The English in America : from the first English discoveries to the present day

Front matter

f KM j4

IS?

■4

Contents

THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA.

EARLT VOYAGES AND ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION.

CHAPTHR I. PAaa

Chapter II

The " Dominus Vobiscum "—Failure and Misfortune ; Improvement of the English Marine; Martin Frobisher— His Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage ; Diminutive Equipments of the Early Discoverers ; Supposed Discovery of Gold Ore ; Second Expedition of Frobisher ; Surveys ; Contest with the Esquimaux; His Third Expedition; its Failure, 22

CHAPTEB III.

English Enterprise; Drake; Sir Humphrey Gilbert; His First Attempt to Colonize America; Sir Walter Raleigh ; Sir Humphrey Sails for America ; Shipwrecks and Misfortunes ; the Return Voyage ; Tempests ; Loss of Sir Humphrey and his Crew, ^

CHAPTER lY.

The Patent of Raleigh ; he Dispatches Amidas and Barlow to Carolina— their Report ; the Country named Virginia ; Voyages of Davis, &c. ; Second Expedition of Raleigh, under Lane ; Settlement at Roanoke ; Folly and Cruelty of the English ; the Indians ; Massacre by the English ; Failure and Return of the Expedition, 29

CHAPTER V.

Small Settlement planted by Grenville at Roanoke Destroyed by the Indians ; Third Expedition of Raleigh; First English Child in America; Loss and Supposed Destruction of the Roanoke Colony; Misfortunes of Raleigh; Tardiness and Ill-fortune of English Enterprise; Reflections, 32

THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA.

CHAPTHR I.

Memoir of Captain John Smith; His Youthful Adventures and Services; he turns Hermit; Mia Adventures in France ; he is flung Overboard ; Sea-fight ; Travels in Italy ; His Campaign against the Turks; Siege of Regnll; the Three Turks' Heads; Smith sent a Slave to Tartary— his Wonderful Escape; Subsequent Adventures; Returns to England, 30

CHAPTBR II.

Virginian Colonization Revived; Patent of James I.; Ill-assorted Company of Settlers; the Expedition Sails for America ; Accidentally enters James River ; Ill-treatment of Smith ; Intercourse with the Indiana; Jamestown Founded; Excursion of Smith and Newport; Powhatan; the Indians of Virginia, 49

Chapter III

Trial and Vindication of Smith; Famine and Terrible Rlortality; Smith, by his Exertions, supports the Colony ; Treachery of his Associates ; Dealings with the Indians ; Idle and Miaerublo Colonists, 46

CONTENTS.

CnAPTKR IT. PA<»»

Expedition and Capture of Smith — his Strange Adventures among the Indians ; Conjurations performed ovur him; he is Carried to Powhatan; His Life Saved by Pocahontas; Strange Masquerade of Pownatan ; Release and Return of Smith, 49

CHAPTBR V.

Privations of the Colonists ; Relieved by Pocahontas ; Arrival of Newport from England; Intercourse and Traffic with Powhatan ; Blue Beads for Crown Jewels ; Imaginary Gold Mine ; Smith's Voyage in the Chesapeake; Interviews with numerous Native Tribes; Sting-ray Point; His Return, 5S

CHAPTEH VI.

Smith made President; he Resumes the Survey; the Susquehannas; Adventures with the Indians; Remarkable Feat of Survey ; Return to Jamestown ; Arrival of Newport; Absurd Instructions of the English Company; the Coronation of Powhatan; Unsuccessful Attempt of Newport to find the South Sea, , 55

CHAPTER TII.

Plot against Smith; His Letter to the Company; His Efforts to Support the Colony; Expedition to Surprise Powhatan ; Artful Speeches, and Mutual Treachery ; the English again Saved by Pocahontas, 59

CHAPTER VIII.

The Plot at Pamunkey— Defeated by the Daring and Energy of Smith ; the Colony Supplied ; Smith Poisoned; His Unscrupulous Policy; His Fight with the King of Paspahegh; "Pretty Accidents"

among the Indians, 01

CHAPTER IX.

Idleness of the Settlers ; Eloquent Speech and Vigorous Policy of Smith ; the New Virginia Company ; Unjust Assumption of Power; Smith Deposed; Great Expedition dispatched from England — 111- furtune; Arrival of Numerous Immigrants ; Anarchy; Smith Reassumes the Presidency, 64

CHAPTER Z.

Futile Attempts at Founding New Settlements; Folly and Obstinacy of the Colonists; Smith terribly Injured; He Returns to England; His Services to the Colony; Awful Suffering and Mortality after his Departure, 07

CHAPTER XI.

Memoir of Smith, continued and concluded; His Voyage to New England, a\jfi Surveys; His Second Expcditioft; His Adventurqs among the Pirates— his Escape; His Great Exertions for the Settlement of New England; Interesting Interview between Smith and Pocahontas in England; Last Years of Smith ; His Death ; His Character and Achievements, ^. 69

CHAPTER XII.

Arrival of Gates; Miserable Condition of the Colony; Jamestown Deserted; Arrival of Lord Delaware—of Sir Thomas Dale; Exertions of the Company; Increased Immigration; the Culture of Tobacco introduced, and Eagerly Pursued ; Tyranny of Argall— his Displacement ; Great Accession of Immig'rants; Wives purchased with Tobacco; Liberal Concessions to the Colonists, 77

CHAPTER XIII.

Wyatt Governor ; Negro Slavery introduced ; Death of Powhatan and Succession of Opechancanough ; Plot Devised by the Latter; Terrible Massacre of the English ; Depression of the Colony; Usurpation of the Patent by James I, ; Prudent Policy toward the Colonists, gO

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND.

Chapter I

Unsuccessful Attempts of the Plymouth Company to Settle New England; Persecution of the Non-conformists; Retreat of Robinson's Congregation to Holland— their High Character— their Resolution to Plant a Colony— their Loyalty and Courage— Departure from Delft Haven, 83

OHAPTIR II.

Stormy Voyage of the Pilgrims to America ; they Arrive at Cape Cod— are Compelled to Disembark — Institute a Republic ; their Simple Constitution ; Carver eiecied Governor; Absence of Personal Ambition among the Puritan Settlers, 86

Chapter III

Dreary Appearance of New England ; Exploring Party ; Strange Injustice to the Indians ; The Voyage to Plymouth Harbour; Skirmish with tho Savages; Settlement of Plymouth Founded; Great Suffering and Mortality among the Pilgrims, ^ 86

CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Paqb

The Indians of New England — thinned by Pestilence ; the Pequots, Narragansetts, and other Tribes ; Extraordijiary Opinions of the English concerning them; Bigoted Accounts of the Ancient Historians, etc., 91

CHAPTEK V.

Samo^et—" Welcome, Englishmen;" the Visit of Massasoit; Treaty and Alliance; Mortality among the Colonists; Death of Governor Carver; Duel, and its Punishment ; Visit to Massasuil — to iyanough ; Affecting Incident,, 9a

CHAPTER YI.

Arrival of the Fortune; Challenge from Canonicus — his Superstitious Dread; Plymouth Fortified; Weston's Colony at Weymouth — its Miserable Condition; Massasoit 111 — cured by the English; Dangerous Plot Revealed, 98

CHAPTER VII.

Expedition of Standish to Weymouth ; Daring P(jlicy ; Slaughter of the Conspiring Indians; the Colony of Weston Broken up ; Privations and Sufferings at Plymouth — Drought — Seasonable Supply of Kain; Additional Arriva!, 101

CHAPTER VIII.

New Settlements Founded; New Hampshire and Maine; Endicott's Company; the Revellers of Merry Mount — Broken up by the Puritans; Settlement of Massachusetts; Foundation of Boston; Great Emigi-ation ; Mortality and Suffering, 104

CHAPTER IX.

Character of the Founders of Massachusetts; Regulations for Public Morality — for Apparel, etc.; Amusing Penalties; Intolerance in Religion; Commencement of Persecution, 107

CHAPTER X.

Rev. Roger Williams; His Liberal Opinions; he is Persecuted by the Authorities of Massachusetts; Expelled from that Province ; takes Refuge in the Wilderness ; Founds Providence Plantations and the State of Rhode Island, 109 ^

CHAPTER XI.

vSettlement of Connecticut by Plymouth — by Massachusetts; Hardships of the Colonists; Foundation of Harlford,etc ; Emigration under Hooker— New Haven Founded; Commencement of the Pe.quot Wi\r'y Influence of Roger Williams, 112

CHAPTER XII.

The Pequot War, continued ; the Attack on Welhersfleld ; Expedition under Mason; Surprise and Storming of the Pequot Fort— Terrible Slaughter and Conflagration ; Final Defeat and Destruction of the Tribe; Barbarous Exultation of the Eaily Historians; Reflections, 114

THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND.

Chapter I

Sir George Calvert— hia Schemes for Settlements in America— ho Obtains the Grant of Maiyland— Founds a Colony there; Settlement of St. Mary's; Relations with the Indians; Expulsion of Clayborne ; Discontent and Insurrection ; Protestant Settlers ; Act tor the Toleiation of all Christian Sects, lib

Chapter II

Arbitrary System of Lord Baltimore; Disaffection of the Protestant Settlors; Interference of the Virt;inia Commissioners; Affaira in Eingland; Triumph of the Protestants; Repeal of Toleration; Civil War; Victory of the Protestants; Fendall's insurrection— his Success and Final Ruiji ; Tolor^ ation Restored, 121

VIRGINIA — CONTINUED.

CHAPTER I.

Kdgn of Charles T.— his Views of Vij-ginia; Yoardley, Governor— Wct't— Harvey— his Deposition by tlie People— he is Supported by the Ciown ; Wyiilt; Sir Williiim Berkeley, G«>vernor; I-oyiilty of the Colony; Porsocution of Dissenter.s ; Second Incli.m Conspiracy and Massacre; Opeolianianough a Prisoner— liis Sju'cch— Murdered by a S(]l(lirr; Utuinclion of the Inilians; Tiinniph of the Puritans ill England ; Royaliyt Emigration to Virginia ; Loyalty of the ProvLnci' 124

CONTENTS.

CHA-PTHH II. PAOB

Act for Ihe Reduction of Virprinia ; the Navigation Act; Moderation of the Parliament ; Submiasion of the Province ; Bennett, Governor — Diggs — Mathews; Jealougy of the Assembly against Foreign Interference; Freedom and ProHperity of Virginia under the Commonwealth ; Death of Cromwell; Berkeley, Governor; Restoration of Charles II. ; its Lll Efifect on the Province, 127

NEW ENGLAND — CONTINXJED. .

CHAPTER I.

fnimical Measures adopted in England ; Spirit of Massachusetts— Threat of Revolt ; the English Revolution; Industry and Prosperity of New England — its Independence; New Hampshire Annexed to Massachusetts ; Formation of the New England Confederacy, 130

CHAPTBB II.

Uncus and Miantonimo ; Defeat and Death of the Latter ; Discredit to the English ; Rhode Island — its Liberties Guaranteed by the Parliament; Letter to Sir Hcniy Vane; Remaikable Freedom Enjoyed there; Maine Annexed by Massachusetts, 133

CHAPTEB III.

Opposition to the Massachusetts Authorities ; Parliamentary Encroachment Resisted and Relinquished ; New England Favoured by Cromwell ; Bigoted and Intolerant Laws of Massachusetts; Persecution of Baptists; the Quakers— Persecution of them — Four Executed — their Courage and Fortitude; Apologists for the Hangings; Reflections, 136

Chapter IV

Education in Massachusetts; Harvard College; Restoration of Charles II.; Oppressive Enactments concerning Commerce; Attitude of the Colonies; VVinthrop, the Younger; Connecticut obtains a Charter— her Freedom and Prosperity, 141

Chapter V

The Charter of Rhode Island ; Civil and Religious Liberty ; Careless and Extensive Grants of Charlea II. ; the Attitude of Massachusetts— Distrust of the Restoration ; Requisitions of Charles II. ; Appointment of a Commission ; Alarm of the Colony, 143

Chapter VI

Remonstrance of Massachusetts ; Doings of the Commissioners— their Disputes with the Authorities— their Discomfiture and Return to England; Successful Resistance of Massachusetts; Inertness of the Crown; Prosperity and Trade of the Province, 145

Chapter VII

Oitndition of the New England Indians— Conversion of some of them— their Numbers and Strength ; the Pokanokets; Metacomet, or King Philip— his Grievances— Dissimulation— Scheme for the Destruction of the English ; Captain Church— his Character, etc.— he Disconcerts an Intrigue of Philip, 147

Chapter XII

Renewed Interference of the Crown in Massachusetts; Severance of New Hampshire— Attempt to Tyrannize there— its Failure ; Action of Massachusetts; Proceedings against its Charter ; Vain Opposition and Remonstrance; the Charter Annulled, 161

CONTENTS.,,

SETTLEMENT OF THE CAROLINAS. rXQM Failure to Plant Colonies in the South ; Emigration from "Virginia to North Carolina— from Barbadoes to South Carolina ; the Patent of Charles II. ; Legislation of Locke and Shaftesbury ; Cumbrous System of Government; Discontent of the Settlers ; Insurrection in North Carolina ; Sothel deposed by the People; Chaileston Founded; Constitution of Locke Relinquished, 164

VIRGINIA — CONTINUED.

CHAPTBB I.

Retrograde Movements In Virginia ; Revival of Intolerance and Oppression ; Grant of Virginia to Culpepper and Arlington; Popular Discontent; Indian War; Murder of the Chiefs; Insurrection uudei- Bacon ; Triumph of the People, 168

OHAPTSa II.

The Popular Assembly ; Measures of Reform ; Opposition and Treachery of Berkeley ; Civil War ; Triumph of the Insurgents ; Jamestown Burned; Death of Bacon— his Character ; Ruin of the Popular Cause ; Numerous Executions; Death of Berkeley; Administration of Culpepper, etc., 170

THE SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE.

The First Dutch Colony in Delaware— its Destruction; Swedes and Finns under Minuit; Conquest of the Swedish Settlements by the Dutch, under Stuyvesant; Delaware under the Duko of York — under Penu ; Disputes with Maryland concerning Boundaries ; Separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania, J 74

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY t)onquest by the English; Nichols, Berkeley, and Carteret; Emigration from New England; Sale of

West New Jersey to the Quakers ; Fenwick, Byllinge, and Penn ; Quaker Settlements ; Remarkably Free Constitution; Friendly Dealings "with the Indians; Usurpation of Andros— its Defeat; Eiist New Jersey, 17S

THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. v /

OHA.PTHB I.

William Penn— his Youth— he turns Quaker— is Expelled from College and Home— Imprisoned for his Opinions— Severity of his Father— Fresh Imprisonment— Exertions in Behalf of his Sect— he Engages in the Settlement of New Jersey, 179

CHAPTBB II.

Penn obtains from Charles II. the Grant of Pennsylvania— his Admirable Proclamation to the Settlers—he Repairs to America— Gains Possession of Delaware— Honourable Dealings with the Indians—their Attachment to him ; the Great Treaty, 181

CHAPTBK III.

Liberal Legislation of Pennsylvania ; Penn Founds Philadelphia— its Rapid Increase ; Formation of a Constitution ; Great Emigration from Europe ; Growth of the Province ; Penn returns to England ; His Subsequent Career, 184

THE NORTHERN COLONIES — CONTINUED.

OHAPTHR I.

Sir Edmund Andros Commissioned by the Duke of York— his Attempts to Extend his Authority over Connecticut ; Thomas Dongan ; Union of the Colonies under a Royal Governor ; Andros appointed Governor-general ; Oppression in the Colonies ; Proceedings against Connecticut and Rhode Island ; Andres's Visit to Connecticut; Preservation of the Charter; the Northern Provinces forced to Submission; Doings in New England upon the Occurrence of the Revolution of 1G88, 187

OHAPTBB II.

Kew York Subsequent to the Revolution of 1GB8 ; Assumption of Authority by Jacob Leieler — Oppo- Bition by the Council ; Indian Incursions; Arrival of Sloiighter as Governor; Trial and Execution of Leisler and Milbourno; Colonel Fletcher— his Futile Attempt to Enforce Authority in Connecticut; Church Difliculties ; Bellaraont's Peaceable Administration; Captain Kidd, the Pirate,. 191

CONTENTS.

Now Chai-tcr of Massachusetts; Trials for Witchcraft in Sivlem; First Execution; Parria and his Fivmily; Court of Examination at Salem; Cotton Mather; Arrival of Ehipps; Numerous Executions; Confessions; Cruellies Inflicted ; Change in Public Opinion, 19i

CHAPTER IV.

CoDtroversy Concerning Revenue ; Suspected Negro Revolt in New York — Mock-trials of ttie Accusea — Barbarous Punishments ; Connecticut— the Saybrook Platform ; Massachusetts— Burning of Deerfield — Difficulties between the Governors and Assemblies; New Elampshire — Attack on Cocnecc; — Eastern Indian War; Rhode Island — its Commercial Prosperity ; New Jersey- -0|)position to Arbitrary Tuxutiou — Scotch Immigration — Prosperity of the Colony — its Union with New York, , 187

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES— CONTINUED.

Chapter I

Charter of the Colony of Georgia ; First Arrival of Colonists ; Settlement of Savannah ; Indian Negotiations; Mary Musgrove; Cession of Indian Claims; Character of Immigrants to Georgia; Traffic iu Negroes Prohibited ; Frederica Founded ; War with Spain, 5203

Chapter II

Oglethorpe's Expedition against St. Augustine — Siege of the Town — Failure and Return of the Expedition ; Spanish Invasion in 1742; Defence of Frederica; Stratagem of Oglethorpe; Thomas Bosomworth— his Intrigues with the Indians— Litigation with the Colony ; Georgia a Royal Province, 205

Chapter III

South Carolina— Religious Controversies— Archdale's Administration— Moore's Expedition against St. Augustine — Invasion of Indian Territory — French Fleet on the Coast — Culture of Rice — Indian Conspiracy— Revolt against the Proprietors— the Charter declared Forfeit— South Carolina a Royal Province; North Carolina — Political Disturbances— a Prosperous Anarchy — Separation from South Carolina, 209

♦ CHAPTER IV.

Virginia under Royal Governors — State of the Colony — Church Controversies; Pennsylvania a Royal Province- the Proprietor Reinstated— Policy of Penn ; Delaware— Death of Penn— his Successors; Maryland — its Catholic Population — Government of the Association — Oppressive Enactments- ^the Proprietors Restored, 213

INDIAN WARS, ETC.

Chapter I

Commencement of the Cherokee War— Treaty at J"'ort St. George — Siege of that Fort— Murder of Hostages— Montgomery's Campaign— Destruction of the Lower Cherokee Settlements— Retreat- Massacre of the Garrison of Fort Loudon — the Towns of the Middle Cherokees destroyed by the Forces under Grant, 215

Chapter II

English Occupation of the Western Trading Posts ; Conspiracy of the North-western Tribes, under Pontiac; Destruction of the English Forts; Taking of Michillimackinac; Siege of Detroit: Loss at Bioody-run ; Close of the War; Massacre of the Canestoga Indians, 219

EUROPEAN COLONIAL POLICY,

Spanish and English Restrictions upon Trade and Commerce; Contraband Tr."3lSc; the "Assiento" Ti'eaty ; the Slave-trade— its General Popularity— Causes which lead to the Abolition of Slavery — Manner'of Procuring Negroes from Africa — Profit of the Trade — Numbers brought over — English Law upon the Subject of Slavery ; Introduction of White Apprentices, or " Redemptioners,". ...» 22^

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

CHAPTER I.

General Rights of Colonies ; Early Causes of Ccmi)]aint in America ; Arbitrary Custom Laws ; HIc^I Conductor English Ofiicials; Acts in Regulntit^i of Trade; Expenses of tho Late Wars in Amortea; the "Sugar-act;" Opposition and Remonstrance in the Colonies, .. 227

CONTENTS.

CHAPTBR II. PAOB

The Stamp Act— Argument in the House of Commons— Passage of the Bill— its Effect in the Colonies ; Resolutions in the Virginia Assembly ; Patrick Henry ; Proceedings in Massachusetts — Popular Tumults— Resignation of the Stamp Officers,.... 230

Chapter III

SoBsion of the First American Congress— Moderate Tone of its Proceedings— Concurrence of the Separate Colonies; the Stamp Act Nugatory ; the English Ministry; Debate in Parliament; Speech of Pitt Examination of Franklin; Repeal of the Stamp Act, , 234

Chapter IV

Interval of Quiet ; New Taxes on Importations; Non-importation Agreement ; Circular of Massacnusetts ; Riots at Boston ; Assemblies Dissolved ; Tro(jps Oi dered to Boston ; Measures of the British Government ; Fatal Encounter between the Troops and Populace at Boston ; Concessions of Parliament, 238

Chapter V

Party Spirit in the Colonies ; Whig and Tory ; the Regulators of North Carolina ; Hutchinson, Governor of Massachusetts; Destruction of the Gaspce ; Sj stem of Political Communication between the Colonies ; Tea dispatched to America by the East India Company ; Refusal of the Colonists to Receive it; Violent Proceedings at Boston— Closure of the Port; Extension of Canada, 242

Chapter VI

Gage, Governor of Massachusetts— Military Preparations— Minute-men ; Distress in Boston— Sympathy of other Towns; Convention Proposed by Virginia— Delegates Chosen by the Colonies; the Continental Congress— Resolutions and Declaration Adopted ; Violent Measures of Parliament,., 246

Chapter VII

Warlike Preparations in Massachusetts; Troops dispatched to Seize Military Stores; First B'ood Shed at Lexington; Disastrous Retreat of the British to Boston ; Proceedings in the Neighbouring Colonies ; Boston Besieged by the Provincials ; Concurrence of the Southern Colonies ; Second Session of Congress ; Appointment of Officers ; Seizin e of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, 249

Chapter VIII

Condition of the British Army in Boston ; Battle of Bunl^er Hill ; Washington at the Camp ; Congressional Proceedings ; the Indian Tribes; Joseph Brant; Military Preparations in the Separate Colonies, 253

OHA.PTEB IZ.

Vacillating Policy of England ; Provisions by Congress for Carrying on the War ; Naval Operations ; Expedition against Canada ; Siege of Fort St. John ; Allen's Attempt upon Montreal ; the City Occupied by Montgomery ; March towards Quebec, 057

Chapter X

Arnold's Expedition against Quebec— Passage of the Wilderness— Failure of Provisions— Defection of Enos, witii his Command— Arrival at the Canadian Sottlements—Proclamations— Arnold at the Heights of Abraham— Union with Montgomery— Attack on Quebec- Death of Montgomery— Morgan's Rifle Corps— American Forces drawn ofif, 200

Chapter XI

Warlike Preparations in England ; German Mercenaries ; Proceedings of Congress— Enlistments- Issue of Bills— Defences in New York ; Condition of the British in Boston ; Occupation of Dorchester Heights; Evacuation of the City; Hopkins' Cruise among the Bahamas; Aflliirs at the South; Attack upon Charleston ; Retreat of the American Troops from Canada, 263

Chapter XII

Btatoof Feeling in the Colonies; Paine's Writings ; Debates in Congress; the Declaration of Independence—its Elfuct upon the People ; the British at Staten Island ; Proclamation of General and of Admiral Howe, 2gn

Chapter XIII

Landing of nie British on Long Island ; Battle of Brooklyn ; the American Forces Driven from Ixmg Island ; Occupiition of Now York by the British ; Washington's Encampment at Harlem Iloighu— at White Plains, Storming of Fort Washington; tho Retreat through New Jersey; Capture of General Lee; Condition of Prisoners; I-ako Cliampliiin— Destruction of tho American Vessels; Generosity of Carleton ; Rhode Island Seized by the British, 870

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER ZIV. PAOa

CongreBS nt Baltimw; Army Organization; Powers Conferred upon Washington; Passage of the Delaware, and Recovery of Trenton ; Bailie of Princeton ; End of the Campaign ; jMarauding Parties; Negotiation with European Powers; Foreign Officers in the American Service, 274

CHAPTBR XV.

Expeditions against Peekskill and Danbury ; British Phm of Campaign ; Howe's Departure from New York; Biugoyiie's Army— his Proclamiition ; Siege of Ticonderoga; Retreat of St. Clair ; Burgoyne on the Hudson ; Siege of Fort Schuyler; Battle of Bennington; Indian Warfare, 278

CHAPTER XVI.

Battles at Behmus' Heights; Burgoyne's Retreat to Saratoga— his Surrender; Detention of Prisoners; Expedition from New York up the Hudson; Howe's March upon Philadelphia; Battle at Brandywine Creek; British Occupation of Philadelphia; Battle of Germantown ; Reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer; Winter-quarters at Valley Forge, 281

CHAPTER XVII.

Difficulties of Congress ; Articles of Confederation ; Recommendations to the States ; Intrigues against Washington; Treaties with France; British Commissioners in America; Evacuation of Philadelphia; Battle of Monmouth; Arrival of a French Fleet; Attempt on Newport; Winter-quarters; Marauding Expeditions ; Destruction of Wyoming, 285

CHAPTER XVIII.

Invasion of Georgia ; Occupation of Savannah ; British Division under Prevost ; Lincoln in Command at the South; Defeat of Ashe at Briar Creek; Attack on Charleston; Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois; Naval Operations of France and England ; AttemptalaRecovery of Savannah; Further Naval Proceedings— Paul Jones; Condition of the American Army, 290

CHAPTER XIX.

Siege of Charleston— Surrender of the City ; South Carolina Occupied by the British ; Tarleton's Legion—his Victory at Waxhaws; Cornwailis in Command; Defeat of the Americans at Camden; Guerilla Operations of Sumptar and Marion; Invasion of North Carolina; Ferguson's Defeat at King^s Mountain, 294

CHAPTER XX.

Northern Operations; Springfield Burned ; Arrival of the French Fleet and Forces— Blockade at Newport ; Treason of Arnold ; Trial and Execution of Major Andr6 ; Causes of Arnold's Defection ; Indian Ravages— Invasion of the Mohawk Valley by Johnson and Brant, 298

CHAPTER XXI.

Revolt of the Pennsylvania Troops; Arnold's Expedition into Virginia; Greene in Command of the Southern Army ; Morgan's Detachment— Battle of Cowpens— Pursuit of Morgan by Cornwailis — Passage of the Catawba— Retreat into Virginia- Battle of Guilford Court-house; Greene's March into South Carolina ; Cornwailis in Virginia ; Battle at Hobkirk's Hill ; Seizure of British Forts by Marion and Lee, 301

CHAPTER XXII.

War between England and Holland; Seizure and Plunder of St. Eustatius; the Armed Neutrality; Recovery of West Florida by Sj)ain ; Continental Currency ; Plan for the Recovery of New York ; Virginia Ravaged by Phillips and Cornwailis; Encampments at Yorktown and Gloucester Point; Washington's March Southward ; Attack on New London and Groton ; Campaign in South Carplina; Battle near Eutaw Springs, $. 305

OHAPTIB XXIII.

French Fleet in the Chesapeake ; Siege of Yorktown ; Surrender of Cornwailis ; Winter-quarters ; Proceedings in the English Parliament; Negotiations for Peace; Terms of Treaty; Cessation of Hostilities ; Disafiection in the Continental Army ; Evacuation of New York ; Position of the United States, 309

THE UNITED STATES.

Chapter I

PoBition of the Union at the Conclusion of Peace ; Existing Difficulties with Great Britain ; Weakness of Congress ; Local Disturbances— Shay's Rebellion ; Convention for Enlarging Congressional Powers-Opposing Interests of the States; the Present Constitution— Federal Legislature— Powers of Congress — Restrictions — Limit of State Powers — the Executive — the Judiciary — Mutual Guarante«i —Amendments, 313

CONTENTS.

Chapter II. Pa.q2

Ratification of the Constitution by the States; Washington Elected President; the First Congress — Provisions for Revenue — Formation of a Cabinet — Power of Kemoval from Office ; Washington's Tour through New England ; Second Session of Congress— Debate respecting the Public Debt — Foreign Liabilities— Public Certificates— Assumption of State Debts— the Public Debt Funded— Miscellaneous Enactments ; Constitution Ratified by Rhode Island, 319

Chapter III

Indian Negotiations— the Creeks— the North-western Tribes ; Harnnar's Unsuccessful Campaign ; Third Session of Congress— the Excise Law— a National Bank; Settlement of Kentucky— its Admission to the Union ; Admission of Vermont; Site of the Federal Capitol ; the North-western Indians — St. Clair's Expedition— his Disastrous Defeat; Political Parties ; the Census, .3'^;?

Chapter IV

^Vashington's Second Term — his Disinclination to Office; the Frencli Revolution — its Political Influence in the United States; Arrival of Genet, as Minister of the French Republic — his Proceedings at Charleston ; Neutral Position of the United States ; Commercial Restrictions by France and England ; Impressment of American Seamen; Retirement of Jetferson ; Algerine Depredations, 327

Chapter V

American Politics; Debate in Congress upon Foreign Relations; Further Aggressions of England; Commission of Jay as Ambassador Extraordinary to Great Britain; Relief of Immigrants from St. Domingo; the Neutrality Laws; Resistance to the Excise— Rebellion in Western Peuusylvania— its Forcible Suppression — Opinions of the Republican Party, 331

Chapter VI

General Wayne's Campaign against the North-western Indians; Defeat of the Confederate Tribes at the Miami Rapids; Naturalization Laws; the Democratic Clubs; Hamilton's Resignation; the British Treaty — its Ratification — Popular Indignation ; Randolph's Resignation, 335

Chapter VII

Indian Treaty at Fort Greenville ; Treaties with Algiers and Spain— the Mississippi Opened to Araei-- can Trade; Debate in Congress upon Jay's British Treaty; Tennessee Admitted into the Union; French Proceedings in Respect to the Treaty; American Ministers to France; Washington's Retirement from Office— Slanders upon his Character; John Adams Elected President, 339

Chapter VIII

Treatment of United States' Ambassadors in France; Hostile Preparations in America; New Embassy-Refusal of the Directory to Receive the Atnerican Ministers; Negotiations with Talleyrand ; Extravaga.it Demands and Injurious Decrees of tho Directory ; Return of the Ambassadors ; Action of Congress— Military Preparations— Alien and Sedition Laws— Land-tax, etc., 341

CH/SlPTER IS.

Pacific Movements in France; Mission of Murray; Naval Engagements; Death of Washington ; Napoleon First Consul; Treaty with France; First Session of Congress at Washington; Presidential Election— Jeflbrson President, and Burr Vice-president ; Party Removal from Office; Economical Reforms; Ohio Admitted into the Union; Transfer of Louisiana to the United States, 345

Chapter X

American Fleet in the Mediterranean; Expedition of Eaton and Hamet against Tripoli; Treaty concluded; Jeflorson'a Reelection; Burr's Duel with Hamilton— his Western Enterprise— his Trial,... 349

Chapter XI

English Aggressions ; Failure of Negotiation ; Attack on tho Frigate Chesapeake; Embargo; Non-intercourse Act ; Abolition of the Slave-trade ; John Randolph; West Florida; Concessions of Napoleon; British Cruisers— the Little Belt ; Tecumseh-ELskwatawa— Battle of Tippecauoe; East Florida; Declaration of War, 3^3

Chapter XII

Eiots at Baltimore ; Hull's Invasion of Canada ; Repeal of the Orders in Council-Impressment ; N.v val Operations; Madison's Reelection; North-western Campaign— Defeat of Winchester; Attack on York; tho British on Lake Champlain, 36q

Chapter XIII

Waval Affairs-Perry's Victory on Lake Erie ; Harrison's Canadian Campaign ; tlie Nintrnra Frontiei ; the Creek War— Jackson's Cami)aign ; Negotiations for Peace ; Brown's Invasion of Canada— Balllo of Briilgewat(M- ; Occupation of tho Chesai)eako— Battle of Bladonsbmgh— Seizure of Washington —Destruction of Public Buildings— Attack on Baltimore, 3C8

CONTENTS,

Operations on tlie Coast, of Maine ; Attack on riattsburgh — BattlG of Lake Champlain ; Naval Affairs — Lafittc ; Negotiation at (Client; the Hartford Convention ; Treaty of Peace ; Jackson's Defence of New Orleans — Battle of January 8 ; Naval Engagements, 376

Chapter XV

War with Algiers ; Tatiff — National Bank ; Monroe, President ; Jackson's Seminole Campaign ; Cession of Florida by Spain ; Admission of Missouri — the Compromise; Monroe's Second Term ; Administration of John Q,uincy Adams ; Election of Andrew Jackson ; the Tariff ; Nullification in South Carolina ; the United States' Bank ; Indian Removals ; Clack Hawk; the Cherokees, 381

CHA-PTJiR 2VI.

The Seminole War ; Early History of the Florida Indians ; War of 1818 ; Indian Treaty of 1823— of 1832 ; Hcfusal of the Seminoles to Remove ; Destruction of Dade's Detachment; Military Operations of Generals Scott and Jessup ; Unsatisfactory Results of Negotiation ; E.xpeditions of Colonels Taylor and Harney; Gradual Cessation of Hostilities; Recent Difficulties, 389

CHAPTEa XVII.

Administration of Van Buren— Financial Pressure — the Sub-treasury — Canadian Revolt— the Northeastern Boundary — the Affair of the Amistad ; Harrison and Tyler — Bankrupt Law — Preemption — the Veto Power — Tariff; Admission of Texas, 395

CHAPTER SVIII.

Texas as a Spanish Province — Grant to Moses Austin — Colonization — Difliculties of the Settlers ; Revolution in Mexico — Bustamente — First Revolutionary Movements in Texas — Santa Anna's Presidency — his Usurpation ; Second Texan Campaign — Success of the Patriots — Invasion by Santa Anna — Battle of San

Jacinto — Independence Established, , 400

CH^lPTER xix.

Administration of James K. Polk ; Annexation of Texas ; the North-western. Boundary ; Discovery and History of the Territory of Oregon ; Voyage of Juan de Fuca — Discovery of the Columbia-Trading Establishments— Journey of Lewis and Clarke — Astoria — Destruction of the Tonquin ; War with Great Britain — Boundary Treaties — Settlement of the Country, 408

CHAPTER XX.

Alteration in the Tariff; Acquisition of California — Early History of that Province — the Jesuit Missions in the Peninsula — the Dominicans; Upper California — the Franciscan Missionary Establishment — the Mexican Revolution — Attempts at Colonization, 413

CHAPTER XXI.

Exploration of New California — Colonel I^remont's Survey of the South Pass— Overland Expedition of 1843-4 — the Great Salt Lake — Return Route — Terrible Passage of the Sierra Nevada— Captain Sutter's Settlement — Subsequent Expeditions of Fremont; the Gold Discoveries in California, 418

CHAPTER XXII.

The Mormons ; Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore — Admission of California into the Union — Debate upon the Slavery Question — the Compromise — Expeditions of Narcisso Lopez ; Statistics ; Franklin Pierce President — Japan — the Nebraska Question, 425