A complete course in history

Front matter

immn

Class J]i2.]

Book A-3AI_.

PART FIRST -ANCIENT HISTORY. PART SECOiND.-MEDLEVAL AM) MODERN HISTORY

NEW YORK:

1^

Anderson's Historical ^Series.

A Junior Class History of the United States. Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 272 pages. i6mo.

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A Popular School History of the United States, in which are inserted as a part of the narrative selections from the writings of eminent American historians and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated with maps, colored and plain ; portraits, views, etc. 356 pp. i2mo.

A Manual of General History. Illustrated with numerous engravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 484 pp. i2mo.

A New Manual of General History, with particular attention to Ancient and Modern Civilization. With numerous engravings and colored maps. 600 pp. i2mo. Also, in two parts. Parti. Ancient History: 300 pp. Part II. Modern History : 300 pp.

A School History of England. Illustrated with numerous engravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at different periods. 332 pp. i2mo.

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A History of Rome, Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings. 543 pp. By R. F. Leighton, Ph. D. (Lips.).

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Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History. Illustrated with engravings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pp. i2nio.

The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pp. l2mo.

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CLARK & MAYNARD, Publishers,

734 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

Copyright, 1882, by John J. Anderson,

Preface

The prominent and characteristic features of the Author's series of school histories have won for these books a large share of public favor, and have secured their introduction into a great number of schools in every part of the country. Of these books the Manual of General History has been, perhaps, the most conspicuously successful, having been for many years used in a large number of colleges, preparatory schools, academies, and seminaries, and having been commended, after a mature practical test of its merits, by many intelligent and accomplished educators, as a work that contains not only a clear and brief statement of all the facts needed to afford a basis for a complete course of historical study, but also such aids to teacher and pupil as are requisite to facilitate the work both of instruction and of acquisition.

It is not intended to supersede this work by the New Manual, here presented to the public, but to supply, by means of it, a somewhat more extended course of history, especially with regard to the progress of civilization among mankind, so as to show the distinguishing traits of each separate people in respect to religion, manners and customs, and advancement in literature and the arts.

There has been, for some time, a growing tendency in the public mind to study rather those things that directly concern the life of the people, as such, than the facts of national or political history. Certainly, this department of knowledge has a most fascinating interest;' but it must be borne in mind that the great movements of mankind are connected rather with their national than their social history; and, hence, it is a false system that makes the former subordinate to the latter,

Preface, dwarfing it below its proper proportion, or keeping it out of Tiew altogether. The political history of nations must constitute the main groundwork of historical study; and, hence, it has seemed to the Author that a school manual on this subject, however charming in its sketches of popular traits, or grapliic in its painting of ideal scenes of every-day life, usually considered to belong to the province of romance, cannot, and should not, take the place of that which every student imperatively needs to render his subsequent reading of history profitable and satisfactory. The "old masters" of education, though more severe than those of the present time, in their imposition of tasks, and less anxious to consult the uncultured palate of their pupils, probably, on that account, often imparted more solid and enduring accomplishments.

The present work, while giving a brief sketch of the political history of every nation, ancient and modern, aims also to afford, in a pleasing and instructive style, all the information needed by the young student in regard to the social peculiarities of the people and their progress in each department of civilization; but care has been exercised to keep this branch of the subject within its just limits.

As, in most programmes of study in this country, the history of the United States precedes the study of general history, and as, therefore, that subject is fully treated in more elementary books, it has been deemed unnecessary to include it in the present work.

The geographical features of the work, including copious maps and map exercises, with constant references to the same in the text, accord with the plan uniformly pursued by the Author in his oth-er works, and strongly commended by the most successful teachers. Indeed, this plan has been followed in all the Author's historical text-hooks published since the date of his first work.

The treatment by nationalities rather than by periods has been retained, as being the most suitable for beginners,

Preface.

inasmuch as it prevents the confusion that is necessarily caused in the minds of the pujDils by a constant interruption of the current of events in passing from nation to nation. Synchronistic exercises and reviews are, however, freely given, which will serve to bring into intimate relation, and give unity of aspect to, all the great contemporaneous events in the national life of each separate people.

In the cuts inserted to illustrate the text, the object has been not merely embellishment, but, by addressing the eye, to afford information to the pupil in regard to matters a verbal account or description of which would necessarily be imperfect or insufficient.

It has been also the aim of the Author, himself a practical teacher, to render this work a valuable and effective instrument in imparting instruction. Hence, it has been provided with outline reviews, topical synopses, and chronological tables, designed to facilitate the labors of both instructor and student. To this object the analytical table of contents and pronouncing index will be found to contribute.

The latest and best authorities have been consulted in the compilation of this work; and every effort has been made to give it all the freshness of interest, and clearness of expression, possible in such a work.

The Neio Ma7iual, it is confidently believed, will be found to contain all the requirements for a complete course of history for all institutions of every grade, above that of the grammar-school, that have not the time to devote to the study of the minute history of different nations in separate volumes. It consists of two parts, — the first devoted to ancient, and the second to mediaeval and modern history. These parts are issued together in a single book, as well as in two separate volumes, the first being confined to ancient history, the second comprehending both mediaeval and modern.

Kew York, Feb. 1, 1882.

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Parthenon (Frontispiece).

TheWorJd as known to the Ancients.

Map of the Ancient Monarchies 30*

Warrior and Horses (Kliorsabad) 33

A Babj'lonian Brick. 35

From the Palace of Sennacherib 36

Interior of an Assyrian Palace 37

Ancient Warrior 42

Ruins of an Egyptian Temple 46

Map of Ancient Egypt 47

Cartouche of a King 49

Memnonian Statues 52

Egj^ptian Mummies 55

The Obelisk, New York 56

Diagram of the Great Pyramid 58

Map of Phoenicia and Palestine 62

Phoenician Ship 63

Head of Baal 64

Antique Vessels 68

Hebrew Costume 69

The Persian Empire.— Map II 74

Persian War-Chariot 78

Greece.—Map III 85

Map of Hellas and her Colonies 86

Map of the Greek Colonies in Italy. . 87

Menelaus 90

Solon 97

Ruins of Areopagus and the Acropolis 98

Plan of the Battle of Marathon 100

Miltiades 101

Map of Salamis 102

Aristides 104

The Acropolis at Athens 105

Socrates Ill

Map of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand 113

Xenophon 114

Epaminondas 115

Empire of Alexander the Great.—

Map IV 117

Map showing the Marches of Alexander 121

Battering- Ram 122

Plan of the Battle of Arbela 123

Map of Asia Minor 125

The East.— Map V 129

Ruins of Baalbec 135

Pharos 137

Map of the Port of Alexandria 138

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 140

A Grecian Temple 146

PAGE

Zeus, or Jupiter 147

Colossus of Rhodes 148

The Foot-Race 152

Homer 155

Demosthenes 160

Writing Materials of the Greeks 162

Tlie Three Orders of Greek Architecture 163

An Ionic Capital 164

The Parthenon, Restored 165

A Grecian Vase 166

Athenian Female Costume 169

Greek Jewelry 171

Greek Instruments of Music 173

Italy.— Map VI 181

Map of the Vicinity of Rome 185

Cloaca Maxima 186

Celtic Arms 197

Via Appia 203

Map of the Coimtries subject to Carthage 205

War-Ship of Hiero 206

Map of the Territory of Syracuse 211

Map of Numidia and the Old Province of Africa 216

The Siege of Nimiantia 218

Temple of Concord 222

Pompey the Great 235

Julius Ceesar 236

Mark Antony 240

Cicero 241

Roman Forum, Restored 248

Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 250

Aqueduct of the Pont du Gard, at

Nismes 251

Racing Chariots 252

The Colosseum 253

Mausoleum of Augustus 254

Temple of Vesta 256

Horace 258

Virgil 258

The Pantheon 259

Suovetaurilia 261

Roman Implements of Writing 264

Roman Toga : 265

Empress Livia 266

lioman Soldiers and Lictor 267

Besieging Tower 268

Roman Standard 269

Triumph of Titus 270

Roman Empire.— Map VII 271

The Arch of Titus 273

Alexander Severus ~76

List of Maps and Illustrations.

PAGE

Arch of Constantine 281

Europe in the Reign of Theodoric,

A.D. 500.— Map VIII Facing 297

Europe at the Death of Justinian,

A.D. 565.— Map IX Facing 301

Empire of Charlemagne.— Map X.

Facing 315 Map of France after the Treaty of

Verdun 320

Saxon England.— Map XI Facing 333

Map of Great Britain and Ireland. . . 339

A Feudal Castle 343

A Norman Castle 344

A Knight in Complete Armor 346

A Knight in the Lists 348

Map of the Dominions of the Ange-

vins 350

A Paragraph in Magna Charta 357

Military Accouterments of the Black

Prince 364

Knight of the Garter, Gentleman,

and Citizen 374

Hats and Caps 374

Ladies' Head-Dresses {Froissart) 375

Chaucer 376

Europe at the Death of Charlemagne.— Map XII Facing 379

Map of France and the Neighboring Countries 380

A Crusading Knight 383

Ramparts of a Town in the Middle

Ages 389

France under Hugh Capet, a.d. 987.

—Map XIII Facing 393

France at the Time of Valois, a.d.

1328.— Map XIV Facing 392

Cannon of the Fourteenth Century. 393 Fortified Gate of a French Town in

the Middle Ages 396

Cathedral of Rheims 397

Feudal Castle in France, Fifteenth

Century 398

Froissart 404

Europe in the Time of the Crusades.

Crusaders 407

Knights Templars 409

Knight Hospitaller 410

Map of the Christian Kingdoms in

Syria and Palestine 411

War-Ships of the Thirteenth Century 414 Map of Central Europe, about 1200. . 419 A Summons to a Town to Surrender 421

Gregory VII 423

Albert Durer 435

Map of the Spanish Kingdoms,

Map of Southeastern Europe, about

1200 453

Map of Southeastern Europe and

Asia Minor, 1354 454

Map of the Ottoman Empire, 1460. . . 457 Modern England.— Map XVI. Facing 461 Ship in which Hemy VIII. embarked for France, 1520 464

Mary Stuart 472

PAGE

Raleigh 479

Musketeer and Pikeman, Time of

James 1 480

Milton 490

William of Orange, King of England 498

Prince Eugene 500

Cavalier and Puritan 503

Ships of War, Time of Charles II. . .. 504

Shakespeare 506

Bacon 507

Washington 513

York Minster 518

Map of the Crimea 520

Victoria 521

Gladstone 523

Franklin 530

Morse 531

Goldsmith 532

Burns 532

Byron 532

Wordsworth 533

Scott 534

Tennyson 534

Macaulay 535

George Eliot 535

Dickens 536

Thackeray 536

Carlyle 537

Modern France. — Map XVII 541

Pope Juhus II 542

Field of the Cloth of Gold 544

Francis 1 545

Richelieu 555

Mary de' Medici 556

Pavilion of Henry IV. at St. Germain 565

Fountain Moliere, Paris 567

Fenelon 568

Voltaire 569

Marie Antoinette 570

The Bastile 572

Lafayette 573

Robespierre 575

Madame Roland 576

Napoleon 1 579

Murat 581

Victor Hugo 595

Europe at the End of the Seventeenth Century.- Map XVIII.

Facing 598

Members of Maximilian's Court 599

Wallenstein 603

Maria Theresa 605

Bismarck 607

Central and Southern Europe, Modern.— Map XIX Facing 609

William of Orange 612

Map of Spain and Portugal 617

Catharine II 629

Beethoven 640

Copernicus 642

Schiller 644

Richter 645

Goethe 646

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Introduction

PAGE

History defined and classified 17

Origin of Nations 17

Aids to History 17

Different Races 18

Comparative Philology 19

Classification of Languages 19

Different Epochs 21

Ancient Monuments 21

Ancient Writings 22

Divisions of History 23

Philosophy of History 23

Ethnological Synopsis 24

CHAPTER I. Ancient Monarchies

I. Babylonians and Assyrians.

Babylonia or Chaldea 25

Chaldean and Babylonian Monarchies 27

The Chaldees 27

Babylon 27

Berosus 28

Early Dynasties 29

Later Babylonian Monarchy 29

Assyrian Empire 31

Babylonian and Assyrian Civilization. 35

II. Median Monarchy.

Cyrus the Great 40

Median Civilization 41

III. Kingdoms in Asia Mincyr.

The Phrygians 41

Cilicia 41

The Lydian Monarchy 42

Chronological Synopsis 44

IV. Tlie Ancient Egyptians.

Sources of Egyptian History 45

Dynasties 47

Topography and Civilization 51

The Ethiopians 61

V. The Phoenicians.

Sidon and Tyre 61

Navigation and Commerce 63

Literatm-e and Religion 64

Syria 65

VI. The Hebrews.

Situation of Palestine 66

Tribes of Israel 66

Earlj- Kingdom of Israel 66

Later Kingdom of Israel 67

Kingdom of Judah 68

Later Jewish History 69

VII. The Hindoos.

Invasion of the Aryans 70

Wealth and Trade 71

VIII. The Chinese.

Origin and History 72

Chinese Civilization 73

IX. The Persians.

Conquests of Cyrus 75

Cambyses 76

Darius 77

Other Kings 78

Civilization 78

Kings of Israel and Judah 83

The Persian Monarchs 84

Contents

CHAPTER n.

Greece and Macedonia.

I. Geographical Sketch.