Manual of farm animals; a practical guide to the choosing, breeding, and keep of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine

Front matter

ALBERT R.. MANN LIBRARY

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Cornell University

Preface

In America, raising farm animals does not receive the recognition that is accorded it in Europe. Because of this relative neglect, when in search of animals with which to improve our studs, herds and flocks, we still look largely to foreign lands. Continental Europe provides us with blood to improve our draft horses, dairy cattle, and fine-wool sheep, while the British Isles furnish improved blood for our beef cattle, mutton sheep, bacon swine, as well as for horses, both light and heavy, and for dairy cattle.

A comparison of European methods with those employed in America reveals the fact that our methods are lacking and entirely inadequate to produce the greatest improvement. The live-stock farmers of Europe exercise much careful judgment in choosing their animals, in feeding, in breeding, and in the care and management. It has been with a view of aiding to promote such interest in the daily work with farm animals that this volume is written. This has been done with the thought that increased interest will lead to improved care, which in time, it is hoped, will produce a better and more useful class of farm live-stock. It is well recognized that a good animal husbandry lies at the bottom of a good agriculture.

From the above, it will be seen that the author’s purpose is to discuss the general care and management of farm animals rather than the breeds. However, a knowledge of the breeds is necessary. ‘To economize space and the reader’s time, the writer has adopted the method of freely inserting pictures of good animals of many breeds, with liberal legends, letting them run as a minor motive throughout the book. By this plan it is hoped that some of the main characteristics of the breeds may be taken away by the reader with little effort on his part.

v vi PREFACE

In a book of this range, many kinds of advice must be given. This advice may not all be of equal value, even though it be the product of actual experience. The author gives it for what it is worth, and it is the responsibility of the reader to apply it and to work it out as best he can. In the discussion of diseases, particularly, it is very. difficult to give formal advice that will apply to all cases; and the statements are meant to be used as guides and suggestions and not as “doctor book” prescriptions or as substitutes for the help of a trained veterinarian. It is hoped that by calling attention to the diseases and ailments, the reader will see the importance of securing reliable aid when the subject is beyond his knowledge or skill.

The book is a manual, and therefore it considers the common practical matters in much detail. No doubt much information which we now accept in the breeding and feeding of animals is very imperfect; but the writer has tried to discuss the daily handling of farm live-stock in the light of such knowledge as is at present best accepted and most capable of application.

Recognizing the importance of such a work, the writer will be glad to correspond with those into whose hands the book may fall, concerning difficulties in the management of animals, and also to receive suggestions that will make future editions of the Manual— if such should be called for— more useful as a practical guide in raising farm animals. es M. W. HARPER.

Iruaca, N.Y.,

Part I—-horses

CHAPTER I PAGES Cuoosing a Horsze —JuDGING ‘i ‘i ; 5 ‘ e ‘ . 3-36 General Examination of the Horse , ‘ : F z , 5 Examination in the stable. i s . : 5 Examination in action . - é ‘ : « , ; 6 How to estimate the Age of a Horse . : a F i . : 7 General considerations . a 3 7 Examination of the teeth &

Colt—- Three years old — Four years ela Five vein oldie Six years old —Seven years old— Eight years old — Nine years old — Ten years old — Eleven years old — Aged horses.

Irregularities in the teeth. : ‘ : 7 ; ‘ » 13 Detecting Unsoundness . 2 ‘i ‘ - 3 z 2 . +14 Ablemish . 2. 2. WO An unsoundness . = . 44

Decayed and broken one Dikoharge ots the nostrils — Impaired vision — Defective hearing — Poll-evil —Sweenied shoulders — Fistule — Capped elbow — Unsound knees — Splints — Ring-bone — Side-bone — Scratches — Unsound hoofs — Thoroughpin — Spavin — Stringhalt — Curb — Forging and overreaching — Interfering — Locating lameness — Unsound in wind.

Types of Horses : - ‘ 5 : $ : : . . 19 The light type. ‘ F , . : i . . . 20 Heavy type . 3 . : ‘i Z . @ 5 . 20

Choosing a Light Horse. : ‘5 . ‘ ‘ é . 20 General appearance in light aise . : : : . 21

Form — Action — Quality — cTeraperaunent: Detail characters of a light horse . i 25

Head — Neck — Chest — Shoulders — Acme—Hipows — Hace: vii viii CONTENTS

PAGES. arms — Knees — Cannons — Fetlock — Pasterns — Feet — Ribs — Body — Loin — Croup — Thigh — Hind legs — Hocks — Hind cannons — Hind pasterns — Hind feet.

Choosing a Heavy Horse . fi 3 , - 5 ‘ - 29

General appearance in heavy — : * 5 . 29 The form — The weight — The action — Quality

Detail characters of heavy horses . - . 383

Head — Neck — Chest — Shoulders — Aen _ Forearm _ Knees —- Cannon — Pasterns — Feet — Body — Croup — Thighs — Hock.

; CHAPTER II Tue FEEpine of ANIMALS— GENERAL CONSIDERATION is : 37-55

Food . ‘ ‘ ‘ , : : . ‘ s P 3 . 387 Use of food . P 3 ‘ 5 2 4 s 3 : . 87 Composition of food . 2 é 3 . 38

Water — Ash — Protein — Carbohydrates — Fat. Function of various food materials . F c » 41 Water — Ash — Protein — Carbohydrates — Fat.

Digestibility of Food . ‘ : . F . e E A . 44 Digestion . . . ; . . é . * . 44 Size of digestive otgans i . - : e : : . 45 Digestible nutrients . : ‘ : 7 . F : . 46

Conditions Influencing Digestion . . . . - oo. 648 Palatability . : 48

Time of nuspaatine = Grinding the food — Cuking toeics Various processes.

Maintenance Rations and Productive Rations . ‘a é a . 60 Maintenance rations . : F ‘ Fi 5 : : . 60 Productive rations 3 5 $ ‘ , . 5 . 60 Feeding standards for farm auinmli ‘ 7 : : » 61

Balanced Ration $ _ 3 . é ‘ . ‘ ‘ . 61 Nutritive ratio. : i oe 5 : - ‘ i » 62 Method of calculating . . - i 7 . : ‘ . 62 Other methods of computing rations . F ‘ - 5 . 64 Using balanced rations. ; : ‘ : 3 - . . 65

Chapter III

Tue Feepine or Horses. ‘ . . é : 7 ‘ 56-69 Food Requirements for Work . . r . . . . . 66

CONTENTS ix PAGES Regularity in feeding . e 3 < c . 2 . 67 Order of supplying food * . . F . ‘ : . 87 Watering the horse. . . G : s i : . 69 Feeding the Work Horse . F ae . a cs 5 - 60 Feeding the Driving Horse F F ‘i . ; 7 : - 68 Wintering the Idle Horse . P : ‘ : 5 ‘ - 64 Feeding the Brood Mare . : 7 Eesha: = . . . 65 Feeding Mules . . i é . : : . F - 67 Sample Rations for the Horas ‘ i ‘ - ; ° , 68 CHAPTER IV Tae BREEDING OF ANIMALS IN GENERAL . . 3 2 . 70-95 Like produces like 5 F ‘ é 2 " 71 Variation is the Basis of inapeoxenient ‘ 3 : 5 ‘ 72 Variation universal among farm animals. . : , 72 Kinds of variation as 73 Proximate Causes of Variation . is 75 Environment — Climate — Food supply — Cure _ “Grossing: Selection . : ‘< . : is 17 Individual merit — _ Pedigree - _ Mating. Heredity . 5 F : : 83 Inheritance, of disease Peopslenie— ” Prolificacy or Kecundles — Sterility — Relative influence of a Systems of Breeding . 89 Grading — Crossing — Line treading — Jn“breeding— Breeding from the best.

CHAPTER V Tue Breepine or Horses anp MULES s F é . 96-126 Plan of Breeding : i 7 5 F < r . 5 96 Codperative breeding . . . ee 98 Securing stallions . F é 7 P < 5 . 7 98 Selecting Breeding Stock . : A 7 : : 99 _ The breed and type —Uniformity — Sertiindss The Stallion . é : ‘ . . ‘ . 5 102 The Mare . . ‘ ° . . F 103 Season of the — to breed . 5 i A . 104 When mares should be tried ‘ é ° 107 Barrenness in mares. . . F 109 Abortion in mares : . - 7 : 110 Parturition time . ‘ . : Fi F . . 7 110 x CONTENTS

PAGES.

The mare and the young foal ‘ : 7 . : ‘ 112 The Foal . . ; 2 : . 7 . i 3 . 113 Ills of the young foal ‘ , 115 . Constipation — Diarrhea or scours — Nava tnteation, Feeding the young foal é ; : 7 . : ‘ . 118 Weaning the young foal ; : p . : : . 119 Breeding Jacks, Jennets, and Mules . ‘ : 3 : » 121 Jacks and jennets. : A . . ‘ 5 . F - 121 Mules and hinnies ; ‘ ; - . . . S . 124 CHAPTER VI Carre AND MANAGEMENT OF Horses. 5 ‘ é : . 127-150 Grooming . : : : < ‘ . 3 7 - 127 Care of the Horse’s Teeth . A . 4 Fi 2 . . . 128 Clipping . . : : : d ‘ . - s a - 128 Bedding the Horse. a ; : ‘ . . . : . 129 Blankets. . E ‘ s . 130 Stable blanket — Gutdaax biankoes, Care of the Feet : ‘ F : 3 . - . 181 Shoeing.

Training the Colt ‘ ‘ . 182

Training to the halter—— Pekiniae to the uses of the bits Importance of a good mouth — Bitting the colt — Harnessing the colt — Hitching double — Hitching single — Training to mount. Harness and Harnessing . 141 The bit and the bridle — The bit— Head stall — Blinds - Geuten. pieces, ear-bobs, and tassels — The check-rein - — Fitting the collar — Adjusting the hame-tug — Breast harness — Fitting the back-band and crupper — Fly-nets — Caring for harness — Harness room.

CHAPTER VII

Diseases oF THE Horse ‘ ‘i . : 2 : . . 151-181 Treating Sick Horses . 3 r - 3 : : ‘ . 1 Administering Medicine . : 164

Drenching — Hypodermic Medication _— intone medingtion _— Enemas or injections into the rectum — Counter-irritants — Blisters — Firing.

Lameness ; its Cause and Treatment - F . 5 " . 158

CONTENTS xi PAGES Lameness due to ailments of the bones a ‘ 158 Splints, ring-bones, side-bones, bone stain, and bony enlargements — Fracture.

Lameness due to ailments of the joints 160 Wind-galls, blood-spavin, bog-spavin, and iievoupipia. Lameness due to ailments of muscles and tendons 161 Sprains — Shoulder lameness — Sweeny shoulder — Bos shoulder and neck, and galls— Curb.

Lameness due to capped-elbows or shoe-boils 164 Capped-elbows — Capped-knee — Capped-hock — Shoe-boil. Lameness due to ailments of the foot 165 Interfering — Overreaching — Calk wands — Cora— Pate. tured wounds of the foot — Cracked hoofs. Diseases of the Legs . : , 3 168 Scratches — Mud fever — Revenue: Diseases of the Digestive Organs 169 Ailments of the Mouth . : 169 Sore mouth — Abnormal and disnespil tect — Eanes, Ailments of the throat and gullet . 170 Choking. © Ailments of the stomach and intestines 171 Indigestion — Colic — Diarrhea or scouring — Cotiatlpation. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs . 174 Catarrh — Heaves, broken wind, asthma — Restos, whistling, thick wind.

Miscellaneous Diseases ‘ . U7 Wounds — Distemper — favaetiag —_ Pedbaiia —_— “Foul sheath _ Diseases of the eye.

PART IlI—CATTLE CHAPTER VIII Cuoosing CATTLE — JUDGING , - : : 7 - 185-202 Types of Cattle . 5 . ‘ ‘ F ‘ 7 F 185 The dairy type . i ‘ . F 186 The beef type ‘i Z ‘ 186.

How to estimate the Age of a Caw 187 General examination . : ss ‘ ‘ ‘ é 187 Examination of the teeth . , é é 7 "i ; 187 xii CONTENTS

PAGES Examination of the horns . P : i ‘ ‘ . 189 Choosing a Dairy Cow : . . : F > ‘ . 189 General consideration in dairy cows . . : . 3 - 190 Form — Quality — Constitution — Temperament. Detail characters of a dairy cow . “ . 194 Head — Neck — Fore-quarters — Badly _ Hisd-quatiers _ Udder — Milk-veins — Milk signs.

Choosing Beef Cattle ‘ : : j 5 : F . 198 General characteristics of beef cattle : : 199

Form of the feeder — Quality of the feeder — Condition of the feeder — Uniformity among feeders.

Detail characters of beef cattle. P 200 Head — Neck — Fore-quarters — Body — Hind-quarters — Fat steer.

CHAPTER IX

Ferpine Dairy Cattle . . ¢ - ‘ . 5 . 203-226 Food Requirements for Milk . ‘ é : j ‘ P . 203 Haecker Feeding-standard — Mature Cow. ¢ = : ‘ . 206 Haecker Feeding-standard— Heifers. . 2 OS . . 209 Feeding-standards mere guides. . 2 . . . . 210 Effect of Food on Composition of Milk. Fi a 210

Effect of food on total solids— Effect of food on the percentage of fat — Food and flavor of milk— Order of supplying food — Effect of food on quantity of milk.

Watering the Milking Cow : : . . 7 5 : . 2138 Feeding the Milking Cow . 214 Summer feeding of dairy cattle — Protecting cows from itp Winter feeding of dairy cattle— Grain or concentrated feeds — Dry forage —Succulent feeds —Silage— Roots and tubers

—Soiling.

Feeding for High Production . . ‘ ° ‘ i ‘ . 222 Feeding the Heifer . . . . . A 5 : 223 Sample Rations for the Dairy Cow F ° . : ‘ . 224 CHAPTER X Breepine Dairy CarTLe . ¢ és . ‘i ‘ ‘ . 227-256 Milk-records . é . . 229

CONTENTS xiii

PAGES Testing Milk for Butter Fat. ‘ is . 232 Sampling the milk — Using the seit Whitling ihe bottles — Reading the percentage of fat.

Testing Associations . ‘ : . : . z : : . 2385 General plan ij ‘ 5 7 . ‘ 3 . 235 Records of Preformance ead of Breede. ‘3 . A 3 . 236 The individual animal the unit of improvement . i a . 287 Plan of Breeding : z . 237 Raise the heifer calves front he est cows — Catipenatine breerling: Forming the Dairy Herd . ‘ 3 j A A : . . 238 Grading-up the Herd. . : 239:

The first generation — Select heifer calves iret the higmepredacs ing dams — The second generation — Continued judicious selection the means of improvement.

The Dairy Bull . . P 244 Choosing a dairy bull Uniformity of gob Nuciber of cows to

the bull.

The Dairy Cow . ‘ : é ‘ ‘ ‘ . . 246 Productive period in duiey cattle . q a 2 $ . 246 Season of the year to breed . ‘ : ‘ . . 247 Parturition time . : : . . . : c . 248

The Calf . ‘ . ‘ . : : ‘ 3 . 250 Feeding the dairy alt. By nets . . 3 : A . 251 Removing horns from young calves’. 4 5 . : . 255 Castrating the male calf F ‘i F . . 7 . . 255

CHAPTER XT Care aND ManaGeMeENnT OF Dairy CATTLE . F . 257-274

Sanitary Milk Production . : : . 257 The cow — The stables Mavi house —_ ee Milking.

Milking Machines. . : : 5 . - : 3 . 260

Management of the Bull . é . . z : ‘ e . 263 Ringing the bull . é i . 5 ‘ : ‘ . 264

The Dairy Barn. Fi 264

Light in abundance should guter the diay een = Weniilation essential to health — Floors are best made of cement— Watering device.

The Silo. A ® i ‘ : : - . 270 The size of the ip Filling the silo. . ‘ é = » (271 xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER XII

PAGES

FrEepinc BEEF CatTTLE é Z a ; . A . 275-304 Essentials of Feeding Cattle . : ‘ . - . 3 . 275 Age at which to feed cattle . 3 . E ‘ ‘ 5 276 Form for feeding cattle . < : . : 2iT Condition of feeding cattle . : 4 . ‘ a . 278 Quality of feeding cattle 3 7 é ‘ > a ‘ . 279 Uniformity in feeding cattle CG . zs : : . 280 Food Requirements for Beef. ‘ ‘ ‘ si 3 . 281 Wintering Stockers and Feeders 4 : 5 : : : . 282 Roughage increases feeding hace ‘ : ' : . 284 Summer Feeding on Pasture. . 284 How to turn to grass — Feeding grain 1 enue on n Pato — The pastures.

Winter Feeding in Dry-lot 7 : F é 5 < . 2891 Feeding grain to cattle in dry-lot.

Baby-beef . ‘ ‘ ‘i . 291

Cattle used in abet nication —Heedine for baby-beef production — Advantages of baby-beef production — Disadvantages of baby-beef production.

Feeding Cattle for the Local Market z F : : é 293

Hogs following Grain-fed Cattle i F : . 295

Getting Cattle ‘*On Feed” F , 5 . 296

Length of Feeding Period . : : : ; . 297

‘Marketable Condition ‘ ; a : ‘ : , 297 When to market cattle.

Shipping Cattle . , ‘ 299 Preparing cattle for Aapihont Lprituing mate for che etal

market.

Sample Rations for Fattening Cattle . : : F . : 300

CHAPTER XIII

BREEDING Brrr CaTTLe ‘ A . é ‘ : ; 305-319

Plan of Breeding . ‘ . : é ‘ . 3807

Cooperative erating : P : ‘ as . 807

Raise heifer calves from best cows ‘ ‘ : z . 807

Selection of Breeding Stock : i « 808 The breed — Crossing — The dugi-porpess caw — thi formiey.

The cost of a bull.

CONTENTS xv

The Beef Cow . ‘ 5 r : ‘ . . 313 Production-period in cattle — Season of the eae ‘io breed — The : pregnant cow—Cow with calf at foot — Weaning — Feeding the beef calf.

CHAPTER XIV

CaRE AND ManaGemMeEnT or Beer CartTLe . . 3 : . 820-330 Farms for Fattening Cattle : : A % i ‘ . . 822 Equipment for Summer Feeding 3 322

Pasture — Feed-bunk — The self- faader _ Shiniia — Water— Salt. Equipment for Winter Feeding . : 326

Shelter for winter feeding — The feed ist Bintiorm for iibeia bunks — Dry-forage-rack — Water-tanks.

‘CHAPTER XV

Diseases oF CATTLE. ‘i . 831-855 Diseases of the Generative ‘Camas: andl Difficulties of Parturition . 331 Barrenness in cows 3 ‘ . 7 ‘ . P F . 3882 Abortion in cows . 7 - = 3 5 . s - . 38382 Difficult parturition ‘ aim 2 oats a : ‘ z J . 3884 Retained afterbirth ‘ . : ‘i 3 . = : . 3836 Eversion of the womb . ‘ 3 . ‘ : : j . 338 Milk-fever . ‘ - : S : 3 - . . 838 Garget . . 7 . . 7 2 . F . . 840 Ills of the Young Calf 7 é . . - 3 ; . 840 Constipation . - ‘5 ‘ : : ‘ : 3 . 841 Diarrhea or scours % ‘ P a ‘ < ‘ . 341 Tuberculosis 4 ‘ ei P ‘ ‘ : - ‘i . 343 Methods of intéotion ‘ 7 - ‘ . e . . 3843 The tuberculin test F , ‘ ‘ 3 soos ‘ . 346 The testing outfit . : F , . 7 ‘ - . . B45 Directions for making the test . 3 ‘ 5 - : . 3846 Retesting . F 2 > : > é . 849 Tuberculin not infallible f ‘ : ‘ ‘ ‘a 2 . 849 Prevention of tuberculosis . . si 5 . ci : . 849 Eradication of tuberculosis . ‘ . 3 is ‘ . 850 Bloating in Cattle. : : a: - . a . . 851 Impaction of the Rumen . . . . 3 . é : . 353 Cattle off feed.

Dehorning . ‘ ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ 5 F 3 . 854 Vices of Dairy eattia Z : : 2 3 “ a . 3854

Kicking cows — Sucking cow.

Xvi CONTENTS

PART ITI— SHEEP

- CHAPTER XVI

Cuoosine AND JUDGING SHEEP. 7 ‘ . ; . « 359-37 Catching and Holding Sheep . . . . «. . . . 8C How to estimate Age of Sheep . 7 . . r . : . 3€:

Examination of the teeth. ‘ . . : - . . 3h Types of Sheep . ; , ‘ . F - ‘ é F . 24 The fine-wool type : . F . is ‘ F . . 34 The mutton type . ‘ , 5 5 . 3 ‘ . 86.

Choosing Sheep . ‘ 5 7 ‘ ‘ * s ‘ é . 386 General appearance . é 36

Form — Condition and weieitic _ Gusltiy— —_— Gonstfiuttonal vigor — Uniformity.

Detail characters of sheep. r 36 Head — Neck — Shoulders — Chest. _ Body — op — — of mutton.

Examining the fleece . e . 37

Quantity of fleece— Density — a “Quality of Aestee Softness — Crimp — Soundness — Condition of fleece — Purity — Luster — Brightness — Yolk — Summary.

CHAPTER XVII

Frepine SHEEP. ; ri ‘ r . : - 877-AC Food Requirement of ishieon ‘ 3 ' r fs - . . 3 Feeding the Flock . i 2 i ‘ F : ‘ F . 3

The flock in summer . 3&

Pastyre for sheep— Arming mm Peer ae ee the ieee — Change in pasture — Providing shade — The use of sown pasture.

The flock in winter. , . 88 The winter ration — Hrerelea— — Care of feet _— Bedi: Fattening Sheep z 2 . : . : . 88 Growing winter lambs . . 381

Foundation stock — Winter ania for wintacdamt prodastion — Feeding the lambs — Dressing winter-lambs. Growing spring lambs . ‘ c - 2 ‘ a . 39 Feeding lambs for fall . ; s 7 $ Fs é - - 39° Getting the lambs on full feed.

CONTENTS Xvii

PAGES Fattening lambs in winter . : 5 F 398 Feeding in the semiarid West— Feeding in the corn-belt — Feeding in the East.

Sample Rations for Fattening Sheep . c j - , é . 401 CHAPTER XVIII Tue Breepine or Sueer. . . : . : - 408-421 Plan of Breeding : : : : E A ‘ : : . 404 Choosing Breeding Stock . F é . : ‘ . 404 Type — Uniformity.

The ram : F ‘ 2 : : ij ‘ e ‘ . 406 The ewe flock : é ; . : A : 3 . 406 The Breeding of the Ewes . ; . a : . 407 Productive period — Season to peed — Method of. mating — Managing the ram —The pregnant ewe —Lambing time — Difficult parturition. ; The Lambs ‘ . F . 413 The first meal — A onilled iaant ae disosmned lamb, Lambills . : . : . 416 Constipation — Diarrhea tt Pinwine a = Sars soetle — Sore eyes.

General care of lambs . F : . 417

Feeding the lambs — Weaning the lambs _ Castrating male lambs — Docking the lambs — Marking lambs.

CHAPTER XIX

CarE AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP x é . . ‘ . 422-438 Dipping Sheep . ; » 423 Importance of dippine'— The Sopike vat ‘How ates are sed = Frequency of dipping.

Shearing Sheep . , . 427 Washing sheep— When je: diay Hand! siesta ‘Machine shearing — Tying the wool.

Practical Sheep Barns : ‘i . 483 The feed-racks — Quantity of pearing —'The dieae tot,

CHAPTER XX

Diseases or SHEEP . 7 2 ‘ . é e ¢ . 489-450 Treating Sick Sheep ‘ a . . ‘ , a . 4389

Xvili CONTENTS

PAGES

External Parasites. - . . . . 5 F - . 440

Internal Parasites. 5 3 . . ‘ , . 440 The stomach-worm — The taper

Digestive Disorders . a . 446 a a _ Disontiere ere by evetteadine:

Other Diseases . 4 . . : . : i - . 448

Caked udder — Garget.

PART IV—SWINE

CHAPTER XXI

CuHoosine AND JupGING SwINE . , = FI F é . 453-466 Types of Swine . a ‘ . c . c : . . 453 The lard type " a ‘ : : . . 5 i . 453

The bacon type . F ‘ : : 7 3 . i . 454

Age of Swine. : . - i ‘ : . : ‘4 . 454 Choosing Lard Hogs . F F A P . : : . 455 General appearance of lard fieige é : ‘ . 456

General form — Weight and eondition — Quality — Cénstitution — Uniformity.

Detail characters of lard hogs. 459 Head — Jowls — Neck — Shoulders. — Back and jets — ‘Sides — Belly — Hips — Rump — Hams — Legs.

Choosing Bacon Hogs F ‘ ; - . 464 Condition — Form — Sioifldons —_ ‘Sides — Hinmwa,

CHAPTER XXII

Tue Frepinc or Swine 3 . : . . f F . 467-486 Food Requirements for Swine . fj 5 es : : . 468 Preparing Food . 5 3 . 469

Grinding feed — Soaking the teal — Cooking the foed, Making up a Ration . . . 470

Feeding capacity among swine — ‘Giving swine their feed — Salt — Fresh cool water.

Feeding the Breeding Herd - . : ‘ ‘ : . 472 Feeding the herd in summer 7 ‘ . 472 Ringing to prevent rooting — "Pastare for swine — ees for swine — Pumpkins and squashes.

CONTENTS xix

PAGES

Feeding the herd in winter . é a é < . ‘ . ATT Feeding the young and old herd.

Fattening Swine - Fi é . a c 7 . 478 Feeding the lard hog. 5 . 7 7 . . ‘ . 479 Feeding the lard hog in summer . : ‘ . F . 479 Feeding the lard hog in winter 2 F . é s . 481 Feeding the bacon hog . . . : a. Hs é - 483 Summer feeding on pasture . F . : * F . 484 Winter feeding in dry-lot ‘ 7 . . - ~ |). 484 Sample Rations for Swine . x 6 ° . 3 P . 485

CHAPTER XXIII

Tue BREEDING oF SWINE. 3 z . 2 7 5 - 487-502 Plan of Breeding é é a é 5 . ‘ - . . 487 Codperative breeding.

Selecting Breeding Stock . 2 5 . . . 2 ‘ . 489 The type — ne The Boar . z FI : : * é : 2 -. « 490 The Sows . m Z . 491

Productive eri Season to breed — “Method of mating—‘The pregnant sow — Farrowing time — The brood sow eating her pigs — The sow after farrowing.

The Pigs . . 498

The first tigate ii}s-—teadtine fis dies — Weanlve the wiles — Castrating pigs — Marking pigs — Pigs after weaning.

CHAPTER XXIV

Care AND MANAGEMENT js ‘ eS $ 5 . . 608-509 Dipping Swine . : . : . E : A 7 ‘ . 603 Shelter for Swine F 504

The large hog-house — The individaal hegehonses — The ACchaped individual hog-house — The shed-shaped individual hog-house — Disadvantages and advantages.