A grammar school history of the United States: to which are added, the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations, the Declaration of independence, and Washington's farewell address

Front matter

A NEW WORK FOR SCHOOLS.

A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene :

For Educational Institutions and Families

Introduction

limits were extended to the Rocky Mountains (p. 110). The coast strip, about fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United States at the beginning of the '-War of 1812," and, under the claim that it was part of the " Louisiana Purchase," was retained. In 1819, Florida was acquired by cession from Spain (p. 135), all the " rights, claims, and pretensions" of Spain to territory west of the Mississippi and north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also ceded to the United States.

10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending from latitude 42° to about 54°, with the Pacific for its western boundaiy, was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States, because, among other reasons, its principal river had been discovered by an American — Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston— in 1792 ; and because, during the administration of President Jeiferson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, commanding an overland expedition sent out by the United States government. Gray gave the name of his vessel to the river he discovered. By the treaty made with Spain in 1819, the United States strengthened their claim to the region.

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of the two nations was fixed at the 49 th parallel ; and thus was settled a controversy which had been continued for a number of years, and which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between the two countries. In 1845, Texas became a member of the Union by annexation (pp. 1^1-143), California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were acquired from Mexico by conquest ; and their possession was confirmed by a treaty made at the close of the war with that country (p. 150), and by subsequent negotiation. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 (p. 184).

Note. — " The evidences of the former existence of a pre-historic race, known as the mound-builders, who at one time occupied the principal affluents of the Mississippi, the Gulf Coast, and the region of the Great Lakes, are too conclusive to admit of doubt. These evidences consist of tumuli symmetrically raised and often enclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and circle, with long lines of circumvallation; of pits in the solid rock, and rubbish-heaps formed in the prosecution of their mining operations; and of a variety of utensils, wrought in stone or copper, or moulded in clay, which evince a knowledge of art and methodical labor foreign to the Red man. While the character of these structures, as traced over wide areas, dilTer in minor pMrticulars. still there is a great uniformity which stamps the authors as one people and subjects of one coutrolling govevaumnt."— Foster's Pre-Hisloric Baces in the United States of America.

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION I. Discoveries and Explorations

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607.

1. America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa {jen'-o-ah)., Italy. Believing the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the usual route by way of Egypt. The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not then known.*

2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own expense, he applied for aid to the republic of Genoa, and afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; but in vain. At last he was assisted by Isabella, Queen of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and after a voyage of ten weeks, discovered one of the Baha-

Map Questions.— (See ?.Iap, page 8.) Where are the Bahama Islands ? The West Indies ? Where is Guanahaiii ? Labrador ? Porto Rico ? Florida ? St. Domingo? Cuba? Tampa Bay? Newfoundland? Quebec? Nova Scotia? New Brunswick?. Acadia? Port Royal entrance? St. Augustine? Pamlico Sound? Albemarle Sound ? Virginia? Cape Cod ? Maine? Martha's Vineyard ? Jamestown ? Into what waters does the Mississippi flow ? The St. Lawrence ? The St. John's ? The Kennebec ? The James ?

1. Who was Columbus? When was America discovered? Who made the discovery? What belief did Col',\mbus have ? What was then the usiial route to India ? What route was then not yet known ?

2. For what did Columbus solicit aid? Why did he do so? Of whom did he ask aid ? Who, finally, assisted him ? What can you state of his first voyage ? What land did he discover ? What name did he give it ?

* " The crown of Portugal was constant in its efforts, throngh the fifteenth century, to find a passage round the southern point of Africa into the Indian Ocean; though so timid was the navigation that every fresh headland became a formidable barrier; and it was not till the latter part of the century that the adventurous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy Cape, as he termed it, but which John the Second (King of Portugal), with happier augury, called the Cape of (iood Hope. But, before Vasco de Gama had availed himself of this discovery to spread his sails in the Indian seas (1497), Spain entered on her glorious career, and sent Columbus across the western waters."— Presco<«'.s Conquest of Peru.

DISCOVEKIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1492.

ma Islands, called by the natives Gur.nahani {gwah-nahhah'-7ie). He gave it the name of San Salvador.

3. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just described, his discoveries were confined to the islands between North and South America, These he supposed to be near India; but when, in after years, the mistake became known, they were called the West Indies, and the islands southeast of Asia were called the East Indies.

4. In his third voyage,* made in 1498, Columbus discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river 0-ri-no'- co, in South America ; and in his last he examined the coast of Da-ri-en'. He died in Spain, at the age of seventy, a few months after he returned from his fourth voyage. He never knew that he had discovered a new continent. f

5. In 1497, John Cabot {kab'-bot), and his son Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to discover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1498, the coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay was explored.

6. In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci {ah-md-re-gd ves-poot'- che), a Florentine navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He prepared accounts of the two voyages, from which he acquired the reputation of being the discoverer of the western mainland. In consequence of this, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called America. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 208.)

3. Columbus's second voyage ? Why were the West Indies so called ?

4. Columbus's third voyage ? His fourth? What further of Colnmbas ?

5. What discovery was made in 1497 ? What exploration in 1498?

6. Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? What two voyages are meutioiied ? Why was the new world called America ?

* Read Note 1, end of this Section.

t His body was deposited in a convent at Valladolid, Spain, but was afterward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years after, it was taken across the Atlantic to St. Domingo, and finally, two hundred and sixty years later, was carried with great ceremony to the cathedral at Havana, i Is present resting-place.

DISCOVEEIES AND EXPLOEATIONS.

7. Twenty years after Columbus's first and great discovery, Ponce de Leon [pon'-thd dd Id-dn'), an aged Spaniard, sailed from Porto Rico {re'-co) in search of a wonderful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its waters.

8. After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, an unknown land, whose forests were adorned with flowers. From the abundance of the flowers, and also because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah Jlo-re'- dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful.

9. Several years'after, he went again to Florida. His object this time was to make a settlement, he having been appointed governor of the country upon the condition that he would colonize it. He efiected a landing, but in an attack made by the natives, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their ships, and De Leon received a mortal wound — of which he died, in Cuba.

10. Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De Ayllon {dd ile-yojie'). The object of the first, made in 1520, was the capture of natives to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo. The second was undertaken to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful.*

11. In 1517, Cordova (kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, and explored the northern coast of Yu-ca-tan'. Afterward, Cor'-tez, who had been sent by the governor of

7. Who was Ponce de Leon ? What visionary enterprise did ho undertake?

8. Did he discover the fountain ? Why not ? What did he discover ? Why was the land called Florida ?

9. Wnat next did De Leon undertake? What was the result ?

10. What was undertaken in 1520? What, afterward ? What were the results ?

11. When was Mexico discovered ? Who made the discovery ? What elstf did Cordova do ? What did Cortez accomplish ?

* Many of De Ayllon's men, in the second expedition, were killed by thcf natives, because he "had kidnai)ped a number of their companions in his first cx' peditiou. He himself barely escaped.

12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1528.

Cuba, succeeded in conquering the Mexicans ; and their country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. (App. p. 65.)

12. Narvaez {nar-vah'-eth), believing Florida to be a land of great wealth, obtained from the Spanish sovereign an appointment as governor, and, in 1528, sailed from Cuba, to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved disastrous ; for of the three hundred men who penetrated the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico.

13. These men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the world,— a statement which the people of Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto {da so' -to). With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of SIX hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, whence he proceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior.*

14. After wandering for nearly three years, during which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with fear, his body was sunk in the waters of the great river which he had discovered. The remnant of his followers, having in vain tried to reach Mexico through the forests, built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi and along the coast of Mexico, until they reached a Spanish settlement. (Read Note 2, end of Sec.)

15. In 1524, Verrazzani {ver-rat-tsah' -ne) ^ a Florentine navigator, sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland [new' -fund-land). To the whole region thup examined he

12. What belief did Narvaez have? What appointment did he obtain? From wliat place did he sail ? With what object '! What was the result ?

13. Who was De Soto? What statement did he believe ? Give an account of the bosrinninn; of his expedition.

14. Give a further account of his expedition. What river did he discover? When dirt lie make the discovery ? What became of his followers ?

15. Who was Verrazzani ? What explorations did he make ? What name did he give to the region? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (See Map, p. 53.)

* His explorations extended about two hundred miles west of the Mississippi.

1534.] DISCOVEEIES AND EXPLOEATIONS.

gave the name of New France, a name which was afterward restricted to Canada. (Read Note 3, end of Sec.)

16. No other explorations were made by the French until 1534. In that year and the following, James Cartier {car-te-a) made two voyages, discovered the St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the whole, country in the name of his king. The French, however, eifected no permanent settlement in Canada until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608.*

17. But Quebec was not the first settlement made by the French on the American continent, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled three years before. The French, claiming the whole territory now included in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, called it A-ca'-di-a.

18. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, as they were called, desh-ed to have in America a place of refuge. With the permission of King Charles, and aided by the celebrated Coligny [ko-leen-ye')^ two attempts were made to establish a colony — one at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, in 1562, and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida, in 1564.

19. The settlers of 1562 built a fort, to whidi they gave the name of Carolina, in honor of Charles ( Carolus^ in Latin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep possession of the country, while the others, with John Ribault (re-bo'), their commander, returned to France for re-enforcements ; but the promised aid not arriving, the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land.

20. Spain, unwilling that the settlement on the St.

1 6. When was the St. Lawrence discovered? By whom? What further did Cartier do ? When was Quebec settled ? By whom ?

17. Which was the tirst French settlement in America? When was Port Royal settled ? What country was cal'ed Acadia ? Who called it so ?

18. Who were the Huguenots? What desire did they have? .Who aided them ? What settlements were het^un by them ?

19. Give an account of the Carolina settlement.

* By Samuel Champlain, the discoverer and explorer of Lake Champlain.

14 DISCOYERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1683.

John's should exist, commissioned Melendez {ma-leii'- deth) to destroy it. After laying the foundations of St. Augustine, in 1565, Melendez proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he surprised and massacred. In revenge, De Gourgues {goorg), of France, two years after, surprised the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and hunotwo hundred captives upon the trees.

21. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England, under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. His design was to take possession of the northern parts of America, and found a colony in Newfoundland. He landed on the island, but, in consequence of disasters, no attempt at settlement was made. On the return to England, one of the ships, that in which Gilbert sailed, foundered, and all on board perished.*

22. Sir Walter Raleigh [rmo'-le), not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample jjatent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the command of Am'-i-das and Barlow. The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pam'-li-co and Albemarle sounds, took possession of the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after trafficking with the natives, returned to England.

23. So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give of the country which they had seen, that Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor of knighthood. (See Appendix, p. 73, topic 147.)

20. Give an account of the St. John's settlement. When was St. An<ni>iriiie pettled? By whom? How does it rank in age among the towns in the Unired States ? Alls. It is the oldest. What revenue did De Gourgues have ?

21. What voyage was commenced in 1583? What was Gilbert's design ? Give an account of Gilbert's operations ? Of his fate.

22. Who was Raleigh ? Give an account of his expedition sent in 1584 ?

23. Why was tlie country called Virginia ? Honor conferred upon Raleigh?

* Gilbert, " sitting abaft with a book in his hand, cried out to those in the other vessel, ' We are as near to Heaven by sea as by land.' That same iiifcht the lights of the Squirrel (a bark of only ten tons) suddenly disappeared, and neither vessel nor any of its crew was ever seen again." — Bancroft.

1&85.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

24. Two attempts were afterward made by Raleigh to establish a colony on Roanoke Island — one, under Ralph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. The people under Lane, after a year of distress at Roanoke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped there on his way from the West Indies. White did not remain long at the island : he went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. (Read Note 4, end of Section.)

25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in America was made by Bartholomew Gos'-nold, in 1602. He discovered Cape Cod, and so named it because of the great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a storehouse and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was abandoned, and the whole party returned to England.

26. The favorable rej^orts of the country made by Gosnold induced some English merchants to fit out two vessels, under the command of Martin Pring, for exploration and trade. Pi'ing, in 1603, examined the shores and large rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha's Vineyard. Three years later he made a second voyage, and also a more accurate survey of Maine.

27. The territory which the English claimed, basing their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. The northern, called North Virginia, he granted to the

24. What did Ralcis^h wish to do ? Give an account of the undertaking conducted by Lane. Of the one conducted by White.

25. When was Cape Cod discovered ? By whom? Why was it so named ? Give an account of Gosuold's attempt at settlement. Where are the Elizabeth Islands ? (See Map, p. 24. See, for Gosnold, p. 18, 1 2.)

26. Who sent Pring to America? What induced them to send him? Give an account of his first voyage. Of his second.

27. What extent of American territory did the English claim? What was their title to the claim ? What division was made of the territory in 1G06 f

Note.— For an account of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, see Note 5, end of Section.

DISCOYEEIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1607.

Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Yirginia, to the London Company.

28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death of their president, discouraged them, and they returned to England.

29. The London Company were successful. They sent more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher ISTewport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels further north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. (See note, p. 23.)

CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION.

1492. America was discovered by Columbus.

1497. The Continent of America was discovered by Jolm Cabot.

1498. The coast of Nortli America was explored by Sebastian Cabot. The Continent of America was discovered by Columbus.

1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 1512. Florida was discovered by De Leon.*

1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon.

1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortez.

1524. Tlie coast of Nortli America was explored by Verrazzaui. 1528. Tlie conquest of Florida was undertaken by Narvaez. 1534. Tlie St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 1502. Tlie Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. 1564. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida.

Map Questions.— (See Map, p. 53.) What larije hay is on the East nf ViP» ginia ? Into what hody of water does the James River flow ? Where is James* town ? Where are the Bermuda Islands ? (.See Map, p. 8.)

28. What attempt at settlement did the Plymouth Company make? What caused the failure of the attempt?

29. Where did the London Company design to plant a colony f Did they dO BO ? Why not ? Where did they make a settlement ?

* Buckingham Smith, in his History of Florida, says that the discovery took place in 1513. De Leon's diary gives Easter Sunday, iMarch 27th, as the date of the discovery, which agrees with the year 1.513. In 1512, Easter Sunday came in April.

DISCOVEllIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

1565. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards.

1584. The coast of Carolina was exi)lored by Amidas and Barlow.

1585. The first attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke- 1002. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold.

1603. The New England coast was explored by Pring. 1605. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 1006. The L(mdon and Plymouth Companies received charters. 1607. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. Jamestown was settled by the London Company.

EEVIEW QUESTIONS.

1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10

2. Give an account of the Cabots and their two voyages 10

3. Give an account of tlie two voyages made by Vespucci 10

4. Give an account of De Leon's two expeditions to Florida 11

5. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions to Carolina 11

6. Of Narvaez's expedition (12).— T. Of De Soto's expedition 1?

8. Of Verrazzani's expeditions (12, 13). — 9. Of Cartier's expeditions IS)

10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13

11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River 13, 14

12. Of Gilbert's expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14

13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14

14. Of Raleigh's two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15

15. Of Gosnold's expedition and discovery in 1602 15

16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15

17. What grants of land did King James make in 1606 ? 15, 16

18. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted ? Ans.

North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north latitude ; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree.

19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company. . 16

20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 1607 16

21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1492 to 1541 - . 16

22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17

23. Name six of the early naviarators who sailed ia the interests of Spain 9-17

24. Name four of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of France ... 9-17

25. Name eleven of the early navigators who sailed in the niterests of England. 9-17

26. By whom was the southwest passage to Asia discovered ? Ans. By

Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his name, in 1520. At the Philippine Islands, in a contest with the natives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the globe.

37. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered ? Ans. In 1513, Bal-bo'-a, while crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. (See Note 5, end of Section.)

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

SPANISH.

Columbus discovered all the large islands of the West Indies, besides a number of the small ones. He also discovered Soutli America (1498) and explored the coast of Darien (1503).

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and explored its coast (1512).

Balboa, while crossing the isthmus of Darien, discovered tlie Pacitic Ocean, and called it the South Sea (1513). (Notes, end of sec.)

Cordova explored the northern coast of Yucatan (1517).

Magellan sailed around South America to the Pacitic (1520) ; and westward to the Philippine Islands, where he was l^illed in a contest with the natives. One of his vessels continued the voyage, thus making the first circumnavigation of the earth (1522).

De Ayllon made two expeditions to Carolina (1520 and 1524).

Cortez sailed to Mexico (1519) and conquered it (1521).

Narvaez explored the interior of Florida (1528).

De Soto explored a large part of the country trom Florida to a point several hundred miles west of the Mississippi (1539 to 1542).

ENGLISH.

The Cabots discovered Labrador (1497) ; and Sebastian Cabot, in a second voyage, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay (1498).

Drake sailed along the coast of California (1579).

Gilbert made a voyatjeto Newfoundland (1583).

Raleigh sent an expedition to North Carolina (1584) ; and made two attempts to found a colony (1585, 1587).

Gosnold explored the coast of Massachusetts (1602).

Pring explored the coast of New England (1603).

FRENCH.

Verrazzani explored the coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, being the first European to enter the harbor of New York (1524).

Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence (1534), and, in a second voyage, sailed up the river as far as Montreal (1535).

DUTCH.

Hudson sailed up the Hudson River as far as Albany (1609).

The western coast of North America was first explored by the Spaniards. Expeditions sent by Cortez examined the California peninsula. Alar9on (ah-lar'-son), sent by the fiovernor of Mexico, in 1540 ascended the Colorado River beyond the (iila (he'-lah); and Coronado (ko-ro-nah'-do). also sent, at the same time, wandered for three je.irs over the re<?ions now known as Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. Utah, and Nevada (1540-1543). In 1542. Cabrillo (ca6- ree/'-wo), commandinsr two " vessels, sent by the Mexican governor, examined the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco Bay; but, dyms;, his pilot, Fer-re'-lo, next year continued the exploration as far north, probably, as the latitude of 43 degrees.

MODEL OF A DIAGRAM FOR A WRITTEN ANALYSIS.

TOPIC— COLUMBUS, HIS VOYAGES AND DISCOVEKIES. (See pages 9 and 10; also the answer to question 34, Appendix, p. 65.)

r Born at Genoa.

His Early Life.

iOn the Mediterranean and west coast of Africa.

Made a voyage toward Greenland.

( The route to India.

His Theory. •< Shape of the earth.

( Conclusion regarding India.

T?oT^r>T,mo 'o.r^ { To thc rcpubUc of Genoa.

JiFFORTS FOR) ^j^^ monarchs of England and Portugal. AID. I rJ^^ Isabella, by whom he was aided.

o" ( Sailed with three vessels. ^ \ Voyage lasted ten weeks. ^ ( Discovered San Salvador.

. I Discovered other islands i between North and South America.

^ j Discovered South America. ^ ] (Was sent back to Spain in irons.)

•B ^ Examined the coast of Darien.

^ Death. ■{ Died in Spain, at the age of seventy.

Voyages

AND

Discoveries.

Topics.— The Cabots, their voyages and discoveries. — Vespucci's voyages and their consequences. — De Leon and his two voyages to Florida. — Narvaez's expedition and its consequences. — De Soto and his expedition. — Verrazzani and his explorations.— Cartier and his two voyages. — The Huguenots and their settlements. — Gilbert and his expedition to Newfoundland.— Raleigh and the three expeditions sent by him. — Gosnold in Massachusetts and Virginia. Spanish discoveries and explorations. — English. —French.

1. Colnmbus in Cliains.— While Columbus, during Ms third voj'age in 1498, was making discoveries in the New World, his enemies in Spain "artfully endeavored to undermine his credit with his sovereign," by circulating false reports about his integrity and loyalty. At last "the queen acquiesced in sending out a commission to investigate the affairs of the colony (Hispaniola). The

person appointed to this delicate trust was Don Francisco de Rob-a-dil'la

From the very first, Robadilla regarded Columbus in the light of a convicted

criminal, on whom it was his business to execute the sentence of the law

Accordingly, on his arrival at the island, he wmimauded the admiral to appear before him, and without afiecting the forms of a legal inquiry, at once caused him to be manacled and thrown into prison. Columbus submitted without the least show of resistance, displaying in this sad reverse that magnanimity of soul which would have touched the heart of a generous adversary. Kobadilla caused the accusation to be sent back to Spain with the admiral, whom he commanded

to be kept strictly in irons during the passage So monstrous an outrage

shocked the minds of even those most prejudiced against Columbus ; and none partook of the general indignation more strongly than Ferdinand and Isabella. They sent to Cadiz without an instant's delay, and commanded the admiral to be released from his ignominious fetters." —PrescoWs Ferdinand and Isabella.