — Beyond All Precedent Complete — The Send- off Glorious — Colossal Structures of the Wonderful City Exceed all the Fairs the World has seen — Accommodations Ample for Shelter, Travel, Sight- seeing and Comfort — One Feature is an Incomparable Object Lesson to Study the World within the Space of Two Square Miles — The Show Surpasses all Others in Cost and Charges Strictly Moderate — All the Latest Modern Inventions are at the Service of the People 169

Chapter XIII. Our World's Wonder

Success Superb — The Multitude was Magnificent and the Spectacle Glorious — The Orations Were Worthy, Historic and Patriotic — The Vision of a City of Palaces Incomparable — The People Were There — The President Represented and Also Participated by Wire — The Exposition Will Prove the Most Attractive Known, and Well Named " Universal " — The Immortalities Conferred by the Liberty of Art and the Perfection of Photography and Printing 183

Chapter XIV. First In Order Of The Orators

The Invocation of God's Blessing — Orations of President Francis and Senators xviii CONTENTS.

Carter and Burnhaiii, Representing the Commission and the Senate — And Addresses Characterizing the Commemorating Scenery and the Monumental and Race Interest of the Occasion 199

Chapter XV. Closing Speeches And Poems

The Remarkable Business Speech of the Master of Transportation — Appreciation of the Courtesies Shown Representatives of Foreign Nations and Applause for the Business Men of St. Louis, who Laid the Solid Foundations of the Exposition — Secretary Taft's Speech as Representative of President Roosevelt — The Luncheon Was Enjoyed After the Oratory and the Music 214

Chapter XVI. Features Of The Marvelous Exposition

Beautiful Hall of Festivals, Terrace of States, Cascade Gardens — Architectural Creations, With Sculptural Adornment, Forming the Center of the Main Picture of the Exposition — The Work is Chaste in Spirit, Representing the Jubilation and Triumph Over the Purchase of Louisiana Territory .... 234

Chapter XVII. Majestic Architecture

Miles of Magnificent Buildings — Palaces Whose Beauties are Joys Forever, for the Achievement of Art as Here Consummated are Everlasting — The Glory of the White City is Excelled for the Splendors of Colors are Added — The Palaces May Pass Away, but in Their Drawings and Reproduction Will be Models for the Loftiest Emulation of the Architects of the Future 240

Chapter XVIII. The Fair As An Educator

The Superb Structures of World's Fairs — Free Treatment of the Renaissance — From the -Parthenon to the Taj, and from the Quaint Cabildo of New Orleans to the Grand Trianon of Versailles * 247

Chapter XIX. Wonders Of Chemistry

Wonders in Chemistry—Displays Showing Recent Advancements in Electro- Chemical Production — Laboratories Reveal the Useful and the Spectacular Possibilities — Arctic Scenes and Ice Caves of Soda and Salt Crystals . . . 254

CONTENTS. xix

Chapter XX. A Perilous Frontier

Many Attempts to Penetrate Thibet — Buffer State to Keep the Peace — The Buddhist Fond of War — A Peace Commission Warlike 263

Chapter XXI. Side Lights Of The Pike

Millions of Dollars Have Been Spent to Maintain a New Standard of Truth and Reality on the Gaiety Boulevard of the Universal Exposition — Thirty-five of the Largest and Most Wonderful Attractions in the History of Amusements — Six Thousand Natives of Many Climes and Thousands of Wild and Domestic Animals, Birds, Etc., in the Vast Spectacle — A Scientific Device for Saving the Lives of Weakly Infants — Forty Geisha Girls, the Famous Japanese Dancers —Strolling Down the Pike, Etc., Etc 269

Chapter XXII. Pleasantries On The Pike

The Varieties of Entertainment on the Pike — Prominent Features of the Most Striking Vicissitudes — There is Tragedy and Comedy — Contrasts that Perplex One — Oddities Full of Fun and Touching Upon Changes from the Grave to the Gay and the Lively to the Severe — Entire Globe Contributes to the Gorgeous Procession — Mountains and Valleys of Papier Mache ; Oceans in Immense Tanks; Clouds are Made of Steam ; Rain, Wind, Dawns, Sunsets and Thunder and Lightning Produced to Order — Jim Jams, Arctic Weather Frozen by Refrigeration ; Kopjes and Veldts Thrown in for Good Air 286

Chapter XXIII. Old English Garden

Quaint Horticultural Architecture of Two Hundred Years Ago to Make the Grounds Surrounding Great Britain's Building a Palpable Vision of the Past 304

Chapter XXIV. Wild Igorrotes At The Fair

fiercest and Least Known of All the Wards of the United States are the Dusky Head Hunters and Dog Eaters from the Mountains of Luzon — They are the Black Gypsies of the Philippines, whose Life in Flowered Forests is Poetic, but whose Savagery Defies Civilization . 309 xx CONTENTS.

Chapter XXV. Relics And Recollections

Hunters' and Fishers' Paradise — Missouri's Commission Makes a Wonderful Display on a Three-Acre Tract — Relic of Horace Greeley's Ride Down a Mountain Side — Characteristics of the British Display — A Papier Mache Map Made by Students— Sixty Car-Loads of Black Hills Gold— A Typical Gold Mine in Actual Operation — Gold Ore Taken from Great Depths in the South Dakota Gold Fields are Put Through Interesting and Mysterious Processes — Romance Has No Part in Practical Mining — A Ton of Ore Yields but a Fraction of an Ounce of the Precious Metal 316

Chapter XXVI. Governmental Display

Display Installed in the Largest Governmental Exposition Building Ever Constructed — Precious Documents — Relics of Famous Statesmen and Soldiers — Working Postal Exhibit — The Exhibit of the Agricultural Department Demonstrates in a Practical Manner the Methods which have Developed Various Branches of Husbandry — " Bug House" Investigations a Novel and Important Feature — Weather Bureau also Revealed — Great Guns of the Army and Navy 326

Chapter XXVII. Palatial Splendors

Majestic Architecture Expressive of Educational Art — The Superb Array of Gigantic Mechanical Effects — The Potentialities of Progress Superbly Disclosed in August Antiquities and the Glories of Decorative Illumination — Palaces of Education, Machinery, Manufactures and Varied Industries, Art, Transportation and Electricity — Railway of the World 334

Chapter XXVIII. Sculpture Crowned Pavilions

The Magnificent Accommodation of the Exhibits, Gathered from the Great Centers and Remote Places of the Earth, Make Up a Wonderful City — The Curiosities of the Shops, Refinement of the Industries, and Dazzling Promises of Inventions — The Surpassing Show of Materials and Fabrics of all Climes in the Skilled Hands of the Artisans are as Enchanting as they are of Excellence 353

CONTENTS. xxi

Chapter XXIX. The Creation Of Civilization

Government Help in the Betterment of Men— A Study of the Old Savages— The Red Men's Advancement— Refrigeration for Preservation — Ways and Means of Dressing Multiplied 36!>

Chapter XXX. The Art That Is Glory

The Heroes who Discovered, Conquered and Made Mighty the Mississippi Valley— Carved in Marble, Cast in Iron, in Story Told, in Song, Printed in Tombs, Painted in Light for Immortality— All the Arts that Preserve in Fame are Held in Honor Here — Plastic Art as Represented by Women 378

Chapter XXXI. A Unique Police Force

The Jefferson Guards — The United States Army Officers — Etiquette of the Flags — Detectives from Foreign Lands — Pictures and Records of Criminals the World Over — Tools Used by Thieves and Criminal Curios 388

Chapter XXXII. Uncle Sam At Home

He Notes all that Goes On — Loves the Fair and Helps the Exhibitors with Praise — He is a Showman at Weather Bureaus, and Believes in Battleships — The Smithsonian Schoolhouse always Pleased Him — The Lincoln Log Cabin and Funeral Car .- . 395

Chapter XXXIII. Homes Of The States

States that Have Homes in the Exposition Grounds are : Arizona, Arkansas California, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West, Virginia, Wisconsin 405 xxii CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXIV. Art Exhibits From Abroad

The Brilliant Exhibits of the Art Treasures from Foreign Nations, Giving Out Many of the Glories of These Galleries, and Recent Choicest Productions of Their Famous Artists— The Exposition Itself Is a Wonderful Artistic City, and

the Exhibits are Worthy the Setting of the Jews • . 427

Chapter XXXV. Foreign Buildings

The Foreign Buildings Represented are Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Sweden, India, Japan, Argentine, Cuba, Mexico, Siam, Nicaraugua, Holland, China and Ceylon ........ 441

Chapter XXXVI. Apotheosis Of The Apple

Twenty Carloads of Fruit to be Distributed at the Fair — This is to Take Place on Apple Day (September 27) — Apple Consumers' League to Promote the Interests of this Luscious Product as a Food — Noted Men Who are Apple- Eaters Every Day 446

Chapter XXXVII

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST Origin of Industrial Exhibitions — The First French Exhibitions — The Exhibitions at Paris in 1844 and 1849 — The Dublin Exhibition of 1827 — The First International Exhibition, Held at London, in 185 1 — The Crystal Palace — The New York Exhibition of 1855— The French Exhibition of 1855— The Palace of Industry — The Manchester and Florence Exhibitions— The London Exhibition of 1862 — Other Displays — The Paris Exhibition of 1867 451