Madrasiana. By W. T. Munro ([pseudonym, i.e.] W. Taylor) ... Third edition. Reprint

Preface

. These interesting papers, with four exceptions, originally appeared in the Neilgherry Excelsior. They were subsequently collated, revised and printed as a book in four separate parts ; and in this form passed through two editions. They are now reproduced, numbered in successive Chapters, as there is no good reason why the arrangement into parts should be continued. The Publishers trust that by re-issuing this book they will revive an interest in Madras as it was some 25 years ago ; and preserve a mass of useful information that might otherwise be lost. H. & CO. December, 1889. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, FROM "MEN WHOM INDIA HAS KNOWN." Rev. William Taylor, was born about 1796, and came out to India in 1814-15. He returned to England in 1819, and after studying for the Ministry in a Dissenting College, came back to Madras in the service of the London Missionary Society.

He subsequently received Orders in connection with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. This connection after a time was severed, and Mr. Taylor having become by his marriage possessed of private means, occupied himself mostly in literary pursuits. His published works are : — a volume of " Sermons" in 8vo., one of the earliest of his works, composed in the style then usual with Evangelical Dissenters; Oeibntal Historical Manuscripts, in the Tamil, translated with annotations, 2 vols., qto., published in 1835 ; A Memoir op the First Centenary op the earliest Protestant Mission at Madras, 8vo., 1847; A Catalogue Eaisonie of Oriental Manuscripts in the Library op the (late) College op St. George, in 3 vols., 8vo., published in 1857, 1860 and 1862 successively; A Manual on the Canon op Holy Scripture, 1864; A A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR.

Hand-book op Hindu Mythology and Philosophy, 1865, of which a second edition has been published; and Madrasiana. Several papers by Mr. Taylor appeared from time to time in the numbers of the Madras Journal of Literature and Science which alone were sufficieut to establish his claim to oriental scholar ship. He died at Madras on the 21st of August 1878, at the advanced age of eighty-two years. CONTENTS. Chapters. Page. I. — The Luz Church — Armenian Church — Capuchin Church — St. Thome Cathedral. I II.— St. Mary's — Gericke's Church ... ... 4 III. — Big Parcherry and Royapuram Churches — Ken's Chapel ... ,., ,,, 8 IV. — Davidson Street Chapel ,.. ... 11 V. — St. George's Church; since the Cathedral. 15 Man giveth up the ghost, and where is he? 22 VI. — Wesleyan Chapels — Unitarian Chapel ... 25 VII. — The Church Mission Chapel ... ... 27 VIIA. — The Pursewaukum Missionary Chapel ... 32 VIII. — Churches of St. Rita, and Assumption ... 35 IX.— St. Andrew's ... ... ... ... 36 Lines.

For a Lady's Album ... ... 40 X. — Vepery Mission Church, now St. Matthias' 41 Epithalamium ,.., ... ,., 45 XI. — Trinity Chapel ,., ... ... ib. Hymn to the Trinity ... ... ... 4S XII. — Miscellaneous. American Chapel and Church ... 49 St. Andrew's — Vepery ... .,. 50 Wesleyan Mission Premises ... ... ib. Roman Catholic Cathedral ... ,,. 51 St. John's Church, Black Town ... 52 St. John's, Egmore ... ... ... ib. Two small Roman Catholic Churches at Puthupettah ... ... ... 53 St. Thomas' Church, St. Thome ... 54 Wesleyan Chapel ... ... ... 55 The Little Mount Church ... ... ib. CONTENTS. X Chapters. Page. XII.— Miscellaneous — continued. Christ's Church, Mount Road ... 58 Baptist Chapel at Periamoot, or New Town ... ... ... ... 59 The Church of St. Paul's, Vepery ... ib. German Lutheran Church ... ... 60 Emanuel Church, Black Town ... 61 Free Church, Esplanade ... ... 62 Church of St. Francis Xavier ... ... ib.

XIII. — Warm Dresses — Mount Road — Cenotaph — Guindy ... ... ... ... 64 XIV. — Cornwallis' Statue — Old Government Offices — Former Flagstaff — Landing of Earl Moira — Island, and Cadets' Tents — Banqueting Hall, and Government House — Sir John Abercrombie — Cards .., 69 XV.— The Mint— Salay Street— Halls ... 75 XVI.— The Old Exchange— The Old Supreme Court Houses — Scenes therein ... 81 XVII.— The Pantheon ... ... ... 84 XVIII. — Supreme Court Resumed — Judges — Cases 89 XIX. — Ameer Baug — Sir T. Hislop — Mahidpore. 93 XX. — Mrs. Murray's Seminary — Public Evenings — Incidents — Sprig of Royalty — Gentlemen-Officers— Charm of Duelling ... 97 XXI.— The Male Asylum— Dr. Bell— Chaplain- Principals — Case of one among them ... 103 XXII. — Anderson's Garden — Cochineal — Monument — College — Dr. Annesley — Two Councillors ... ... ... ... 107 XXIIL— Sullivan's Garden— Post Office— Parisian Compliment — Monckton Fund — Fracas — Clerical Excellencies .,, ... in XXIV.— Biodie Castle... ... ... ... 115 XXV. — Stanley Lodge, Adyar... ... ... 118 XXVI. — Mowbray Gardens ... ... ... 121 Lines Elegiac... ... ... .,, 124 XXVII. — Sinaitic Inscriptions ... ,., ,,, CONTENTS.

XI Chapters. Page. XXVIII.— Anthropologists — Species not changeable. 129 XXIX.— Vira Vasanta Raya ,,. ... ... 133 XXX. — Psychology ... ... ... ... 137 XXXI. — Aborigines .., ... ,,. ... 142 XXXIL— Paradise ... ... ... ... 148 XXXIII.— Soul of Being... ... ... ... 153 XXXIV. — On the Traduction of Souls ... ... 156 XXXV.— Haug's Aitareya-Brahmanam of the Rig- Veda ... ... ... ... 161 XXXVI. — Ancient and Modern Errors ... ... 179 XXXVII.— Difficulties Balanced 185 XXXVIII. — Grecian and other Oracles ... ... 191 XXXIX.— Old Newspapers ... ... ... 202 XL. — Missionaries and their work ... ... 206 XLI. — On the Covenanted and Uncovenanted Services ... ... ... ... 207 XLIL— The Polypus ... ... ... ... 209 XLIIL— The Sphinx Riddle ... ... ... 211 XLIV. — The Silver Currency ... ... ... 212 XLV. — England and Her Queen ... ... 216 XLVI. — Temperance Societies ... ... ... 219 XLVIL— On the Memorial Hall ... ... 221 XLVIII. — The Harbour Project at Madras ... 224 XLIX. — Paradise — continued from page 153 ... 229 L. — Traduction of Souls — contd. from page 161. 230 LI. — Monkey Origin of Man ... ... 231 LII. — Dearth and Remedy ... ... ... 233 LIII. — English versus Indian Political Economy. 237 LIV.— On Ghosts ... ... ... ... 245 LV. — On Spiritualism ... ... ... 249 LVI.— On Dreams ... ... ... ... 254 The Train ... ... ... ... 259 LVII.— War and Peace ... ... ... ib. MAD^ASIANH

Chapter I. The Luz

CHURCH— ARMENIAN CHURCH— CAPUCHIN CHURCH— ST. THOME CATHEDRAL. jOU requested me, some time since, to give you an account of Churches and Chapels at Madras : such as, I suppose, you would contrive to make use of. The subject may look a little barren, unless to peculiar tastes ; but much would depend upon details : mere dry statistics would interest few. I am not sure that mine is the best hand at such sort of work ; but, if it may please you, I will do what I can ; a little now, and a little then, as opportunity may serve. Would it be right to limit my notes to Protestant places merely ? perhaps not ; and yet I may fear to intrude on comparatively unknown ground. But it shall be impar tially. When I first knew Madras, the status was some what thus — the old Armenian Church ; the Fort Church ; the Capuchin Church ; Kerr's Chapel ; the London Mis sionary Chapel ; at Vepery, Gericke's Church ; at St. Thome, the Luz Church ; the Cathedral ; an old Church near Parry's Castle ; another one south, on the road leading to Brodie Castle.

This is a small list, if compared LUZ CHURCH— ARMENIAN CHURCH— with the present status. I believe the Luz Church is entitled to be considered the oldest. I have heard that when the Portuguese first came to this coast, they were uncertain where to fix ; but at length they saw a remarkable light, which, in their state of mind, they regarded as a divine intimation. On settling, they built a Church on the spot of the manifestation, and called it Luz, that is, the light. It is a small, and evidently very old building ; entitled to respect, as the first footing of Christianity in the neighbourhood of Madras. The Armenian Church is among the oldest. It bears on its street portal the date of A.D. 1712. How well! I remember the clangor of its bells ; which, after awhile, I could distinguish from the softer sound of the angelus, at the Capuchin Church, close by.

Marsh, a quondam barrister, in an English periodical, wrote a curious account of the building of this Church ; owing to Popham, an earlier barrister, imposing on one Jacob, an Armenian merchant ; but as Marsh's statement that over the portico is written "Jacob Moros," (Jacob the Fool,) is incorrect, I deem the story a fabrication, less solid than Church building. There is something about that old Church that always interested me. The belfry is distinct from the other building ; simply a long corridor, open at the sides and with a plain altar piece at the east end. Twice I attended the very early morning service on Sundays ; but on that point I do not intrude. Slabs, in the court appear, covered with inscriptions ; which indicate a community, once the leading merchants in Madras. At the early period I allude to, in the next door Capuchin Church, Padre Fidelas was Superior, and Jean Baptiste, Prefect, with a syndicate and lay-brotherhood.

I once heard Fidelas (an Italian) preach in what a by-stander told me was high Portuguese, not understood by the people. CAPUCHIN CHURCH— ST. THOME CATHEDRAL. 3 The want of a ministry equal to the rising level of the people, led to the petition which resulted in the Mission of Irish priests ; and to the great consequent changes. I do not place the Capuchin Church earlier than the Fort Church, or St. Thome Cathedral. In truth, I do not know their exact relative dates. I should be disposed to dismiss the St. Thome Cathedral in few words ; not from its small importance, but from my want of full acquaintance with its details ; only that there is a small antiqua rian matter concerned. It is asserted to be built over the earthly remains of the Apostle St. Thomas; and if the visitor is any way curious, he is led to the southern side, where a sort of large trap-door is lifted up ; and he is told that beneath is the tomb.

Moreover, the small cupola of a heathen shrine is pointed to above, as the Church in which St. Thomas preached. I will not discuss the question here ; but if, in the sequel, I should conduct the reader beyond the boundary of Madras to the " Little Mount," I may resume it. As to the body of the Cathedral, it is spacious; and, in foreign taste, elegant. The altar is large ; and the place is well supplied with statues. What the congregation may be now, I cannot state ; but it is easy to conceive that, in the palmy days of the Por tuguese power, it may have presented an imposing sight ; considered simply as a spectacle. The interior somewhat reminded me of the inside of a continental cathedral ; but is more gaudy.

Chapter II. St

MART'S— GERICKE'S CHURCH. HE Fort Church was built, I think, towards the close of the 17th century. The name of St. Mary's would appear to imply a compliment to Queen Mary, as Fort William did to her husband. I have seen it stated that the Church was built at the sole expense of a Governor, with the name of Streynham Master* mentioned. I doubt : but am not writing statis tics, or history, only light sketches. The Church was strongly built, plain, commodious; in the modern style of that time ; and free from affectation whatsoever. It is certain that the Rev. George Lewis was Chaplain in 1712; the Church was therefore probably finished some years before that date. The Rev. Dr. Bell, and the Rev. Mr. Kerr, are names of note connected with the Church. When I first knew it, the Senior and Junior Presidency Chaplains officiated in it ; to wit, the Rev. Edward Vaughan, and the Rev. Marmaduke Thompson.

On their transfer to the new Church on Choultry Plain, the Rev. Mr, Keating succeeded. The palmy days preceded ; but still there was much to interest. The Governor's fine family — the Elliots, still occasionally attended with their head; occupying the front of the gallery before the organ. The Mayor's pew remained ; and the last incum bent, ex-Mayor, occasionally attended, seated therein ; till ousted by dividing it, and appropriating the upper half to the Bishop's seat ; while the lower half became tenanted by the Town Major's lady: her fingers covered with rings, the presents, as scandal whispered, of the then Commander- *A.D. 1680. in-chief. It was curious to see Bishop Middleton seated one day, and the lady on his right ; with only a slight partition between. The seat appropriated to the Members of Council was a plain rattan-bench with a prie dieu in front, on the right side of the pulpit, then in the centre.

To do them justice, they rarely occupied it. Once I am sure I saw them ; but then a Bishop was in the pulpit. There were three " bloods" in those days — Campbell, Mason, and Turnbull, of the Civil Service, who occupied a seat midway down, and on the left of the pulpit ; who also dressed alike ; the most conspicuous feature being a stiffened damask towel under their chin, forcing their eyes to keep an angle of twenty or thirty degrees with the horizon. I forget how many kerchiefs I used to roll around my own self : fashion has its follies ; and the influence of beau Brummel on fashion was not then extinct. Other remarkables were two ladies on the same side higher up ; and, as recent from Europe, wearing what the wits termed, "coal scuttle bonnets," as being of the size and shape of an English coal-scuttle; monstrosities, made more so by a load of ornaments ; a handful of artificial buck-wheat being one of them.

These were the travelled authoress, Miss Maria Graham, and her companion. Bon nets then were usually neat and pretty ; but seldom worn. There was scarcely a Milliner in Madras ! and only two Europe shops. Ladies most frequently attended Chnrch in a cap and veil. At St. Mary's, a General's daughter wore a cap bedizened with scarlet ribbons. Poor girl ! she lost her fortune by the failure of a Mercantile house, and her wits perhaps were gone before. Mr. Keating the Chaplain was a very handsome man; had a fine voice, and a taste for music. He introduced the novelty of chanting at the opening of the Communion Service ; said to be his own composition. He happened to assert baptismal regen eration from the pulpit ; and received a private remon strance from a well-known East Indian. The result was, two sermons in proof, delivered with more than usual energy ; and he was never tame.

I trespass so far on a rule, not to meddle with rituals and opinions. Let not the reader think me frivolous : there are matters that force themselves on the attention even of the serious. The marching of troops to Church — their clattering entry — the band playing to and fro, I have not yet mentioned — nor yet the modern punkahs ; which, when I last saw the place, hid the audience from the preacher's view. The Garrison Chaplain has Fees, immunities, and precedence. Since Mr. Keating there has been a long succession ; good, bad, and indifferent. The place is not favorable to spirit uality of mind ; but it is a post of great usefulness, if made so ; as I believe is now the case. There are now memorial statues of Military men, and the old monuments of Swartz and Gericke : with slabs on the floor ; two of them covering the remains of Sir Samuel Hood, and of Sir Thomas Munro.

Slabs outside the Church, but within the iron railing, tell their own tale of human vanity, and mortality. It is a place well worth inspection, by a visitor on a week-day evening, when open ; both on its own account, and as being the first Protestant Church erected at Madras. The old Church at Vepery, subsequently termed Gericke's, may have been built as early as the Fort Church, seeing it was standing in 1746, when the Fort capitulated to M. De la Bourdonnais. Madras being restored at the peace of Aix in Chapelle in 1748, Admiral Boscawen induced the Government to make over the Church and premises to M. Fabricius of the Vepery Mis sion, in compensation for a Mission House pulled down by the French, and a Church turned into a magazine on the present esplanade. " The Church and premises (at Vepery) were confiscated from some Romish Missionaries who were expelled on account of holding communications with the French during the war, and facilitating their operations." — (Memoir of First Protestant Mission, p, 13.)

The premises were much more extensive than at present. The style of the Church was not unlike the present St. John's near the Kirk, but longer, and more narrow : consequently a small Church. After Messrs. Fabricius and Breithaupt, Mr. Gericke from the Tranque bar Mission came in charge, and officiated both in the Portuguese and Tamil languages. He originated the Madras Female Asylum; and was its Chaplain during his life. The Mission was tripartite, Vepery, John Pereira's, and Korkapettah ; the latter in exchange for the site of the seven wells, and for Mission paddy-fields, now the Powder Manufactory. From Mr. Gericke's great subserviency to the Government, they distinguished him, and he acquired great influence. The old Portuguese congregation was, a fine one, and there was a respectable remnant, so late as 1840.

It was also the palmy day of the Tamil congregation. An attempt to form an English congregation was made by Mr. Sherman, and other inhabitants of Vepery, in 1814-15 : but, from some cause or other, it did not long succeed. The Church, ought to have remained, even if only as a School-room; but it was pulled down about 1827-28 to yield a site for a printing office; which, changing its original use, in the end became an abortion : it has lately been re-invigorated. BIG PARCHERRY AND ROYAPOORAM CHURCHES— 8

Chapter III. Big Parcherry And Royapooram

CHURCHES— KERR'S CHAPEL. N my enumeration of sacred buildings at Madras, of the oldest class, I omitted to mention the Portuguese church in the "Big Parcherry," and a Roman Catholic Church at Royapooram. I know almost as little concerning them, as concerning the two subordinate churches that were mentioned at St. Thome. Of these two last, the one on the road to Brodie Castle was, I think, long closed, without any service in it. The larger one, near Parry's Castle, always had an incum bent: and, as I think, chiefly a native congregation. The old Portuguese church in the Parcherry of Black Town looks ancient ; it is a plain brick building without chunam-plaister. It bears a date over the portal, 1640 ; and 1857 for a late addition. I believe it is, and always was, under the St. Thome episcopate.

The attendance of the Parcherry people was divided between this church, and the Capuchin church, in the older time. Consequently I remember seeing the people going towards the latter, on Sundays, in rather remarkable costume. The men in a blue cloth coat much too large for the slender person ; the coat tail down to the ankles behind ; a white waistcoat, with very full front, aud a large queue pendant from a mass of hair down to the waist : with a hat of uncouth shape, that could own fifty years' service. This costume is now extinct. The women wore a neat jupou or corset, and very full skirts, a bonnet with high pasteboard front, over it a white, or variegated shawl, leaving the face uncovered ; or else a very large black veil covering the entire figure down to the middle. Of this costume I saw a specimen.

KERR'S CHAPEL. 9 recently in front of the modern St. John's church ; and I also think it was a Spanish costume down to a late period. I am not unacquainted with details of interior worship in the Capuchin church, but purposely avoid the subject. As regards the Royapooram church, it was, when I first saw it, of smaller dimensions than now. I had seen the procession on Maundy Thursday : had walked round the church, and looked into it when full of people. When after a long absence from Madras I again passed that way, I saw that a round tower had been added ; of which I was told a very ingenious gentleman was the architect. If carried to twice the height, castellated, and with a flagstaff in the centre, it would make a good Donjon keep ; but as now, it is quite out of keeping in ecclesiastical architecture.

The congregation was always, I believe, chiefly native ; and it used to be called the " Boatmen's church." It was once affiliated to St. Thome, or Goa ; but in later time passed over to the Irish cathedral. There are two parties who lately waged a long law-suit : the matter was put to individual vote ; and decided in favor of the Vicar Apostolic. The foregoing required to be got out of hand before coming to Kerr's chapel, or simply " The Black Town Chapel." At a time when St. Mary's was the only Pro testant Church for English service, and that almost filled by the military, it may be readily conceived, that there must have been a want of accommodation even for the very limited number of church-going people in that day. The Reverend Mr. Kerr, when chaplain of St. Mary's, projected a chapel of ease for the sake of Black Town and Royapooram.

The latter must have weighed greatly in the scale ; because the site chosen was a mile to the north of most of the Protestant dwellings in Black Town ; ten- BIG PARCHERRY Ss ROYAPOORAM CHURCHES, ETC. anted by chiefly poor people, who must walk to church. Nevertheless the building proved to be of essential service iu itself; and in its adjuncts or consequences. I imagine it was erected at the cost of the Government, seeing it has always been Government property. How it was supplied iu the earlier period, I do not happen to know. The two chaplains of St. Mary's had easy work then : and perhaps one was detached in turn, for the new chapel. When I first visited it, the incumbent was the Reverend Morgan Davis. I lived for twelve months or more at Royapooram, and found this place then more convenient than the Fort church.

The Male and Female Civil Orphan Asylums were then begun, though held in low-built, and mean looking bungalows; very different from the present noble buildings. The chapel was originally a plain oblong structure, with a bell at the west entry, and a small vestry at the N. E. corner, where subsequently a new belfry was erected. There was no other chancel than a narrow wooden platform railed round. At a much later date, a new chancel was thrown out ; a gallery built over the west doorway, and some other improvements added. These were made by contract with Harley's "clique," and at that price a then official sold himself to work out their purposes.

Chapter IV. Davidson Street Chapel

IHE last on the list of older buildings, which I gave, though not least in point of importance, during its day, is a neat chapel that, for a long time, bore over its portico the words "Missionary Chapel, 1810." After the erection of another chapel, not far off, it was distinguished as the " London Mission Chapel," and was considered to be in " Umpherson Street." At a comparatively recent period the street seems to have received a new name ; and thenceforward we heard only of " Davidson Street Chapel." It was, at first, a neatly plain oblong building ; with a small square portico, on common pillars ; raised above the level of the street ; and ascended by steps : the outer gate having lamps on the side posts. A commodious vestry at the west end was built, I think, at a later period, having " Godowns" underneath for oil, and servants.

In the interior the roof was of the plainest kind ; the tarred palmyras and lathes being visible, from the floor ; and, from the cross binders, cotton ropes, tied there, descended, and held in suspension a goodly number of " globe-lamps" of the olden time at Madras. The sittings, for many years, were chairs bought at auction : by degrees neater rattan benches were substituted. The pulpit was, for twenty or more years, of homely shape, ascended by two flights of steps, and communicating, by a door, with the vestry behind it. A modern pulpit was supplied ; the above rafters were concealed by a sheathing of wainscot-boards painted ; and wall-shades were affixed to the pillars and walls of the building. At a still later period, balconywork, green painted, and in cottage-orne fashion, was added ; comfortable no doubt to the congregation if they could not afford the usual purdahs at the doors and windows ; but injurious to the appearance of the building as a sacred edifice.

The great sewer runs along the western side of this property. For many years it was open, and a great annoyance. Repeated applications to the Govern ment failed of effect; till, at length, one more fortunate elicited an order for the sewer to be arched over, and so closed. I have been thus particular, because I think highly of the original object of the chapel, and of the promoters of that object. These were the Reverend M. Thompson, (once before mentioned,) the Reverend W. C. Loveless, Mr. D. Brown, and other Committee-men with them. "Kerr's Chapel" before described, was found to be too far away for poor people in the heart of Black Town. Many of them were neglected ;. and Mr. Thompson, who suc ceeded Mr. Kerr, appears to have thought that a plain chapel in their very midst would be a benefit.

The services of Mr. Loveless were available, and approved. He was not then ordained ; but came out as a Catechist from the (London) Missionary Society ; and in preference to Surat, his destination, he chose to stay at Madras ; with an engagement, as a schoolmaster at the Military Male Asylum, under Dr. Kerr, the then Principal. He was very useful among the boys ; many of whom were attached to him through after-life. I think I have heard that he held an evening service, in a private house, at an hour when neither of the two Protestant churches were open. He thus gathered round him some friends; and was shielded by being a layman, and a schoolmaster. By advice of Mr. Thompson, the Committee bought the ground, and went so far as to lay the foundation ; keeping quiet the intended object ; and stopping there.

Missionaries, and Missionary operations, were proscribed in these days : 1806 — 10. The Reverend Marmaduke Thompson, Junior Presidency Chaplain, took occasion to wait on Sir George Hilaro Barlow, the Governor (recently from Lord Minto's Council at Calcutta) ; and, after ordinary remarks, drew the attention of Sir George to the Black Town ; its neglected state ; the insufficiency of " Kerr's Chapel," and the like ; carrying the approval of the Gov ernor with him. He then ventured so far as to say, " Don't you think, Sir George, that another small, and plain chapel, might be built in their midst." The Gov ernor assented. " Then," replied the other, " it is done, and the foundation is laid ; but we cannot go a step further without your express permission." The Governor threw himself back, and said, " Mr. Thompson, have you caught me."

However, he could not honorably recede ; aud the chapel was built : entirely, I believe, by subscrip tion. This little anecdote, which I heard from Mr. Thomp son's own mouth, may not be unacceptable to my readers. Mr. Loveless was ordained, (as minister of the congregation he had raised), by other ordained Missionaries of his Society, and in their own mode. He himself came from a congregation of Anti-burghers in London ; so that the place in his time, was somewhat Presbyterian in some of its forms. After the new charter in 1815, various mission aries came out to Madras: one of them, the Reverend Richard Knill, as Mr. Loveless's coadjutor, and friend. Then followed the best days of that chapel. Not long since I heard that it was reduced, by various circumstances, almost to insignificance ; and again still more lately that there has been a moderate revival of interest and attendance.

In describing the chapel I did not include the two free schools ; one for boys, on the north side, and a smaller one for female children, on the south side of the premises. They were both due to Mr. Loveless ; partly, perhaps, to Mr. Knill, and were kept up entirely by subscription. No native congregation was formed in this chapel till about 1833. It was at the best very small, and I think it did not long continue ; but on this point I do not feel quite certain. This chapel, with either one, or both of the ministers named, originated — The two free schools aforesaid The Friend-in-Need Society. The Auxiliary (London) Missionary Society. The Madras Bible Association, (now defunct.) Of course, there may be differences of opinion as to Reverend M. Thompson's share in the above chapel ; and differences as to some later proceedings, connected with it.