The Gentile and the Jew in the courts of the Temple of Christ : an introduction to the history of Christianity

Front matter

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CORNELL

Preface

The genius of antiquity essayed, exhausted, and used up, so to say, every combination possible of the principles once intrusted and handed down to her, the entire of the plastic power that dwelt within her^ It was only after she had become completely incorporated, after each one of her doctrines, forms, and institutions, her sum of vital power, had been sifted and consumed, that with the period of the Antonines a mighty revolution commenced, not visible, indeed, to those who were contemporary with it, suspected by but a few; and a leaf in the history of the human mind was turned over.

This is one of the impressions presented to my mind's eye with a peculiar brightness and life, as a result of my iuquiry ; a conviction which I trust the reader will share with me, if I have not fallen utterly short of the height of my task, and below its requirements.

J. DOLLINGER.

Munich, 6th April, 1857.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

PAGE

Book I

GENEEAL "VIEW. STATE OF THE WOELD.

I. The Roman Empire.

Extent and census of the Roman Empire 3

Ootavian sole ruler 3

Splendour and population of the city of Rome . . . . • 5

Administration and state of the provinces in general .... 6

Depopulation and desolate condition of Greece 7

State of Italy 9

„ Sicily 10

„ Sardinia . .11

,, Corsica . 11

Provinces of Asia Minor, the Western 11

„ „ the Northern 11

,, Asia anterior. Greek spirit 13

Lycia 14

Phrygia 14

Galatia 15

Pisidia 15

Isauria 15

Cilicia 15

The Greek islands 16

Egypt, character of the country and people 17

Syria, Hellenic 19

PhcBnicia also Hellenised 21

Palestine 21

„ Judaea, resumg of its history 22

Northern Africa 24

Spain, character of the people 25

,, division of 26

,, cities of 27

Gaul, conquest of ... . ... 27

,, population of, and its character 27

TIU

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

Gaul, Romanising of .

,, division of . . .

Germany, Upper ,, Lower

Conquest and inhabitants of Britain Rhsetia Noricum Pannonia IlljTia Macedonia Thracia .

Moesia Dacia

Romanising of the different people

Spread of Greek and Roman tongues .

II. The People and Countries not included in the Roman Empire.

Armenia .....

The Parthian Empire .

Assyria

Mesopotamia and Babylonia .

Arabia . . . .

.Ethiopia

India .....

„ Rise and fall of empires in .

„ System of castes China

„ Character of empire and people

„ The doctrine of Confucius .

Germany, extent of German tribes ....

,, confederations Mode of life among the Germans Sarmatians .....

Slave, Finnish, and Lithuanian races

PAGE

, 29

, 30

, 33

, 33

. 33

. 35

. 35

Book II. Eeligions : The Hellenic Eehgion

I. The Origin of Greek Polytheism.

Polytheism due to the deification of nature . Pelasgic deities

Fetichism . . • .

Two primitive deities ... . .

68 69

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

IX

II. The Gods, Demons, and Heroes of the Hellenes.

Origin of the Greek system of gods

The twelve Olympic deities

Zeus

Hera

Poseidon

Pallas Athene

Apollo .

Artemis

Hermes

Hestia

Ares

Aphrodite, Ourania

,, Pandemos Hephaestos .

Demeter Pluto Dionysos Inferior deities Demons Heroes

Heracles the national hero .

Multitude of objects worshiped Confusion of worship .

Geographical survey of the different worships

PAGE

77 . 77

79 . 80

81 . 82

Book III. The Mysteries And The Orphic Religious Doctrine

Contents of the mysteries 125

Gods of the mysteries 129

Opinions as to the value of the mysteries 130

Orpheus first originator of the mysteries 138

Traditions of the death of Orpheus 139

Orphic worship of Dionysos 140

The Orpheus of jSlschylus 142

Relation of the Orphic Dionysos Zagreus with Attys and Osiris . . 145

Qsiris-Zagreus 147

Orphic mystery-school 160

Connexion of the mysteries with the cultus of Dionysos . . . 154

The Orpheo-telestai and their consecration 158

The Phrygian cultus an element of the mysteries .... 159

The Samothraoian mysteries, the Cabiri, and their gods . . . 163

Lemnian and other mysteries 170

The Eleusinian mysteries 176

„ lacchos or Dionysos, their chief god .... 180

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

Order of and proceedings in the Bleusinian mystery rite . . .182 Demeter and her daughter, the centres of the Bleusinian mystery action 185 Symbols and formute ^^^

Admission to initiation, and exclusion from

Attraction of the mysteries ....

Hopes of bliss held out in them .

Various effects and impressions of the mysteries

The Thesmophoria, dedicated to Demeter and Themis

192 195 196 197 200

Book IV

PRIESTHOOD DIVINATION— OEACLES—SACEIFICE AND PEAYERS — FES- TIVALS— TEMPLES AND IMAGES — WOESHIP OF HOUSE-GODS.

I. Priesthood and Divination.

Office and powers of the Greek priests 203

Vast number of officials 205

Different methods of soothsaying 206

II. Oracles.

Necessity of oracles for the Greeks 209

Oracle at Delphi 210

The other oracles 214

Causes of their decay . 217

III. HeUgioics Pwrifications.

The notion of purity a physical one ... ... 219

Modes of purification ... . . . 220

IV. Prayers.

Their character theurgic and not moral 221

Their object external goods . . ' 223

Attitude in worship . . 224

V. Sacrifices.

Meaning of the bloody sacrifice ........ 225

„ human sacrifice 227

Later modifications or abolition of human sacrifice .... 228

Animals and kinds of sacrifice 229

Rite and banquet of sacrifice 236

VI. Festivals.

Religious character of the Greek festivals 235

The great national festivals . 236

VII. Temples amd Images.

Designation and use of the temples ....... 239

Images of the gods ; their form . 240

CONTENTS OF VOL. 1.

Images of the gods, principle of their invocation . House-idols

XI

PAGE

. 240

VIII. Tramsgresdons against Edigian, and their Punishment. Many religious crimes punished with death .... 243

Prosecutions for impiety • 244

Book V

GEEEK PHILOSOPHY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE RELIGIOUS SENSE AND CONDUCT OF THE PEOPLE. DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS IDEAS AMONG THE GEEEKS FEOM THE SIXTH CENTUEY BEFOEE CHRIST.

I. Up to Alexander the Great.

Rise of philosophy out of the cosmogonies .

The Ionic school

Heraclitus and his school

Pythagoras .....

The Pythagoreans

,, their leading doctrine of the migration of the soul

The Eleatic school, its teaching pantheistic

Pantheistic system of Empedocles

The Atomic school .... ....

The Sophists, their rhetorioo-sceptical bias

„ censure of Plato

Materialism and Atheism

Socrates, his personal appearance and vocation ....

,, his ethics

,, views of God and the soul ...

,, his holding with the popular religion ....

, , his impeachment and death ......

DEVELOPMENT OP RELIGIOUS CIVILISATION AMONG THE GEEEKS UP TO THE DEATH OP SOCRATES. RELIGIOUS ASPECT OP THE LEADERS OP GREEK LITERATURE. SOME OP THEIR MORE IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND DOCTRINES.

Allegorical interpretation of goda and myths Immoral effect of myths Popular belief in myths

Pindar

Herodotus in a religious point of view Thucydides ....

Epicharmus

Aristophanes ridicules the gods .

ReUgion and gods in the dramas of Euripides

Sophocles, his religiousness

Xll CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

PAGE

Greek notions of the jealousy of the gods ^^^

„ destiny ^^'■

evil 293

,, the comfortlessness of life 294

the faU 295

Saga of Prometheus 296

Views of the state after death 300

Cyrenaic school 304

Cynic and Megarian school 306

Plato, his universal intellect 307

„ his doctrine concerning God and ideas 308

„ „ the creation of the world . . . 310

„ ,, the world-soul 311

,, anthropology . 314

„ psychology 315

,, proofs of immortality 319

„ migration of souls 320

„ matter the seat of evil . . . . . . . . 321

„ his doctrine concerning virtue 322

„ his ideal republic 323

,, his relation to religion 325

,, relation of his teaching to Christianity 328

,, his scholars; the Academy 330

AKISIOILE.

His opposition to Plato 333

,, teaching about God, and his relation to the world .... 334 ,, view of the stars a link between his teaching and the popular religion 337

,, psychology . . 338

II. Philosophy omd Religion mnong the Greeks from the time of Alexamd&r the Great to the first cerdury after Clirist.

Fusion of East and West 341

. 341 . 343 . 344 . 347

Blending of religious worships Apotheosis of the living and the dead .

Hostility between philosophy and religion Materialism, and decline of philosophy

STOICISM.

Zeno, and bis relation to the Cynics 348

The Stoic view of the world materialistic . .... 348

Determinism 351

Position in regard to popular religion . 354

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

xm

Paiderastia .

Suicide among the Stoics

PAGE

. 366 . 357

THE EPIOUBEAN SYSTEM.

Epicurus and his " canonic" or doctrine of thought Atomistic cosmology of Epicurus ....

Materialistic pyschology

Ethics : groundwork in freedom of the will . His doctrine of pleasure and repose of soul .

SCEPTICISM.

Happiness its starting point and aim .

A production and a symptom of the times . Carneades and his antitheistic dialectics Materialism in the ascendant under Stoic influence Decline and impotence of philosophy

358 359 360 362 363

365 366 367 369 370

Book VI. The Beligions In Anteeioe And Middle Asia, And In Afeica

I. Ada Minor.

Various worships in Caria and Phrygia 373

Orgiastic cultus of Cybele, and its accompaniments .... 374 Rites in Cappadocia and Pontus : Worships of moon and fire . . 375

II. Persia and the other Iranian Countries.

Zoroaster and the Zendavesta

„ distinct from Zaratus

Mixture of Cushite magism and Arian dualism in Media Reaction in Persia against the Magians

Ormuzd and Ahriman

The doctrine of Zervan only a later addition

Good and evil spirits : Amschaspands, Izeds, and Ferwers

Worship of elements, particularly fire ....

The great world-year : Ahriman's struggle with Ormuzd

Man, his origin and destination .

The Pall and Paradise

Prayers and sacrifice .

The Homa as sacrifice and sacrament

The priesthood, the Athravas, and the Magians

Morality .

Marriage .

Essence of purification

Treatment of corpses .

State after death

XIV

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

Doctrine of resurrection

Mithras, the creed and mysteries of

PAGE

. 410 , 412

III. Heathenism in Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria.

The Chaldeans the dominant priestly race 420

Bel and Mylitta 422

Astrolatry 422

IV. Syria, Phcenida, and Arabia.

Syro-Phcenician cultus of Baal . . ....

Sacrifice of children

Astarte, and the worship of unohastity paid her .... Debauchery and cruelty in the rites of the Syrian goddess . Blagabalus and Adonis ........

Heathenism at Carrae

Arabian worship of the gods . .....

V. Egypt.

1. System of Gods.

General character and development of the Egyptian system of gods

Sun-worship

Ammon, Kneph, and others

Myth of Isis and Osiris

Horus, or Har .

Harpocrates

Thoth ...

Female deities .

Typhon, the dark destroying principle

2. Worship of Animals.

Origin of animal worship . ...

Different species of sacred animals The sacred bulls and their cultus

3. Tlie Lower World, and fate cf Man after Death.

Immortality and migration of souls connected

The judgment of the dead, and bliss . . . .

Punishments beyond the grave . . ...

4. Festivals, Priesthood, and Sacrifice.

Number and object of the different festivals Festivals of Osiris

,, Pascht

The priesthood and its ordinances Sacrifice of animals, how selected

436 438 440

444 447 447 448 449 452

454 456 458

460 461 465

467 468 468 468 470 474

CONTENTS OF VOL. I. XV

PAGE

Meaning of this sacrifice 474

SuUenness and exclusiveness of Egyptian character .... 476

Disciplina arcani among the priests 479

Threatening the gods 481

Phallus worship ... ....... 482

5. Fate and course of development of the Egyptian Religion.

Introduction of strange deities ........ 482

Influence of Persian supremacy . 484

„ Greek supremacy 48.5

Deification of kings ' . . 486

VI. Ca/rthage.

Carthaginian worship, with sacrifice of children 488

PAET I.

THE GENTILE.

Books I. to VI.