The Student's Rome. A History of Rome ... Illustrated ... New edition, ... revised

Front matter

M O M E. bird's-eye View of the Forum from the Capitol. The Students Bo me. A HISTOEY OF ROME, FEOM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIEE. WITH CHAPTERS ON THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND ART. BY HENEY G. LIDDELL, D.D., DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. ILLUSTRATED BY MAP AND NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. NEW EDITION. LONDON: JOHN MUEKAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1882. The right of Translation is reserved. One volume, post 8vo., 7*. 6d. each. THE STUDENT'S HUME ; a History of England from the Earliest Times to the Revolution of 1688. Based od the History of David Hume, corrected and continued to the Treaty ofBerlin, 1878. Woodcuts. •»• Questions on the above Work. 12mo. 2a. THE STUDENT'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Henry Hu.i.im, LL.D. THE STUDENT'S HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.

By Hen by LLallam. LL.D. THE STUDENT'S HISTORY OF FRANCE. From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Second Empire. 1852. By W. H. Jebvis. Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S GIBBON: An Epitome of the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Woodcnte. THE STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ROME. From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire. By Dean Lujdell. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. THE STUDENT'S HISTORY OF GREECE. From the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest. By Dr. Wm. Smith. Woodcuts. %• Questions on the Student's Greece. 12mo. 2a. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Phœnicia, 4c. By Philip Smith, B.A. Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. By Philip Smith, B.A. Maps and Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY.

By Philip Smith, B.A. Maps and Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. From the Earliest Times to the Reformation. By Philip Smith, B.A. With Woodcuts. 2 vols. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY. From the Planting of the Chnrch in Britain to the Silencing of the Convocation in the Eighteenth Century. By G. G. Pebby, M.A. 2 vols. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By Canon Bevan. Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. Mathematical, Physical, and Descriptive. By Canon Bevan. Woodcuts. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By G. P. Mabsh. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By T. B. Shaw. THE STUDENT'S SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH LirERATURE. By T. B. Shaw. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By Wm. Fleming. D.D. THE STUDENT'S BLACKSTONE.

Preface

. Tins Volume contains tho History of Rome, slightly abridged from the larger work by the Author (in two volumes 8vo., 1856), in order to render it conformable to the wants of younger students, and to make it range with the History of Greece by Dr. William Smith. Since its first publication, considerable changes have been made, two of which require especial mention. 1. The Author has been persuaded, by the arguments of Mommsen, to relinquish the attempt to reconcile the account given by Livy of the Battle of the Trebia with that given by Poly bius. 2. He has also been convinced, by the evidence of the excavations made by M. Beule at Carthage, that tho theory of tho site, which had been adopted on the high authority of Estrup, Bitter, Niebuhr, and others, is erro neous, and that, after all, Roman and Tyrian Carthago stood nearly on the same ground.

The present Edition has been very carefully revised throughout. For assistance in this troublesome work tho Author has to thank the Rev. J. Backhouse, of Felsted ; and ho is glad to take this opportunity of acknowledging the scrupulous diligence with which that gentleman has examined every paragraph, and pointed out many inac curacies and obscurities which have been now removed. A full Chronological Table has been added. August, 1871. b HOME. Coin of Cæsar in 4th Dictatorship, p. 601 CONTENTS. Farm Preface Chronological Table of Roman History xlii

Introduction

. Bect. I. Physical Geography of Italy 1 II. Early Population of Italy 9

Book I. Rome Under The Kings

(B.C. 753?-510?.) Chap. I. Origin of Rome : Romulus and Numa 15 II. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius, the third and fourth kings 26 III. Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius, the fifth and sixth kings 31 [V. Tarquinius Superbus, and the beginnings of the Republic .. .. 4-7 V, Observations on the history of Rome under the kings P8

Book II. Rome Under The Patricians

(b.c. 3l0?-367.) B.C. Chap. VI. Decline of Roman power after the expulsion of the Tarquins. Geographical sketch of the neighbourhood of Rome 65 VII. The Tribunate 70 VIIL Agrarian law. The election of the Tribunes transferred to the Tribes 7fi TO 451. IX. Wars and foreign affairs from the battle of Lake Regillus to the Decemvirate 80 b CONTENTS. B.C. Chap. Page 470-449. X. Continued struggle between the Orders. The Decemvirate. The code of the Twelve Tables .. .. 89 448-407. XI. Sequel of the Decemvirate. Military Tribunate. General history to the war with Veii 102 448-391. XII. Wars since the Decemvirate. Siege of Veii .. .. 108 390. XIII. The Gauls 114 389-367. XIV. Sequel of the Gallic War. Licinian Laws. Final equalisation of the two Orders 121

Book III. Rome Conqueror Of Italy

(b.c 366-264.) 366-344. XV. Sequel of the Licinian Laws. Civil History to the first Samnite War. Wars from 389-344 .. 129 343-341. XVI. First Samnite War 136 340-338. XVII. Great Latin War. Subjection of Latium .. .. 142 337-327. XVIII. Events leading to the Second Sanjnfte War ..\1en 326-304. Second or Great Samnito War / lj0 298-290. XIX. Third Samnite War 160 — XX. Civil History during the time of the Samnite Wars 166 289-282. XXI. Events between the TJird Samnite War and the landing of Pyrrhus 172 280-275. XXII. Pyrrhus in Italy .. .. 182 274-264. XXIII. Final reduction and settlement of Italy .. .. 190

Book IV. Rome And Carthage

(B.C. 264-201.) XXIV. Carthage. Events leading to First Punic War .. 198 264-241. XXV. First Punic War 203 241-218. XXVI. Events between the First and Second Punic Wars 215 218-215. XXVII. Second Punic War. First Period 225 215-211. XXVIII. Second Punic War. 210-207. XXIX. Second Punic War. 206-201. XXX. Second Punic War. Second Period 246 Third Period 258 Fourth and last Period .. 270 XXXI. Government, Constitutional Changes, and Finances up to the close of the Hannibalic War .. .. 285 XXXII. Social and Intellectual Condition of the People. — Manners — Religion— Literature — Art .. ., CONTENTS. IX

Book V. Rome And The Conquest Of The World

(b.c. 201-131.) B.C. Chap. Pagb XXXIII. Introductory : State of the Eastern World .. 314 214-194. XXXIV. First and Second Macedonian Wars : Settlement of Greece by Flamininus 321 196-188. XXXV. War with Antiochus, and settlement of Eastern Affairs 334 200-175. XXXVI. Wars in the West contemporaneous with the Macedonian and Syrian Wars 343 230-172. XXXVII. Civil History during the Macedonian and Syrian Wars: Corruption of manners : Senatorial predominance: Scipio and Cato 348 185-167. XXXVIII. The Third Macedonian War, or War of Perseus 358 183-149. XXXIX. General History between the War with Perseus and the last Wars with Greece and Carthage 369 151-145. XL. The last Wars with Macedon and Greece: Fall of Corinth 378 150-146. XLI. Third Punic War : Fall of Carthage .. .. 383 149-133. XLII. Spanish Wars : Fall of Numantia 393 134-131.

XLIII. First Slave- War in Sicily .. 399 XLIV. The condition of Rome and her people at the close of the Period of Conquest 404 XL. Manners and Morals : Literature and Art .. 410

Book VI. First Period Of Civil Wars

(B.C. 133-78.) 133. XLVI. Tiberius Gracchus 420 133-129. XLVII. Return and Death of Scipio the Younger .. 429 128-121. XLVIII. Caius Gracchus and his times 435 120-104. XLIX. Jugurtha and his times 447 113-101. L. The Cimbrians and Teutons \ 458 103-100. Second Slave-War in Sicily / 100-91. LI. From the Sixth Consulship of Marius to the death of M. Livius Drusus 467 90,89. LII. The Social War 477 88-86. LIII. First Civil War 484 88-84. LIV. First Mithridatic War 493 83,82. LV. Return of Sylla : Second Civil War 503 82-78. LVI. Sylla's Dictatorship and death X CONTENTS.

Book VII. Second Period Of Civil War

(B.C. 78-30.) B.C. Chap. Paok 78-70. LVII. Revolutionary attempt of Lepidus:. Sertorius : Spartacus: Consulship of Pompey and Crassus .. .. 522 74-61. LVIII. Third or Great Mithridatic War: Pompey in the East 531 69-61. LIX. From Consulship of Pompey and Crassus to return of Pompey from the East : Cæsar : Cicero : Catiline . . 541 62-58. LX. Pompey's return : First Triumvirate : Caesar's Consulship : Clodius 553 58-50. LXI. Cæsar in Gaul: breach between Pompey and Cæsar.. 563 51-48. LXII. Second Civil War : death of Pompey 576 48-44. LXIII. Absolute rule of Cæsar -. 590 44-42. LX1V. From the death of Cæsar to the battle of Philippi . . 606 42-30. LXV. From the battle of Philippi to the final establishment of Imperial Monarchy 622 — LXVI. State of the Empire : Literature, Art, Manners, and Religious feeling 634 Ik-des , 655 Coin of Agrippa, v/ith head of Augustus on the reverse.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Coloured Map of Italy and the adjoining coasts with the route ot' Hannibal to face page 1 Rome: — Bird's-eye View ofthe Forum from the Capitol .. Frontispiece. Tage Coin of Cæsar in 4th Dictatorship vii Coin of Agrippa, with head of Augustus on the reverse .. x Coin of M. Antony, with head of Cæsar on the obverse .. xi Coin with head of Janus .. xii M^dal commemorative of the foundation of Rome . . . . 1 Wolf of the Capitol .. .. 15 Lake of Alba 26 Cloaca Maxima 31 Map of Rome 43 Cloaca of Marta in Tuscany . . 4o" Tomb of the Tarquins .. .. 47 Bust of Niebuhr 58 Ostia at the present day . , 64 View of Campagna Go Lake of Nemi, looking over the Campagna o'9 Tarpeian Rock 76 Tivoli, looking over the Campagna 80 Castor and Pollux 89 Coin of P. Porcius Læca, author of the Law of Appeal . . . . 101 Emissary of Alban Lake .. 108 Geese of the Capitol (?) . . .. 114 As, with head of Janus .. .. 121 Reverse of As, with Ship's prow 128 M. Curtius 129 Etruscan Walling 135 Pagb Coin with Samnite Bull goring the Koman Wolf', struck in the Social War 136 Roman soldiers 142 Tarracina 150 Beneveutum in Samnium ., 159 Tomb of Scipio Barbatus .. 160 Appian Way 166 The Island of the Tiber . . . . 172 Coin of Epidituriis 181 Coin of Pyrrhns with head of Dodoncan Zeus 182 Brundusium 190 Coin of Carthage, with winged Horse 198 Coin of a Liviueius, with head ofRegulus 20o Coin of Metellus Scipio, referring to Battle of Panormus 21 I Temple of Janus closed, on a Coin of Nero 215 Lake Trasimene 225 Plan illustrating the Battle of Lake Trasimene 234 Head of Marcellus, on a Coin of Marcellinus 246 Coin of an Acilius, with Triumphal Car 258 P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus 270 Lictors 285 Remains of Aqueduct at Rome 301 Coin of Ptolemy Philadelphus ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page Coin of Mithridates VI. . . " . . 495 Coin: — Temple of Jupiter on Capitol, and head of Jupiter 503 Tomb near Alba 512 Cn. Pompeius Magnus .. .. 531 Slab from Arch of Titus, representing the Spoils of Jerusalem borne in Triumph . . 540 M. Tullius Cicero 541 C. Julius Cæsar 553 Coin of Cæsar 562 Coin to commemorate Conquest ofGaul * .. 563 Parthian Coin 575 Coin to commemorate the taking of Egypt 576 M. Junius Brutus 590 Coins struck upon the death of Cæsar 605 Coins of the Triumvirs .. .. 606 Fine Coin of Antony, executed at Antioch 621 Antony and Cleopatra .. .. 622 Octavian 634 M. Vipsanius Agrippa .. .. 654 Figure Head of Roman Galley, dredged up near Actium .. 672 Page Coin of Philip V., King of Macedon 321 Coin of the Quinctian Gens, bearing the head of Flamininus 333 Coin of Antiochus the Great .. 334 Tomb of the Scipios, as restored byCanina 348 Coin of Perseus 358 Coin of Lepidus, representing Paullus triumphing over Perseus and his Children .. 368 Coin of Attalus 1 369 Plan of Tyrian Carthage .. 387 Tomb on the Appian Way .. 404 Medallion of Terence .. .. 410 Bust of Ennius 419 The Forum from the Capitol.. 420 Tomb on the Appian Way .. 429 Walls of Rome, from the inside 435 Caius Mari us 458 Coin of the Eight Italian Nations, joining in an Oath of Federation, with the Legend Italia 477 Coin of the Two Allied Nations who last held out, with the name of Papius in Oscan Characters 483 Coin with bead of Janus ( *& ) B.C. T63 716. 673. 611 en.

C79. 5J5. 610. 509. 608 501 499. 496. I'M. 494. 493. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Book I.— ROME UNDER THE KINGS. Oomnion date for the foundation of Rome. Romulus, first king. His political institutions. League with Tatlns and tlie Sabines. He wins the fir;>t spolia opima. Death of Romulus, after a reign of 37 years. Interregnum. Nuxa PoMriLius, a Sabine, second king. His religious institutions. Regulation of the year. Death of Nutna, after a reign of 43 years. Tullus Hostilius, a Roman, third king, Destruction of Alba and league with Latins. Death of Tullus Hostilius, after a reign of 32 years. A xcus Maktius, a Sabine, fourth king. Settlement of Latins on the Aventine. The Plebeians. Death of Ancus Martius, after a reign of 24 years. h. Tabquihius Piusctts, an Etruscan, fifth king. Great public works.

Addition to the numbers of the Senate, the Knights and the Patrician Gentes. Death of Tarquinius Priscus, after a reign of 38 years. Servius Tulliub, probably a Latin, sixth king. Addition of the Esquiline and Vinrinal to the city. Walls round the whole. The constitution of Servius. The Ager Romanus divided into Tribes : Comitia Centuriata and Tribute. Death of Servius Tullius, after a reign of 44 years. L. Tarquinius Superbus, an Etruscan, seventh king. Establishment of despotism. Subjection of all Latium. Expulsion of Tarquin and his clan, after a reign of 25 years. Esta blishm knt of a Refublic, in which the Patricians become the rulers of Rome Book. II.— ROME UNDER THE PATRICIANS. The first Consuls. Treaty with Carthage. First attempt to restore the Tarqulns by a conspiracy at Rome. The sons of Brutus put to death.

Second attempt, by the Etruscans of Veii and Tarquinii. Brutus killed in battle. Third attempt, by Porsenna king of Clusium. Fourth attempt, by the Thirty Latin cities. T. Lartius, fiest Dictator; Sp. Cassius, first Magister Equitum. This attempt foiled by the battle of Lake Regillus. Death of Tarquinius Superbus at Cumæ. The Tribes increased from 20 to 21 (.srfe p. 67, note). Troubles respecting the nexi. First Secession of the PleDeians, to Mons Saccr. Establishment of tho Tribuni Pj-ebis and the Ædiles Plebis. Second Consulship of Sp. Cassius He forms a Leacuk with the Latins HISTORY OF ROME. XIV B.C. 491. Volscian wars. Couiolanus threatened by the Plebeians, takes refuge with the Volscians. 483. Coriolanus, before Rome, is persuaded by his mother to retire. His death. 496. Third Consulship of Sp.

Cassius. He forms a league with the Hernicans. First Agrarian Law. 435-479. The seven Consulships of the Fabii. In the last year the Fabian Gens forms a settlement on the Cremera to check the inroads of the people of Veii. 477. The Fabian Gens cut off by the Veientines. 474. Forty years' peace with Veii. 471. Volero Publilius, elected Tribune for a second year, carries the Publilian Law (of Volero), enacting that the Tribunes be elected at the Comitia Tributa, Volscian and Æquian wars. The Cons. App. Claudius deserted by his soldiers. 470. Impeachment and suicide of Appius. The Tribunes increased In number from two to five about this time. 462. C. Terentilius Habsa proposes to revise the existing relations between the Patricians and Plebeians. 461. Struggles respecting the Terentilian law.

Condemnation of Kæso, the son of Cincinnatus. 460. Continuation of struggle. The Capitol seized by Herdonius with a band of exiles. 453. Æquian War. CiNeiNNATUS appointed dictator to rescue the Roman array. 457. The Tribunes increased in number from five to ten. 456. Icilian Law, by which Mount Aventine is assigned to the Plebeians. 454. To avert the Terentilian Law, the Patricians agree to send Triumviri to Greece, lo bring back copies of the Athenian and other Greek codes. 452. Return of the Triumviri. It is agreed to suspend all existing magistracies, and to appoint Decemviri with legislative and executive functions. 451. The Decemviri, of whom the chief is App. Claudius, promulgate the Ten Tables. 150. New Decemviri appointed. They promulgate two more tables, thus completing ibe Twelve Tables. 449.

The last Decemviri remain illegally in office. War with the Sabines: Legend of Siccius Dentatus. War with the Æquians: Legend of Appius Claudius and Virginia. Trovoked by these outrages, the Plebeians make a Second Secession. The Decemviral government is annulled, and the Consuls, Tribunes, &c, restored. Popular laws of the Consuls Valerius and Horatius. 417. The Quæstors are made elective, instead of being appointed by the Consuls. 445. Canuleian Law, to legalise marriage between the two orders. Law of the Nine Tribunes, proposing to elect the Consuls indifferently from both orders. Compromise by which Military Tribunes with consular power are lo be elected, Plebeians being eligible to the office (see b.c. 400). 443. Creation of the Censorship, a Patrician office. 442. Colony sent to Ardea. 410.

Famine. Appointment of a Prefect or the Market. Sp. Mælius distributes corn to the poor. 439. Ahula, Master of the Horse, slays Mælius on his refusal to appear before the Dictator Cincinnatus. 438. Fidenæ revolts, and seeks protection from Veii, the Forty Years' Peace be) ween that city and Rome being near Its termination (see b.c. 474). 437. Veientine war. The second tfpolia opima won by A. Cornelius Cossus. 434. Lex Æmilia limits the duration of the Censorship to 18 months. 431. Great victory over the Volscians and Æquians at Mt. Algidua. B.C. 426. Peace with Veii. 421. The number of the Quæstors increased from two to four, and the Plebeians declared eligible (see b.c. 409). 418. Colony sent to Lavici. 409. Three of the four Quæstors arc Plebeians (sec B.C. 421). 407. Termination of the peace with Veii. 405.

Siege of Veii begins. 400. First election of Plebeians to the Military Tribunate (see B.C. 445). 399. Pestilence at Rome. First Lectisternium. 398. Embassy to Delphi. 396. Capture of Veii bv Camillus in the tenth year of the siege. 394. Peace with the Faliscans, 393. Distribution of Veicntine lands to the Plebeians. 391. Exile of Camillus. The Gauls break into Etruria, and by siege to Clusium. 3S0. Battle of the Allia in July. Three days after, the Gauls enter Rome. Burning of the City. The Capiioi saved by M. Manlius. Camillus recalled, and madu Dictator. Departure of the Gauls after seven months' occupation. 389. Proposal to migrate to Veii rejected. The Latins and Hernicans break off tlieii league (see B.C. 493, 486). Camillus defends Rome. 387. Four new Tribes added, so that the whole number becomes 25 (sec b.c. 495). 334.

Condemnation of M. Manlius. 383. The Pomptine lands assigned to the Plebeians. Colony sent to Nepete. 382. War with the Prænestines. 380. Præneste taken. 376. Promulgation of the Licinian Laws by the tribune C. Licinius Stolo, supported by L. Sextius. 371. During this and the four preceding years the tribunes interdict tbe election of any magistrates. 367. The Licinian Laws passed in the tenth year. Consuls to be restored, and one Consul to be a Plebeian. But the Patricians appropriate a new magistracy called the Prætorship, and also (probably) the Curule Ædileship. Camillus celebrates Tin-: Political Union of the Okders by building a Temple io Concord. Book III.— ROME CONQUEROR OF ITALY. 366. Consuls regularly elected from this year downwards. (During the 78 years sim.e the creation of the Military Tribunes, Consuls were elected 23 times, Military Tribunes 50 times, and there were five years with no magistrates). 365.

Pestilence at Rome. Death of Camillus. 364. First exhibition of stage plays. 36*2. War with the Hernicans. Part ot the Lcgionaiy Tribunes made elective by the soldiers. 361. Second invasion of the Gauls. Single combat of T. Manlius with a Gaul, whence he gains the name of Torquatus. 3CC. Tibur joins the Gauls against Rome. 358. Two new Tribes added, so that the whole number Decomes 27 (see E-c. Ii1\ 356. C Marcius Rutilus, kirst Plebeian Dictator. HISTORY OF ROME. 361. C. Marcius Rutilus, first Plebeian Censor. 350. Third invasion of the Gauls. 349. Single combat of M. Valerius with a Gaul, whence he gains the name of Corvus. 348. Second treaty with Carthage (see B.C. 509). 343. First Samnite War. Valerius Corvus, consul, wins the battle of Mt. Gaums. 342. Mutiny of Roman army in Campania.

Another Secession. Popular Laws. Both Consuls allowed to be Plebeian. 341. Peace with the Samnites. 340. Great Latin War. Consuls T. Manlius Torquatus (Patr.), P. Decius Mus (Pleb.). Battle of Vesuvius. Devotion of Decius. 339. Popular laws of the Dictator Q. Publilius Philo. One of the Censors md be Plebeian. 338. Complete subjugation of the Latins. Settlement of Latium. 337. Q. PublUius Philo, first Plebeian Prætor. 334. Colony sent to Cales on the Samnite frontier. 332. Treaty with Alexander of Epirus, who had been called In to assist the Tarentines against the Lucanians and Samnites. Two new Tribes added, so that the whole number becomes 29 (see B.C. 358). 329. Colony sent to Anxur or Tarracina. 328. Colony sent to Fregellæ on the Samnite frontier. 327. War with Palæpolis. 326. Quarrel with the Samnites, arising out of the war with Palæpolis.

Second Samnite War begins. First appointment of a Proconsul, 321. Successes of the Romans during the first years of the second Samnite war terminated by the capture of the Roman army in the Furculæ Caudina.' by C. Pontius. 318. Two new Tribes added, so that the whole number becomes 31 (see B.C. 332). 312. App. Claudius the Censor. He constructs the Appian Way and the Appian Aqueduct. To gain political power, he distributes the Freedmen throughout all the Tribes. 311. The Etruscans take part with the Samnites. 303. The Marsians and Pelignians declare war against Rome. 306. The Hernicans declare war. 304. These several tribes being obliged to sue for peace, the Samnites at length submit. End of the Second Samnite War. The Marsians, Marrucinians, Pelignians, Frentanians and (soon after) the Vestinians all become allies of Rome.

Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus, Censors, confine the Freedmen to the four City Tribes. Cn. Flavius publishes the Fasti. 300. Ogulnian Law, by which four of the Pontiffs and five of the Augurs must be Plebeian. 299. Two new Tribes added, so that the whole number becomes 33 (see B.C. 318). 298. Third Samnite War begins. Colony sent to Carseoli. 296. The Wolf of the Capitol set up by the Ogulnii. 295. Battle of Sentinum, In which the Samnites and Gauls are decisively defeated by the Consuls, Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Decius Mus (the 2nd). 293. First sun-dial set up at Rome. Colossal statue of Jupiter placed by Carvilius cn the Capitol. 291. Colony sent to Venusia. 890. End op the Third Samnite Wab. B.C. 186. J^ast Secession of tho Plebeians, to the Janiculum. Quelled by Hortensius tU» Dictator. 283.

War with the Lucanians, Etruscans andGauw. The Senonian Gauls are annihilated, and a colony planted at Sena Gidlica. The Boian Gauls, with the Etruscans, decisively defeated at Lake Vadimo. 232. Thurii relieved by the Cons. C. Fabricius from the attacks of the Lucanians and Samnites. Roman envnys insulted by the Tarentines, who call in Pyrrhus to their aid. 230. War with Pvrriius. He defeats the Romans at Heraclea, <md marches into Latium. Winters at Tarentum. 279. Pyrrhus defeats the Romans at Asculum in Apulia. 278. Pyrrhus leaves his allies In South Italy to the mercy of the Romans, and passes over into Sicily. 276. Pyrrhus returns to Italy and renews the war. 275. He is defeated by the Consul M'Curius near Beneventum, and finally quits Italy. 273. Ptolemy Philadelphia forms an alliance with Rome.

Colonies sent to Posidonia (Pæstum) and Cosa. 272. Tarentum and all the peoples of Southern Italy submit to Rome. Thus ends what is called the Fourth Samnite War. Livius Andronicus, the tragic poet, taken prisoner at Tarentum, is brought to Rome. Falls of Terui formed. 270. Capture of Rhegium. The Mamertines who held it are put to death. 269. Silver money first coined at Rome. 268. Submission of the Picenians. Colony at Ariminum; also at Beneventum. 265. In this and the next year, the Subjugation of Italy is completed. Book IV.— ROME AND CARTHAGE. 2C4. The Mamertines who had seized Messana claim the protection of Rome against Hiero, king of Syracuse, and the Carthaginians. Beginsing of First Punic War. 263. Siege of Messana raised by the Consuls. Hiero makes peace. 2C2. Capture of Agrigentum by the Romans. 260.

The Romans for the first time build large ships of war. Naval victory of Duilius at Mylæ. 256. The Consuls Manlius and Regulus gain a great sea-battle. They land in Africa. Regulus left to carry on the war there. 255. Great successes of Regulus. He is defeated and taken prisoner by Xantiiiitis The Roman fleet is wrecked off Camarina. 254. A second fleet built. Panormus taken. 253. The second fleet is lost between Panormus and Italy. The Romans abandon the contest by sea. Ti. Coruncanius, first Plebeian Pontifex Maximus. 250. Battle of Panormus, gained by the Proconsul Metellus. Regulus sent to Rome to advocate peace. A third fleet built. Blockade of Lilybæum begun. 219. The Consul Claudius loses part of the fleet at Drepana. The other part -wrecked near Camarina. 247. Hamilcar Barca seizes Mt. Hereto near Panormus, and afterwards occupies Eryx.

Harasses the Romans. HISTORY OF ROME. D.C. 242. The Romans buiW a fourth fleet. 241. C. Lutatius Catulus decisively defeats the Carthaginians off the Ægattan Isi.zs AND THUS TERMINATES THE FlRST PONIC WAR, Two new Tribes added, and this completes the final number of 35 (see B.C. 299). Sicily is constituted as the first Province. 240. War of the Carthaginians with their Mercenaries. Livius Andronicus begins to exhibit tragedies at Rome. 238. Mercenary War finished by Hamilcar. Sardinia given up to Rome. Hamilca* appointed to the command in Spain. The oath of Hannibal. 235. Temple of Janus closed by the Consul Manlius Torquatus. 232. Agrarian law of the Tribune C. Flaminius. 229. Hamilcar falls in battle on the Tagus. Hasdrubal, his Bonin-law, succeeds to the command. War with Teuta, chieftainess of Illyiicum.

Demetrius of Pharos joins the Romans. The Illyrian War ended. The Romans take possession of Corcyra, with the towns of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. 228. Treaty with Hasdrubal, by which the Iberus (Ebro) is fixed as the northern boundary of Carthaginian Spain. New Carthage founded as the capital. 227. Prætors increased from two to four. 225. The Bolan and Insubrian Gauls, provoked by the Agrarian Law of C. Flaminius, declare war. Defeated at the Battle of Telamon. Fabius Pictor, the historian of the 2nd Punic War, served in this war. Cincius. Alimentus is somewhat younger. 221. The Romans receive the submission of the Boians. Plautus begins to exhibit probably in this year. 223. C. Flaminius, Consul, crosses the Po and defeats the Insubrian Gauls. In this year the consuls assume office on the Ides of March (see b.c. 153). 222.

M. Claudius Marcellus, Consul, wins the spolia opima from Viridomarus, a Gallic chief. Milan is taken, and the Gallic War concluded. 221. Hasdrubal is assassinated. Hannibal, now 26 years old, succeeds to the command in Spain. 220. C. Flaminius, censor, constructs the Flaminian Road from Rome to Ariminum. Birth of the tragic poet Pacuvius. 219. Demetrius of Pharos, instigated by the king of Macedon, declares war and is con« quered by L. Æmilius Paullus and M. Livius Salinator, Consuls. Hannibal takes Saguntum, a city south of the Ebro, but in alliance with Rome. Roman embassy to Carthage. Declaration of war. 218. Second Punic War begins. Roman colonies planted at Cremona and Placentia. Hannibal sets out from Kew Carthage, eludes the consul P. Scipio on the Rhone, crosses the Alps, reaches Italy early in November, fights a cavalry action with Scipio on the Ticinus, wins the Battle of Trebia, and winters in Galiia.

Cisalplna. Cn. Scipio, brother of the Consul, sent on to Spain. L. Cincius Alimentus wrote a history of these events. 217. Hannibal crosses the Apennines, marches past the Consul C. Flaminius at Arretium, and is pursued by him. Battle of Lake Trasimene. Fabius Max. appointed Dictator follows Hannibal into Campania, but declines a battle. Hannibal winters in Apulia. P. Scipio joins his brother in Spain. 210 The Consuls L. Æmilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro utterly deflated al Cannæ. Paullus is slain, and Varro collects the debris of the army at Canusium. Capua and most of the southern parts of Italy join Hannibal. Death of Hiero, king of Syracuse. Republic proclaimed there soon after. c.c. 215 Hannibal encamped on Mt. Tifata, near Capua. Fabius, Gracchus and Marcellus watch him in three camps.

Marcellus repels him from Nola. Hannibal concludes a treaty with Philip of Macedon. M, Valerius Lævinus sent to hold Philip in check : (this is called the First Macedonian War).. 214. Hannibal is on tho move between Capua and the neighbourhood of Tarcntun . Marcellus, Consul, is sent to carry the war into Sicily. Failing to take Syracuse by assault, he blockades it. 213. Hannibal has designs on Tarentum. Blockade of Syracuse continues. 212. Marcellus takes Syracuse. Hannibal takes Tarentum, and the Cons. Q. Fulvius Flaccus invests Capua. 211. Marcellus, not having finished the war in Sicily, is only allowed an ovation. Hannibal marches to the gates of Rome, in order to raise the siege of Capua, but in vain. Capua surrenders to Fulvius. Hannibal fixes his head-quarters In the extreme south.

The two Scipios, after great successes in Spain, are both defeated and slaiu. C. Claudius Nero takes the command. The Ætolians join the Romans against Philip. 210. Hannibal held in check by Marcellus. Lævinus takes Agrigentum, and ends the war in Sicily. Extraordinary means used by the Romans to raise money. Young P. Scipio is sent to take the command in Spain. 209. Twelve of the thirty Latin Colonies refuse to supply soldiers. Fabius recovers Tarentum. Scipio takes New Carthage. 208. The Consuls Marcellus and Crispinus are surprised by Hannibal near Venusia. Marcellus falls in the battle, and Crispinus dies soon after of his wounds. Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, eludes Scipio, crosses the Pyrenees, and winters in Gaul on his march to Italy. 207. Hasdrubal is defeated and slain by the Consuls C. Claudius Nero and M. Livius Salinator on the Metaurus.