A Modern History, from the time of Luther to the fall of Napoleon. For the use of schools and colleges

Preface

TO THE FIRST EDITION. In writingthis History I have attempted to furnish, for the use of schools and families, a connected narrative of what is most vital in the events of the last three hundred years, avoiding both minute details and elaborate disquisitions. If, in accomplishing this object, I have avoided the defects of those dry compendiums which are too often used for want of living histories, and have succeeded in enforcing those great moral truths which History ought to teach, this little work will, I doubt not, meet with, that degree of attention which it may be regarded as meriting, and which a life devoted to historical composition may not unreasonably claim. J. L. South Audley Street, London. POSTSCRIPT TO THE NINTH THOUSAND. The addition of three new chapters, completing the narrative to the Peace of Villafranca, will, it is hoped, render the History still more acceptable to Teachers, and be kindly accepted as an expression of gratitude for the favor with which the work hns been received. The price of the book ia unchanged. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

— EUBOPBAN SOCIETS IWTHE FlPTBIINL'H C3NTPB7, FAOB ilie HsUanth centuiy abrilliant epoch 1 Kindling of intellectual life 2 Spirit of enterprise 2 Birth of popular liberty -. 3 Architectural changes 3 Invention of gunpowder 3 „ printing „ 4 Discovery of America 4 Growth of Italian cities 6 Progress of luxury 5 Sculpture and painting 6 St. Peter's Church at Rome 6 Discovery of the Pandects 7 Poets and philosophers 7 Revival of learning 6 P10B Imperfect civilization 9 Great social evils „ „. 9 Influence of Feudalism 9 The Peasant of the Middle Agea 9 Slow progress of society 10 Corruption of she Papacy 11 Usurpation of the Popes 11 How far useful 12 Hard to destroy 12 Belies and images 13 Monkish frauds 13 Spirit of persecution 14 Indulgences 14 Unsuccessful Reformers 14 The Reformation ■ 16

Chapter II

— Martin Luther and His Associates. Birth of Luther 16 His religious experiences 16 Augnstinian Theology 17 Luther as Professor 17 „ visit to Borne 18 ,, as Doctor of Divinity 18 Preachers of indulgences 18 The ninety-five propositions 19 The Elector of Saxony 20 Erasmus • 20 Melancthon 20 Pope Leo X 21 The Emperor Maximilian 21 The Papal Legate 22 The Leipsic disputation 22 Character of the debate 23 Luther's appearance 23 Authority of Scripture 24 Position of Luther 24 His fltnes3 for the work 26 Papal excommunication 25 Luther's intrepidity 26 Burning of the Papal Bull 26 Diet of Worms 27 Imprisonment at Wartburg 27 Carlstadt 28 His extravagances 28 His flight 29 Miinzer and the Peasants' War 29 Marriage of Luther 30 Ulrio Zwingle 30 Character of Zwingle 31 Differences with Luther 31 Spirit of his reforms 32 Political combinations 32 Diet of Augsburg 33 Confession of Augsburg 33 League of Smalcalde 34 Disunion of the Reformers 34 Death of Luther 35 CHAFTEE III.— The Empeboe Chables V. Condition of Germany in 1510 36 „ France 36 n Spain 36 „ England 36 „ Italy 37 „ Northern Powers 37 „ the Ottoman Empire ... 37 The Emperor Charles V 38 Eia rrval, Francis I. 38 Their mutnal jealousies 39 Character of their wars 3d Battle ofPavia 40 Sack of Some by the Bourbon....,.-,. 40 Peace of Cambray 40 Diet of Spires 41 Peace of Nuremberg 41 Barbarous* 43 Peace of Creasy. ~ 4* CONTENTS.

VI ■ PAGE Council of Trent 42 Its character 43 Death of Francis 43 Triumph of Charles 44 Maurice of Saxony 44 PAGE Flight of Charles *• Treaty of Passau *8 Marriage of Philip VI 4' Resignation of Charles *' His death and oharacter 48 CHAPTER IT.— The Reformation to the Accession of Elizabeth. Accession of Henry VIII 49 Catherine of Arra gon 49 Anne Boleyn 60 Henry's divorce 60 Its difliculties 61 Disgrace of Wolsey 61 Sir Thomas More 62 Thomas Cranmer 62 Thomas Cromwell 63 Elevation of Anne Boleyn 63 First steps of the Reformation 54 Suppression of Monasteries 64 Ruin of the monks 55 Henry checks the Reformation 65 His domestic difliculties 66' His last years 66 His character 67 Accession of Edward VI 57 The deeds of Cranmer 67 Character of Crammer 58 Death of Edward VI 58 The Lady Jane Grey 59 Accession of Mary 59 Religious persecution. 60 Marriage of the Queen 60 Fires of Smithfleld 61 Death of Cranmer 61 Effect of persecution 62 Last years of Mary 62 Accession of Elizabeth 63

CHAPTER V.

— The Civil Wars op France. Death of Catharine 67 Accession of Henry P7 67 Henry abjures Protestantism 68 Results of this apostacy 68 Edict of Nantes 68 Internal improvements 69 Assassination of Henry 7C Effects of his death 70 A great historical Bubject 64 French Reformers 64 Catharine do Medici 65 Charles LX 65 The Guises and the Bourbons 65 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 66 Death of Charles LX 66 Renewed civil wars 67

CHAPTER VI.

— English Histobt fhdbb Elizabeth, Accession of Elizabeth 71 Claims of Mary Stuart 71 Scottish Reformers 72 Marriage of Mary 72 Flight of Mary 73 Her captivity 73 Her execution 74 War with Spain 74 Cruelties of Alva in the Netherlands 74 William of Orange 75 His military preparations 75 The Spanish Armada 76 Death of Philip II 76 Death of Lord Burleigh 76 The Irish rebellion 77 Disgrace of Essex 77 His treasonable attempt 77 His trial aud execution 7S Lord Bacon 78 Death of Elizabeth 78 Her policy 78 Persecution of Nonconformists 78 Commercial enterprise 79 Sir Walter Raleigh 79 Social advances 80 Revival of literature 80

CHAPTER VII.

— Philip II. ami the Austhian Pbinoes oe Spain. Accession of Philip II 81 Religious persecution 81 The Prince of Orange 82 Holland aided by England 82 Revolt of the Moriscoes 83 Their expulsion from Spain 83 The Inquisition 84 Deoay of Spain ....... BF CONTENTS. VII

CHAPTER VIII.

— The Counter Reformation and the Jesuits. PAGE The period of conflict- 86 The Early Jesuits 87 Ignatius Loyola 87 Institution of the Order 88 The Pope's reasons for it 88 Their rapid extension 89 Increasing power 89 Their sacrifices lo Francis Xavier 90 PAGE The Constitution of the Jesuits 91 Their vows of obedience 91 „ spiritual despotism 91 Their system of education 92 „ political intrigues > 92 Jesuit casuistry 92 The Popes in the sixteenth century 93 Their moderation t»3 The great families of Rome 94

CHAPTER IX.

— The Thibtt Teaes" Wab. State of political parties 95 Dissensions among the Protestants 96 Maximilian II. and Rodolph 96 Matthias 96 Evangelical Union 97 Catholic League 97 Revolt in Bohemia 97 Maximilian of Bavaria 98 Count Mansfeldt 98 Wallenstein 99 His lawless troops 99 Pomp of Wallenstein 100 His enemies 100 He retires to his estates 101 Gustavus Adolphus 101 Sack of Magdeburg 102 Success of Gustavus 102 Danger of Ferdinand 103 Recall of Wallenstein 103 Death of Gustavus 104 Inaction of Wallenstein 104 His assassination 105 Peace of Westphalia 105 Results of the war 106

CHAPTER X.

— The Reign of Loom XIII. Regency of Mary de Medioi 107 Concini and De Luynes 108 Cardinal Richelieu 108 His ambition and aims 109 Siege of La Rochelle 109 Humiliation of Austria 110 Depression of the French nobles 110 Exile and death of Mary de Medioi 111 Uiin of the nobles Ill lumiliation of the Parliament 112 le Court of Aids 112 Ifluence over the King 113 Death of Richelieu 113 His character 113 Death of Louis XIII 114 Cardinal Mazarin 114 Intrigues of De Retz 115 The Fronde 115 Position of Conde* 116 Course of Mazarin 116 Dissensions of the nobles 117 Failure of the Fronde 117 Triumph of Mazarin 118 His death 118 \ •HAPTER XI.— England svbifg the Rbigns of James I. Airn Chablbs I. Death of Buckingham 125 Petition of Right 125 The Earl of Strafford 126 Ship money 126 John Hampden 126 Insurrection in Scotland 127 The Long Parliament 123 Impeachment of Strafford 128 Rebellion in Ireland 128 Attempt to seize the Five Members 129 Public excitement 129 Flight of the King 130 Opfiirjg of a new era 110 Popar discontents 119 Gun)wderPlot 120 Pena,cts against Catholics 120 Reigns favorites 120 Abuses royal authority 121 Parliaintary opposition 121 The Spish match 121 War vri\ Spain 123 AccessiCof Charles 1 123 The Hou of Commons 124 Gmbarraiaents of the King CONTENTS. VIII

CHAPTER XII

— The English REVonmoif, Aim Olitbh Cromwell. PAGE page Commencement of hostilities 131 Abolition of Royalty 139 Rebellion in Ireland 139 Death of Hampden 131 Oliver Cromwell 132 Battle of Dunbar 140 Battle of Edge Hill 132 „ Worcester 140 Alliance with the Scots 132 The Romp Parhament 141 Ambition of Cromwell 141 Battle of Marston Moor 133 Parliament dismissed 142 Growing influence of Cromwell 133 Yhe Self-denying Ordinance 134 Cromwell becomes Protector 143 Battle of Naseby 134 War with Holland 143 The new Parliament 143 The King given up by the Scots 135 War with Spain .,.. 144 HIb imprisonment 135 His duplicity 135 Seizure of Jamaica 144 Power of the army 136 Cromwell refuses the Crown 144 Ascendency of the Independents 136 His conduct as Dictator 144 His death 144 War with the Scots 137 Cromwell invades Scotland 137 Richard Cromwell 145 Execution of the King 138 Restoration of Charles II 145

CHAPTER XIII.

— '. -The Reign op Chables II, Charles's arrival in London 146 The Habeas Corpus Act 150 General rejoicing 146 Court intrigues 150 Sufferings of the Catholics 151 Reasons for it 147 First acts of Charles 147 Execution of Stafford 151 His encroaching temper 148 Sufferings of the Dissenters 152 Secret alliance with Louis XIV 148 Death of Lord William Russell 162 The bribe accepted 149 The Rye House Plot 152 Manners of the age 153 Venality of Parhament 149 Closing of the Exchequer 149 State of literature, Ac , 153 Fining of juries 150 Condition of the people 154

CHAPTER XIV.

— : -The Rbign ot Jambs IL Accession of James II 155 Declaration of indulgence 161 Accepts the bribe of Louis 155 Trial of the Seven Bishops 161 Duke of Argyle's rebeUion 156 Organized resistan ee to James 16f Landing of Monmouth 156 The leading conspirators 16 Battle of Sedgemoor 167 Declaration of the Prince of Orange 1st Colonel Kirke and Judge Jeffreys ... 157 Tardy concessions of James ]3 The Bloody Assize 158 Landing of the Prince of Orange j4 Removal of Cathohc disabilities 158 His position and successes 64 Abuse of the prerogative 159 Fhght of the King .165 Assembly of Parhament i65 Quarrel with the Universities 159 Infatuation of James 160 Conditions imposed on William.... 165 Corruption of Parnament 160 The Bill of Rights 166 Opposition of the gentry rm 161 CHAPTEB XV— Lons XIV. of Fkauce.

Louis XIV., "the State" 167 Three periods in his reign 167 The wealth he inherited 168 Colbert, Minister of Finance 16ft Egotism of the King 169 Extravagance of his Court- 169 Madame de Montespan •••■ 170 Her pride and extravagance.... 170 Her death 171 Madame de Maintenon ■ 171 Her character 171 The great men of the ago ....-—.™ CONTENTS. IX PAGE | Pa as Their genius repressed 172 Forbidden to flee , 175 Degradation of the nobles 173 The Dragonades 175 Persecution of the Jansenists 173 Revocation of the Edict of NanteB ... 176 Suppression of the Jansenists 174 ItB pohtical consequences 176 ,, M Quietists 174 Early prosperity of Louis 177 Edicts against Protestantism 174 Disasters of later days 177 Their cruel persecution , 175 His melancholy, and death 178

CHAPTER XVI.

— Wars in EUBOPE AGAINST LOUIS XIV. Idea of a balance of power 179 Death of Conde*, at Seneff 184 How it originated 179 Conquests of Turenne 184 Military ambition of Louis 180 His death and character 184 Claims Flanders from Spain 180 Peace of Nimeguen 186 State of the contending parties 181 Hostilities renewed 186 The Prince of Conde" 181 Third combination 186 Conquest of Flanders 181 Calamities of the war 186 League against Lous XIV 182 Embarrassment of the French 186 Preparations for war , 182 Peace of Ryswick 187 Attack on HoUand 182 Humiliation of Louis XIV 187 Embarrassment of the Dutch 183 War of the Spanish succession 187 Their heroism 183 Position of Louis 188 Disasters of the French 183 Death of William III. of England ... 188 Reverses of Louis 188 A second league formed 183 Assassination of the De Witts 184 Peace of Utrecht 189

CHAPTER XVII.

—: -Reigns op William III, '.. and Anne. Coronation of William III..-. 190 The Duke of Marlborough 195 RebeUion in Ireland 190 Lord Godolphin 196 Siege of Londonderry 191 The Whigs and the Tories 19< Battle of the Boyne 191 Their respective principles 196 Subjugation of Ireland 191 Trial of Dr. SachevereU 197 Union of England and Scotland 197 Place BUI and Triennial Bill 192 Foresight of William 192 Conditions of the Union 198 The Act of Settlement 193 Effects of it 198 Death and character of William 193 Wits of Anne's reign 198 Joseph Addison 199 Accession of Anne 194 Dean Swift 199 Foreign policy of William 195 The wars with Louis XIV 195 Death of Anne 19» -Russia and Sweden.

CHAPTER XVIII.

- Sclavonic origin of Russia 200 Marriage with Catharine 206 Reign of Vladimir 200 Building of St. Petersburgh 206 Increasing power of Peter 207 Conversion to Christianity 201 Charles XII. invades Russia 207 The Tartar conquest 201 Reign of Ivan III 201 Defeat of Charles 207 Accession of Peter the Great 202 Battle of Pultowa 208 His military genius 202 FoUy of Charles XII 203 His foreign travels 203 Peter becomes Emperor 209 His renewed travels 209 His reforms 203 Changes in the army 204 Treaty of Neustadt 210 General improvement of the people... 204 Coronation of Catharine 210 War with Sweden 204 Death and character of Peter 210 Defeat of Peter at Narva 205 Character of Charles XDt, MI Now military preparations -.... CONTENTS, X fiOS PAGE War with Eussia 215 Early history of Sweden 211 „ „ Poland 215 Ancient Scandinavia 212 „ „ Saxony 215 «-\e Northmen 212 His pride and ambition 216 Justavus Vasa 213 Gustavus Adolphus 213 His reverses and follies 216 Strange conduct in Turkey 217 Christina 213 Effects of his captivity 217 Early life of Charles XII 214 Siege of Fredericshall 218 Change in his character 214 His heroism 214 Death of Charles XII 218 GeOBQB I. AKD GEOBOE II.

CHAPTEB XIX.— Kbishs o» Accession of George 1 219 The Excise Bill 227 Decline of Walpole's power 227 Power of Parliament 219 Eetirement of Walpole 223 Sir Eobert Walpole 220 Labours of the Methodists 228 The Pretender 220 His English Partizans 220 The Pelhams 228 Invasion of Scotland 221 Their Administration 229 The Young Pretender 229 The Septennial Bill 221 Invasion of Scotland 229 Financial genius of Walpole 221 Enthusiasm of the Scotch 230 The South Sea Company 222 Wild financial schemes 222 Arrival at Linlithgow 230 Walpole's insight 223 Capture of Edinburgh 230 Moderation of Charles Edward 231 Delusions of the nation 223 Invasion of England 231 Mania for speculation 223 Bubble schemes 224 Battle of Culloden 232 Their failure 224 PUght of the Prince 232 General distress 224 His death and character 233 Eetirement of Newcastle 233 Abolition of the Export Duties 225 Mr. Pitt's Ministry 234 Accession of George II 225 The East India Company 225 His brilliant career 234 Their former Charter 226 Death of George II 234 Lord Townsend 226 Acoession of George III 235 Peace of Paris 235 Walpole's peace policy 226 CHAPTEB XX.—l -Loois XV. o» Feahce.

Quarrel with the Xing 243 Eegencyof the Duke of Orleans 236 Financial difficulties 236 Spirited conduct of Parliament 244 Fraudulent schemes 237 Death of Cardinal Fleury 244 Law's Mississippi Company 237 Madame de Pompadour 244 Greatness of the delusion 238 Her extravagance 245 Due de Choiseul 245 General madness 238 Bursting of the bubble 239 Quarrel with the Jesuits 245 Its inevitable consequences 239 Their commercial affairs 246 Louis arrives at majority 240 principles and errors 246 His extravagance 240 „ embarrassments 247 Cadinal Dubois 241 expulsion from France 247 Cardinal Fleury 241 Their expulsion from Sp iin 247 The Jansenist controversy 241 Suppression of the Order 247 Its origin 241 Death of Pope Ganganelii 247 Cause of its prolongation 241 Suicidal measures 248 Pascal's "Provincial Letters" 242 Growth of popular power 248 The Parliament of Paris 242 Seeds of revolution 248 Its judicial character 242 Insight of the King 24s Growth of it« power 243 His death 24» CONTENTS.

XI CHAPTEB XXI.— Thb Colonial Waes between England and Fbanci. page PAG1 English colonies in America 250 The English in India 254 French settlements 250 The French in India 265 Mutual jealousies 251 Hostilities, French and English 256 Growth of the colonies 251 La Bourdonnais and Dupleix 255 Their pohtical education 251 Schemes of Dupleix 256 Great men produced 252 Victories of Clive 256 French fortifications 252 English settlements plundered 257 George Washington 253 Blaok Hole of Calcutta 257 Fall of Louisburg 253 Greatness of Clive 257 Fall of Quebec 254 Growth of Enghsh power 258 CHAPTEB XXII.— Feedebio the Gbbat and tee Seven Yeabs' Wab. i Family of Frederic 259 I Beverses of Frederic 265 Frederic William 259 His critical situation 265 His tyranny 260 His impending ruin 266 Accession of Frederic II 260 Defection of England 286 His warlike tendencies 260 Friendship of Peter III. of Eussia ... 266 His restless ambition 261 Peace of Hubertsburg 267 The Seven Years' War 261 Distress of the kingdom 267 Embarrassments of Frederic 262 Effects of the war 267 Battle of Bossbaoh 263 Partition of Poland 268 „ Leuthen 263 The Germanic Union 268 „ Zorndorff 264 Death of Frederio 268 Pope Benedict XIV 264 His character 269 CHAPTEB XXIII, ■Mabia Thbbesa AND OATHABINB II.

The Austrian Empire 270 Her great qualities 276 The Imperial Chamber 270 Her death 276 The Aulio Council 270 The German States 271 Successors of Peter the Great 277 Diet of the Empire 271 The Empress Catharine 277 Peter II 277 Ferdinand III. and Leopold 271 The Hungarian Bevolution 272 Empress Elizabeth 277 Death of Leopold 273 Peter III 277 Accession of Joseph 273 Murder of Peter 278 „ Charles VI 274 Accession of Catharine II 278 The Pragmatic Sanction 274 Assassination of Ivan 279 Accession of Maria Theresa 274 The wars of Catharine 279 Frederic seizes Silesia 274 Partition of Poland 279 Appeal to Hungary 275 War with Turkey 280 Battle of Fontenoy 275 Death of Catharine 280 Peace of Dresden 276 Orloff and Potemkin 280 Character of this reign 231 Marriage of Maria Theresa 276 CHAPTEB XXrV.— , ■Calamities oi Poland Ingratitude of Austria 285 Early history of Poland 282 The Jagellons 282 Partition of Poland 286 Election of Polish Kings 283 Eemorse of Maria Theresa 286 The Duke of Anjou 283 Stanislaus and Polish reforms 286 The Chancellor Zamoyski 286 Flies from his kingdom 284 Last struggles for independence 287 His successors 284 John Sobieski 284 Causes of her faU CONTENTS; -Thb Decline op ihb Oitohan Ejuibb, CHAPTEB XXV.— '.

PAGI pagb Fall of Constantinople 292 fiise of Mohammedan power 289 Growing power of the Turks 292 The Saracenic Empire 289 Solyman the Magnificent 293 Origin of the Turks 290 His successors Their oonquests 290 Peace of Carlovitz 294 Masters of Asia Minor 291 Decline of Turkish power 294 Othman and his successors 291 Character of their institutions 294 Captivity of Bajazet J91 Bsign op Geobgb III.

CHAPTEB XXVI.—: Operations in the South 310 Accession of George III 296 The Grenville Ministry 296 Treason of General Arnold 311 Death of Major Andr6 311 John Wilkes 296 His prosecution 297 General warrants 297 Defence of Wilkes 297 Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 311 Articles of peace signed 311 Eetirement of Washington 312 The Eockingham Ministry 298 The Lord George Gordon Eiots 312 Ministry of William Pitt 312 Letters of Junius 298 His great talents 312 Outlawry of Wilkes 298 Expulsion from the House 299 His colleagues 313 Lord Mayor of London 299 Difficulties in Ireland 313 His death 299 Society of United Irishmen 314 The rebellion crushed 314 Scheme for taxing America 300 Union of England and Ireland 315 Views of the Colonists 300 Passing of the Stamp Act 301 Emmet's treason 315 Bepeal of the Stamp Act 301 Parliamentary reform 315 Elevation of Lord Chatham 302 Warren Hastings 316 His conquests in Bengal 316 Fresh taxation of America 302 Lord North's Ministry 302 Plunder of Benares 317 Disturbances in the Colonies 303 Its final conquest 317 Leading patriots 303 The Princesses of Oude 318 Dr. Franklin in London 303 Trial of Hastings 318 Destruction of tea at Boston 304 Its importance 319 The port closed 304 Edmund Burke 319 Movements in America 304 Charles James Fox 320 Discussions in England 305 Bichard Brinsley Sheridan 320 Speech of Mr. Burke 305 Acquittal of Hastings 321 Lords Chatham and Camden 305 Legislation for India 321 Battle of Bunker's Hill 306 The East India Company 321 Invasion of Canada 306 Lord Cornwallis 322 Death of Montgomery 307 Seringapatam invested 322 Evacuation of Boston 307 Marquis of Wellesley 323 Declaration of Independence 308 EarlofMoira 323 Greatness of Washington 308 New Charter in 1833 323 La Fayette 308 The Anglo-Indian Empire 324 Surrender of Burgoyne 309 Discussions on the Slave Trade 324 Valley Forge 309 William Wilberforce 324 Perplexities of Washington 309 War with France 325 Offers of peace rejected 310 Genius of Mr. Pitt 326 CHAPTEB XXVII.— The Fbjsnch Eetolction.

Accumulated evils in France 326 1 Cause of the Revolution 326 ' Writings of the Philosophers 327 Materialism of Helvetius CONTENTS. XIII PAGE PAGB Genius of Voltaire 328 The Legislative Assembly 341 Absence of all principle 328 Clubs and parties 341 Writings of Rousseau 328 Girondists and Jacobins 341 Contrasts with Voltaire 329 Preparations for war 343 Hypocrisy of Rousseau 329 Invasion of Prance 342 Atheism of Diderot 330 Massacre of the Swiss Guard 342 The Encyclopædists 330 The National Convention 343 Diffusion of Democratic ideas 331 Danton and Marat 343 Feudal evils 331 Robespierre 343 Oppression of the poor 332 Massacre in the prisons 313 Character of the aristocracy 332 Trial of the King 344 Financial disorder 333 His execution 344 Accession of Louis XVT 333 Effects of this step 344 Maurepas and Turgot 334 Committee of Pubhc Safety 345 Necker and Calonne 334 The Reign of Terror 345 National bankruptcy 335 Execution of Marie Antoinette 346 Meeting of the Notables 335 Other illustrious victims 346 Brienne and taxation 335 Execution of Danton 346 Return of Necker 336 ,, of the Anarchists 346 The Abbe" Sieyes 336 General consternation 346 Meeting of the States General 336 Last hours of Robespierre 347 The Tiers Etat 337 Termination of the Reign of Terror... 347 Influence of Mirabeau 337 Carnot'B warlike preparations 347 Revolt of the guards 338 Great reaction 348 Storming of the Bastile 338 The New Constitution 348 Approach of famine 338 Council of Five Hundred 348 Spoliation of the Church 339 „ of the Ancients 348 System of Assignats 339 The Directory 348 The National Federation 340 Final struggle 349 Death of Mirabeau 340 Murat and artillery 349 Flight and capture of the King 340 Napoleon Buonaparte 349 The Constituent Assembly 340 Effects of the Revolution 349

CHAPTER XXVIII.

-: -Napoleoit Bconapabtb, Early youth of Napoleon 351 Spohation of Italy 358 Services at Toulon 351 Reverses of tbe French 358 Appointed second in command 351 Court paid to Napoleon 358 Influence in the Directory 352 Becomes First Consul 359 Marriage with Josephine 352 Offers peace to England 359 Rejected by Mr. Pitt 369 The army of Italy 352 First brilliant campaign 352 Military preparations 360 General Moreau 353 Difficulties of Napoleon 360 Financial perplexities 353 Passage of the St. Bernard 360 French successes 353 Treaty of Luneville 361 The "Infernal machine" 361 Fall Of the Enghsh funds 354 Mutiny at the Nore 354 Reforms of Buonaparte 361 Battle of Cape St. Vincent 354 First Consul for Life 362 Victories of Napoleon 355 The Code Napoleon 362 Conquest of Venice 355 Conspiracy of Moreau 362 The Due d'Enghien 363 Treaty of Campo Formio 356 Invasion of Egypt 356 Napoleon declared Emperor 363 Battle of the Pyramids 356 The Marshals of France 363 „ of the Nile 357 Invasion of E,>gland 863 Siege of Acre 367 War on '^e Danube 364 Battle of Trafalgar 364 Returns to JjVnnce , CONTENTS, XIV PAG* PAGB Retreat of the French 373 Death of Lord Nelson 364 Frightful disasters 372 Battle of Austerlitz 365 Death of Mr. Pitt 365 Passage of the Beresina 372 Battle of Jena 365 Melancholy results 372 Humiliation of Prussia 365 Coalition against Napoleon 373 Battle of Lutzen 373 Battle of Eylau 366 „ of Dresden 373 Peace of Tilsit 366 Napoleon's reforms 366 of Leipsic 373 Elevation of his family 367 Difficulties of Napoleon 374 The Spanish War 367 The Allies in Paris 374 Abdication of Napoleon 374 Battle of Corunna 368 Occupation of Vienna 368 Retires to Elba 375 Divorce of Josephine 368 Death of Josephine 375 Marriage to Maria Louisa 368 Peace of Paris 375 Escape from Elba 376 Great armies in Spain 369 Victories of Wellington 369 Ney and the army 376 8iege of Badajoz 369 Flight of the Bourbons 376 French Invasion of Russia 370 Consternation of E urope 377 Vast preparations 370 Wellington and Blucher 377 Battle of Waterloo 377 Passage of the Niemen 370 Battle of Smolensko 371 Return of the Bourbons 378 ofBorodino 371 Napoleon at St. Helena 378 Conflagration of Moscow 371 Reflections on his fall 378

CHAPTER XXIX.

— Eubopb, peom the Congbess op Vienna to the Fall op Bourbons. THE Charles X. and Mb Hi sisters 388 Cost of the war 379 Congress of Vienna 379 Revolution of the three days 389 The Holy Alliance 380 Revolution in Belgium 38? Attack on Algiers 381 Italy and the Popes 390 The Princess Charlotte 381 Revolution in Spain 390 The Spanish American Colonies 391 Queen Caroline 382 Manchester Massacre 383 Mr. Canning's speech at Plymouth .. 391 Cato Street Conspiracy 383 Simon Bolivar 392 Death of Napoleon 1 384 Portugal and her Colonies 392 Death of Lord Castlereagh 384 States of Germany 393 The Emperor Alexander 394 Great commercial panic 384 Ministry of Mr. Canning 385 Accession of Nicholas 395 Catholic emancipation 385 Revolution in Poland 396 Daniel O'Connell 386 Sclavonian Nationality 397 Repeal of the Test Acts 386 Revolution in Greece 397 Death of George IV 387 Massacre of Scio 398 France under Louis XVIII 387 Battle of Navarino 399 Assassination of the Due de Berri ... 388 Peace of Adrianople 400

CHAPTER XXX.

-i ■Continental Eubope, i'kom the Accession of Louis Jf, 1 KU \1 1 UK JH.LL3! of Louis Napoleon. Philippe to the Reign Accession oi Louis Philippe 401 Attempted assassination oi the King 401 Fortifications of Paris 403 Removal of Napoleon s remains 404 General prosperity 401 Expenses of the Government 404 Louis Napoleon at Strasburg 402 Annual deficit 404 Conquest of Algiers 402 Marriage of the Due de Montpensier 404 Peaceful wigu of Louis Philippe ... 403 Popular insurrections ,„ 4?5 CONTENTS, XV PAGE Abdication of the King 405 Rise of Louis Napoleon 405 Ascendancy of Louis Napolecm 406 Queen Isabella and Don Carlos 406 Espariero Regent 407 General Narvaez 407 The Zollverein 407 Dfspotism in Prussia 407 Emperor FerdiDand 408 Insurrection in Vienna 408 Abdication of the Emperor 408 Hungarian "War 408 Imperial concessions 409 ItaJy 409 PAGE Mazzini and GaribalJi 409 Russian Encroachmems 410 Turkey 410 Ef-'7P« 4'0 England 411 Necessity of Cepresertative Reform 411 Public Meetings 411 Earl Grey's Bill 412 Passage of Reform Bill 412 Abolition of Slavery 413 Duke of Wellington's Ministry 413 Lord Melbourne 413 Penny Postage 414 Death of William IV 414

CHAPTER XXXI.

—; -Rt ION of Queen Victoria.

Prosperity of England 415 Cardiual Wiseman 42fi Lord Melbourne's Ministry 415 Great Exhibition 42b Distinguished Members of Parliament 415 Steam Navigation 427 Railways 427 Difficulties with Car ada 416 Electric Telegraphs 427 Papineau 416 Discovery of Gold Mines 427 Major Head 416 Death of Wellington 427 Lord Durham 416 Resipnation of Ministers 424 Prince Albert's Marriage 417 Lord Aberdeen 428 Hostilities in Chir a 417 Crimean War 428 Chartist agitations 418 The Sick Man 428 Chartist demands 418 Russian encroachments 429 Unpopularity of the Government... 418 Nicholas 429 Oxford Tracts 419 Lord Palmerston 429 Secession of English Divines 419 Hostilities 430 free Church of 8colla id 439 Lord Raglan and St. Jruaud 430 Ministry of Sir Robert Peel 420 Effects of the schism in Scotland ... 420 Siege of Sebastopol 4:'o Battle of Balaclava , 4U The Afghan War 420 Miss Nightingale 431 Asghanistan 421 Fall of Sebastopol 432 Lord Aukland 421 Treaty of Paris 432 Dust Mi-hamed 421 Expenses of the war 432 Disastrous march of the English ... 422 Annexation of Oude 432 Lord Ellenborough 422 jodian Empire 433 Close of the Afghan War 422 Reforms in India 433 Annexation of Scinde 423 Sepoy Rebellion 433 Irish agitation 423 Delhi 434 O'Connellf 423 Massacre of Cawnpore 434 Ashburton Treaty 423 Relief of Lucknow 434 Repeal of the Corn Laws 424 Death of Havelock 435 Sir.Robert Peel 425 Suppression of the Mutiny 435 Railway annia 425 Improvements and reforms in India 415 Lord John Russell 425 Trade of India 436 1'ailurd of Potato cr>p 425 Government of India 436 B CONTENTS, XVI PACK Pis Reform Bill 439 Resignation of Derby Ministry 439 Gladstone Ministry 439 Mr. Gladstone **° Disestablishment of Irish Cburch ... 440 Irish Relief Bill 4il Education Bill. 441 Alabama Claims ••■ 441 Abolition of sale of Commissions in the Army ■•- Catholic University Education 442 PAGB Resources of India 436 Enelish Colonies 4^6 Return of Palmwston to po»er 417 Commercial Treaty with France 437 Civil War in America 4*7 The Trent affair 437 American commercial policy 438 Cotton famine 433 Death of Palmerston *38 Eitension of the Franchise 439 Disraeli 439