Front matter
E Q U E S T It IAJV PORTRAIT OF Q E .Y £ R A L IV A S U I Jf ii T O .f THE NEW WORLD: EMBRACING AMERICAN HISTORY COMPRISING AN ACCOUNT OE THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: OF THE FOUNDINQ OF COLONIES BY THE SEVERAL EUROPEAN NATIONS, WITH SEPARATE HISTORIES OF EACH, INCLUDING THE VARIOUS REVOLUTIONS AND THE ERECTION OF INDEPENDENT STATES, TO THE PRESENT TIME. It Y HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M. TWO VOLUMES IjY OjYE. VOL. I. 1. The Northmen in America. 2. The Spaniards in America: Mexico, Peru, Chili, Florida, The West Indies, &c, with Spanish American .Revolutions. 3. The Portuguese in America: Brazil. 4. The Dutch in America. 5. The French in America : Canada, Acadia, Louisiana, &c. WITH NUMEROUS AND DIVERSIFIED COLOURED ILLUSTRATION?, Æiitirclij fhto, from ©ripal $)Kigns, EXECUTED IN THE BEST STYLE, BY THE FIRST ARTISTS IN AMERICA.
BOSTON: DAYTON AND WENTWORTH, 86 WASHINGTON STREET. 1855. ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS IN THE YEAR 1854, BY DAYTON AND WENTWORTH, IN THE CLERK'S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS HARTFORD : W. 8. WILLIAMS' Steam Press. FOUNDRY OF SILAS ANDRUS & SON. W. C. Armstrong, Typographer CONTENTS.
Part I. The Northmen In America
CHAPTFR I. PAGE Ancient Aboriginal Races; the Scandinavian Voyagers ; Discovery of Iceland ; Eirek the Red ; Discovery and Settlement of Greenland ; North America accidentally discovered by Biarni Heriulfson ; Voyage of Leif Eirekson ; America named Vinland; the Voyage and Discoveries of Thorvakl — His Death ; Attempt of Thorstein, 17 CHATTER II. The Voyage of Th or firm Karlaefm; Worship of the God Thor in America; Transient Settlements; Fight with the Indians; Return; Noble Conduct of Biarni Grimolfson ; Mention of Vinland in many Ancient Chronicles; the Story of Biorn Asbrandson; Icelandic Remains; a Conjectured Welsh Colony, 22
Part II
, TIIE SPANIARDS IN AMERICA. THE DISCOVERIES OF COLUMBUS AND SETTLEMENT OF THE WEST INDIES.
Chapter I
Early Life of Columbus — His Experience and Attainments; General Passion for Discovery; Formation of his Scheme ; Negotiations with the Court of Portugal ; Treachery of the King; Columbus in Spain — His Poverty; La Rabida; Applicati m to the Court of Spain; Delays; tho Council of Salamanca— Ignorance and Bigotry of its Members, 29
Chapter II
Delay and Disappointment experienced by Columbus— His Final Success, and Trenty with the Court of Spain; Obstacles to the Project ; thePinzona; Sailing of the Expedition; Particulars of the Voyage; Perseverance of Columbus ; Discovery of Guanahuni ; the Natives; Erroneous Expectations of Columbus, 34
Chapter III
Discovery of other Bahama Islands; Continued Expectations of finding Asia; Discovery of Cuba; Discovery of Hnyli, or Hispaniola; Character of the Inhabitants; the Cacique Guacanagari ; the Santa Maria wrecked; La Navidad fortified; Columbus sails for Spain; Further Adventures with the Natives, \ . . 40
Chapter IV
The Voyage to Spain; Peril from Tempests; Reflections of Columbus; Perfidious Conduct of a Portuguese; Columbus arrives at Lisbon; Mortification of King John; the Arrival at Palos ; Death of Pinzon; Splendid Reception of the Admiral at Court; Honours conferred on him; His Second Voyage; Great Excitement; Discovery of Dominica, Guadaloupe, Porto Rico, &c. ; Adventures with the Cunnibals, 46 chapter v. Arrival of the Fleet at Hayti ; the Destruction of La Navidad ; City of Isabella founded ; Expeditions to the Interior; Sufferings and Discontent of the Colonists; Expedition of Columbus to the West; Discovery of Jamaica; Intercourse with the Natives; Tedious Coasting along Cuba; Supposed to be a portion of Asia ; Extraordinary Process ; the Return Voyage, 52
Chapter VI
Misconduct of tho Spaniards in Hayti; Hostilities of the Indians; their Defeat and Enslavement ; Injurious Treatment of Columbus; Appointment of Aguado; their Return to Spain, PAGB The Declining Fortunes of ColumJpus; Difficulties in Fitting-out an Expedition; Sails on his Third Voyage; the Discovery of South America; Extraordinary Theory ; Columbus arrives at Hayti ; Disorders there ; the Rebellion of Roldan ; Hostilities with the Indians— their Defeat, 63 CHAPTER Till. Triumph of the Rebels; Columbus Ruined at Court; Appointment of Bobadilla— His Insolence; Columbus sent to Spain in Chains; Sensation of the Nation; Verbal Redress; Appointment of Ovando; Fourth and Last Voyage of Columbus to the New World ; Destruction of his Enemies by Tempest ; His Cruise on the Coasts of Honduras, Costa Rica, Ate, Ate. ; Search for a Strait ; His Disappointment, 69
CHAPTER IX.
Disastrous Attempt to Found a Settlement ; Hostilities with the Indians ; the Vessels finally Stranded on the Island of Jamaica ; Extraordinary Device of Columbus ; Mutiny of his Followers ; Treachery of Ovando; Rescue of the Crews ; Atrocities committed on the Natives of Hayti ; Return of Columbus to Spain — His Treatment — His Death ; Disposal of his Remains, 77
CHAPTER X.
Discovery and Survey of Cuba— its Conquest by Velasquez ; Memorable Speech of an Indian ; Foundation of Havana, &c. ; Conquest of Porto Rico by Ponce de Leon ; Singular Experiment of a Cacique ; Final Subjugation of the Island ; Discovery of Jamaica — its Humane Conquest by Juan de Esquivel ; Subsequent Cruelties of the Spaniards ; Account of Americus Vespucius, 83 THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ISTHMUS AND DISCOVERT OF THE PACIFIC.
Chapter I
Disastrous Attempts to found a Settlement on the Isthmus; Vasco Nunez de Balboa; the Settlement of Darien; Dealings with the Indians; Rumours of the South Sea; Expedition of Balboa; Contests with the Indians ; Discovery of the Pacific, 89
Chapter II
The Return March; Appointment of Pedrarias Davilla — His Expedition — His Jealousy of Balboa; Misfortunes of the Colony; Expedition of Morales and Pizarro ; Reconciliation of Pedrarias and Balboa ; Vessels conveyed Overland to the Pacific ; Sudden Arrest, Trial, and Execution of Balboa, 93
Chapter III
Fernando Magellan— His Voyage to the Sooth-west ; Winters at Port St. Julian ; the Patagonians ; Discovery and Passage of the Straits of Magellan ; Voyage through the Pacific to the Philippine Isles ; Rashness and Death of Magellan ; the World Circumnavigated, 97 THE CONQUEST AND HISTORY OF MEXICO.
Chapter I
Progress of Spanish Conquest ; Discovery of Yucatan— of Mexico ; Hernando Cortes— His Expedition ; Ascent of the Rio de Tabasco ; Contests with the Indians ; Arrival at San Juan de Ulua, 101 OHAPTER II. The Mexican Aborigines— their Origin and Appearance— their Government, Theology, Manners and Customs, jq5
Chapter III
The Emperor Montezuma; Landing of the Spaniards— their Negotiation with Montezuma— His Impolicy; Splendid Presents; Cortes Revolts against Velasquez— Forms an Alliance with the Totonacs— Destroys their Idols— Sets forth for Mexico, X10
Chapter IV
The March toward Mexico ; Spirited Resistance of the Tlascalans ; Success of the Spaniards— their Discouragements; Firmness of Cortes ; Submission of the Tlascalans ; Singular Change of Feeling; Duplicity of Cortes; His Zeal for Conversion, ' jj5
Chapter V
Submission of Provinces ; Cortes marches on Cholula ; Plot Discovered ; Massacre of the Cholulana , the March to Mexico Resumed ; Weak Policy of Montezuma ; the Entrance into Mexico ; Interviews with the Emperor— His Generosity and Affability, U9
Chapter VI
Description of the Ancient Capital of Tenochtitlan or Mexico ; the Palaces of Montezuma ; His Collections of Natural History ; Superstition of the Spaniards ; Hideous Scenes of Sacrifice ; Reflections, CONTENTS. 7
Chapter VII Page
Unprincipled Scheme of Cortes ; His Treacherous Seizure of Montezuma ; Burning of the Aztec Chiefs; Outrage on the Emperor's Person; Frustrated Conspiracy of the Princes; the Caciques swear Allegiance to the Spanish Crown ; Affecting Scene ; Great Tribute of Treasure ; Rapacity of Cortes, 138
Chapter VIII
Religious Zeal of Cortes; Discontent of the Mexicans; Dangerous Position of the Spaniards; Transactions at the Court of Spain; Velasquez dispatches an Expedition against Cortes; Cortes marches against Narvaez ; Defeats and takes him Prisoner ; His Politic Conduct after Victory ; His Forces greatly augmented, 132
Chapter IX
Massacre of the Caciques by Alvarado ; the Garrison Besieged ; Cortes returns to Mexico ; His Anger and Insolence; General Attack by the Aztecs; Desperate Conflict for many days; Montezuma addresses the People ; Disastrous Result ; the Great Teocalli taken by Storm, 137
Chapter X
Cortes prepares to leave the City; Death of Montezuma; the " JVocAe Triatef or Miserable Night; Great Slaughter of Spaniards and Tlascalans on the Causeway of Tacuba ; the Retreat to Tlascala; Battle of Otumba, and Extraordinary Victory of the Spaniards, 142
Chapter XI
Fidelity of the Tlascalan Chiefs ; Resolution of Cortes; the War renewed; Great Successes of the Spaniards; Sagacious Policy of Cortes; He acquires a Great Force of Native Allies; Death of Ouitlahua, and Accession of Guatemozin to the Aztec Throne; Cortes marches to the Valley of Mexico— Takes up his Quarters at Tezcuco, 146
Chapter XII
The Campaign against Mexico renewed; Iztapalapan and other Cities taken by Storm ; Great Accessions to the Power of Cortes ; Brigantines transported overland from Tlascala ; Many Battles with the Aztecs— their Resolution ; Cortes marches around the Lakes, and storms many Cities— Arrives at Tacuba ; Singular Display of Emotion, 150 OHAPTER XIII. Return to Tezcuco; Conspiracy against Cortes — His Extraordinary Policy and Self-command; Launching of the Fleet; Execution of Xicotencatl ; Defeat of a Great Mexican Flotilla by the Fleet; Mexico Blockaded ; Continual Assaults on the City ; Courage and Obstinacy of the Combatants, 155
Chapter XIV
General Assault on the City ; Artful Device of the Besieged ; Defeat of the Spaniards — their Losses ; Terrible Particulars of the Sacrifice of Prisoners ; the Great Drum ; Discouragement and Defection of the Allies— their Return ; Gradual Destruction of the City, 159
Chapter XV
Terrible Sufferings and Mortality of the Besieged ; Obstinate Resistance of Guatemozin ; Courage and Fidelity of his People ; Mexico taken by Storm ; Fearful Massacre ; Capture of Guatemozin ; Reflections on the Conquest, 164
Chapter XVI
The Torture of Guatemozin ; Settlement of the Country ; Fresh Enterprises ; Offices and Titles conferred on Cortes — His Ostentation — His Sagacious Policy ; Great Extension of the Spanish Territory ; the Revolt of Olid ; Terrible March to Honduras ; the Murder of Guatemozin, 168
Chapter XVII
Arrival at Honduras; Usurpation in Mexico; Obsequies and Masses performed for Cortes — His Return ; Suspicion of the Court ; Cortes sails to Spain ; Honours bestowed on him ; Returng to Mexico ; Expensive Expeditions ; Cortes again returns to Spain ; Unsuccessful at Court ; His Death; His Character ; Fate of the Conquerors, 172
Chapter XVIII
Condition of the Indians and the Spanish Colonists; National Pride ; System of Government; Depredations of the Bucaniers ; Public Works for the Protection of the Capital ; IndiaD Revolts ; Vera Cruz seized by Agramont ; Jesuits Expelled, 176 CHAPTER XTX Commencement of Ihe First Revolution ; Iturrigaray ; Hidalgo; First Outbreak ; Insurgents defeated by Calleja ; Rayon and Morelos ; Congress at Chilpanzingo ; Declaration of Independence ; Reverses of the Patriots ; Iturbide, XX. PAGE Espousal of the Cause of Independence by Iturbide ; Proclamation at Iguala ; Union with the Revolutionary Party; Treaty with the Viceroy, and Surrender of the Capital; Dissensions; Iturbide made Emperor; His Overthrow and Death ; Political Factions; Spanish Attempts at Recouquest, 185
CHAPTER XXI.
Overthrow of Guerrero by Santa Anna and Bustamente ; Tyrannical Proceedings during the Administration of Santa Anna; Resistance in the Provinces of Zacatecas and Texas; the Texan War ; Defeat of Santa Anna; Difficulties with France; Civil War; Santa Anna restored to Power; Revolt, headed by Paredes ; Herrera President, 19u
CHAPTER XXII.
Annexation of Texas to the United States ; Indignation of Mexico ; Slidell's Commission ; Preparations against Texas ; General Taylor's March to the Rio Grande ; Commencement of Hostilities ; War Declared ; Plan of the Mexican Campaign ; Battle of Palo Alto— of Resaca de la Palma ; Matamoras Occupied ; Return of Santa Anna to Mexico ; Reduction of Monterey, 193
CHAPTER XXIII.
Santa Anna's Change of Policy; General Scott's Plan of Campaign ; Defeat of the Mexican Army at Buena Vista; Mexican Politics; Capture of Vera Cruz ; March into the Interior; Battle of Cerro Gordo; Occupation of Puubla ; Guerilla Warfare; Fruitless Negotiations ; Advance on the Capital, 198
CHAPTER XXIV.
Movements of Santa Anna; His Plans thwarted by Valencia; Battle of Contreras; Seizure of San Antonio ; Battle of Churubusco ; Negotiations ; Storming of the Molino del Rey and the Casa Mata— of the Fortress of Chapultepuc ; Evacuation of the City ; its Occupation by the American Forces ; Final Military Operations ; Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo, 203
CHAPTER XXV.
Summary of Naval Operations; Colonel Kearney's Proceedings in New Mexico; Events in California; Union of Colonel Fremont with Commodore Stockton; Kearney's Arrival at San Diego; Campaign of the Combined Forces ; Disputes between the American Commanders ; Colonel Doniphan's Services; Mexico, since the Conclusion of Peace with the United States; Return of Santa Anna ; Difficulties relating to the Mesilla Valley, 209 THE CONQUEST AND HISTORY OF PERU.
Chapter I
The Capital of the Isthmus transferred to Panama ; Account of Francisco Pizarro— His Confederates —His First Voyage in Quest of Peru ; Grievous Loss and Suffering; His Return ; the Voyage of Almagro ; Extraordinary Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque, 213
Chapter II
Second Voyage of Pizarro and Almagro— their Sufferings ; Fresh Discoveries ; Return of Almagro ; the Island of Gallo ; Resolution of Pizarro and Twelve Others— their Discovery of Peru— its Treasures; Pizarro repairs to Spain; Grant of the Crown; Return of Pizarro with his Brothers; the Third Expedition to Peru ; Battle at Puna, 216 OHAPTER III. The Aborigines of Peru ; the Rule of the Incas ; Reflections ; Agricultural Labours ; Llamas ; Immense Public Works; Warlike Operations ; Public Records; Religion; Traditions ; Early History ; Condition of the Race in Modern Times, 221
Chapter IV
Pizarro lands at Tumbez— Marches Southward, and founds San Miguel; Proceeds in Quest of the Inca ; Crosses the Andes ; Friendly Messages ; Arrival at Caxamalca ; Interview with Atahuallpa ; His Reserve ; Strength of the Peruvians, 227
Chapter V
Cruel and Audacious Scheme of Pizarro; the Visit of the Inca; Scene with the Friar Valverde; Terrible Massacre of the Peruvians ; Seizure of the Inca ; His Fortitude ; Plunder of the City and Camp; Extraordinary Offer of Ransom ; the Murder of Huasear, 230
Chapter VI
The Expedition to Pachacamac ; the Spoils of Cuzco ; Division of Immense Treasure ; the Atrocious Trial, Sentence, and Murder of Atahuallpa ; HypocriBy of Pizarro ; Reflections ; Eventual Fate of the Murderers, CONTENTS. 9
Chapter VII. Page
Execution of Challcuchima ; Indian Hostilities ; Entrance of the Spaniards into Cuzco ; More Treasure ; Inauguration of the Inca Manco Capac ; Lima Founded ; Disputes between Almagro aud the Pizarros ; Rising of the Indians ; Siege of Cuzco ; Massacre of the Spaniards ; Civil War between the Spanish Generals ; Defeat and Execution of Almagro, 238
Chapter VIII
Mission of Hernando ; His Fate ; Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro ; Discovery of and Voyage down the Amazon ; Terrible Sufferings; Conspiracy against Pizarro by the Partisans of Almagro; His Assassination ; His Character, Alc 243
Chapter IX
Vaca de Castro ; Defeat of Young Almagro at Chupas ; Blasco Nunez de Vela ; Unpopular Decrees , Rebellion, headed by Gonzalo Pizarro ; Overthrow of the Viceroy, 247
Chapter X
Forces raised by Nunez ; His Flight Northward ; Decisive Battle near Quito ; Death of the Viceroy ; Supremacy of Pizarro ; Mission of Pedro de la Gasca ; His Politic Proceedings ; Battle of Huarina ; Pizarro at Cuzco, 252
Chapter XI
Cautious Movements of Gasca; His March to Cuzco ; Bloodless Victory at Xaquixaguana'; Execution of Curbnjal aud Pizarro; Wise Administration of Gasca ; Subsequent Disorders; the Colonial System ; the Mita and Repartimiento ; Insurrection of 1780, 25V
Chapter XII
Commencement of the Revolution ; Invasion by San Martin ; Occupation of Lima ; Independence Proclaimed ; Reverses of the Patriots ; Arrival of Bolivar in Peru, 2C1 OHAPTER XIII. Successes of the Royalists; Movements of the Patriot Army ; Decisive Victory of Ayacucho; Siegeof Callao; Bolivar's Administration ; Subsequent Condition of the Republic, 265 CHILI.
Chapter I
Expedition of Almagro; Commission of Pedro de Vnldivia; St. Jago Founded ; Battle with the Mapochinians ; Embassy of Miranda and Monroy; Destruction of the Quillotan Miners; Valdivia's March Southward ; the Araucanians, 269
Chapter II
Battle at the Andalien ; Invasion of Araucania ; Foundation of the City of Valdivia ; Election of Caupolican to the Office of Toqui ; Indian Successes ; Defeat and Death of Valdivia ; Defeat of Villagran by Lautaro ; Destruction of the City of Conception, 275
Chapter III
Mortality among the Indians; Disputes respecting the Viceroyalty ; Second Destruction of Conception; Lautaro's Expedition against Santiago; Don Garcia de Mendoza; Invasion of Araucania; Caupolican's Discomfiture ; Expedition to Chiloe, 2t*0
Chapter IV
Caupolican the Younger ; Signal Successes hf the Spaniards ; Warlike Operations of Antiguenu — of Paillamachu ; Recovery of Araucania by the Natives ; Peace Concluded in 1641, 285 PHA.PTEP v. Renewal of War ; Peace of 1773 ; Present Condition of the Araucanians ; the Revolution in Chili ; the Carrerns ; Roestablishment of Spanish Power; Intervention of San Martin; Civil Wars; Attempt of Ramon Freyre ; Rebellion under Vidaurre ; Establishment of the Republic, 289 FLORIDA.
Chapter I
Junn Ponce de Leon— His Voyage in Search of the Fountain of Youth ; Discovery of Florida ; His Second Expedition; His Death ; Disastrous Attempts of Ayllon and Narvaez ; Hernando de Soto —Appointed Governor of Cuba; His Expedition to Florida ; March to the Interior; Contests with the Indiaus, PAOB Delusive Report of an iQdian ; Disastrous March through the Interior ; King Tuscaloosa— His State and Haughtiness ; His Secret Treachery ; Great Battle at Mauvila ; Conflagration of the Town, and Victory of the Spaniards ; Mutinous Spirit of the Cavaliers ; Despondency of De Soto ; He resumes the March, 2" CHAPTBR III. De Soto marches Westward; Losses from Indian Hostility; Reaches and Crosses the Mississippi; Marches to Arkansas ; Returns to the Mississippi ; His Death and Burial ; Fate of the Survivors ; their Voyage to Mexico, 302
CHAPTER IV.
Early French Settlements ; Bloody Contests between the Spanish and French Colonists ; Spanish Missions; English Depredations and Colonization on the Coast; Invasions of Florida by Governor Moore, 306
CHAPTER V.
The Yemasees ; Invasion of Florida by Oglethorpe ; Cession to Great Britain ; Dr. TurnbulPs Colony ; Recession to Spain : Invasion of East Florida from the United States ; Acquisition of Florida by the United States, 31] SOUTH-AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS. COLOMBIA.
CHAPTER I.
Loyalty of the Spanish Colonists; Arrogance and Tyranny of their Rulers; Causes of the Revolution; the Establishment of Juntas ; Massacre at Quito ; the Junta of Caraccas in Venezuela ; Commencement of Hostilities ; Declaration of Independence, 316
Chapter II
The Affairs of New Grenada; Expulsion of the Spaniards from Santa Fe and Quito; Dissensions of the Republicans ; Advantages of the Royalists — their Cruelty ; the " Army of Death ;" Fresh Massacre at Quito ; Alternate Successes of the Patriots and Royalists ; the Earthquake at Caraccas ; its Effect ; Overthrow of the Liberals, .* 319
Chapter III
Simon Bolivar — His Generous and Patriotic Spirit ; His Successes against the Royalists ; Assisted by New Granada ; He Reenters Caraccas ; " War to the Death ;" the Servile Insurrection and War ; Cruel Deed of Bolivar ; Battles with the Royalists ; Renewed Prostration of the Republican Cause, 322
Chapter IV
Restoration of Ferdinand ; Extinction of Loyalty in the Colonies; Tyrannical Policy of the King; Spirited Conduct of the Congress of New Granada ; Dissensions of the Republicans ; Injudicious Conduct of Bolivar, 325
Chapter V
Arrival of the Spanish Army, under Morillo ; Terrible Blockade of Carthagena ; Renewed Exertions of the Patriots; Alternate Successes ; Morillo Conquers New Granada ; Severities exercised on the Vanquished ; Marches into Venezuela ; Successful Defence of Margarita by the Patriots, 328
Chapter VI
Attitude of Foreign Nations ; British Volunteers ; Campaign of Bolivar in New Granada ; Brilliant ; Defeat and Flight of the Royalists ; Gratitude of the People ; Union of the States of New Granada and Venezuela under the title of Colombia ; Reverses and Successes of the Patriots 332
Chapter VII
Revolution in Spain ; Overtures of the Spanish Leaders ; Resolution of the Patriots ; the Armistice ■ the War renewed ; Humane Policy of Bolivar; Signal Victories of the Republicans; the Spaniards Completely Expelled from Columbia ; Independence of that State acknowledged, 335 BOLIVIA. The Revolution in La Paz ; a Junta established ; the City taken by the Royalists— their Cruelties • the Patriot Army marches from Buenos Ayres— its Success and Subsequent Defeat ; Second Attempt at Revolution ; Massacres in Cochabamba and Potosi ; Second Expedition from Buenos Ayres— its Discomfiture ; Guerilla Warfare ; Bolivia Emancipated by the Victory of Ayacucho, CONTENTS. 11 UNITED PROVINCES OF LA PLATA.
Chapter I. Page
Causes of the Revolution in BuenoB Ayres ; the Viceroys Liniers and Cisneros ; their Fate ; Ware with the Royalists in Upper Peru — in Montevideo ; Dissensions among the Patriots ; Rapid Changes of Government; Alternate Successes of the Patriots and Royalists; San Martin; Fall of Monte Video ; Election of Pueyredon as Supreme Director, 343
Chapter II
Feuds of the Patriots ; Obstinacy of Artigas ; the Portuguese take Monte Video, and Defeat the Republican Army; San Martin; his Passage of the Andes and Victorious Campaign in Chili; Upper Peru; Continued Resistance of the Banda Oriental, 347
Chapter III
Affairs in Chili ; Disasters of the Patriots ; Victory of San Martin at the Plains of Maypu ; Independence of Chili secured ; Constitution of the United Provinces; Resignation of Pueyredon ; Continued Civil Dissensions ; Final Restoration of Harmony ; the Republic Acknowledged by the United States, 350
Chapter I
Discovery of Brazil by Cabral — of Rio de Janeiro by Sousa; French Colony; Aggressions of the Dutch; their Conquests; Count Maurice of Nassau; his Successes; his Recall; Impolicy of the Dutch; their Expulsion from Brazil, 353
Chapter II
Brazil a Penal Colony; the Result; Oppression of the Natives; the Feudal System ; Governor-general Appointed; Story of Caramuru; Bahia; the Jesuits; War with the Cahetes ; MemdeSa; his Crusade against Cannibalism ; War with the Aymores ; their Characteristics, 356
Chapter III
Brazil under Spanish Influence; English Piratical Expeditions; Odium incurred by the Jesuits in Protecting the Indians; Revolts; War with the Negro Nation, the Palmarese — their Subdual ; Gold and Diamonds ; French Hostilities ; Defeat of Du Clerc ; Rio Janeiro taken by Duguay de Trouin ; the Cruel and Impolitic Expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil, 359
Chapter IV
Flight of the Royal Family from Portugal to Brazil; the **Casta Regia;" Brazil opened to Foreign Trade and Civilization ; Brazil erected into a Kingdom ; Dom John VI. ; Corruption and Discontent ; Insurrections ; Return of the King to Portugal ; Tyranny of the Portuguese Cortes ; Irritation of the Brazilians ; Resistance of Dom Pedro and his Capital, 363
Chapter V
Impotent Demonstration of the Portuguese Government ; Dom Pedro proclaimed Protector ; Independence of Brazil declared; Pedro proclaimed Emperor; Retreat of the Portuguese Troops; Difficulties with the Democracy ; Insurrection under Carvalho suppressed ; Popular Revolution at Rio; Abdication of Dom Pedro, and his Retreat to Portugal, 366
Chapter VI
The Child Dom Pedro II.; the Triple Regency; the Regency of Feijo— of Lima; Fresh Revolution; the Majority of the Emperor proclaimed; Popular Troubles renewed— Disastrous Result; the Royal Marriages; Capabilities and Necessities of Brazil, CONTENTS. 12
Part IV. The
DUTCH IN AMERICA. THE NEW" NETHERLANDS.
Chapter I. Pagb
Captain Henry Hudson ; his Voyages in Search of a Northerly Passage to China ; Employed by the Dutch East India Company; Sails in the Half-Moon; Cruises along the American Coast in Search of a North-west Passage ; Discovers and Ascends the Hudson River; Dealings with the Indians,... 373
Chapter II
, Hudson turns Homeward; Murderous Hostilities with the Indians; his Return to England; his Last Voyage and Discovery ; Sufferings during the Winter ; Henry Green ; Mutiny of the Crew ; Hudson and Others set Adrift to Perish, 376
Chapter III
Voyages of the Dutch to Mannahata; Expedition of Blok and Christiaanse ; New Amsterdam (New York) sounded; Colony Planted on the Delaware— Singularly Destroyed; Governors Minuit and Van Twiller ; Settlement of the Swedes on the Delaware, 379
Chapter IV
Governor Keift ; Governor Stuyvesant — his Character — he Subdues the Swedes ; Untenable Claims of the English; Grant by Charles II. to the Duke of York; New Amsterdam taken by Colonel Nicolls— Retaken by the Dutch; Final Cession to England, 382
Chapter I
, Early Fishing Voyages; Giovanni Verraznno; his Voyage in the Dauphin ; Arrives atNorth America: Description of the Country ; its Inhabitants ; Verrazano coasts Northerly; Kidnapping; the Great Harbour; Friendliness of the Indians ; Verrazano sails to Labrador ; Returns to France ; his Subsequent Fate, 3£6
Chapter II
Jacques Cartier Discovers the St. Lawrence ; his Second Voyage ; Quebec ; Hochelaga, or Montreal • Friendly Indians; Treacherous Kidnapping by Cartier; Expedition of Roberval and Cartier; Misfortunes and Failure ; Attempts under Henry IV. ; Pontgrave, Champlain, and De MonUs ; their Expedition, _ _ 30Q
Chapter III
Champlain Founds Quebec— makes War on the Iroquois— Founds Montreal ; Expeditions with the Hurons ; his Discouragements ; Inconsiderable Settlements : Canada taken by the English ■ Restored • (he Company of New France ; Death of Champlain— his Character, 303
Chapter IV
Administration of Montmagny ; Unpr,osperous Condition of the Province ; D'Argenson ; D'Avangour; Triumphs of the Iroquois; Earthquake; Reinforcements from France; Musey; Tracy; de (Jnureelles; the Comte de Frontenac— his Character; Turbulent Administration ; de la Barre— his Expedition against the Iroquois— its Failure; Celebrated Speech of Garangula; Magnanimous Conduct of the Iroquois, „~-
Chapter V
Do Nonville Governor; bis Treachery to the Iroquois; Renewed Hostilities ; Treaty of Peace ; Broken by Treachery; Extraordinary Stratagem of Le Itnt, a Huron Chief; Terrible Invasion by the Iroquois, and Massacre of the French ; Desperate Condition of the Colony, 40j CONTENTS. 13
Chapter VI. Page
Rftappointment of M. de Frontenac ; Negotiations with the Iroquois ; Destruction of Schenectady, &c ; Unsuccessful Expedition of Phipps against Quebec ; Renewed Ware with the Iroquois ; Expedition of Frontenac, 405
Chapter VII
De Callieres; Peace with the Iroquois; Singular Resolution of the French Prisoners; De Vaudreuil ; Expedition against Canada— Disconcerted by the Iroquois ; Unsuccessful Expedition of Nicholson; Treaty of Utrecht; Extension and Improvement of the Province; De Beauharnois; Peace and Prosperity of Canada, 408
Chapter VIII
Encroachments of the French; Fort Du Quesne ; the French War; Expedition of Braddock— his Defeat and Death; Colonel Washington; Expedition against Crown Point; Defeat of Dieskau; Ihe Marquis de Montcalm— his Successes ; Great Exertions of the English— thair Superior Force ; Defeat of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 411
CHAPTER II.
Preparations for the Conquest of Canada; Armament under Wolfe dispatched to Quebec; Defeat of the French on the Heights of Abraham ; Death of Wolfe and Montcalm ; Surrender of Quebec- Besieged by De Levi ; Concentration of the English Forces ; Fall of Montreal and of Canada — Cession to England, 414 ACADIA, ETC.
Chapter I
Expedition of De Monts and Champlain; First Settlement of Acadia; Port Royal ; Mortality among the Colonists ; Lescarbot ; the Jesuits; Settlement at Mount Desert— Broken up by the English; Destruction of Port Royal ; Alexander; La Tour ; Cessions and Recessions of Acadia; Hostilities of the English Colonies ; Piratical Expeditions ; Final Subjection of Acadia to the English, 417
Chapter II
Account of the Acadians ; their Innocence, Simplicity, and Happiness ; Description by Raynal ; Enmity of the English ; Massacre at Kennebec— Revenged by the Indians; Further Hostilities; Cruel Expulsion of the Acadians ; their Transportation and Sufferings; Affecting Memorial ; their Fate, 420 CAPE BRETON, ETC.
CHAPTER I.
Cession of the French Provinces to England; Louisburg founded on Cape Breton — its Importance; Expedition of Pepperall ; Louisburg taken by the English — Receded to France; Expedition of Amherst; Brave Defence of Louisburg— its Surrender and Destruction; St. John's — Captured by the English ; Indian Trophies discovered there, 426 LOUISIANA.
CHAPTER I.
The Rio Grande; the Canadian French ; Reports of the Indians; Father Marqnette and M. Joliet — their Expedition in Search of the Mississippi — Voyage down its Stream ; Painted Monsters; the Missouri; Ohio; Arkansas; Return Voyage; Death of Father Marquette; Enthusiasm of the French at his Discovery, 429
CHAPTER II.
La Palle — his Attempts to reach China; Grant of the King; Tonti — their Expedition to the West — Disconcerted by Treachery ; Actual and Pretended Discoveries of Father Hennepin ; Voyage of La Falle to the Outlet of the Mississippi— he tukcs Possession of the Valley; the Return; Imitation of Indian Ferocity, 432 CH4PTIR III. Expedition of La Salle by Sea in Quest of Ihe Mississippi; he Misses the Entrance; Lnnds at the Bay of St. Bernard ; Founds a Colony ; Misfortunes and Discouragements ; he sets forth Overland for Canada; his Death ; Fate of the Survivors of the Expedition— of the Colonv of St. Louis, CONTENTS. 14
Chapter IV. Paob
Neglect of the Mississippi Valley; Expedition of Lemoine D'lberville— he Founds Settlements at Biloxi, Mobile, and Isle Dauphine ; Tonti ; Unprosperous Condition of Louisiana; Death of D'lberville; his Brother Bienville; Crozat; the Mississippi Company; Great Immigration, Suffering, and Mortality; New Orleans Founded; Continued Immigration; Vast Extent of Louisiana, 438
Chapter V
Hostility of the Natchez; their Injuries ; Vain Remonstrance ; Plan for the Destruction of the French ; • Massacre at Fort Rosalie ; Campaign against the Natchez ; Flight and Final Destruction of the Tribe ; War with the Chicasaws; Disastrous Campaign of D'Artegrotte and Bienville ; Great Loss of the French and their Allies ; Unsatisfactory Result of a Second Campaign, 442
Chapter VI
Prosperity of Louisiana; Undisturbed by War; Sugar-cane Introduced; Commencement of Troubles with the English ; the Ohio Company ; Resisted by Du Quesne; the Virginia Expedition under Washington ; War with the French of Canada, &c. ; Taking of Fort Du Quesne ; Overthrow of the French in Canada; Public Relinquishment of a Part of Louisiana to England, and Secret Cession of the Remainder to Spain ; Vain Remonstrance, 445
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