The Discoverers, Pioneers, and Settlers of North and South America, from the earliest period, 982, to the present time ... With numerous ... illustrations, etc

Front matter

THE DISCOVERERS, PIONEERS, AND SETTLERS OF NOETH AID SOUTH AMERICA. FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD (982) TO THE PRESENT TIME) COMPRISING THE LIVES OF THE MOST FAMOUS DISCOVERERS, EXPLORERS, AND CONQUERORS OF THE NEW WORLD; AN ACCOUNT OF THE FOUNDATION OF COLONIES AND THE SETTLEMENT OF STATES AND PROVINCES; THE HISTORY OF THE SUFFERIN&S AND PRIVATIONS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS, AND THEIR WARS WITH THE NATIVE INHABITANTS; A DESCRIPTION OF „ THE MOST IMPORTANT EXPEDITIONS OF SURVEY; AND A VIEW OF THE GRADUAL EXTENSION OF DISCOVERY AND CIVILIZATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M. WITH NUMEROUS AND DIVERSIFIED COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS, ENTIRELY NEW, MANY OF WHICH ARE FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS, EXECUTED IN THE BEST STYLE OF THE ART, BY THE FIRST ARTISTS IN AMERICA. BOSTON: HORACE WENTWORTH. 86 WASHINGTON STREET. 1853.

NTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1852, BY LUCIUS STEBBINS, IN THE CLERK'S, OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF CONNECTICUT. .FOUNDRY OF SILAS ANDRUS & SON, HARTFORD. W. C, Armstrong, Typographer. STEAM PRESS OF W. S. WILLIAMS.

Introduction

. Amid the great variety of books, ancient and modern, illustrating the early history of America, none, it is believed, presents, in a popular form, any thing like a complete record of the leading events of its discovery and settlement. To comprise, in a single volume, the most important and interesting passages of its progressive colonization, from the earliest known period until the present time, has been attempted in the following work. Next to the clear and full elucidation of historical facts, it has been the aim of the writer to present, as vividly as possible, the spirit of the age and traits of individual character. To effect this, he has permitted the chief actors, so far as might agree with requisite conciseness, to speak for themselves, and by their own words to determine the measure of renown or infamy to which they are entitled.

If, by this directness of contact, any mythological conceptions of celebrated personages, long popularly current, should be partially dispelled, the portrait of reality, it is believed, will not be found an uninterest ing substitute for that of imagination. In preparing this book, a considerable number of ancient and original au thorities, many of them rarely to be met, have been diligently consulted. Among these may be mentioned the following: Antiquitates Americana? (con taining Icelandic MSS., &c.) The First Voyage of Columbus, The Decades of Peter Martyr, Cortes' Letters and Dispatches to Charles V., Bernal Diaz's True Conquest of Mexico, De Solis' Conquest of Mexico, the Conquest of Florida, by a Gentleman of Elvas, Hakluyt's Voyages and other publications, Purchas his Pilgrimage and Pilgrims, The Journals of Henry Hudson, Robert Juet, and Habbakuk Prickett, The True Adventures of Captain John Smith, the Journals of Governors Bradford and Winslow — Mourt's Relation, Gov ernor Winthrop's Journal, Morton's New England's Memorial, Hubbard's History of New England — Hubbard's Indian Wars — Cotton Mather's Mag nalia Christi Americana, Church's Entertaining History of King Philip's War, Boone's Narrative, &c, &c, with a variety of Historical collections.

The journals and narratives of modern American adventurers have also been perused, and a great number of standard works, treating on detached subjects, have been carefully examined and compared. To these, and espe cially in the history of Spanish transactions, to the classical and ekbontte productions of Robertson, Irving, and Prescott, the writer has resorted, as ■i

INTRODUCTION.

. the most reliable authority, for the leading facts of his subject; but, with a view to novelty and piquancy of detail, original documents, as far as they were accessible, have been faithfully consulted. These records, extending over several ages, and pertaining to several nations, along with fascinating glimpses of high courage and resolute endurance, of profound sagacity aud far-sighted policy, reveal to the view a strange wilder ness of fancy, credulity, ignorance, superstition, cruelty, and bigotry. When most of them were writtten, comparatively little was known of the Western World, and that little with no great certainty. All beyond wa9 Dream-land, F:iiry-)and, El Dorado, the true realm of imagination, which loved to people it with all fanciful creations. No tale was too wild to meet with popular cre dence — whether of golden palaces and fountains of perpetual youth, or of monsters and chimeras dire, guarding their treasures, and forbidding all access to the tempting shores.

Natural history, in especial, was at a sad discount. Peter Martyr, with classical fondness, records the appearance of Triton9 in the waters of the New World; Columbus and Hudson chronicle with much particularity their respective encounters with shoals of mermaids; and the Pilgrims of Plymouth honestly rehite their alarm at the roar of lions prowling in the frozen forests of New England. One writer contended that India must be in the vicinity of Cuba, seeing that the parrots there answered so well to the description of Pliny; aud another, near a century later, surmised an easy northerly passage. to the same country, because the "home of a unicorne" (doubtless brought from India by the tides [!]) had been found on some dreary shore of the Arctic ocean. A grave English author, describing Guiana, hesitates to endorse all the reports of travellers in that region, and, with prudent candor, reserves his opinion for further information.

"Againe," he says, "they tell of men with mouthes in their breasts, and eyes in their shoulders, called Chiparemai, and of the Guiams.ns, Ewiaponomos, very strong: and of others headed like Dogges, which line all the day time in the Sea. These things are strange, yet I dare not esteeme them fabulous ; onely (as not too prodigal of f;iith) I suspend, till some eye-intilligence of some of our parts haue testified the truth." Else where he tells us of certain savages who appeared on the shore, wearing visors like the heads of dogs — " or els they were Dogges' Heads indeed." In no other field has there been a richer or more fanciful display of the love f.<r the supernatural — whether in its brighter and more alluring phases, orin all the imagined horrors of infernal manifestation. Columbus elaborately argued that he had entered on the confines of the Garden of Eden — the terrestrial P:iradise.

Two centuries later, we find a voyager through unfamiliar seas gravely entering on the log, "Hereabouts is s:iid to be an inchanted island." Most especially in all matters connected with the aborigines, this fascinating

INTRODUCTION.

. 5 exercise of the fancy was allowed to have its full swing. His Holiness the Pope, in granting the right of conquest, had assumed, as a matter of course, 1 1 1 ut. all natives of the newly-found lands were under the direct dominion of the Enemy; his orthodox followers could do no less than sustain and verify the sentiment; and the Protestant English, while disowning his authority, and fiilling back for their share of territory on natural right, were ready enough to adopt a theory so comfortable to the conscience and so gratifying to the imngimition. Accordingly, the e7irly voyagers, of all nations, wherever they landed, were prepared to find, among the inhabitants, scenes of necromancy and diablerie. The mystical Indian ceremonies of council and devotion, were to them nothing but incantation and Satanworship; they were ever on the alert against native magic and sorcery; and, like Robinson Crusoe, they saw the footprint of the devil on every uninhabited shore.

It is strange how long and how generally this Satanic incubus hung over all European adventurers. In all matters of mystery, the Gordian knot was invariably cut by a reference to diabolical agency. No other hypothesis was ever allowable in explanation of Indi:in reserve or hostility. Montezuma could not retire to his "House of Sorrow," except for a personal interview with the Adversary. If a Pequot war broke out, it was because " the devil had taken the alarum" at the prosperity of the church in New England. That worthy knight, Sir Martin Frobisher, having captured an old Esquimaux of hideous appearance, thought proper to pluck off her buskins to ascertain "if she were cloven-footed or no." Errors such as these, outgrown by maturing humanity, may provoke a smile; but not justly from any who, in our own day, see fit to ascribe the phenomena of magnetism and the development of natural, though as yet unstudied laws, to the same infernal and demoniac origin.

The f;ict that the New World was known to Europeans long before the days of Columbus, has been established, by irrefragable evidence, beyond all reasonable doubt. But it is equally certain that for centuries it had bee.n lost to them by neglect and disuse, and that the grand originality of his scheme was in no measure dependent on any former experience. What he sought, from first to last, was not the discovery of a New Continent (though such" was the splendid reward of his exertions), but the directest way to the remot j shores of the Old, and a practical solution of the grand problem, still open in his day, of the sphericity of the earth. The chance discoveries of tempest driven mariners, in the northern seas, leading to no important result, and soon lost in obscurity, can in no degree impair the fame of him who, first, with a grand, though erroneous aim, « * * * * * Undaunted could explore A world of waves, a sea without a shore, Trackless, and v:ipt. and wild as that revealed When round the Ark the birds of tempest wheeled."

INTRODUCTION.

. In reviewing the history of American colonization, the mind is at first struck with the wonderful brilliancy and rapidity of Spanish discovery and conquest during the first century of their career; an impression naturally followed by the reflection that in the end no substantial advantage has accrued to the nation whose enterprise laid open the pathway to the New World, and whose valor and genius were the first to avail themselves of its tempting opportuni ties. Extermination of the native inhabitants, bigoted exclusion of foreigners, and, in the end, outrageous oppression of her own dependencies, have marked, almost without exception, the colonial administration of Spain, and have finally resulted in its nearly complete annihilation. Her once numerous provinces, alienated by mismanagement and tyranny, have found, in republican anarchy, a questionable relief from parental misrule; while that beautiful island, almost the solitary jewel in her crown, and only proving, by its ex ception, the general rule of her losses, is held by a tenure so insecure as barely to deserve the name of possession.

For an hundred and ten years, the rival nations of France and England hardly took a step in the same venturous direction, or if they did, under cir cumstances of such gross ignorance and infatuation, as were almost certain to preclude the possibility of success. The various and widely-severed colo nies of France, founded, through a century of misfortunes and discourage ments, by ardent and indefatigable servants of the crown, have, with one or two insignificant exceptions, slipped from her hands — not from any want of loyalty or national affection in the provincial inhabitants, but from the feeble ness of the French marine, ever unable to compete with that of her haughty rival, and quite inefficient for the protection and retention of distant colonies. England, the last to enter on the noble enterprise of peopling the New Hemisphere, but finally bringing to the task a spirit of progress, a love of freedom, and a strength of principle unknown to her predecessors, has founded, amid disastrous and unpromising beginnings, an empire mightier and more enduring than all or any of its compeers; lost, indeed, for the most part, to her private aggrandizement, but not to the honor of her name or the best interests of mankind; an empire already prosperous beyond all example in history, and destined, it is probable, at no distant day, to unite under its genial protection every league of that vast continent stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the tropical forests of Darien to the eternal snows of the Arctic Circle.

CONTENTS. THE NORTHMEN IN AMERICA. paob Chapter I. Ancient Northern Chronicles— Early Scandinavian Voyagers — Discovery and Settlement of Iceland— Discovery and Settlement of Greenland by Eirek the Red— Accidental Discovery of North America by Biarni Heriulfson, . . . .17 Chapter II. Voyage of Lief— The Country named VinI and— Voyage and Explorations Thorvald— His Death— Unsuccessful Attempt of Thorstein, .... 21 Chapter III. The Expedition of Thorflnn— The God Thor worshipped in New England- Fight with the Skrœllings or Natives— Return — Heroic Conduct of Biarni Grimolfson, 25 Chapter IV. Mention of Vinland in various MSS.— Probable Intercourse between Ireland and America— Story of Biorn Asbrand son— Icelandic and other Remains in America— A supposed Welsh Colony, ......... 30 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Chapter I. The Early Life of Columbus— His Maritime and Geographical Acquirements — The General Passion for Discovery — The Development of his Scheme, . . 37 Chapter II.

Dealings with the Court of Portugal — Treachery of John II. — Columbus journeys into Spiiin— His Poverty — His Application to Ferdinand and Isabella— The Council of Salamanca, .......... 43 Chapter III. Delays and Disappointments — Final Success of Columbus with the Sovereigns — Difficulties of Preparation — Assistance of the Pinzons — Departure of the Expedition, . 48 Chapter IV. First Voyage of Columbus — The Terrors of his Crew — Discover)7 of Guanahani and other Bahama Islands— Simplicity of the Natives— Continual Expectations of finding Asia, . . . , . . . . . .53" Chapter V. Discovery of Cuba — Desertion of Pinzon— Discovery of Hayti, or Hispaniola —Character of the Natives — The Cacique Guacanagari— Wreck of the Santa Maria — The Fortress of La Navidad— Departure of Columbus for Spain, . . . .80 Chapter VI.

Meeting with Pinzon — The Voyage homeward— Peril from Tempests— Treachery of the Governor of St. Mary's — Arrival at Lisbon — Audience before John II. . 67 Chapter VII. Arrival of Columbns at Palos— Death of Pinzon— Enthusiastic Reception of the Admiral— Honors conferred upon him— Papal Bull— Preparations for a Second Expedition, . . . , . . . . . . .71 Chapter VIII. The Second Expedition of Columbus— Discovery of Dominica, and other Antilles — The Caribs or Cannibals— Return to Hayti— Destruction of the Garrison at La Navidad, ........... 76 Chapter IX. Foundation of the City of Isabella — Natural Wealth of the Island— Conspiracy against Columbus — Grand Expedition to the Interior— Sufferings of the Colonists- Severity to the Indians, . . . . . . . . . .81 Chapter X. Expedition of Columbus to the Westward— Discover)- of Jamaica— Coasting the South of Cuba— That Island supposed to be the Continent of Asia— Intercourse with the Indians— Tedious Voyage in Returning, ...... 8~ Chapter XI.

Disorders of the Colony— Hostilities of the Indians— Their Defeat and Subjection— Their Oppression by the Spaniards, . . . ,( . .01' Chapter XII. Intrigues against Culuinbus— Discovery of Gold Mines— His Return to Spajn_preparations for a Third Expedition, ...... 98- Chapter XIII. Third Voyage us Columbus— Discovery of South America— Extraordinary Theory— Arrival at Hayti, ......... 102.' CONTENTS. TAGS Chapter XIV. Disorders of the Colony during the Absence of Columbus— The Rebellion of Roldan— Hostilities with the Indians— Their Defeat, ..... 106 Chapter XV. Negotiation of Columbus with the Rebels— His Submission to their Exactions—Influence of his Enemies in Spain— The Appointment of Bobadilla, . . HI Chapter XVI. Rash and Oppressive Conduct of Bobadilla— Columbus sent home in Chains —Sensation at the Spanish Court— Injustice of Ferdinand— Appointment of Ovando, . 115 Chapter XVII.

Fresh Schemes of Columbus— Departure on his Fourth and Last Voyage of Discovery— Destruction of his Enemies— Cruise on the Coast of Honduras, &c— His Disappointment, ........•• 121' Chapter XVIII. Attempt to Found a Settlement— Hostilities with the Indians— The Vessels Stranded on the Island of Jamaica— Perilous Situation of the Spaniards— Remarkable Device of Columbus to obtain Supplies, ....... 126 Chapter XIX. Despicable Conduct of Ovando— Final Rescue of Columbus— Atrocities of the Spaniards in Hispaniola — Subjection and Extermination of the Natives, . . 131 Chapter XX. Return of Columbus to Spain— Injustice of Ferdinand— Death of Columbus —Disposal of his Remains, ......... 135 SEBASTIAN CABOT. Youth of Cabot— His Discovery of the North American Continent— His Second Voyage — Fruitless Attempt to Colonize the Labrador — Long Blank in the Life of Cabot — He enters the Service of Spain — Returns to England — Unsuccessful Expedition under Henry VIII. — Appointed Chief Pilot of Spain — His Expedition to South America — His Return to England—His Useful and Honorable Old Age, ...... 138 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS.

Account of Vespucius — His Voyage to South America with Ojeda — His Voyages to Brazil — Extraordinary Attempt at Deception, ....... 146 THE DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. Chapter I. Account of Balboa — The Settlement at Darien — Rumors of a Sea beyond the Mountains— Transactions with the Indians, ...... 150 Chapter II. Expedition of Balboa in Search of the Sea — Contests with the Natives — Discovery of the Pacific Ocean — Appointment of Pedrarias — Re appointment of Balboa — Misfortunes of the Colony, . . . . . . . . . 154 Chapter III. Disappointments of Balboa — Expeditions of Morales and Pizarro — Reconciliation of Balboa and Pedrarias — Cruise of Balboa on the Pacific — His Sudden Accusation, Trial, and Execution, ......... 159 THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. Chapter I. Conquest of Cuba— Discovery of Yucatan— Discovery of Mexico — Hernando Cortes— His Expedition— Battles with the Tabascans, &c— Arrival at San Juan de Uluu, 1C5 Chapter II.

The Landing at Vera Cruz— Negotiation with Montezuma — Magnificent Presents — Alliance with the Totonacs — Destruction of their Idols, . . . 174 Chapter III. The March U> Mexico commenced — War with the Tlascalans — Victories of the Spaniards — Spirited Resolution of Cortes, ...... 181 Chapter IV. Submission of the Tlascalans— Entry into their City— Weak Policy of Montezuma— Massacre of the Cholulans— The March resumed— Entrance into the City of Mexico — Interviews with the Emperor Montezuma, ...... 188 Chapter V. Description of Mexico— The Palaces and State of Montezuma— His Collections of Natural History— Horrible Rites of Sacrifice— Discovery of Treasure, . . .197 Chapter VI. Seizure of Montezuma— His Caciques Burned at the Stake— Demeanor of Montezuma— Hostility of the Great Nobles— The Sovereignty of the Spanish Monarch Acknowledged— Immense Tribute of Treasure, ..... 203 Chapter VII.

Imprudent Zeal of Cortes— Resentment of the Mexicans— Critical Condition of the Spaniards— Transactions at the Court of Spain— Expedition dispatched from Cuba under Narvaoz, ......... all CONTENTS. . 0 PA.GB Chapter VIII. Cortes Marches against Narvaez— Defeats and Takes him Prisoner— Great Accession to his Force, . . . . . . . . .215 Chapter IX. Massacre of the Aztec Chiefs by Alvarado— The Return to Mexico— Hostility of the Aztecs— Furious Fighting for many Days'in that City— The Death of Monteznina, 220 Chapter X. The Spaniards Retreat from the City— The "Noche Triste," or Miserable Night — Terrible Loss on tho Causeway — Retreat to Tlascala— Buttle of Otumba— Fidelity of the Tlascalans, 228 Chapter XI. The War Renewed— Success of the Spaniards— Great Force of Indian Allies — Accession of Guatemozin to the Aztec Throne — March to the Valley of Mexico— Head-quarters Established at Tezcuco, ........ 234 Chapter XII.

Commencement of the Campaign against Mexico — Taking of Iztapalapan —Policy of Cortez in Uniting the Natives— Great Accessions to his Power — Vessels Transported Overland— Various Battles with the Aztecs — Their Courage and Resolution— March around the Lakes— Great Victory at Xochimilco, ...... 240 Chapter XIII. Arrival at Tacuba— Grief of Cortes — Conspiracy against him— The Fleet Launched— Execution of Xicotencatl — Defeat of the Mexican Flotilla — Mexico Blockaded — General Assault on the City, ......... 247 Chapter XIV. The Siege of Mexico Continued— Constant Fighting— Attempt to Storm the City — Great Loss of the Spaniards— Terrible Sacrifice of the Prisoners on the Great Temple, 253 Chapter XV. The Siege Continued — Indomitable Courage of the Aztecs— Gradual Destruction of the City — Terrible Suffering of the Besieged — Mexico Taken by Storm — Fearful Massacre — Capture of Guatemozin — Reflections, ...... 259 Chapter XVI.

Transactions after the Siege — Torture of Guatemozin — Settlement of the Country— Titles and Offices conferred on Cortes— His Ostentatious State— His Wise Policy, 266 Chapter XVII. Great Acquisitions to the Crown of Spain — Terrible March of Cortes to Honduras — Murder of Guatemozin — Usurpation at Mexico — Return of Cortes — Vexatious Commission— Cortes Embarks for Spain — Honors bestowed on him — His Return to Mexico, 270 Chapter XVIII. Enterprise of Cortes — His Second Return to Spain — Campaign against Algiers — Disappointments at Court — His Death — His Character — Fate of the Conquerors, 275 FERNANDO MAGELLAN. Disputes of Spain and Portugal — Fernando Magellan — His Voyage to the Southward — Tho Patagonians — Discovery of the Strait of Magellan — Voyage to tho Philippine Isles — Death of the Commander — Circumnavigation of the Globe, ..... 281 THE CONQUEST OF PERU.

Chapter I. The Colony of Panama — Account of Francisco Pizarro — Almagro and Luquc — First Voyage of Pizfirro— Terrible Loss aud Suffering— Failure of the Expedition ami Return — Voyage of Almayro, ........ 2S8 Chapter H. Meanness of Pedrarias— Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and I rtique— Second Voyage of Pizarro and Almagro — Ruiz Crosses the Line — Sufferings of Pizarro and his Men — Discovery of Tacamez — Fight with the Indians — Return of Almagro — The Island of Gallo — Daring Resolution of Pizarro and Twelve Companions, .... 293 Chapter III. The Island of Gorgona — Relief from Panama — Discovery of Tumbez — Peruvian Treasure — Survey of the Coast — Return to Panama — Pizarro Repairs to Spain — Audience before the Emperor— Grant of the Crown, . . . . v . 208 Chapter IV. Tbe Brothers of Pizarro— Departure from Spain— Third Voyage to Peru- March along the Coast — Valuable Plunder — Arrival at Puna— Battle with the Indians — Assistance of Saint Michael, ......... 302 Chapter V. The People of Peru— Tradition of their Origin— Government, "A Paternal Despotism "—Their Civilization— Their Religion— Worship of the Sun— Superstitions- Division of the Empire— Defeat of Huascar and Enthronement of Atahuallpa, . 304 Chapter VI.

Desertion of Tumbez— March Southward— San Miguel Founded— The Natives enslaved— Pizarro marches in quest of the Inca— Crosses ihe Andes— Arrival at Caxamalca — Visit to Atahuallpa— His Indian Demeanor— Daring and Treacherous Resolution of Pizarro, ......... CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter VII. Ambuscade of the Spaniards— Visit of Atahuallpa— Impudent Speech of the Friar Valverde— Answer of the Inca— Seizure of his Person— Massacre of his Attendants—Plunder of his Camp — Agreement for his Ransom— His Demeanor— Expedition to Pachacamac — Horses shod with Silver, ....... 314 Chapter VIII. Spoil of the Temples of Cuzco — Arrival of Almagro — Division of Immense Plunder — Scheme for the Murder of the Inca — His Trial, Sentence, and Execution — Hypocrisy of Pizarro — Reflections, ........ 320 Chapter IX.

Condition of Peru — March to Cuzco — Fight with the Indians — Execution of Challcuchima — Entrance into Cuzco — Fresh Plunder of Treasure — Coronation of the Inca Manco Capac — Foundation of Lima — Reception of Hernando in Spain — Disputes of Almagro and the Pizarros, .......... 326 Chapter X. Escape of the Inca Manco — General Rising of the Peruvians — Siege and Burning of Cuzco— Defeats and Massacres of the Spaniards— The Siege of Cuzco raised— The Return of Almagro— Imprisonment of the Pi zarros— Battle between the Rival Factions- Defeat and Execution of Almagro— Fate of Hernando, ..... 331 Chapter XL Renewed Hostility of the Inca — Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro — Arrival at the Napo — Voyage of Orellana down the Amazon — Terrible Sufferings and Loss of Gonzalo and his People — Their Disastrous Return — Arrogance of the Governor — "The Men of Chili "—Their Poverty and Distress— Their Desperate Resolution— Assassination of Pizarro —His Character— Sequel, . ...... 337 THE DISCOVERY AND INVASION OF FLORIDA Chapter I. Conquest of Porto Rico, by Ponce de Leon — His Voyage in Search of the Fountain of Youth — Discovery of Florida — His Second Expedition and Death — The Attempt of Ayllon— Of Narvaez— Ingenious Ship-building— Destruction of the Expedition, 345 Chapter II.

Hernando de Soto — His Return to Spain — Appointed Governor of Cuba and Florida— Sails to Cuba— Expedition to Florida— March into the Country— Battle at Vitachuoco — King Tuscaloosa— Desperate Battle at Mauvila— Burning of the Town— Victory of the Spaniards, .......... 349 Chapter III. Discontent of the Cavaliers — Despondency of Soto — He marches Westward — Winters at Chicaza — Battle and Burning of the Village — Arrival at the Mississippi — The Little Cacique of Chisca— Passage of the River— March to Arkansas — Return to the Mississippi, ........... 356 Chapter IV. Haughty Message of the Cacique Quigualtanqui — Illness and Death of De Soto — His Burial in the Mississippi — Fate of the Survivors — Their Voyage to Mexico — Summary of Spanish Cruelties, ........ 360 THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF CANADA.

Chapter I. Early Voyages to North America — The Fisheries — John Verrazano — Voyages of Jacques Cartier— He Ascends the St. Lawrence— Quebec— The Chief Donnacona— Voyage to Hochelaga (Montreal) — Winter in Canada — Suffering — Return — Disastrous Voyages of Roberval and Cartier— Death of Cartier, ..... 367 Chapter II. Samuel de Champlain — Colony of Port Royal— Quobec Founded — Expedition against the Iroquois — Barbarous Triumph — Montreal Founded— Defeat of Champlain —His Perseverance in Colonization — Illiberality to the Huguenots — Miserable Condition of the Canadian Settlements — Champlain appointed Governor — Increase of the Colonies —Death of Champlain — His Character, ....... 373 THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. Chapter I. Tardiness of English Enterprise— Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh —Their Unsuccessful Expeditions — Death of Sir Humphrey — Expeditions dispatched by Raleigh — All Disastrous — Abandonment of the Attempt to Colonize, . . . 379 Chapter II.

Captain John Smith — His Youthful Spirit of Adventure — Serves in Holland — Turns Hermit — His Adventures in France— Distresses — Sails for Italy — Is flung Overboard — Sails to Egypt— Sea-fight— Travels in Italy, &c— Fights against the Turks— Devices of Fireworks, ........... CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter III.— Life of Smith, continued— Siege of Regall— He kills three Turks in Single Combat— The Town taken— Battle of Rotenton— Smith a Slave— Sent to Tartary— Cruelly treated— Kills his Master and Escapes— Sails for Africa— Sea Fight— Returns to England, 389 Chapter IV. New Scheme for Colonizing Virginia— Ill-assorted Adventurers— The Expedition sails from England— Proceeds up James River— Intercourse with the Indians- Smith III treated— Founding of Jamestown— Excursion of Smith— King Powhatan— The Indians of Virginia— Their Customs and Religion, ...... 395 Chapter V. Vindication of Smith— Famine and Great Mortality— Smith's Exertions — He Supports the Colony— His Expeditions and Dealings with the Indians— Lazy Colonists — Smith Captured by the Indians— Conjurations over him— Carried to Powhatan— Saved by Pocahontas, ........... 402 Chapter VI.

Condition of the Colony— Kindness of Pocahontas— Second Arrival of Newport—Traffic with Powhatan— His Subtilty— Overreached by Smith— Blue Beads — A Supposed Gold Mine — Trouble with the Indians — Suppressed by Smith — He Explores the Chesapeake — Intercourse with the Indians— His Return, ..... 410 Chapter VII. The Voyage of Survey resumed— Veneration of tho Indians for Smith- Skirmishes — Return of the Expedition — Arrival of Newport — Absurd Instructions — Pocahontas and her Women — Haughtiness of Powhatan — His Coronation — Unsuccessful Expedition of Newport — Activity of Smith — Ingenious Device against Swearing, . . 416 Chapter VIII. Disorders in the Colony — Smith's Letter — His Expedition to Surprise Powhatan — Beguiling Speeches — Flight of Powhatan — Mutual Treachery — Visit from Pucahontas — Transactions at Pamunkey— Fury of Smith — The Indians Quelled, . . . 422 Chapter IX.

Accident at Jamestown— Smith Poisoned— Great Supply of Corn— Morality of the Day — Trouble with the Indians— Smith takes the King of Paspahegh— Supposed to Revive the Dead— Wants of the Colony — Lazy Settlers — Speech of Smith— Treachery of the Germans, .......... 428 Chapter X. The New Company — 111 Treatment of Smith — Large Expedition dispatched — Hurricane— Arrival at Jamestown— Anarchy— Smith Restored— His Troubles with the Settlers — Injured by an Explosion — Leaves Virginia — His Services to the Colony — Sufferings after his Departure, .......... 434 Chapter XI. Smith's Voyage to New England— Survey of the Coast, &c— Villnny of Thos. Hunt — Smith's Second Expedition — Misfortunes — Pirates — Smith Captured — His Adventures—His Escape— Return to England— His Exertions for the Settlement of New England, 438 Chapter XII.

Account of Pocahontas — Her Treacherous Capture by the English — Married to Mr. Rolfe— Sails for England— Smith's Letter in her Behalf— Their Interview — Court Favor— Her Death, ......... 443 Chapter XIII. Smith in England — Massacre in Virginia — His Offers — Answers to the Commission—His Writings — His Death— Character and Services, .... 448 CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON. Chapter I. Account of Henry Hudson — His Voyages in Search of a Northerly Passage to India — Mermaids— Sails for the Dutch in the Half Moon— Lands in Maine— Cruelty to the Indians — Sails below Virginia — Reaches the Bay of New York, .... 455 Chapter II. Entrance into New York Harbor — Hudson ascends the North River — Friendly Intercourse with the Indians — Hostilities — Return to England — Voyage to the North-west — Mutiny of his Crew— Hudson left to Perish, ...... 459 Chapter III.