The Indian Races of North and South America ... With numerous ... illustrations, etc

Front matter

THE INDIAN EACES OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: COMPRISING AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL ABORIGINAL RACES; A DESCRIPTION OF THEIR NATIONAL CUSTOMS, MYTHOLOGY, AND RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES; THE HISTORY OF THEIR MOST POWER FUL TRIBES, AND OF THEIR MOST CELEBRATED CHIEFS AND WARRIORS; THEIR INTERCOURSE AND WARS WITH THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS; AND A GREAT VARIETY OF ANECDOTE AND DESCRIPTION, ILLUS- TRATIVE OF PERSONAL AND NATIONAL CHARACTER. BY CHARLES DE WOLF BEOWNELL. WITH NUMEROUS AND DIVERSIFIED COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS, ENTIRELY NEW, MANY OF WHICH ARE FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS, EXECUTED IN THE BEST STYLE OF THE ART, BY THE FDJST ARTISTS IN AMERICA. BOSTON: HORACE WENTWORTH, 86 WASHINGTON STREET. 1853. ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1S52, BY LUCIUS STEBBINS, IN THE CLERK'S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF CONNECTICUT. FOUNDRY OF S. ANDRtJS AND SON, HARTFORD. W. C. Armstrong, Typographer. Hartford: W. S. WILLIAM S PRESS.

Preface

. From the size of this volume, as compared with the variety and extent of the subjects under examination, it will be readily perceived that minuteness of detail has been impossible. In describing the adventures and proceedings of the pioneers in the settlement and civilization of the Western Continent, the interest ing nature of the narrative may have led the author, in some instances, away from the immediate object of his attention, viz: the manners, peculiarities, and history of the aboriginal inhabitants. He trusts, how ever, that where this may appear to be the case, it will generally be found to have resulted from the inseparable manner in which the his tory of the natives and those who have supplanted them is interwoven. So far as has proved convenient or practicable, localities will be found to be in such a manner pointed out or referred to, that the reader who is ordinarily well acquainted with the geography of the country will seldom be at fault.

Upon this point, the opening of the fifth book of "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Cap taine Iohn Smith," is worthy the attention of all historical writers. It runs thus: "Before we present you the matters of fact, it is fit to offer to your view the Stage whereon they were acted; for, as Geography with out History seemeth a carkasse without motion, so, History without Geography wandereth as a Vagrant, without a certaine habitation." The works which have been carefully examined by the author in the prosecution of his design, and from which most of the facts em bodied in this outline of history and description have been obtained, are the following: American Antiquities und Researches into ! the Origin and History of the Red Race; by Alexander W. Bradford ; The Biography and History of the Indians of North America ; by Samuel G. Drake ; The Natural History of Man; by James Cowles Pochard ; Letters find Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians ; by George C_tlin ; PREFACE, The History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States ; by Henry K. Schoolcraft, LL.

D ; Stone's Life of Jos.

Brant— Thayendanegea ; Memoirs of William Penn; by Thomas Clarkson ; Heckewelder's Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians ; The United States' Exploring Expedition; by Commander Charles Wilkcs ; Indian Biography; by B. B. Thacher; Me Intosh's Book of the Indians; The Life of William Henry Harrison, with a History of the Wars with the British and Indiana on our North-western Frontiers ; Travels of Capt. Jonathan Carver through the Interior of North America, in 1776-7-8 ; The Adventures of Daniel Boone ; by the author of Uncle Philip's Conversations ; Indian Wars of the United States ; by William V. Moore ; The History of the Conquest of Mexico; from the Spanish of Don Antonio De Solis ; The History of the American Indians; by James Adair, for forty years a resident and trader among them; The Conquest of Mexico ; by Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Regidor of the city of Guatemala, written in 1568 ; Cobbett's Life of Andrew Jackson ; The History of Georgia; by Capt. Hugh Me Call; Prescott's Conquest of Mexico ; Conquest of Mexico and Peru; Harper's Beries of Tales from American History ; The Adventures of Capt. Bonneville in the Far West, and among the Rocky Mountains ; by Washington Irving ; Robertson's History of America; The Invasion and Conquest of Florida, under Hernando de Soto, written by a gentleman of the town of Elvas ; Cox's Adventures on the Columbia River ; Barrow's Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions; Irving's Conquest of Florida ; Back's Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition ; The Territory of Florida ; by John Lee Williams; Greenland, the Adjacent Seas, and the North-west Passage ; by Bernard O'Reilly ; The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith ; from the London edition of 1629; Parry's Journal of a second voyage for the Discovery or' a North-west Passage; The Life of Captain John Smith; by W.

G. Sirams ; Mackenzie's Inland Expedition to the Arctic Ocean ; The History of the Indians of Connecticut; by John W. De Forrest ; Purchas, his Pilgrimage; The Modern Traveller; by Josiah Conder, Articles on South America; Baylie'a Memoirs of Plymouth Colony ; Barber's Historical Collections, in Massachussetts and Connecticut ; Spanish America; by R. H. Bonnycastle; Irving's Life of Columbus ; The Rev. William Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars in New England ; written in 1775 ; Indian Tribes of Guiana ; by Rev. W. H. Brett ; Alexander de Humboldt's Travels in South America ; The History of Philip's War; by Thomas Church, a son of Capt. Benjamin Church ; Prescott's Conquest of Peru ; New England's Memorial; by Nathaniel Morton, published in 1669; Travels in Peru ; by Dr. J. J. Von Tschudi, translated from the German by Thomasina Ross; The Publications of the Massachusetts Historical Society, especially those relating to the Early Settlements in New England ; including, among other documents, the Relations of G. Mourt and E. Winslow concerning the Pilgrims at Plymouth ; Letters and Writings of Roger Williams ; Gookin's Historical Collections, &c., &c. The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili; by Abbe don J. Ignatius Molina; translated from the original Italian by an American Gentleman ; John Mawe's Travels in the Interior of Brazil ; Head's Journey to the Pampas and the Andes.

Schoolcraft's Notes on the Iroquois; CONTENTS. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. pagb Chapter I. Origin of the North American Indians — Some of their General Customs and Peculiarities,. i 13 Chapter II. Religion of the Indians— Their Weapons and System of Warfare— Their Lodgings, Dress, Ornaments, &c. ......... 25 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES. Chapter I. United States' Territory, &c 36 Chapter II. Antiquities of Mexico, &c 44 Chapter III. Antiquities of South America, 49 THE ABORIGINES OF MEXICO. Chapter I. General Remarks — Expedition of Grijalva — Hernando Cortez, . . 54 Chapter II, Battles with the Natives — Conciliatory Intercourse — Donna Marina, . 63 Chapter III. Communications with the Mexican Emperor — The Zempoallans and Quiavistlans, 68 Chapter IV. The March to Tlascal a— Occupation of the City— Great Massacre at Cholula — Entrance into the City of Mexico, and Interview with Montezuma — Description of the Temple, &lc 77 Chapter V. Seizure and Imprisonment of Montezuma— Execution of Qualpopoca and his Companions — Ominous ProBpects — Expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez— Success of Cortez against him — Return to Mexico — Outrage by Alvarado, and Consequent Troubles — Death of Montezuma— The "Noche Triste"— Battle of Obtumba, and Arrival at Tlascala, 87 Chapter VI.

Preparations for the Attack on the City of Mexico — Building and Transportation of Brigantincs— Siege laid to the City — Assault by the Spaniards, and their Repulse — Sacrifice of Prisoners — Capture of Gautimozin — Conquest of the Capital, 96 Chapter VII. Rebuilding of the City — Extension of Spanish Powers — The March to Honduras — Execution of Gautimozin— Donna Marina— Modern Mexico, . . 106 THE FLORIDA INDIANS. Chapter I. Early Expeditions of Spanish Adventurers — Ponce de Leon — L. Velasquez de Ayllon — Pamphilo de Narvaez — Fernando de Soto : his Landing and Establishment at Tampa — Story of John Ortiz, a Spanish Captive among the Indians, 110 Chapter II. Progress Northward — Contests with the Natives — Vitachuco — Expedition to Cutifachiqui — Departure for the West, 11G Chapter III.

From the Conquest by De Soto to the Year 1818 — Missionary Operations by the Spaniards — Moore's Invasion of Florida — Bowles — Wars of 1812 — Defeat of the Seminoles by General Jackson, 122 Chapter IV. Commencement of the late Florida War— Treaty of Moultrie Creek- Treaty of Payne's Landing— Osceola— Destruction of Dade's Command— Battle of the Ouithlacoochie — Conference with Indian Chiefs by General Gaines, . . . 126 Chapter V. Condition of East Florida— Gen. Scott's Campaign— Garrison besieged on the Ouithlacoochie— Occurrences during the Summer of 1536 — Arrival of Creek Allies— Colonel Lane's Expedition from Tampa— Battle of the Wahoo Swamp- General Jessup appointed to the command in Florida, CONTENTS. PAOB Chapter VI. Pursuit of the Seminoles Southward— Encounter on the Hatchee Lustee— Conference and Truce with the Indians— Renewal of the Treaty of Payne's Landing— Neglect on the part of the Indians to comply with its Provisions— Capture, Surrender, and Treacherous Seizure of various Chiefs— Death of Osceola— Colonel Taylor's Campaign, *** Chapter VII.

Various Minor Engagements— Surrender of Large Numbers of Indians—Continuance of Depredations— Blood-bounds from Cuba— Attack upon a Company of Actors— Seminole Chiefs brought back from tbe WeBt to report their Condition to their Countrymen— Colonel Harney's Expedition to the Everglades — End of the War — Indians shipped West— Numbers still remaining in Florida, . 145 THE INDIANS OF VIRGINIA. Chapter I. Expedition of Amidas and Barlow— Of Sir Richard Grenville— Of Bartholomew Gosnoll, with Captain Smith— Settlement at Jamestown— Visit to Powhatan — Improvidence and Difficulties of the Colonists — Exploration of the Chickahominy — Smith taken Prisoner — His Treatment by the Indians, . . . 151 Chapter II. Court of Powhatan — Smith's Preservation by Pocahontas — Supplies by the Indians— Newport's Arrival— Smith's Expeditions up the Chesapeake, . 160 Chapter III.

Coronation of Powhatan — Smith's Visit to Werowocomoco for Supplies—Treachery of Powhatan— Smith a Becond time Preserved by Pocahontas — Visit to Pamunky— Fight with the King of Paspahegh — Ascendancy of the English, 171 Chapter IV. Distress of the Colonies — Martin and West's Settlements — Anival of Lord De to Warre — Retaliations upon the Natives — Seizure of Pocahontas : Her Marriage — Peace with the Indians — Pocahontas visits England: Her Death — Death of Powhatan — Pory's Settlement, 181 Chapter V. The Virginia Massacre of 1622 and of 1641 (or 1644)— Death of Opechancanough, 191 Chapter VI. Smith's Account of the Numbers, Appearance and Habits ofthe Indians, 194 NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. Chapter I. Conduct of the Early Voyagers— Arrival of the May-Flower — Samoset — Tisquantum—Massasoit— Weston's Colony— Caunbitant's Conspiracy — Trade in Fire Arms — Thos. Morton — Death of Massasoit and Alexander, and Accession of Philip, 199 Chapter II.

The Narragansetts— The Pequots— Murder of Stone and Oldham— Endicott's Expedition— The Pequot War— Destruction of the Pequot Fort — The Tribe Dispersed and Subdued, 209 Chapter III. Quarrel between the Narragansetts and Mohegans— Uncas and Miantonimo— The Mohegan Land Controversy— Subsequent Condition of the Pequots and Mohegans, 219 Chapter IV. The Indians furnished with Fire-Arms— Situation of the Colonists- Philip's Accession— His Treaties with the Whites— His True Plans— Emissaries sent to Sogkonate — Captain Benjamin Church— His Interview with Awoshonks— Murder of John Sassamon, 228 Chapter V. Attack on Swansey— Collection of Troops— Fight at Miles' Bridge — Philip driven from the Neck— Church at Punkatese — Destruction of Brookfield, . 237 Chapter VI. Philip moves Westward— Attacks on Hadley and Deerfield— Gofle the Regicide — Destruction of Lathrop's Command— Assaults on Springfield and Hatfield —Expedition against the Narragansetts: Outrageous Cruelties in their Reduction — Philip on the Hudson— Destruct'n of Lancaster, Medfield, Seekonk,Groton, Warwick, Marlborough, &c— Canonchet taken, and put to Death— Further Indian Ravages, 246 Chapter VII.

Philip's Return to Pokanoket— Major Talcott's Successes— Church Commissioned by the Court at Plymouth— His Interview with Awoshonks: with the Sogkonates at Sandwich— His Campaign against the Indians— Philip seen : his Wife and Son taken— Death of Weetamore, Queen of Pocasset — Death of Philip . CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter VITI. Pursuit of Annawon and His Party— Daring Procedure of Captain Church— End of the War, and Final Disposal of Prisoners— Summary of the Colonial Losses, 267 Chapter IX. The Eastern Indians — Their Friendly Disposition — Seizure of those implicated in Philip's Conspiracy— French and Indian War in 1689— Attack on Cocheco— Murder of Major Waldron — War of 1702— Church's Last Campaign— War of 1722— Captain John Lovewell, 272 THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS. Chapter.I. General Outlines of Character, &c— Impressions of the Inhabitants of New England respecting the Iroquois — Garangula: His Speech to M. de la Barre, 280 Chapter II.

Iroquois Tradition relative to their Former History— A Brief Account of the different tribes belonging to the Confederacy, and the manner of their Union — Incidents of Early Warfare, 286 Chapter III. Important Characters and Events of the Eighteenth Century — Brant— Cresap's War, and History of Logan, 295 Chapter IV. History of Brant continued: Connexion of the Six Nations with the War of the American Revolution, 302 Chapter V. Continuation of Revolutionary Incidents, 313 Chapter VI. General Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois— Subsequent Warlike Operations of the Nations, 321 Chapter VII. Condition of the Six Nations subsequent to the Revolution— Conclusion of Brant's History — Red-Jacket and Corn-Planter, 327 Chapter VIII. Present Condition of the Six Nations, 336 PONTIAC'S WAR CnAPTBR I. French influence over the Indians — British Occupation of the Western Posts — Pontiac, and his Plans for exterminating the English, 340 Chapter II.

Siege of Detroit— Battle of Bloody Bridge, 344 THE DELAWARES, SHAWANEES, AND OTHER TRIBES OF THE MIDDLE AND WESTERN STATES, Chapter I. The Delawares— William Perm— St. Tammany— The Moravians— The Shawaijees— French and Indian War — Braddock's Defeat— Massacre of the Canestoga Indians— Daniel Boone, 348 Chapter IT. Division of the Delawares— White-Eyes, and Pipe — Indian Confederacy of 1781 — Attack on Bryant's Station, and Battle near the Blue Licks — General Clarke's Expedition— Disastrous Campaign of Harmar and St. Clair — Military Operations of General Wayne — Decisive Battle near the Maumee Rapids, and subsequent Treaty of Peace, 361 Chapter III. Condition of the Indians subsequent to the Peace— The Prophet Elskwatawa— Tecumseh : His Plans and Intrigues— General Harrison's Expedition against the Prophet's town — Defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe — War of 1812 — Harrison's Invasion of Canada— Battle of the Thames, and Death of Tecumseh, . 368 Chapter IV.

Acquisition and Sale, by the United States, of Indian Land in Illinois —Black-Hawk— The Sacs removed westoftho Mississippi— Return of Black-Hawk and his Followers— Defeat of Major Stillman— The Hostile Indians pursued by Atkinson and Dodge— Their Defeat on the bank of the Mississippi— Black-Hawk's Surrender— He is taken to Washington— His Subsequent Career, .... 376 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. Chapter I. Early Location, Numbers, Character, &c, of the Catawbas ; of the Upper and Lower Cherokees ; of the Muscogees or Creeks ; of the Choctaws ; of the Chickasaws— French War with the Natchez and Chickasaws, CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter II. Colonization of Georgia— Early Intercourse with the Natives— Tom ochichi— Intrigues of the Reverend Thomas Bosom worth— Cherokee War of 1759— Attakullakulla and Occonostota— Murder of Indian Hostages— Colonel Montgomery's Expedition— Destruction of the Eastern Cherokee Towns— Battle near Etchoe —Capitulation at Fort Loudon— Indian Treachery— Campaign of Colonel Grant, and Complete Reduction of the Cherokees, "*90 Chapter III.

Captain Steuart's Agency— Disturbance in 1767— Visit of Tecumseh to the Southern Tribes— Weatherford— Sack of Fort Mimms— War of 1813— General Jackson's Campaign— Battles on the Tallusahatchee ; at Talladega, Autossee, &c— The Hallibees— Defeat of the Indians at Horse-Shoe Bend— End of the War, . . 402 Chapter IV. The Removal of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi— Present Location and Condition of the other Tribes of the Southern StateB, ... .411 NORTHERN RACES. Chapter I. The Esquimaux: their Manners and Personal Appearance — Accounts of Early Voyagers— Esquimaux Habitations, Food, &c— The Kaiak or Canoe — Sealing— The Rein-deer— Use3 of the Dog— Patriarchal Government— Effects of Foreign Intercourse, 416 Chapter II. The Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula— Their Stature and Costume- Snow Huts and their Furniture— Implements for Hunting and Sealing — Mental Traits, 426 Chapter HI.

The Knisteneaux, Cbippewas, &.C. 431 VARIOUS NATIONS AND TRIBES BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE PACIFIO OCEAN. Chapter I. The Sioux or Dahcotas, and other Tribes of the same Race: Classification— The Mandans: Their Number, Situation, Villages, &c. — Their Cemeteries — Affectionate Remembrance of the Dead, • 457 Chapter II. Personal Appearance and Peculiarities of the Mandans — Their Hospitality and Urbanity— Their Cleanliness of Person— Their Dress— Portraits of Mandan Chiefs— Contrast between the Wild Tribes and those of the Frontier — Mandan Domestic Usages — Games and Dances— Training of the Youth — The Great Annual Religious Ceremony— The Mandans supposed to be of Welsh Descent — Annihilar tion of the Tribe by the Small-pox, 44Q Chapter III. The Sioux, continued— Their Mode of Life — Maternal Affection — Exposure of the Aged— The famous Quarry of Red Pipe-stone— Nature of this Material — Indian Superstitions respecting it— The Bison or Buffalo — Horses of the Indians — Various Modes of Hunting the Buffalo — Wasteful Destruction of the Herds, . 455 Chapter IV.

Indians of the Great Western Prairies— Their Summer and Winter Lodges— The Medicine-Bag— The Crows and Blackfeet— Races Hostile to the latter Tribe — Fortitude of a Blackfoot Warrior— The Crow Chief Arapooish and his Guest —Indian Conceptions of a Perfect Country— Story of Loretto and his Indian Wife — Adventures of Kosato, a Blackfoot Warrior, 4153 Chapter V. Tribes on the Columbia and its Tributaries— The Nez-Perces— Their Religious Character— The Walla-wallas— The Chinooks— Mode of Flattening the Head— The Botoque — Canoee of the Tribes on the Lower Waters of tho Columbia — Fishing— Houses of the Flat-heads, 473 Chapter VI. The Shoshonees, or Snake Indians— The Shoshokoes, or Root-diggers— Extent of Country occupied by the Snakes— The Camanches : Their Horsemanship, Mode of Life, Dwellings, &c— The Pawnee Picts— The Nabajos and Moques, .

CONTENTS. SOUTH AlsERIC A. TRIBES OF THE WEST INDIES, AND THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF SOOTH AMERICA. PAGE Chapter I. Indians first seen by Columbus — Landing at Guanahani — Natives of Cuba — Embassy to the Grand Kahn! — Discovery of Hayti, and Intercourse with the Natives — Guacanagari — Wreck of the Admiral's Vessel — Honesty and Hospitality of the Native Inhabitants — Trade for Gold — Building of the Fortress of La Navidad— Departure of the Nina— The Ciguayans — Disorders and Destruction of the Garrison at La Navidad— Fort of St. Thomas, 487 Chapter II. Indians of Jamaica— CruiBe along the Southern Coast of Cuba— Speech of an Indian Counsellor — Difficulties at the Fortress of St. Thomas — Its Siege by Caonabo — Efforts of Columbus to restore Order— Great Rising of the Indians of Hispaniola— Their Defeat— Tribute Imposed— Visit of Bartholomew to Xaraguay — Further Insurrection in the Vega — Bobadilla as Viceroy — Cruelties practised on the Indians — Las Casas — Incidents related by Purchas — Administration of Ovando— Expedition against Xaraguay — Reduction of Higuey, 495 Chapter III.

The Caribs— Their Islands FirBt Visited by Columbus— Origin and Location of the Race — Tokens of Cannibalism seen by the Spaniards — Cruise among the Islands — Demeanor of Prisoners taken— Return to Hispaniola — Destruction of the Fortress at that Island— Capture of Caonabo: His Death — Expulsion of the Natives from the Caribbee Islands, 506 Chapter IV. Indians of Guiana and Venezuela — Classification — The Arawaks — First seen by Columbus — Entry into the Gulf of Paria — Hospitality of the Natives —Raleigh's Visit to the Orinoco— Early Wars of the Arawaks— Victory over the Caribs — Maroon Negroes— Present Condition of the Arawaks— Other Tribes of the Interior— General Description, 512 THE ABORIGINES OF PERU. Chapter I. Physical Peculiarities of the Quichuas, Aymaras, Atacamas, and Changos— Nature of the Country— Peruvian Works of Art, &c— First Rumors of the Wealth of the Country — Expedition of Pascual de Andagoy a— Francisco Pizarro: His First Voyage of Discovery— Aim agro's Voyage — Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque — The Second Expedition — Pizarro and his Companions upon the Isle of Gorgona— Continuation of the Voyage— Return to Panama, 520 Chapter H. Mythological Traditions— Topa Inca Yupanchi, and his Son Huayna Capac— The Peruvian Capital— Religious System— Government— Agrarian Law- Llamas — Public Records : The " Quipu" — Agriculture — Marriages — Warlike Policy of the Incas— The Great Roads— Contentment of the Natives— Division of the Empire: Huascar and Atahuallpa— Contest for Supremacy, 531 Chapter III.

Pizarro's Visit to Spain, and Application to the Emperor— His Four Brothers— Funds procured for a New Expedition to Peru— Vessels again fitted out at Panama — Landing of the Spaniards upon the Peruvian Coast— Plunder at Coaque —The March towards Tumbez— Battles on the Isle of Puna— Tumbez Deserted- Settlement of San Miguel— March into the Interior— Passage of the Andes— Messages from Atahuallpa— Entry into Caxamalca, 543 Chapter IV. First Interview with the Inca— Plans for his Capture— Entry of Atahuallpa into Caxnmalca— Address of the Chaplain— Attack by the Spaniards: Fearful Massacre of the Natives, and Seizure of the Inca— Prisoners and Plunder obtained— The Promised Ransom— Hernando Pizarro's Visit to Pachacamaca— CONTENTS. PAOE Challcuchima — Messengers sent to Cuzco — Immense Treasure collected at Caxamalca — Trial and Murder of Atahuallpa, 551 Chapter V. March towards Cuzco— Opposition of the Natives — Death of Toparca, and Murder of Challcuchima— Manco Capac— Entry into the Capital— Booty obtained—Escape of Manco, and General Insurrection— Siege of Cuzco — Reverses of the Spaniards— Civil Wars— Further Hostilities of Manco Capac— Cruel Treatment of the Natives— Death of Manco Capac— Reforms under Pedro de la Gasca— Tupac A niaru— Insurrection of 1781— Present Condition of the Peruvian Indians, . . 563 THE ARAUCANIAN RACE.

Chapter I. Their Location, Appearance, <kc— Purchas' Description of Chili— Division of the Tribes— Peruvian Conquests— A griculture, Arts, &c, among the Natives — Almagro's Invasion — Expedition of Pedro de Valdivia — Founding of St. Jago— Battles with the Mapochinians — Destruction of Spanish Miners — Peace with the Promaucians, 574 Chapter II. The Araucanians Proper — Character and Habits of the Tribe — Houses and Dress— Sectional Divisions and Government— System of Warfare— Courage and Military Skill— Religious Belief and Superstitions— Patriotism and Public Spirit of the Natives — Molina's Eulogium, . 579 Chapter III. Army sent to Oppose the Progress of the Spaniards — Battle on the Adalien — Lincoyan's Campaign — Valdivia's March Southward — Foundation of Valdivia, and Establishment of Forts in the Araucanian Territory — The Natives roused by Colocoto — Caupolican made Toqui — His Successes — Great Victory over the Spaniards — Death of Valdivia — Invasion of Arauco by Villagran — His Defeat — Destruction of Conception— Lautaro's Fatal Expedition Against Santiago, . . 585 Chapter IV.

Don Garcia de Mendoza; His Establishment at Quinquina — Fort of Mount Pinto attacked by Caupolican — Don Garcia's Invasion of Arauco; His Cruelties— Expedition to Chiloe — Artful Management of the Cunches— Seizure and Cruel death of Caupolican— Subsequent Successes of the Spaniards— Retreat of the Natives to the Marshes of Lumaco — Indian Victory at Mount Mariguenu — General Summary of Succeeding Hostilities, 594 Chapter V. Viceroyalty of Martin Loyola— Paillamachu — Renewal of the War — Loyola Slain — General Insurrection of the Natives— The Spaniards Driven from the Country South of the Bio-Bio — Bloody Campaigns under several successive Toquis — Peace of 1640— Ten Years' War— Subsequent Treaties and Hostilities— Present Position of the Araucanians, 602 INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL. Chapter I. Physical Characteristics— Pi nzon's Discoveries— Landing of Pedro Alvarez Cabral upon the Brazilian Coast— Expedition under Vespucius— Cannibalism —Colonization of the Country, and Wars with the Natives— Fate of Juan de Solis, at the Estuary of La Plata— Settlement of Bahia de Todos Santos by Diogo Alvarez —The Jesuits— Particulars of the Cannibal Propensities of the Natives— The Botocudos, . 609 Chapter II.

Success of the Portuguese Against the Natives— Their Contests with Settlers from other Countries of Em-ope— English Colony at Paraiba— Expulsion of Guarani Tribes from their Country on La Plata— Division of Brazilian Nations- Daily Routine of Indian Life in the Forests— Reflections, 619 THE PAMPAS INDIANS Their Horsemanship— Their Mode of Life— Sir Francis Head's Description of the Race— Female Captives among the Indians— Trading Visits to European Settle- CONTENTS. 11 PAGE ments— Classification of Tribes — Change in their Condition by the Introduction of European Domestic Animals, ■...,. 624 THE PATAOONIANS. Early Exaggerated Reports concerning them— Race to which they belong— Nature of the Country — Terra del Fuego — General Description and Classification of the Inhabitants — Captain Fitzroy's Narrative — Physical Conformation of the Natives- Scantiness of their Clothing— Their Huts, Resources for Food, etc.— FuegianB carried to England by Fitzroy— Attempt at the Introduction of Agriculture on the Island— Pecherais described in Wilkes' Narrative of the United States' Exploring Expedition, • ' . 629 INDIAN POPULATION Of the United States and Territories, 485 IMPORTANT ERAS AND DATES Of Interesting Events in Indian History, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Chapter I. Origin Of The North American Indians

— SOME OF THEIR GENERAL CUSTOMS AND PECULIARITIES. Oi't) *£p rpuXXuv yevsi], <roi7)Se \ai dvÆpwv. " Like leaves on trees the race of man is found, Now green in youth, now withering on the ground; Another race the following spring supplies." — Iliad. It were far easier to foretell the period when the extinc tion of the Indian races must be consummated, and to explain the causes that must sooner or later terminate their national existence, than to trace back their early history. Even a succinct account of the various theories, with the arguments upon which they are based, as to the prob able sources whence the early inhabitants of the Western hemisphere derived their origin, would furnish matter for a volume: we shall therefore do little more than allude to the different hypotheses upon the subject, leaving the reader to follow up the inquiry, if his inclination so move him, by the examination of works especially devoted to the discussion of this, vexed question.

The want of a written language among the aborigines of America; the blindness of the system of hieroglyphics used by the more advanced nations of the continent; and the wild discrepancies in their fanciful oral traditions leave us little hope of satisfactorily elucidating the mystery by any direct information obtained from the people them selves. Analogies in physical conformation, customs, architecture, language, and religion, must form our principal clue in deciding the question of their origin. That America was first peopled by wanderers from the Old World seems to be a conclusion to which most of those who have treated on the subject have arrived. Exclusive of the supposed necessity for maintaining the truth of Scrip tural history by deducing all the races of the globe from a common ancestry, abundant facilities for an intentional or casual migration have been pointed out by geographers.

The numberless isles of the Pacific offer ready resting places for adventurous or bewildered navigators, and might have been peopled successively by wanderers from South eastern Asia. Some of the natives of that portion of the Eastern continent possess a skill in nautical affairs which would abundantly qualify them for voyages as hazardous as any to which they would be exposed in crossing the Pacific from island to island in their swift proas. The near approach of the two grand divisions of the globe at Behring's Straits presents still greater facilities for a passage from one to the other, when the waters are closed by ice, during the severe Northern winter, or when they he open, affording a free passage for canoes. That the North-eastern portions of America were visited and probably peopled, at a very early date, by adventurers from the North of Europe seems to be fully established.

Many wild and improbable legends indeed exist, touching these early voyages, and we can sympathise with the man ner in which the old historian of Virginian colonization dismisses the subject: "For the stories of Arthur, Mal°-o and Brandon, that say a thousand yeares agoe they were in the North of America, or the Fryer of Linn, that by his black Art went to the North Pole in the yeare 1360. In that I know them not. Let this suffice." Modern investigation has brought to light abundant evidence of visits by the Northmen to Greenland and the neighboring American coast, at the close of the tenth and in the beginning of the eleventh centuries, and it is not improbable that intercourse had subsisted between the two countries at a much earlier period. The marked dif ference between the Esquimaux Indians and all other tribes of the Western continent points plainly to a separate ancestry.

We shall speak more at large upon this subject when we come to treat of the natives of that vast and desolate region lying between the Canadas and the frozen seas of the North. Vague accounts of islands or continents at the West are found in the works of many early writers. The Atlantis of Plato, the Hesperides, and a host of other uncertain fables have been tortured by ingenious antiquaries into proof of more extensive geographical knowledge than is generally attributed to the ancients. Some theorists have indefatigably followed up the idea that we are to search for the lost tribes of Israel among the red men of America, and have found or fancied resem blances, otherwise unaccountable, between Indian and He brew words, ceremonies, and superstitions. Others have exhibited equal ingenuity in carrying out a comparison between the Moors of Africa and the Amer icans, claiming to establish a near affinity in character and complexion between the two races.