The pioneer heroes of the New world

Front matter

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Introduction

AMm the great variety of books, ancient and modern, illustrating the earlyhistory of America, none, it is believed, presents, in a popular form, any thing like a complete record of the leading events of its discovery and settlement. To comprise, in a single volume, the most important and interesting passages of its progressive colonization, from the earliest known period until the present time, has been attempted in the following work.

Next to the clear and full elucidation of historical facts, it has been the aim of tlie writer to present, as vividly as possible, the spirit of the age and traits of individual character. To effect this, he has permitted tlie chief actors, 80 far as might agree with requisite conciseness, to speak for themselves, and by their own words to determine the measure of renown or infamy to which they are entitled. If, by this directness of contact, any mytho/bgical concepticms of celebrated personages, long popularly current, should be partially dispelled, the portrait of reality, it is believed, will not be found an uninteresting substitute for that of imagination.

In preparing this book, a considerable number of ancient and original authorities, many of them rarely to be met, have been diligently consulted. Among these mny be mentioned the following: Antiquitates Americante (containing Icelandic MSS., &c.) The First Voyage of Columbus, The Decades of Peter Martyr, Cortes' Letters and Dispatches to Charles V., Bernal Diaz's True Conquest of Mexico, De Solis' Conquest of Mexico, the Conquest of Florida, by a Gentleman of Elvas, Makluyt's Voyages and other publications, Purchas lii^- Pilgrimage and Pilgrims, The Journals of Henry Hudson, Robert Juet, and Habbakuk Prickett, The True Adventures of Captain John Smith, the Journals of Governors Bradford and VVinslow — Mourt's Relation, Governor Winthrop's Journal, Morton's New England's Memorial, Hubbard's History of New England — Hubbard's Indian Wars — Cotton Jlatlicr's Magnalia Christi Americana, Church's Entertaining History of King Philip's W&t, Boone's Narrative, &c., &c., with a variety of Historical collections.

The journals and narratives of modern American adventurers have also been perused, and a gieat number of standard works, treating on detached subjects, have been carefully examined and compared. To these, and especially in the history of Spanish transactions, to the classical and elaborate productions of Robei'tson, Irving, and Prescott, the writer has resorted, as i INTEODUCTION.

the most reliable authority, for the leading facts of his subject; but, with s view to novelty and piquancy of detail, original documents, as far as the) were accessible, have been faithfully consulted.

These records, extending over several ages, and pertaining to several nations along with fascinating glimpses of high courage and resolute endurance, ot profound sagacity and far-sighted policy, reveal to the view a strange wilderness of fancy, credulity, ignorance, superstition, cruelty, and bigotry. When most of them were writtten, comparatively little was known of the Western World, and that little witli no great certainty. All beyond was Dream-land, Fairy-land, El Dorado, the true realm of imagination, which loved to people it with all fanciful creations. No tale was too wild to meet witli popular .;redence— ^whether of golden palaces and fountains of perpetual youth, or of monsters and chimeras dire, guarding their treasures, and forbidding all ace iss to the tempting shores.

Natural history, in especial, was at a sad discount. Peter Martyr, witn classical fondness, records the appearance of Tritons in the waters of the New World; Columbus and Hudson chronicle with much particularity thei-' respective encounters with shoals of mermaids; and the Pilgrims of Plymoutl honestly relate their alarm at the roar of lions prowling in the frozen foresti of New England. One writer contended that India must be in the vicinit) of Cuba, seeing that the parrots there answered so well to the description of Pliny; and another, near a century later, surmised an easy northerly passagu to the same country, because the "borne of a unicorne" (doubtless brought from India by the tides [!]) had been found on some dreary shore of the Arctic ocean.

A grave English author, describing Guiana, hesitates to endorse all the reports of travellers in that region, and, with prudent candor, reserves his opinion for further information. "Againe," he .says, "they tell of men with mouthes in their bre.asts, and eyes in their shoulders, called Chvparemai, and of the Gui.anian,s, Ewiapnnomos,\ery strong: and of others headed like Dogges, which Hue all the day time in the Sea. These things are strangj, yel 1 dare not esteeme them fahulnus ; onely (as not too prodigal of faith) I suspend, till some eye-intilligence of some of our parts haue testified the truth." Elsewhere he tells us of certain savages who appeared on the shore, wearing visors like the heads of dngs — "or els they were Dogges' He.ids indeed."

In no other field has there been a richer or more fiinciful display of the love for the supernatural — whether in its brighter and more alluring ph:ises, or in all the imagined horrors of infernal manifest;ition. Columbus elabor.itely argued that he had entered on the confines of the Gm-den of Eden — the terrestrial Paradise. Two centuries later, we find a voyager through unfmiiliar seas gravely entering on the log, "Hereabouts is said to be an inchanted island." Most especially in all matters connected with the aborigines, this fascinating

INTBODUCTIOW. 5

exereiso of the fancy was allowed to have its full swing. His Holiness tlie Pope, in granting the right of conquest, had assumed, as a matter of course, that all natives of the newly-found lands were under the direct dominion of the Enemy; his orthodox followers could do no less than sustain and verify the sentiment; and the Protestant English, while disowning his authority, and falling back for their share of territory on natural right, were ready enough to adopt a theory so comfortable to the conscience and so gratifying to the imagination. Accordingly, the early voyagers, of all nations, wherever they landed, were prepared to find, among tlie inhabitants, scenes of necromancy and diablerie. The mystical Indian ceremonies of council and devotion, were to them nothing but incantation and Satan- worship; they were ever on the alert against native magic and sorcery; and, like Robinson Crusoe, they saw the foot-print of the devil on every uninhabited shore.

It is strange how long and how generally this Satanic incubus hung over all European adventurers. In all matters of mystery, tlie Gordian knot was invariably cut by a reference to diabolical agency. No other hypothesis was ever allowable in explanation of Indian reserve or hostility. Montezuma could not retire to his "House of Sorrow," except for a personal interview with the Adversary. If a Pequot war broke out, it was because " the devil had taken the alarum" at the prosperity of the church in New England. That worthy knight, Sir Martin Frobisher, having captured an old Esquimaux of hideous appearance, thought proper to pluck off" her buskins to ascertain "if she were cloven-footed or no." Errors such as these, outgrown by maturing humanity, may provoke a smile; but not justly from any who, in our own day, see fit to ascribe tlie phenomena of magnetism and the development of natural, though as yet unstudied laws, to the same infernal and demoniac origin.

The fict tliat the New World was known to Europeans long before the days of Columbus, has been established, by irrefragable cvidi.'iicc, beyond all reasonable doubt. But it is equally certain that for centuries it had been lost to them by neglect and disuse, and that the grand originality of his scheme was in no measure dependent on any former experience. What he sought, from first to last, was not tlie discovery of a New Continent (though such was the splendid reward of his exertions), but the directest way to the remote shores of the Old, and a practical solution of the grand problem, still open in his day, of the sphericity of the earth. The chance discoveries of tempestdriven mariners, in the northern seas, leading to no important result, and soon lost in obscurity, can in no degree impair the fame of him who, first, with a grand, though eiToneous aim.

*• • • • • * tJndaunted coald explore A world of waves, a soa without a shore. Trackless, and viist, and wild iis that revealed When round the Ark the birds of lerape&t wln-eled."

6 INTRODUCTIOX.

In reviewing the liistoiy of American colonization, the mind is at first atmck with the wonderful brilliancy and rapidity of Spanish discovery and conqnest during the first century of their career; an impression naturally followed by the reflection that in the end no substantial advantage has accrued to the natioji whose enterprise laid open the pathway to the New World, and whose valor and genius were the first to avail themselves of its tempting opportunities. Extermination of the native inhabitants, bigoted exclusion of foreigners, and, in the end, outrageous oppression of her own dependencies, have marked, almost without exception, the colonial administration of Spain, and have finally resulted in its nearly complete annihilation. Her once numerous provinces, ahenated by mismiinagement and tyranny, h.ive found, in republican anarchy, a question.ible relief from parental misrule; while that beautiful island, almost the solitary jewel in her crown, and only proving, by its exception, the general rule of her losses, is held by a tenure so insecure as barely to deserve the name of possession.

For an hundred and ten years, the rival nations of France and England hardly took a step in the same venturous direction, or if they did, under circumstances of such gross ignorance and infatuation, as were almost certain to preclude tlie possibility of success. The various and widely-severed colonies of France, founded, through a century of misfortunes and discouragements, by ardent and indefutig.ible servants of the crown, have, with one or two insignificant exceptions, slipped from her hands — not from any w.ant of loyalty or national aflfection in the provincial inhabitants, but from the feebleness of the French marine, ever unable to compete with that of Iicr haughty rival, and quite meflicient for the protection and retention of distant colonies.

England, the last to enter on the noble enterprise of peopling the New Hemisphere, but finally bringing to the task a spirit of progress, a love of freedom, and .1 streiii;th of principle unknown to her predecessors, has founded, amid disastrous and unpromising beginnings, an empire mightier and more enduring than all or any of its compeers; lost, indeed, for the most part, to her private aggrandizement, but not to the honor of her name or the best Interests of mankind; an empire already prosperous beyond all example in history, and destined, it is prob.able, at no distant day, to unite under its genial protection every league of that vast continent stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the tropical forests of Darien to the eternal snows of the Arctic Circle.

THE NORTHMEN IN AMERICA. p^ioff

Chapter I. Ancient Northern Chronicles— E;irly Scandinavian Voyagers — Discovery and Settlement of Iceland— Disboveiy and Settlement of Greenland by Eirek the Rud— Accidental Discovery of North America by Hiarni HeriulfsoD, . • . .17

Chapter II. Voyage of Lief— The Country named Viidand— Voyage and Explorations Thorvald— His Death— Unsuccessful Attempt of Thorstein, , , . . ^1

Chapter III. The Expedition of Thorfinn— The Cod Thor worshipped in New England — Fight with the SkroeUings or Nalivej— Ri'turn — Heroic Conduct of Biarni Grimolfson, -5

Chapter IV. Mention of Vinland in various MSS. — Probable Intercourse between Ireland and America — Story of Bioru Asbrandson — Icelandic and other Remains in America — A supposed Welsh Colony, ......... 3U

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

Chapter I. The Early Life of Columbus— His Maritime and Geographical Acquirements — The General Passion for Discovery — The Development of his Scliemc, , , 37

Chapter II. Dealings with the Court of Portiiiial — Treachery of John II. — Columbus journeys into Sp:iiu— His Poverty— His Applicaiiun tu Ferdinand and Isabella— The Council of Salamanca, . . • . • . . . . .4:1

Chapter HI. Delaysand Disappointments— Final SuccessofColumbus with the Sovereigns —Difficulties of Preparation — Assistance of the Pinzons- Departure of the Expedition, . 4.S •Chapter IV. First Voyage of Columbus — The Tenors of hia Crew — Discovery of Guanahani and othur Bsihama Islands — Simplicity of the Natives — Continual Expectations of linding Asia, ..•..,.,... 51}

CHAPTtR V, Discovery of Cuba — Desertion of Pinzon — Discovery of Ilnyti, or Hispaniola — Character of the NutiveP -The Cacique Giiacanngari — Wreck of the Santa Mmia — The Fortress of La Navidad— Departure of Columbus for Spain, . . . .flu

Chapter VI. Meeting with Pinzon — The Voyage homeward— Peril from Tempests— Treachery of the Governor of St. Mi^ry's — Arrival ;tt Lisbon — Audience befoi-e John II. . 67

Chapter VII. Arrival of Columb'ia at Pulos — Death of Pitizon — Enthusiastic Reception of the Admiral— Honors conferred upon him—Papal Bull— Preparations for a Second Expedition, . . . j . . . . . . .71

Chapter VIII. The Second Expedition of Columbus— Discovery of Dominica, and other Antilles— The Ciu-ibs or Cannibals— Retiu-n to Huyti— Destruction of the Garrison at La Navidad, .....*.... .7ti

Chapter IX. Foundation of the City of Isabella- Natural Wealth of the Island— Conspiracy against Cohiinbus— Grand Expedition to the Interior— Sufferings of the Colonists — Severity to the Indians, , , . . . . , , . .81

Chapter X. Expedition of Columbus to the Westward — Discovery of Jomaica — Coasting the South of Cuba— That Island supposed to bo llie Continent of Asia— Intercuutse with the Indians — Tudiuus Voyage in Returning, ,,,... 87

Chapter XL Disorders of the Coh)ny — Hostilities of the Indians — Their Defeat and Subjection — Their Ojipreasion by the Spaniards^ . , . , , , , HI

Chapter XII. Intrigues against Columbus— Discovery of Gold Mines— His Return to Spain — Prf[)arHtiori3 for a Third Expt-diiion, ...... 98

Chapter XIII. Third Voyage of Columbus — Discovery of South America — Extraordinary Theory— Arrival at Huyti, -......,. 103

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CiiiPTER XIV. Disorders of llie Colony during the Absence of Columbus— Tlie Rebellioa of Roldan— Hostilities with the Indians— Their Defeat, ..... 106

Chapter XV. Negotiation of Columbus with the Rubels— His Submission to their Exactions—Influence of his Enemies in Spain— The Appuintment of Bobll<lilll^ . . HI

Chapter XVI. Rash and Oppressive Conduct uf Cobadilla— Columbus s^iit hnme in Chains —Sensation at the Spaiiisli Court— Injustice of Ft:r<!inand— Appointment of Ovaiido, , 115

<'nAPTKR XVII. Fresh Schemes of Columbus— Departure on his Fourth and Last Voyage of Discovery— Destruction of Iiis Eneraies— Cruise on the Coast of Honduras, fcc- His Disappointment, .......... 121

Chapter XVIII. Attempt to Found a Settlement— Hostilities with the Indians— The Vessels Stiaiided on the Island of Jamaica— Perilous Situation of tlie Spaniards— Remarkable Device of Columbus to obtain Supplies, , . . . . . .126

( TiAPTicR XIX. De.-picable Conduct of Ovando— Final Rescue of Columbus— Atrocities of the Spaiiiaids itt Hit-paniola — Subjection and Extermination of the Natives, . . 131

(- HAPTER XX. Return of Columbus to Spain— Injustice ol- Ferdinand- Death uf Columbus — Disposal of his RemainSf ......... 135

SEBASTIAN CABOT Vijuth of Cabot— His Discovery of the North American Continent— His Second Voyage — Fruitless Attempt to Colonize the Labiadur— Long Blank in the Life of Caliot — He enters ;he Service of Spain— Returns to Etijiiland — Unsucces:>ful Expedition under Henry VIII. — Appointed Chief Pilot of Spain — His Expedition to Suuth America — His Return to England — His Useful and Honorable Old Age, ...... 138

AMERICUS VESPUCIUS.

Account of Vespucius — His Voyage to South America with Ojeda— His Voyages to Brazil — Extraordinary Attempt at Deception, ....... 146

THE DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

(;!iAPTER I. Account of Balboa — The Settlement at Darien-^Ruinors of a Sea beyond- the * :>iountains — Transactions with the Indiatis, * . . . .' • . 150

C-rAPTER H. Expedition of Balboa in Search of the Sea— Contests with the Natives— Discovery of the Pacific Ocean — Appointment of Pedrarias — Roappointment of Balboa — Misfortunes of the Colony, ......... 154

Chaptkr hi. Disappointments of Balboa— Expeditions of Morales and PJzarro — Recon- • ciliation of Balboa and Pedrarias — Cruise of Balboa on the PaciOc — His Sudden Accusation, Trial, and Execution, ......... 150

THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO.

Chapter I. Conquest of Cuba — Discovery of Yucatan — Discovery of Mexico — Hernando Cortes — His Expedition — Bailies with the Tabai-cans, &c. — Arrival at San Juan de Ulna, ICwi

Chapter II. The Landing at Vera Cruz— Negotiation with Montezuma— Aiagnificent Presents — Alliance with the Tniunucs— Destruction of their Idols, . . . 17-1

Chapter HI. The March to Mexico commenced- War with the Tlascalans — Victories pf the Spaniards — Spirited Resolution of Cortes, ...... 18L

CjiAPTER IV. Submission of the Tlascalans- Entry into their City- Weak Policy of Mon- ;ezuma— Massacre of the Cholulans— The March resumed— Entrance into (he City of Mexico — Interviews with the Emperor Montezuma, ...... 183

0:iiPTER V. Description of Mexico — The Palaces and Stale of Montezuma — His Collections of Natural History— Horrible Rites of Sacrifice— Discovery of Treasure, . . .197

Chapter VI. Seizure of Montezuma — His Caciques Buined at the Stake — Demeanor of Montezuma— Hostility of the Great Nobles- The Sovereignty of the Sparush Monarch Acknowledged — Immense Tribute of Treasure, ...... 203

Chapter VII. Imprudent Zeal of Coites— Resentment of the Mexicans — Critical Condii.iinof the Spaniards- Transactions at the Court of Spain— Expedition dispatched from < Ciiba under liarvaoz, • • • . . . . . . .211

PAr.ra

Chapter VIII. Cortes Marches against Narvaez— Defeats and Takes him Prisoner— Great Accession to his Force, .....•••• ^15

Chaptkr IX. Massacre of the Aztec Chiefs by Alvarado— The Return to R.exico— Hostility of the Aztecs— FuritMis Fighting for many Days in that City— The Death of Monlezurna, 220

Chaptkr X. The Spaniards Retreat from the City— The " Noche Triste," or Miserable Night -Terrible Loss on the Causeway— Retreat to Tiascala— Battle of Otumba— Fidelity of ihe TIascalans, ........... -28

Cdaptkr XI. The War Renewed— Success of the Spaniards— Great Force of Indian Allies — Accession of Guatemozin to the Aztec Throne — March to the Valley of Mexico — Head-quarters Established at Tezcuco, ........ 23-1

Chapter XII. Commencement of the Campaign against Mexico — Taking of Iztapalapaa — Policy of Cortez in Uniting the Natives— Great Accessions to his Power— Vessels Transported Overland— Various HaltleswiUi the Aztecs— Their Courage and Resolution— March around the Lakes— Great Victory at Xochimilco, ...... 240

Chapter XIII. Arrival at Tucnha— Grief of Cortes— C<jnspiracy against him— The Fleet Launched— Execution of Xicotencall— Defeat of the Mexican Flotilla— Mexico Blockaded — General Assault on the City, ......... 247

Chapter XIV. The Siege of Mexico Continued— Constant Fighting— Attempt to Storm the City—Great Loss of the Spaniards— Terrible Sacrifice of the Prisoners on the Great Temple, ii/iS

Chaptkr XV. The Siege Continued — Indomitable Courage of the Aztecs— Gradual Destruction of the City— Terrible Suffering of the Besieged— Mexico Taken by Storm— Fearful Massacre — Capture of Guatemozin — Reflections, ...... 250

Chapter XVI. Transactions after the Siege- Torture of Guatemozin— Settlement of the Country— Titles and Offices conferred on Cortes— His Ostentatious State— His Wise Policy, 2ri6

Cuaptbr, XVII. Great Acquisitiims to the Crown of Spain— Terrible RIarch of Cortes to Honduras — Murder of Guatemozin — Usurpation ai Mexico — Retuin of Cortes— Vexiitious Coinmission— Cortes Embarks for Spain— Honors bestowed on him — His Return to Mexico, 27'!

Chapter XVIII. EiUerprise of Cortes— His Second Return to Spain— Campaign against Algiers — Disappointments at Court — His Death — His Character — Fate of the Conquerors, 27.'i

FERNANDO MAGELLAN.

Disputes of Spain and Portugal — Fernando Magellan — His Voyage to the Southward — The Paiagonians — Discovery of the Strait of IMageltaii— Voyage to the Philippine Lsles — Deatb of the Commander — Circumnavigation of the Globe, • • . . . Sf I

THE CONQUEST OF PERU.

Chapter 1. The Colony of Panama— Account of Francisco Piznrro — Almagm and I.uqiic — First V(iy;ige of Pi/.m-ro- Terrible Loss and Snffering — Faihirc of the Expednion ami Return — Voyage of ANnagro, ........ JK;)

Chapter II. Meaimess of Pedrarias — Contract of Pizarro, Almagm, and Luqup- Second Voyage of Piza^ro and Ahnagro- Ruiz Crosses the Line — Sufferings of Pizarro and his Men — Discovery of Tacamez — Fight with the Indians — Return of Almagru — The island of Gallo— Daring Resolution of Pizairo and Twelve Companions, .... iS3

Chapter III. The Island of Gorgona — Relief from Pnnama — Discovery of Tnmbez — Peruvian Treasure — Survey of the Coast — Return to Panama — Pizarro Repairs to Spain — Audience before the Emperor — Grant of the Crown, ..... 2^.^

Chapter IV. The Brothers of Pizarro— Departui'e from Spain- Third Voyage to Peru- March along the Coast— Valuable Plunder— Arrival at Puna— Battle with the Indians — Assistance of Saint Michael, ......... 3tk2

CHAPrKR V. The People of Peru — Tradition of their Origin — Government, " A Paternal Despotism" — Their Civilizruion — Their Religion— Worship of the Sun — Snperstitions — Division of the Empirts— Defeat of Hmiscar and Enthronement of Atahuallpa, . 301

Chapter VI. Deserliitn of Tumbez— March Situiliward— S:m Miguel Fonnded — The Na^ lives enslaved— Pizarro marches in quest of the Inca — Crosses the Amles^Arrival at Caxamalca— Visit to Atahuallpa— His Indian Demeanor— Darmg and Treacherous ResoluiioQ of Pizarro, ......... '^^d

PAOS

Chapter VII. Ambuscade of the Spaniards — Visit of Atahuallpa— Impudent Speech of Iho FriHi- Vulveide— Answer of the Itic:i— Seizure of his Person — Massacre of his AUendunia— Plunder ul' his Camp — Agreement for his Ransom — His Demeanor — Expedition to Pachacamac— Horses sliod with Silver, ...,,.. 314

t-HApTER Vlll. Spoil of the Temples of Cuzco — Arrival of Almngro — Division of Immense Plunder— Scheme for the Muider of the Iiica— His Trial, Sentence, and Execution— Hypocrisy of Fizarro — Reflections, ........ 320

Chapter IX. Condition of Peru — March to Cnzco — Fight with the Indians — Execution of Challcuchima — Entrance inti) Cuzco — Fresh Plunder of Treasure — Coronation of the iiica Blanco Capac — Foundation of Lima — Reception of liernandu in Spain — Disputes of Altnagro and the Pizarros, .......... 3%

CuAPTKR X. Escape of the Inca Manco— General Rising of the Peruvians — Siege and Burning tif Cuzco — Defeats and Ma:«9acies of the S[ianiards — The Siege of Cuzco raised— The Reliirn of Almagro — Imprisonment of the Pizarros— Battle between the Rival Fuclioua— Defeat and Executiim of Almagro— Faie of Heriuiiidn, ..... 331

Chapter XI. Renewed Husldily of the Inca— Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro — Arrival at the Nnpo — Voyage of Orellaiia duwn the Amazon — Terrible SuflV-rings and Loss of Gontalo and his People — Their Disaslions Return- Ai-royance of theCovcrnor — "The Men of Chili " — Their Poverty and Disliesa — Their Desperate Resolution — Assassination of Pizarro — IJis Character — Sequel, . . ...... 337

THE DISCOVERT AND INVASION OF FLORIDA.

Chapter I. Conquest of Poito Rico, by Punco <le Leon — IJis Voyage in Search of the Fountain of Youth— Discovery of Flftrida- (lis Second Expedition and Death— The Attompt of Ayllon — Of Narvaez- Ingenious Ship-hnilding- Destruction of the Expetlition, 345

Chapikr If. Hernando de Soto — Mis Return to Spain — Appointed Governor of Cuba and Fhni. la— Sails to Cuba— Expedition to Florida— Miircli into the Onmtry— Buttle at Vita- Chiioco — King Tuscaloosa — Desperate Battio at Mauvila— Burning of the Town — Victory of the Spaniards, ....,...,, 349

CuAPTEii III. Discontent of the Cavaliers — Despondency of Soto — Fie marches Westward —Winters iil Chicaza — Battle and Itiirntng of the Village— Arrival at the Mississippi — The Little Cacique of Chisca— Pasii^a^'e of the River — Maich to Arkansas — Return to the Rlissis!*ippi, ........... 356

Cbaptkr IV, Miiughty Message of the Cacique Quignaltanqui — llhie-ss and Death of De Solo— His Ruiiul. ill the Mississippi— Fate of the Survivors — Their Voyage to Mexico — Summary of Spanish Cruellies, ........ 3G0

THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF CANADA.

OuAriKR I. Early Voyriges to North Anierica- The Fisheries — Jnhn Verrazano — Voyages of Jacipies Cartier — He Ascends llie St, Lawrence— Quebec — TIik Chief J)otnnicntia— Voyage to Hocheliiga (Montreal) — Winter in Canada— Suffei'ing — Return — Disastrous VoyngeHof Rnherval and Cartier- Di'sith of Caitier, ..... 367

Ohaptkr II. Samuel de Cham))lain— Culony of Purl Rnynl— Quebec Founde{l— Expi'dition Hgiiinst the Iroquois— Barljannis Triumph- Montreal Founded— Di-leat of Ch.nnpl.iin — ni>* Pcrsevi'i-arice in Cbtoniznlimi— lllihiirality to the Mugiienols — Miseiable Condition of theCarnulian SetihMnent'^- Chioniilain apfiointed Governor — Increase of the Colonies —Death of Chainplain — His Cliaracter, ....••• 373

THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, APtkr I. T:M-diness of Knglish Knlerprise— Sir Murnphrev GiHi.-rt anH ?!ir Walter Raleigh —Their Dnsncct'ssful Expeditions— Death of Sir Hnniphrey- Expeditions disjiatchud by Rah'igh— All Difaj-iruus- Atumdnnmiiii of the Aiiempl to Colonize, . . . 379

t haptkr II. C;i plain John Smith— Mis* N'uuthfnl Spirit of Adventure — Serves in Holland — Turns Merniii— His Adventurr.s in France— Distressed—Sails tWr Italy— Is Hung Overlaiard —Sails tn Kgypt—Sea-flght— Travels in luily, &.C.— Fights against the Turks— Devices of Fireworks, ........... 384

PA.3K

Chaptir ni.— Life of Smith, continued— Siege of Regall— He kills three Turks im Single CombHt— The Town tnken— Battle of Rotenton— Smith a Sliive— Sent to Turtary— Cruelly treated— Kills his Master and Escapes— Sails for Africa— Sua Fight— Returns tu England, 3t-^'

CiiAPTKR IV. New Scheme for Coh-niziiig Virginia— IM-asPorled Adventurers — The Expedition sails frnm Enyiantl— Proceeds up James River — liitercourae with the Indians^ Smith 111 treated— Founding of Jamestown— Excursion of Smith— Kiug Powhatan- The Indians of Virginia— Their Custcms and Religion, ...... 39J

Chapter V. Vindicaticm of Smith— Famine and Great Mortality— Smith's Exertions— He Supports the Colony — His Expeditions and Dealings with tht# Indians — Lazy Colonists- Smith Captured by the Indians — Conjuraliuns over hira— Carried to Powhatan— Suvcd by Pocahimtas, ■ 402

CuAPTBR VI. Condition of the Colony — Kindness of Pocahontas — Second Arrival of Newport— Triiffic with Powhalan — His Sublilly — Overreached by Smith — Blue Beads — A Supposed Gold Mine — Trouble with the Indians— Su|ipressed by Smith — He Exploits the Chesapeake — Intercuui'se with the Indians— His Return, ..... 410

Chapter VII. The Voyage of Survey resumed — ^Veneralion of tho Indians for Smith — Skirmishes — Return of the Expedition — Arrival of Newport — Absurd Instructions— Pocahontas and her Women — Haughtiness of Puwhalan — His Coronation — Unsuccessful Expedition of Newport — Activity of Smith — Ingenious Device against Swearing, . . 416

Chapter VIU. Disorders in the Colony — Smith's Letter — His Expedition to Surprise Powhatan— Beguiling S|)eeche3 — Flight of Puwhntan — Mutual Treachery — Visit from Pocahontas — Tian^saclions at Pamunkey— Fury of Smith — Tho Indians Quelled, . . . 422

Chapter IX. Accident al Jam<-8tt)wn — Smith Poistmed — Great Supply of Corn — M<irality of the Day— Trouble with the Indians— Smith takes the King of Paspahegh- Supposed (o Revive the Dead— Wants of the Colony— Lazy Settlers— Speech of Smith— Treachery of the Geimans, ...,,..... 4Si3

Chapter X. The New Company — III Treatment of Smith — Large Expedition dispatched — Hurricane — Arrival at Jamestown — Anarchy— Smith Restored— His Troubles with the Settlers—Injured by an Explosion— Leaves Virginia— Hia Services to the Colony— Sufferings after his Depailure, ...,.,,,.. 434

Chapter XI. Smith's Voyage to New England— Survey of the Coast, &c.— Villnny of Thos. Hunt— Smith's Second Expedition— Misfortunes — Pirates — Smith Captured — His Adventures—His Escape— Return to England- His Exertions for the Settlement of New England, 438

Chapter XII. Account of Pocahontiw — Her Treacherous Capture by the English — Married lo Mr. Rolie— Sails for England— Smith's Letter in her Behalf— Their Interview- Court Favor— Her Death, .....,,,. 443

Chapter XHI. Smith in England — Massacre in Virginia — HisOffers — ^Answers to the Commission— His Writings— His Death— Character and Services, .... 448

CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON,

Chapter L Account of Henry Hudson — His Voyages in Search of a Northerly Passage to India — Mermaids— Sails for the Dutch in the Half Moon — Lands in Maine — Cruelty to the Indians — Sails below Virginia— Reaches the Bay of New York. .... 455

Chapter II. Entrance into New York Harbor— Hudson ascends the North River— Fiiendly Intercourse with the Indians— Hostilities— Return to England — Voyage to the North-west —Mutiny of his Crew— Hudson left to Perish, ...... 459

Chapter III. Voyagesof the Dutch— Blok and Christiaanse— New Amsterdam (New York) Founded— Settlements on the DeKaware— Singular Incident— M:issacre of the Colonists- Swedish Settlements- Governor Stuyveaant subdues the Swedes- Claim&of the English— 4:rant of Charles IL— Expedition to New AmRlerdom Seizure of the Dutch Settlements, 486

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND Cqapter I. Peculiarity of the Puritan Settlement— Persecution of Non-conformists in Eng^ land— Their Retreat into Holland— Resnhitinn U> seek n New Home— Voyage to America — Arrival at Cape Cod— Institution of a Republican Government, . • , , 47i

PAQB

Ci-APTBR n. The Indiana of New England— Thiiinetl by Pestilence — The Pequots, Narr:\- ^unsetta, Pukunokels, Maasachusetls, &c.— Their Way of Life— Superstition uf the CulonisLi — Malignity of their Historians, ........ 460

f'uAPTKR III. Dreary Aspect of New England— The Country Explored— Voyage to Piynioiith Harbor — Fight with the Indians— The Landing — Building of Houses — Sufferings and Great Mortality-Lions in New England, ...... 4B5