A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 9 of 10)

A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 9 of 10)

=Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called Val de Aousta, after a colony settled there, and called Augusta Prætoria, was situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and Little St. Bernard. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17. ――Strabo, bk. 4.

=Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by purity of manners and integrity of mind. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 80. ――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Salēnii=, a people of Spain. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Salentīni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 579.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 400. ――Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 24.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Salernum=, now Salerno, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school in the lower ages. Pliny, bk. 13, ch. 3.――Livy, bk. 34, ch. 45. ――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 425.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 15.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15.

=Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.

=Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. Mela.

=Salica=, a town of Spain.

=Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called Ancylia, B.C. 709. See: Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first was called præsul, the second vates, and the third magister. Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited like themselves, and called Saliæ. The Salii instituted by Numa were called Palatini, in contradistinction from the others, because they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there. Those that were added by Tullus were called Collini, Agonales, or Quirinales, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed their residence. Their name seems to have been derived a saliendo, or saltando, because during their festivals it was particularly requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 15.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 387.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 285.――――A nation of Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian. Ammianus Marcellinus, bk. 17.

=Salinātor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.

=Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.

=Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however, did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband, who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny; he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which, from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy, and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him; his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Suetonius, The Grammarians in The Cæsars.――Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――――A nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious. Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1. ――Pliny, bk. 34.――――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity, and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦him prefect of Gaul. ――――There is also another Sallust, called Secundus, whom some have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals, his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was too young to support the dignity.――――A prefect of Rome in the reign of Valentinian.――――An officer in Britain.

♦ removed duplicate ‘him’

=Salmăcis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the characteristics of his own. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 285; bk. 15, li. 319.――Hyginus, fable 271.――Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

=Salmōne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40 stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called Salmonis. Ovid, bk. 3, Amores, poem 6, li. 43.――――A promontory at the east of Crete. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.

=Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother Sisyphus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 235.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Hyginus, fable 60.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 585.

=Salmōnis=, a name given to Olympia. See: Salmone.――――The patronymic of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.

=Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical representation. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea.

=Salo=, now Xalon, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 20.

=Salodurum=, now Soleure, a town of the Helvetii.

=Salōme=, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the princesses in the family of Herod, &c.

=Salon=, a country of Bithynia.

=Sălōna=, or =Salōne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the 16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 404. ――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 9.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Salonīna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions, and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the year 268 of the christian era.

=Salonīnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so warmly and beautifully anticipated.――――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his age.

=Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius married Salonius in his old age. Plutarch.――――A tribune and centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.

=Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called Salpinates. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Salsum=, a river in Spain. Cæsar.

=Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.

=Salvidiēnus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by Antony, and put to death.――――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor Probus.

=Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against the Romans.――――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――――A friend of Pompey. ――――A man put to death by Domitian.――――A freedman of Atticus. Cicero, ♦Letters to Atticus, bk. 10.――――Another of the sons of Hortensius. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.

♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’

=Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under the name of Hygeia. Livy, bks. 9 & 10.

=Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. Livy, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35; bk. 21, ch. 26.

=Samăra=, a river of Gaul, now called the Somme, which falls into the British channel near Abbeville.

=Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, called Samaritans, were composed of heathens and rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and as it were a curse.

=Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now Amiens, in Picardy.

=Sambūlos=, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Sambus=, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17. ――――A river of India.

=Same=, or =Samos=, a small island in the Ionian ♦sea near Ithaca, called also Cephallenia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 271.

♦ ‘sear’ replaced with ‘sea’

=Samia=, a daughter of the river Mæander. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――――A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos.

=Samnītæ=, or =Amnitæ=, a people of Gaul.

=Samnītes=, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief town was called Samnium, or Samnis. Livy, bk. 7, &c.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Lucan, bk. 2. ――Eutropius, bk. 2.

=Samnium=, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. See: Samnites.

=Samochonites=, a small lake of Palestine.

=Samonium=, a promontory of Crete.

=Samos=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called Parthenia, Anthemusa, Stephane, Melamphyllus, Anthemus, Cyparissia, and Dryusa. It was first in the possession of the Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself absolute there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens, after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province. Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.――Plutarch, Pericles.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 20.――Thucydides.――――The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia were also known by the name of Samos.

=Samosăta=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian was born.

=Samothrāce=, or =Samothrācia=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of Leucosia, Melitis, Electria, Leucania, and Dardani. It was afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of Thracian, or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Phœnicians. Samothrace is famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake. The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the name of sacred, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings, but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian, who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the Ægean, into the form of a province. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Strabo, bk. 10. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 208. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Samus=, a son of Ancæus and Samia, grandson of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Sana=, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a channel to convey the sea.

=Sanaos=, a town of Phrygia. Strabo.

=Sanchoniăthon=, a Phœnician historian, born at Berytus, or, according to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books, in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Phœnicia, and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others contend that they are true and authentic.

=Sancus=, =Sangus=, or =Sanctus=, a deity of the Sabines introduced among the gods of Rome under the name of Dius Fidius. According to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of the Sabines. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 421.――Varro, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.

=Sandace=, a sister of Xerxes.

=Sandaliotis=, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a sandal. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Sandalium=, a small island of the Ægean, near Lesbos.――A port of Pisidia. Strabo.

=Sandanis=, a Lydian, who advised Crœsus not to make war against the Persians.

=Sandānes=, a river of Thrace near Pallene.

=Sandrocottus=, an Indian of a mean origin. His impertinence to Alexander was the beginning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, and at last dropped down overwhelmed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion came to him, and gently licked the sweat from his face. This uncommon tameness of the animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, and raised his ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after the death of Alexander, he made himself master of a part of the country which was in the hands of Seleucus. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Sane=, or =Sana=, a town of Macedonia. See: Sana.

=Sangăla=, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. Arrian, ♦Anabasis, bk. 5.

♦ Book name omitted in text.

=Sangărius=, or =Sangăris=, a river of Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius became pregnant of Altes only from gathering the boughs of an almond tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, according to some, was daughter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10.――Claudian, Against Eutropius, bk. 2. ――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Sanguinius=, a man condemned for ill language, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Sannyrion=, a tragic poet of Athens. He composed many dramatical pieces, one of which was called Io, and another Danae. Athenæus, bk. 9.

=Santŏnes= and =Santŏne=, now Saintonge, a people with a town of the same name in Gaul. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 422.――Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 96.

=Saon=, an historian. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A man who first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Sapæi=, or =Saphæi=, a people of Thrace, called also Sintii. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 389.

=Sapirene=, an island of the Arabic gulf. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Sapis=, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Adriatic. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Sapor=, a king of Persia, who succeeded his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year of the christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious, Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions by conquest; and as the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favourable to his views, he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; and he might have become master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought the peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was defeated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner heard that the Roman emperor was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces; the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little opposition, into the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was assassinated by his subjects, A.D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. Marcellinus, &c.――――The second of that name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name; and by undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his dominions, and to add the provinces on the west of the Euphrates to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made peace with Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens. Sapor died A.D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor III., a prince who died after a reign of five years, A.D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. Marcellinus, &c.

=Sappho=, or =Sapho=, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents, and her amorous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about 600 years before Christ. Her father’s name, according to Herodotus, was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus, or Etarchus, and her mother’s name was Cleis. Her tender passions were so violent, that some have represented her attachments to three of her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal, and, on that account, have given her the surname of Tribas. She conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw herself into the sea from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses, besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing now remains but two fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and elegance show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the 10th Muse. Her compositions were all extant in the age of Horace. The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, that, after her death, they paid her divine honours, and raised her temples and altars, and stamped their money with her image. The poetess has been censured for writing with that licentiousness and freedom which so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has been called after her name. Ovid, Heroides, poem 15; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 365.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 13.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 135.――Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 3, li. 155.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, chs. 18 & 29.――Pliny, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Saptine=, a daughter of Darius the last king of Persia, offered in marriage to Alexander.

=Saracene=, part of Arabia Petræa, the country of the Saracens who embraced the religion of Mahomet.

=Saracori=, a people who go to war riding on asses. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12.

=Sarangæ=, a people near Caucasus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Saranges=, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence into the Indus.

=Sarapāni=, a people of Colchis. Strabo.

=Sarapus=, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece.

=Sarasa=, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. Strabo.

=Saraspades=, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as a hostage to Augustus, &c. Strabo.

=Saravus=, now Soar, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle.

=Sardanapālus=, the 40th and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female, and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptuousness for a while, and appeared at the head of his armies. The rebels were defeated in three successive battles, but at last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace, with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others, with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was made a god after death. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 150.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Strabo, bk. 14.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 35.

♦=Sardes.= See: Sardis.

♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

=Sardi=, the inhabitants of Sardinia. See: Sardinia.

=Sardĭnia=, the greatest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, is situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was originally called Sandaliotis, or Ichnusa, from its resembling the human foot (ἰχνος), and it received the name of Sardinia from Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony which he had brought with him from Libya. Other colonies, under Aristæus, Norax, and Iolas, also settled there. The Carthaginians were long masters of it, and were dispossessed by the Romans in the Punic wars, B.C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of Rome. The air was very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile, in corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia, nor any poisonous herb, except one, which, when eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner of death; hence risus Sardonicus, Sardous. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ch. 25.――Servius, on Virgil, bk. 7, eclogue 41.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 85.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――Strabo, bks. 2 & 5.――Cicero, On Pompey’s Command; Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 2, ltr. 3.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.――Varro, de Re Rustica.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Sardica=, a town of Thrace, at the north of mount Hæmus.

=Sardis=, or =Sardes=, now Sart, a town of Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on the banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the many sieges it sustained against the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians, Ionians, and Athenians, and for the battle in which, B.C. 262, Antiochus Soter was defeated by Eumenes king of Pergamus. It was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, B.C. 548, and was burnt by the Athenians, B.C. 504, which became the cause of the invasion of Attica by Darius. Plutarch, Alexander.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, lis. 137, 152, &c.――Strabo, bk. 13. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

=Sardones=, the people of Roussilon in France, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Sardus=, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia and gave it his name.

=Sarephta=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand.

=Sariaster=, a son of Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against his father, &c. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Sariphi=, mountains at the east of the Caspian.

=Sarmătæ=, or =Sauromătæ=, the inhabitants of Sarmatia. See: Sarmatia.

=Sarmătia=, an extensive country at the north of Europe and Asia, divided into European and Asiatic. The European was bounded by the ocean on the north, Germany and the Vistula on the west, the Jazygæ on the south, and the Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains the modern kingdoms of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, and Little Tartary; and the latter, Great Tartary, Circassia, and the neighbouring country. The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation, often confounded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and famous for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and they passed among the Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time of the emperors they became very powerful, and disturbed the peace of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at last, increased by the savage hordes of Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c., they successfully invaded and ruined the empire in the third and fourth centuries of the christian era. They generally lived on the mountains without any habitation, except their chariots, whence they have been called Hamaxobii. They lived upon plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of horses. Strabo, bk. 7, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Lucan, bk. 1, &c. Juvenal, satire 2.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, &c.

=Sarmatĭcum mare=, a name given to the Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 10, li. 38.

=Sarmentus=, a scurrilous person, mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 56.

=Sarnius=, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania.

=Sarnus=, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling into the Tuscan sea. Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 265. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 738.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Saron=, a king of Trœzene, unusually fond of hunting. He was drowned in the sea, where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He was made a sea god by Neptune, and divine honours were paid to him by the Trœzenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sacrifices before they embarked. That part of the sea where he was drowned was called Saronicus sinus, on the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Trœzene, and instituted festivals to her honour, called from himself Saronia, Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Saronĭcus sinus=, now the gulf of Engia, a bay of the Ægean sea, lying at the south of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus. The entrance into it is between the promontory of Sunium and that of Scyllæum. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which discharged itself on the coast, or from a small harbour of the same name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 23 miles in its broadest, and 25 in its longest part, according to modern calculation.

=Sarpēdon=, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agenor. He banished himself from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body, by order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends and relations paid him funeral honours, and raised a monument to perpetuate his valour. According to some mythologists, the brother of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two different persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter by Laodamia the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about 100 years after the age of the son of Europa. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 173.――Strabo, bk. 12.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 16.――――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his barbarous treatment of strangers.――――A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. Plutarch, Cato.――――A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo and Diana.――――Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which he had made with the Romans. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 38.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――A promontory of Thrace.――――A Syrian general who flourished B.C. 143.

=Sarra=, a town of Phœnicia, the same as Tyre. It receives its name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet of sarranus, so often applied to Tyrian colours, as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians, particularly Carthage. Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 662; bk. 13, li. 205.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 506.――Festus, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Sarrastes=, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 738.

=Sarron=, a king of the Celtæ, so famous for his learning, that from him philosophers were called Sarronidæ. Diodorus, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Sars=, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre.

=Sarsĭna=, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born. The inhabitants are called Sarsinates. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 59. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 462.

=Sarus=, a river of Cappadocia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41.

=Sasanda=, a town of Caria. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Sason=, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and inhospitable. Strabo, bk. 6.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 627; bk. 5, li. 650.――Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 480.――――A river falling into the Adriatic.

=Satarchæ=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 144.

=Sataspes=, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering violence to the daughter of Megabyzus. His father’s name was Theaspes. Herodotus, bk. 4.

=Satibarzanes=, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from whom he afterwards revolted. Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.

=Satīcŭla= and =Saticulus=, a town near Capua. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 729.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 21; bk. 23, ch. 39.

=Sātis=, a town of Macedonia.

=Satræ=, a people of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Satrapēni=, a people of Media, under Tigranes. Plutarch.

=Satricum=, a town of Italy, taken by Camillus. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Satropaces=, an officer in the army of Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Satŭra=, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 382.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 801.

=Satureium=, or =Satureum=, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures and horses, whence the epithet of satureianus in Horace, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Satureius=, one of Domitian’s murderers.

=Saturnālia=, festivals in honour of Saturn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or, according to others, the 18th of December. They were instituted long before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some, however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines; while others support that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learnt agriculture. Others suppose that they were first celebrated in the year of Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Saturnalia were originally celebrated only for one day, but afterwards the solemnity continued for three, four, five, and at last for seven days. The celebration was remarkable for the liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves were permitted to ridicule their masters, and to speak with freedom upon every subject. It was usual for friends to make presents one to another; all animosity ceased, no criminals were executed, schools were shut, war was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery. In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings with their heads uncovered, a custom which was never observed at other festivals. Seneca, ltr. 18.――Cato, de Re Rustica, bk. 57.――Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 19.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 20.

=Saturnia=, a name given to Italy, because Saturn had reigned there during the golden age. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 173.――――A name given to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 173; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 80.――――An ancient town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn, on the Tarpeian rock. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 358.――――A colony of Etruria. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 55.

=Saturnīnus Publius Sempronius=, a general of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by his troops after he had rendered himself celebrated by his victories over the barbarians. His integrity, his complaisance and affability, had gained him the affection of the people, but his fondness for ancient discipline provoked his soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 262. ――――Sextius Julius, a Gaul, intimate with Aurelian. The emperor esteemed him greatly, not only for his virtues, but for his abilities as a general, and for the victories which he had obtained in different parts of the empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and compelled by the clamorous army to accept of the purple, which he rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, who was then emperor, marched his forces against him, and besieged him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself when unable to make head against his powerful adversary.――――Appuleius, a tribune of the people who raised a sedition at Rome, intimidated the senate, and tyrannized for three years. Meeting at last with opposition, he seized the capitol, but being induced by the hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition has received the name of Appuleiana in the Roman annals. Florus. ――――Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the oppression of Marius. He was at last put to death on account of his tumultuous disposition. Plutarch, Caius Marius.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――――An officer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for obeying the emperor’s orders, &c.――――Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of him with great warmth and approbation, as an historian, a poet, and an orator. Pliny always consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he published his compositions.――――Sentius, a friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He succeeded Agrippa in the government of the provinces of Syria and Phœnicia.――――Vitellius, an officer among the friends of the emperor Otho.

=Saturnius=, a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of Saturn.

=Saturnus=, a son of Cœlus, or Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and by means of his mother, he revenged himself on his father, whose cruelty to his children had provoked the anger of Thea. The mother armed her son with a scythe, which was fabricated with the metals drawn from her bowels, and as Cœlus was going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn mutilated him, and for ever prevented him from increasing the number of his children, whom he treated with unkindness, and confined in the infernal regions. After this the sons of Cœlus were restored to liberty, and Saturn obtained his father’s kingdom by the consent of his brother, provided he did not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement, Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, because, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the children she gave him large stones, which he immediately swallowed without perceiving the deceit. Titan was some time after informed that Saturn had concealed his male children, therefore he made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, and to replace him on the throne. Saturn, unmindful of his son’s kindness, conspired against him, when he heard that he raised cabals against him, but Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the father fled for safety into Italy, where the country retained the name of Latium, as being the place of his concealment (lateo). Janus, who was then king of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention; he made him his partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have called it the golden age, to intimate the happiness and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed into a mare, to avoid the importunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not so solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer human victims on his altars, but this barbarous custom was abolished by Hercules, who substituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the priest always performed the ceremony with his head uncovered, which was unusual at other solemnities. The god is generally represented as an old man, bent through age and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites its own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius king of the Sabines first built a temple to Saturn on the Capitoline hill, a second was afterwards added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the first consuls. On his statues were generally hung fetters in commemoration of the chains he had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance, all slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the statues to intimate the freedom and the independence which mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome was appropriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. Hesiod, Theogony. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 319. ――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.――Tibullus, poem 3, li. 35.――Homer, Iliad.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 197; Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 123.

=Satŭrum=, a town of Calabria, where stuffs of all kinds were dyed in different colours with great success. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 197; bk. 4, li. 335.

=Săty̆ri=, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. They chiefly attended upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves known in his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. The first fruits of everything were generally offered to them. The Romans promiscuously called them Fauni, Panes, and Sylvani. It is said that a Satyr was brought to Sylla as that general returned from Thessaly. The monster had been surprised asleep in a cave; but his voice was inarticulate when brought into the presence of the Roman general, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be instantly removed. The monster answered in every degree the description which the poets and painters have given of the Satyrs. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 23.――Plutarch, Sulla.――Virgil, eclogue 5, li. 13.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 4, li. 171.

=Saty̆rus=, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 14 years, &c. His father’s name was Spartacus. Diodorus, bk. 20.――――An Athenian who attempted to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the citadel, &c. Polyænus. ――――A Greek actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught him how to have a good and strong delivery.――――A man who assisted in murdering Timophanes, by order of his brother Timoleon.――――A Rhodian sent by his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes had accused some of the allies of intentions to favour the interest of Macedonia against the republic.――――A peripatetic philosopher and historian, who flourished B.C. 148.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B.C.――――An architect who, together with Petus, is said to have planned and built the celebrated tomb which Artemisia erected to the memory of Mausolus, and which became one of the wonders of the world. The honour of erecting it is ascribed to others.

=Savera=, a village of Lycaonia.

=Saufeius Trogus=, one of Messalina’s favourites, punished by Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――Appius, a Roman, who died on his return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 53.

=Savo=, or =Savona=, a town with a small river of the same name in Campania. Statius, ♦Sylvæ, bk. 4.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A town of Liguria.

♦ Book name omitted in text.

=Sauromatæ=, a people in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. They are called Sarmatæ by the Latins. See: Sarmatia.

=Saurus=, a famous robber of Elis, killed by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A statuary. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Savus=, a river of Pannonia, rising in Noricum, at the north of Aquileia, and falling into the Danube, after flowing through Pannonia, in an eastern direction. Claudian, De Consulatu Stilichonis, bk. 2.――――A small river of Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean.

=Saxŏnes=, a people of Germany, near the Chersonesus Cimbrica. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Claudian, bk. 1, Against Eutropius, li. 392.

=Saziches=, an ancient legislator of Egypt.

=Scæa=, one of the gates of Troy, where the tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is derived by some from σκαιος (sinster), because it was through this avenue that the fatal horse was introduced. Homer, Iliad.――Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 73.――――One of the Danaides. Her husband’s name was Dayphron. Apollodorus.

=Scæva=, a soldier in Cæsar’s army, who behaved with great courage at Dyrrachium. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 144.――――Memor, a Latin poet in the reign of Titus and Domitian.――――A man who poisoned his own mother. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 53.――――A friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 17. He was a Roman knight.

=Scævŏla.= See: Mutius.

=Scalabis=, now St. Irene, a town of ancient Spain.

=Scaldis=, or =Scaldium=, a river of Belgium, now called the Scheld, and dividing the modern country of the Netherlands from Holland. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, li. 33.――――Pons, a town on the same river, now called Condé. Cæsar.

=Scamander=, or =Scamandros=, a celebrated river of Troas, rising at the east of mount Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigæum. It receives the Simois in its course, and towards its mouth it is very muddy, and flows through marshes. This river, according to Homer, was called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men. The waters of the Scamander had the singular property of giving a beautiful colour to the hair or the wool of such animals as bathed in them; and from this circumstance the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before they appeared before Paris, to obtain the golden apple. It was usual among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scamander, when they were arrived to nubile years, and to offer to the god their virginity in these words, Λαβε μου, Σκαμανδρε, την παεθενιαν. The god of the Scamander had a regular priest, and sacrifices offered to him. Some suppose that the river received its name from Scamander the son of Corybas. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 21.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 13.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.――Plutarch.――Æschines, ltr. 10.――――A son of Corybas and Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia, and settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he introduced the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. He some time after lost the use of his senses and threw himself into the river Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. His son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in the government of the colony. He had two daughters, Thymo and Callirhoe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Scamandria=, a town on the Scamander. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Scamandrius=, one of the generals of Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 49.

=Scandaria=, a promontory in the island of Cos. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Scandinavia=, a name given by the ancients to that tract of territory which contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c., supposed by them to be an island. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Scantia Sylva=, a wood of Campania, the property of the Roman people. Cicero.

=Scantilla=, the wife of Didius Julianus. It was by her advice that her husband bought the empire which was exposed to sale at the death of Pertinax.

=Scantinia lex.= See: Scatinia.

=Scaptesyle=, a town of Thrace, near Abdera, abounding in silver and gold mines, belonging to Thucydides, who is supposed there to have written his history of the Peloponnesian war. Lucretius, bk. 6, li. 810.――Plutarch, Cimon.

=Scaptia=, a town of Latium. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 396. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Scaptius=, an intimate friend of Brutus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, &c. His brother was a merchant of Cappadocia.

=Scapŭla=, a native of Corduba, who defended that town against Cæsar, after the battle of Munda. When he saw that all his efforts were useless against the Roman general, he destroyed himself. Cæsar, Hispanic War, ch. 33.――――A usurper. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 37.

=Scandon=, a town on the confines of Dalmatia.

=Scardii=, a ridge of mountains of Macedonia, which separates it from Illyricum. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 20.

=Scarphia=, or =Scarphe=, a town near Thermopylæ, on the confines of Phthiotis. Seneca, Troades.

=Scatinia lex=, de pudicitiâ, by Caius Scatinius Aricinus the tribune, was enacted against those who kept catamites, and such as prostituted themselves to any vile or unnatural service. The penalty was originally a fine, but it was afterwards made a capital crime under Augustus. It is sometimes called Scantinia, from a certain Scantinius upon whom it was first executed.

=Scaurus Marcus Æmylius=, a Roman consul who distinguished himself by his eloquence at the bar, and by his successes in Spain in the capacity of commander. He was sent against Jugurtha, and some time after accused of suffering himself to be bribed by the Numidian prince. Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, which from him was called the Æmylian. He was originally very poor. He wrote some books, and among these a history of his own life, all now lost.――――His son, of the same name, made himself known by the large theatre which he built during his edileship. This theatre, which could contain 30,000 spectators, was supported by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen statues. This celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans, than the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus married Murcia. Cicero, Brutus.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 2.――――A Roman of consular dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved with great cowardice, upon which the father sternly ordered him never to appear again in the field of battle. The severity of this command rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a sword into his own heart, to free himself from further ignominy.――――Aurelius, a Roman consul taken prisoner by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel death because he told the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps to invade Italy, which was universally deemed unconquerable.――――Marcus Æmilius, a man in the reign of Tiberius accused of adultery with Livia, and put to death. He was an eloquent orator, but very lascivious and debauched in his morals.――――Mamercus, a man put to death by Tiberius. ――――Maximus, a man who conspired against Nero.――――Terentius, a Latin grammarian. He had been preceptor to the emperor Adrian. Aulus Gellius, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Scedăsus=, a native of Leuctra in Bœotia. His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom some called Theano and Hippo, were ravished by some Spartans, in the reign of Cleombrotus, and after this they killed themselves, unable to survive the loss of their honour. The father became so disconsolate, that when he was unable to obtain relief from his country, he killed himself on their tomb. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.――Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes, ch. 3.

=Scelerātus=, a plain of Rome near the Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried alive, when convicted of adultery. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――One of the gates of Rome was called Scelerata, because the 300 Fabii, who were killed at the river Cremera, had passed through it when they went to attack the enemy. It was before named Carmentalis.――――There was also a street at Rome formerly called Cyprius, which received the name of the Sceleratus vicus, because there Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her chariot over the body of her father, king Servius. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 48.――Ovid, Ibis, li. 365.

=Scena=, a town on the confines of Babylon. Strabo, bk. 16.――――A river of Ireland, now the Shannon. Orosius, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Scenitæ=, Arabians who live in tents. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Scepsis=, a town of Troas, where the works of Theophrastus and Aristotle were long concealed underground, and damaged by the wet, &c. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Schedia=, a small village of Egypt, with a dockyard between the western mouths of the Nile and Alexandria. Strabo.

=Schedius=, one of Helen’s suitors. Pausanias, bk. 10, chs. 4 & 30.

=Scheria=, an ancient name of Corcyra. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Schœneus=, a son of Athamas.――――The father of Atalanta.

=Schœnus=, or =Scheno=, a port of Peloponnesus, on the Saronicus sinus. ――――A village near Thebes, with a river of the same name.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another near Athens.

=Sciastes=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon, from the village Scias where he was particularly worshipped. Lycophron, li. 562. ――Tzetzes, on the same reference.

=Sciăthis=, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Sciăthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite mount Pelion, on the coast of Thessaly. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2.

=Scidros=, a town of Magna Græcia.

=Scillus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his history.

=Scilūrus=, a king of Scythia, who had 80 sons. See: Scylurus.

=Scinis=, a cruel robber who tied men to the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly brought together, and which he afterwards unloosed, so that their limbs were torn in an instant from their body. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 440.

=Scinthi=, a people of Germany.

=Sciōne=, a town of Thrace, in the possession of the Athenians. It revolted and passed into the hands of the Lacedæmonians during the Peloponnesian war. It was built by a Grecian colony on their return from the Trojan war. Thucydides, bk. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Scīpiădæ=, a name applied to the two Scipios, who obtained the surname of Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 843.

=Scipio=, a celebrated family at Rome, who obtained the greatest honours in the republic. The name seems to be derived from scipio, which signifies a stick, because one of the family had conducted his blind father, and had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were a branch of the Cornelian family. The most illustrious were:――Publius Cornelius, a man made master of horse by Camillus, &c.――――A Roman dictator.――――Lucius Cornelius, a consul, A.U.C. 456, who defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra.――――Another consul, A.U.C. 495.――――Cnæus, surnamed Asina, was consul A.U.C. 494 and 500. He was conquered in his first consulship in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The following year he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated Hanno the Carthaginian general, in Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy’s ships, and the city of Panormum in Sicily. He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent with an army to Spain to oppose Annibal; but when he heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, he attempted by his quick marches and secret evolutions to stop his progress. He was conquered by Annibal near the Ticinus, where he nearly lost his life, had not his son, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, courageously defended him. He again passed into Spain, where he obtained some memorable victories over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants of the country. His brother Cneus shared the supreme command with him, but their great confidence proved their ruin. They separated their armies, and soon after Publius was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals and Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian armies. The forces of Publius were too few to resist with success the three Carthaginian generals. The Romans were cut to pieces, and their commander was left on the field of battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained this victory than they immediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarmed. The general, who was already apprised of his brother’s death, secured an eminence, where he was soon surrounded on all sides. After desperate acts of valour he was left among the slain, or, according to some, he fled into a tower, where he was burnt with some of his friends by the victorious enemy. Livy, bk. 21, &c.――Polybius, bk. 4.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.――Eutropius, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――Publius Cornelius, surnamed Africanus, was son of Publius Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, where he saved his father’s life by deeds of unexampled valour and boldness. The battle of Cannæ, which proved so fatal to the Roman arms, instead of disheartening Scipio, raised his expectations, and he no sooner heard that some of his desperate countrymen wished to abandon Italy, and to fly from the insolence of the conqueror, than with his sword in his hand, and by his firmness and example, he obliged them to swear eternal fidelity to Rome, and to put to immediate death the first man who attempted to retire from his country. In his 21st year, Scipio was made an edile, an honourable office which was never given but to such as had reached their 27th year. Some time after, the Romans were alarmed by the intelligence that the commanders of their forces in Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and immediately young Scipio was appointed to avenge the death of his father and of his uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of the republic. It was soon known how able he was to be at the head of an army; the various nations of Spain were conquered, and in four years the Carthaginians were banished from that part of the continent. The whole province became tributary to Rome; New Carthage submitted in one day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on the field. After these signal victories Scipio was recalled to Rome, which still trembled at the continual alarms of Annibal, who was at her gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked upon as a proper general to encounter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio opposed the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and he declared in the senate that if Annibal was to be conquered he must be conquered in Africa. These bold measures were immediately adopted, though opposed by the eloquence, age, and experience of the great Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to conduct the war on the coasts of Africa. With the dignity of consul he embarked for Carthage. Success attended his arms; his conquests were here as rapid as in Spain; the Carthaginian armies were routed, the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was set on fire during the night, and his troops totally defeated in a drawn battle. These repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who was victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly recalled to defend the walls of his country, and the two greatest generals of the age met each other in the field. Terms of accommodation were proposed; but in the parley which the two commanders had together, nothing satisfactory was offered, and while the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of human affairs, the other wished to dictate like a conqueror, and recommended the decision of the controversy to the sword. The celebrated battle was fought near Zama, and both generals displayed their military knowledge in drawing up their armies and in choosing their ground. Their courage and intrepidity were not less conspicuous in charging the enemy; a thousand acts of valour were performed on both sides, and though the Carthaginians fought in their own defence, and the Romans for fame and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians were slain, and the same number made prisoners of war, B.C. 202. Only 2000 of the Romans were killed. This battle was decisive; the Carthaginians sued for peace, which Scipio at last granted on the most severe and humiliating terms. The conqueror after this returned to Rome, where he was received with the most unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours which his exploits merited, but in him also, as in other great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the senators from the rest of the people at the public exhibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship for two of his friends, he had the mortification to see his application slighted, and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man of no character, and recommended by neither abilities nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude of his countrymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accompanied his brother against Antiochus king of Syria. In this expedition his arms were attended with usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his return to Rome, Africanus found the malevolence of his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions against him, and the Petilli, two tribunes of the people, accused the conqueror of Annibal of extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living in an indolent and luxurious manner. Scipio condescended to answer to the accusation of his calumniators; the first day was spent in hearing the different charges, but when he again appeared on the second day of his trial, the accused interrupted his judges, and exclaimed, “Tribunes and fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, did I conquer Annibal and the Carthaginians: come, therefore, with me, Romans; let us go to the capitol, and there return our thanks to the immortal gods for the victories which have attended our arms.” These words had the desired effect; the tribes and all the assembly followed Scipio, the court was deserted, and the tribunes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Africanus was a third time summoned to appear; but he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to his country house at Liternum. The accusation was therefore stopped, and the accusers silenced, when one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished for his malevolence against Scipio, rose to defend him, and declared in the assembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace on the Roman people, that the conqueror of Annibal should become the sport of the populace, and be exposed to the malice and envy of disappointed ambition. Some time after Scipio died in the place of his retreat, about 184 years before Christ, in the 48th year of his age; and so great an aversion did he express, as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, and the ingratitude of their senators, that he ordered his bones not to be conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly inhumated at Liternum, where his wife Æmilia the daughter of Paulus Æmilius, who fell at the battle of Cannæ, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, and placed upon it his statue, with that of the poet Ennius, who had been the companion of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio was robbed during his lifetime of the honours which belonged to him as the conqueror of Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The Romans viewed his character with reverence; with raptures they read of his warlike actions, and Africanus was regarded in the following ages as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, courage, and liberality. As a general, the fame and the greatness of his conquests explain his character; and indeed we hear that Annibal declared himself inferior to no general that ever lived except Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus king of Epirus; and when Scipio asked him what rank he would claim, if he had conquered him, the Carthaginian general answered, “If I had conquered you, Scipio, I would call myself greater than the conqueror of Darius and the ally of the Tarentines.” As an instance of Scipio’s continence, ancient authors have faithfully recorded that the conqueror of Spain refused to see a beautiful princess that had fallen into his hands after the taking of New Carthage, and that he not only restored her inviolate to her parents, but also added immense presents for the person to whom she was betrothed. It was to the artful complaisance of Africanus that the Romans owed their alliance with Masinissa king of Numidia, and also that with king Syphax. The friendship of Scipio and Lælius is well known. Polybius, bk. 6.――Plutarch.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Cicero, Brutus, &c. ――Eutropius.――――Lucius Cornelius, surnamed Asiaticus, accompanied his brother Africanus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was rewarded with the consulship, A.U.C. 564, for his services to the state, and he was empowered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, who had declared war against the Romans. Lucius was accompanied in this campaign by his brother Africanus; and by his own valour, and the advice of the conqueror of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after settled by the submission of Antiochus, and the conqueror, at his return home, obtained a triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his fury against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his devoted favourites, presented a petition to the people, in which they prayed that an inquiry might be made to know what money had been received from Antiochus and his allies. The petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged to have suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus, was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created pretor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to the family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants and his questor, guilty of having received the first 6000 pounds weight of gold, and 480 pounds weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war. Immediately they were condemned to pay large fines; but while the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had accounted to the public for all the money which he had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica pleaded his cause before the people, and the pretor instantly ordered the goods of the prisoner to be seized and confiscated. The sentence was executed, but the effects of Scipio were insufficient to pay the fine, and it was the greatest justification of his innocence, that whatever was found in his house had never been in the possession of Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, did not totally liberate him; he was reduced to poverty, and refused to accept the offer of his friends and of his clients. Some time after he was appointed to settle the disputes between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his return the Romans, ashamed of their severity towards him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games in honour of his victory over Antiochus, for 10 successive days, at his own expense. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 55, &c. ――Eutropius, bk. 4.――――Nasica, was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported by the interest and the fame of the conqueror of Annibal; but he afterwards obtained it, and in that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate delegated one of their body, who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and as such he was enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished himself by the active part which he took in confuting the accusations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus.――――There was also another of the same name, who distinguished himself by his enmity against the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 15.――Livy, bk. 29, ch. 14, &c.――――Publius Æmilianus, son of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. He received the same surname as his grandfather, and was called Africanus the younger, on account of his victories over Carthage. Æmilianus first appeared in the Roman armies under his father, and afterwards distinguished himself as a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic stature, and he obtained a mural crown at the siege of Intercata. He passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement from king Masinissa the ally of Rome, and he was the spectator of a long and bloody battle which was fought between that monarch and the Carthaginians, and which soon produced the third Punic war. Some time after Æmilianus was made edile, and next appointed consul, though under the age required for that important office. The surname which he had received from his grandfather, he was doomed lawfully to claim as his own. He was empowered to finish the war with Carthage, and as he was permitted by the senate to choose his colleague, he took with him his friend Lælius, whose father of the same name had formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared the victories of the first Africanus. The siege of Carthage was already begun, but the operations of the Romans were not continued with vigour. Scipio had no sooner appeared before the walls of the enemy, than every communication with the land was cut off, and that they might not have the command of the sea, a stupendous mole was thrown across the harbour with immense labour and expense. This, which might have disheartened the most active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more eager in the cause of freedom and independence; all the inhabitants, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed themselves without cessation to dig another harbour, and to build and equip another fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and activity of Æmilianus, the Romans were astonished to see another harbour formed, and 50 galleys suddenly issuing under sail, ready for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, by immediately attacking the Roman ships, might have gained the victory, but the delay of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of a small eminence in the harbour, and, by the success of his subsequent operations, he broke open one of the gates of the city and entered the streets, where he made his way by fire and sword. The surrender of above 50,000 men was followed by the reduction of the citadel, and the total submission of Carthage, B.C. 147. The captive city was set on fire, and though Scipio was obliged to demolish its very walls to obey the orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over the melancholy and tragical scene; and in bewailing the miseries of Carthage, he expressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some future age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagration. The return of Æmilianus to Rome was that of another conqueror of Annibal, and, like him, he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, and received the surname of Africanus. He was not long left in the enjoyment of his glory, before he was called to obtain fresh honours. He was chosen consul a second time, and appointed to finish the war which the Romans had hitherto carried on without success or vigorous exertions against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more noble than that of the capital of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage obtained the victory only when the enemies had been consumed by famine or by self-destruction, B.C. 133. From his conquests in Spain, Æmilianus was honoured with a second triumph, and with the surname of Numantinus. Yet his popularity was short, and, by telling the people that the murder of their favourite, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the tribunes, and was received with hisses. His authority for a moment quelled their sedition, when he reproached them for their own cowardice, and exclaimed, “Factious wretches, do you think your clamours can intimidate me; me, whom the fury of your enemies never daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus who conquered Macedonia, and to me? Without my family you were slaves. Is this the respect you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection?” This firmness silenced the murmurs of the assembly, and some time after Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where, with his friend Lælius, he passed the rest of his time in innocent pleasure and amusement, in diversions which had pleased them when children; and the two greatest men that ruled the state, were often seen on the sea-shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of the state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against him, when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic, and not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, and neighbouring states conducted their illustrious friend and patron to his house. It seemed also the universal wish that the troubles might be quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed that that honour would be on the morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the expectations of Rome were frustrated. Scipio was found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of the world; and those who inquired for the causes of this sudden death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and concluded that he had been strangled, B.C. 128. This assassination, as it was then generally believed, was committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, Caius Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charged with having introduced the murderers into his room. No inquiries were made after the authors of his death; Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death of Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their concern by their cries and loud lamentations. The second Africanus has often been compared to the first of that name; they seemed to be equally great and equally meritorious, and the Romans were unable to distinguish which of the two was entitled to a greater share of their regard and admiration. Æmilianus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable compositions, written by Phœnician and Punic authors. In the midst of his greatness he died poor, and his nephew Quintus Fabius Maximus, who inherited his estate, scarce found in his house 32 pounds weight of silver, and two and a half of gold. His liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the greatest commendations, and, indeed, no higher encomium can be passed upon his character, private as well as public, than the words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived or should live in Rome. Livy, bk. 44, &c.――Cicero, de Senectute, Orator, Brutus, &c.――Polybius.――Appian. ――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――Florus.――――A son of the first Africanus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Syria, and restored to his father without a ransom. He adopted as his son young Æmilianus the son of Paulus Æmilius, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fondness for literature, and his valour in the Roman armies.――――Metellus, the father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in Macedonia. He was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to Africa with Cato. He was defeated by Cæsar at Thapsus. Plutarch. ――――Salutio, a mean person in Cæsar’s army in Africa. The general appointed him his chief commander, either to ridicule him, or because there was an ancient oracle that declared that the Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. Plutarch.――――Lucius Cornelius, a consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, and proscribed.――――The commander of a cohort in the reign of Vitellius.

=Scira=, an annual solemnity observed at Athens in honour of Minerva, or, according to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It received its name either from Sciras, a small town of Attica, or from a native of Eleusis, called Scirus.

=Sciradium=, a promontory of Attica, on the Saronicus sinus.

=Sciras=, a name of Ægina. Minerva was also called Sciras. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Sciressa=, a mountain of Arcadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Sciron=, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered the inhabitants of the country, and threw them down from the highest rocks into the sea, after he had obliged them to wait upon him and to wash his feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated him as he treated travellers. According to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea refused to receive the bones of Sciron, which remained for some time suspended in the air, till they were changed into large rocks called Scironia Saxa, situate between Megara and Corinth. There was a road near them which bore the name of Sciron, naturally small and narrow, but afterwards enlarged by the emperor Adrian. Some suppose that Ino threw herself into the sea, from one of these rocks. Sciron had married the daughter of Cychreus, a king of Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Telamon the son of Æacus. Ovid, bk. 7, Metamorphoses, li. 444; Heroides, poem 2, li. 69.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Hyginus, fable 38. ――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 14, li. 12.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44. ――Seneca, Quæstiones naturales, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Scirus=, a village of Arcadia, of which the inhabitants are called Sciritæ.――――A plain and river of Attica, near Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Scissis=, a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 60.

=Scodra=, a town of Illyricum, where Gentius resided. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 20.

=Scolus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――A town of Macedonia, near Olynthus. Strabo.

=Scombrus=, a mountain of Thrace, near Rhodope.

=Scopas=, an architect and sculptor of Ephesus, for some time employed in making the mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her husband, and which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. One of his statues of Venus was among the antiquities with which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived about 450 years before Christ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43, &c.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 8.――Vitruvius, bk. 9, ch. 9.――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――――An Ætolian who raised some forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt, against his enemies Antiochus and his allies. He afterwards conspired against the Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B.C. 196.――――An ambassador to the court of the emperor Domitian.

=Scopium=, a town of Thessaly.

=Scordisci= and =Scordiscæ=, a people of Pannonia and Thrace, well known during the reign of the Roman emperors for their barbarity and uncivilized manners. They were fond of drinking human blood, and they generally sacrificed their captive enemies to their gods. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 19.――Strabo, bk. 7.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Scoti=, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, mentioned as different from the Picts. Claudian, de Tertio Consulatu Honorii, li. 54.

=Scotīnus=, a surname of Heraclitus. Strabo, bk. 15.

=Scotussa=, a town of Thessaly at the north of Larissa and of the Peneus, destroyed by Alexander of Pheræ. Livy, bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7; bk. 36, ch. 14.――Strabo, bks. 7 & 9.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――――Another in Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Scribonia=, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudiated, that Augustus might marry Livia. She had been married twice before she became the wife of the emperor. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.――――A woman who married Crassus.

=Scriboniānus=, a man in the age of Nero. Some of his friends wished him to be competitor for the imperial purple against Vespasian, which he declined. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 39.――――There were also two brothers of that name, who did nothing without each other’s consent. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 41.

=Scribonius=, a man who made himself master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. ――――A physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius.――――A man who wrote annals, A.D. 22. The best edition of Scribonius is that of Patavium, 4to, 1655.――――A friend of Pompey, &c.

=Scultenna=, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Po, now called Panaro. Livy, bk. 41, chs. 12 & 18.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Scylacēum=, a town of the Brutii, built by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet Navifragum to Scylaceum, some suppose that either the poet was mistaken in his knowledge of the place, because there are no apparent dangers to navigation there, or that he confounds this place with a promontory of the same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius explains this passage by supposing that the houses of the place were originally built with the shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses’ fleet――a most puerile explanation! Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 553.――Strabo, bk. 6.

=Scylax=, a geographer and mathematician of Caria, in the age of Darius son of Hystaspes, about 550 years before Christ. He was commissioned by Darius to make discoveries in the east, and after a journey of 30 months he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he was the first who invented geographical tables. The latest edition of the Periplus of Scylax, is that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1597. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 44.――Strabo.――――A river of Cappadocia.

=Scylla=, a daughter of Nisus king of Megara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that monarch besieged her father’s capital. To make him sensible of her passion, she informed him that she would deliver Megara into his hands if he promised to marry her. Minos consented, and as the prosperity of Megara depended on a golden hair, which was on the head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, and from that moment the sallies of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and the enemy easily became master of the place. Scylla was disappointed in her expectations, and Minos treated her with such contempt and ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower into the sea, or, according to other accounts, she was changed into a lark by the gods, and her father into a hawk. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 393. ――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 19, li. 21. ――Hyginus, fable 198.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 405, &c. ――――A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render her more propitious, applied to Circe, whose knowledge of herbs and incantations was universally admired. Circe no sooner saw him than she became enamoured of him, and instead of giving him the required assistance, she attempted to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into the waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the nymph touched the place than she found every part of her body below the waist changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which never ceased barking. The rest of her body assumed an equally hideous form. She found herself supported by 12 feet, and she had six different heads, each with three rows of teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so terrified her, that she threw herself into that part of the sea which separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was changed into rocks, which continued to bear her name, and which were universally deemed by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as well as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. During a tempest the waves are described by modern navigators as roaring dreadfully when driven into the rough and uneven cavities of the rock. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 85.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 66, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.――Hyginus, fable 199. Some authors, as Propertius, bk. 4, poem 4, li. 39, and Virgil, eclogue 6, li. 74, with Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 500, have confounded the daughter of Typhon with the daughter of Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 424, &c.――――A ship in the fleet of Æneas, commanded by Cloanthus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Scyllæum=, a promontory of Peloponnesus on the coast of Argolis.――――A promontory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the same as Scylaceum, near which was the famous whirlpool Scylla, from which the name is derived.

=Scyllias=, a celebrated swimmer who enriched himself by diving after the goods which had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships near Pelium. It is said that he could dive 80 stadia under the water. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Scyllis= and =Dipœnus=, statuaries of Crete before the age of Cyrus king of Persia. They were said to be sons and pupils of Dædalus, and they established a school at Sicyon, where they taught the principles of their profession. Pausanias.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Scyllus= (untis), a town of Achaia, given to Xenophon by the Lacedæmonians. Strabo.

=Scylūrus=, a monarch who left 80 sons. He called them to his bedside as he expired, and by enjoining them to break a bundle of sticks tied together, and afterwards separately, he convinced them that, when altogether firmly united, their power would be insuperable, but, if ever disunited, they would fail an easy prey to their enemies. Plutarch, de Garrulitate.

=Scyppium=, a town in the neighbourhood of Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Scyras=, a river of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Scyrias=, a name applied to Deidamia as a native of Scyros. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, ♦bk. 1, li. 682.

♦ Book number omitted from text.

=Scyros=, a rocky and barren island in the Ægean, at the distance of about 28 miles north-east from Eubœa, 60 miles in circumference. It was originally in the possession of the Pelasgians and Carians. Achilles retired there not to go to the Trojan war, and became father of Neoptolemus by Deidamia the daughter of king Lycomedes. Scyros was conquered by the Athenians under Cimon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 508.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 464; bk. 13, li. 156. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Scythæ=, the inhabitants of Scythia. See: Scythia.

=Scythes=, or =Scytha=, a son of Jupiter by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was that of a man, and the rest that of a serpent. He became king of a country which he called Scythia. Diodorus, bk. 2. ――――A son of Hercules and Echidna.

=Scythia=, a large country situate in the most northern parts of Europe and Asia, from which circumstance it is generally denominated European and Asiatic. The most northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited on account of the extreme coldness of the climate. The more southern parts in Asia that were inhabited were distinguished by the name of Scythia intra et extra Imaum, &c. The boundaries of Scythia were unknown to the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at the north, east, and west. Scythia comprehended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania, the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scythians were divided into several nations or tribes; they had no cities, but continually changed their habitations. They inured themselves to bear labour and fatigue; they despised money, and lived upon milk, and covered themselves with the skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed to flourish among them, and that philosophy and moderation which other nations wished to acquire by study, seemed natural to them. Some authors, however, represent them as a savage and barbarous people, who fed upon human flesh, who drank the blood of their enemies, and used the skulls of travellers as vessels in their sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians made several irruptions upon the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we find them at different periods extending their conquests in Europe, and penetrating as far as Egypt. Their government was monarchical, and the deference which they paid to their sovereigns was ♦unparalleled. When the king died, his body was carried through every province, where it was received in solemn procession, and afterwards buried. In the first centuries after Christ they invaded the Roman empire with the Sarmatians. See: Sarmatia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c. ――Strabo, bk. 7.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 64; bk. 2, li. 224.

♦ ‘uuparalleled’ replaced with ‘unparalleled’

=Scythīnus=, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia, who wrote iambics. Diogenes Laërtius, Heraclides.――Athenæus, bk. 11.

=Scython=, a man changed into a woman. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 280.

=Scythopŏlis=, a town of Syria, said to have been built by Bacchus. Strabo, bk. 16.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Scythotauri=, a people of Chersonesus Taurica. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Sebasta=, a town of Judæa.――――Another in Cilicia.――――The name was common to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus.

=Sebastīa=, a city of Armenia.

=Sebennȳtus=, a town of the Delta in Egypt. The branch of the Nile which flows near it has been called the Sebennytic. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Sebētus=, a small river of Campania, falling into the bay of Naples, whence the epithet Sebethis, given to one of the nymphs who frequented its borders, and became mother of Œbalus by Telon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 734.

=Sebusiāni=, or =Segusiani=, a people of Celtic Gaul.

=Sectānus=, an infamous debauchee in the age of Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 112.

=Secundus Julius=, a man who published some harangues and orations in the age of the emperor Titus.――――A favourite of Nero.――――One of the associates of Sejanus.

=Seditāni=, or =Sedentāni=, a people of Spain. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 372.

=Sedūni=, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3.

=Sedusii=, a people of Germany near the Suevi. Cæsar.

=Segesta=, a town of Sicily founded by Æneas, or, according to some, by Crinisus. See: Ægesta.

=Segestes=, a German, friendly to the Roman interest in the time of Germanicus. His daughter married Arminius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 55.

=Segetia=, a divinity at Rome, invoked by the husbandmen that the harvest might be plentiful. Augustine, City of God, bk. 4, ch. 8. ――Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 16.――Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 2.

=Segni=, a people with a town of the same name in Belgic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.

=Segrobrica=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Segōnax=, a prince in the southern parts of Britain, who opposed Cæsar, by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Segontia=, or =Seguntia=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 10.

=Segontiăci=, a people of Belgic Gaul, who submitted to Julius Cæsar.

=Segovia=, a town of Spain, of great power in the age of the Cæsars. ――――There was also another of the same name in Lusitania. Both had been founded by the Celtiberi.

=Seguntium=, a town of Britain, supposed to be Carnarvon in Wales. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Segusiāni=, a people of Gaul on the Loire. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.

=Segusio=, a town of Piedmont on the Durias. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Ælius Sejānus=, a native of Vulsinum in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in the court of Tiberius. His father’s name was Seuis Strabo, a Roman knight, commander of the pretorian guards. His mother was descended from the Junian family. Sejanus first gained the favours of Caius Cæsar the grandson of Augustus, but afterwards he attached himself to the interest and the views of Tiberius, who then sat on the imperial throne. The emperor, who was naturally of a suspicious temper, was free and open with Sejanus, and while he distrusted others, he communicated his greatest secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus improved this confidence, and when he had found that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he next endeavoured to become the favourite of the soldiers and the darling of the senate. As commander of the pretorian guards he was the second man in Rome, and in that important office he made use of insinuations and every mean artifice to make himself beloved and revered. His affability and condescension gained him the hearts of the common soldiers, and by appointing his own favourites and adherents to places of trust and honour, all the officers and centurions of the army became devoted to his interest. The views of Sejanus in this were well known; yet to advance with more success, he attempted to gain the affection of the senators. In this he met with no opposition. A man who has the disposal of places of honour and dignity, and who has the command of the public money, cannot but be the favourite of those who are in need of his assistance. It is even said that Sejanus gained to his views all the wives of the senators, by a private and most secret promise of marriage to each of them, whenever he had made himself independent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however successful with the best and noblest families in the empire, Sejanus had to combat numbers in the house of the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were soon removed. All the children and grandchildren of Tiberius were sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite under various pretences; and Drusus the son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his destruction sure and inevitable. Livia the wife of Drusus was gained by Sejanus, and though the mother of many children, she was prevailed upon to assist her adulterer in the murder of her husband, and she consented to marry him when Drusus was dead. No sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus openly declared his wish to marry Livia. This was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and the emperor, by recommending Germanicus to the senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold and determined. He was more urgent in his demands; and when he could not gain the consent of the emperor, he persuaded him to retire to solitude from the noise of Rome and the troubles of the government. Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, yielded to his representations, and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of the empire. This was highly gratifying to the favourite, and he was now without a master. Prudence and moderation might have made him what he wished to be; but Sejanus offended the whole empire when he declared that he was emperor of Rome, and Tiberius only the dependent prince of the island of Capreæ, where he had retired. Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of the designs of Sejanus; and when he had been informed that his favourite had had the meanness and audacity to ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; and the man who aspired to the empire, and who called himself the favourite of the people, the darling of the pretorian guards, and the companion of Tiberius, was seized without resistance, and the same day strangled in prison, A.D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury and insolence of the populace, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His children and all his relations were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions all those who were even connected with Sejanus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his confidence. Tacitus, bk. 3, Annals, &c.――Dio Cassius, bk. 58.――Suetonius, Tiberias.

=Cnæus Seius=, a Roman who had a famous horse of large size and uncommon beauty. He was put to death by Antony, and it was observed, that whoever obtained possession of his horse, which was supposed to be of the same race as the horses of Diomedes destroyed by Hercules, and which was called Sejanus equus, became unfortunate, and lost all his property, with every member of his family. Hence arose the proverb, ille homo habet Sejanum equum, applied to such as were oppressed with misfortunes. Aulus Gellius, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Seius Strabo=, the father of Sejanus, was a Roman knight, and commander of the pretorian guards.

=Selasia.= See: Sellasia.

=Selemnus=, a river of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23. See: Selimnus.

=Selēne=, the wife of Antiochus king of Syria, put to death by Tigranes king of Armenia. She was daughter of Physcon king of Egypt, and had first married her brother Lathurus, according to the custom of her country, and afterwards, by desire of her mother, her other brother Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, surnamed Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by whom she had two sons. According to Appian, she first married the father, and after his death, his son Eusebes. Appian, Syrian Wars, &c.

=Seleucēna=, or =Seleucis=, a country of Syria, in Asia. See: Seleucis.

=Seleucīa=, a town of Syria, on the sea-shore, generally called Pieria, to distinguish it from others of the same name. There were no less than eight other cities which were called Seleucia, and which had all received their name from Seleucus Nicator. They were all situate in the kingdom of Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.――Strabo, bks. 11 & 15.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.――――Also the residence of the Parthian kings. Cicero, bk. 8, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 14.

=Seleucĭdæ=, a surname given to those monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, which was founded by Seleucus the son of Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. The era of the Seleucidæ begins with the taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B.C. 312, and ends at the conquest of Syria by Pompey, B.C. 65. The order in which these monarchs reigned is shown in the account of Syria. See: Syria.

=Seleucis=, a division of Syria, which received its name from Seleucus, the founder of the Syrian empire after the death of Alexander the Great. It was also called Tetrapolis, from the four cities which it contained, called also sister cities; Seleucia called after Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and Apamea after his wife. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Seleucus I.=, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, surnamed Nicator, or Victorious, was son of Antiochus. After the king’s death, he received Babylon as his province; but his ambitious views, and his attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed through his territories, rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for safety to the court of his friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his absence, and he increased his dominions by the immediate conquest of Media, and some of the neighbouring provinces. When he had strengthened himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated the example of the rest of the generals of Alexander, and assumed the title of independent monarch. He afterwards made war against Antigonus, with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; and after this monarch had been conquered and slain, his territories were divided among his victorious enemies. When Seleucus became master of Syria, he built a city there, which he called Antioch in honour of his father, and made it the capital of his dominions. He also made war against Demetrius and Lysimachus, though he had originally married Stratonice the daughter of the former, and had lived in the closest friendship with the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered by one of his servants called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the greatest favours, and whom he had distinguished by acts of the most unbounded confidence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greatest and most powerful of the princes who inherited the Macedonian empire after the death of Alexander. His benevolence has been commended; and it has been observed, that he conquered not to enslave nations, but to make them more happy. He founded no less than 34 cities in different parts of his empire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, whose national industry, learning, religion, and spirit, were communicated to the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus was a great benefactor to the Greeks; he restored to the Athenians the library and statues which Xerxes had carried away from their city when he invaded Greece, and among them were those of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before the christian era, in the 32nd year of his reign, and the 78th, or, according to others, the 73rd year of his age, as he was going to conquer Macedonia, where he intended to finish his days in peace and tranquillity in that province where he was born. He was succeeded by Antiochus Soter. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4; bk. 15, ch. 4; bk. 16, ch. 3, &c. ――Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 51.――Josephus, Antiquities, bk. 12.

=Seleucus II.=, surnamed Callinicus, succeeded his father Antiochus Theus on the throne of Syria. He attempted to make war against Ptolemy king of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a violent storm, and his armies soon after conquered by his enemy. He was at last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an officer who made himself powerful by the dissensions which reigned in the house of the Seleucidæ, between the two brothers Seleucus and Antiochus; and after he had been a prisoner for some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his horse, B.C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. Seleucus had received the surname of Pogon, from his long beard, and that of Callinicus, ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. He had married Laodice the sister of one of his generals, by whom he had two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom he gave in marriage to Mithridates king of Pontus. Strabo, bk. 16.――Justin, bk. 27. ――Appian, Syrian Wars.

=Seleucus III.=, succeeded his father Seleucus II. on the throne of Syria, and received the surname of Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. He was murdered by two of his officers, after a reign of three years, B.C. 223, and his brother Antiochus, though only 15 years old, ascended the throne, and rendered himself so celebrated that he acquired the name of the Great. Appian.

=Seleucus IV.=, succeeded his father Antiochus the Great on the throne of Syria. He was surnamed Philopater, or, according to Josephus, Soter. His empire had been weakened by the Romans when he became monarch, and the yearly tribute of 1000 talents to those victorious enemies concurred in lessening his power and consequence among nations. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B.C. 175. His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, there to receive his education, and he became a prince of great abilities. Strabo, bk. 16.――Justin, bk. 32.――Appian.

=Seleucus V.=, succeeded his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was put to death in the first year of his reign by Cleopatra his mother, who had also sacrificed her husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned by many historians in the number of the Syrian monarchs.

=Seleucus VI.=, one of the Seleucidæ, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain the crown of Syria. He was some time after banished from his kingdom by Antiochus Pius son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B.C. 93. Appian.――Josephus.

=Seleucus=, a prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians offered the crown of which they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he soon disgusted his subjects, and received the surname of Cybiosactes, or Scullion, for his meanness and avarice. He was at last murdered by Berenice, whom he had married.――――A servant of Cleopatra the last queen of Egypt, who accused his mistress, before Octavianus, of having secreted part of her jewels and treasures.――――A mathematician intimate with Vespasian the Roman emperor.――――A part of the Alps. ――――A Roman consul.――――A celebrated singer. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 211.――――A king of the Bosphorus, who died B.C. 429.

=Selge=, a town of Pamphylia, made a colony by the Lacedæmonians. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 13.――Strabo.

=Selimnus=, a shepherd of Achaia, who for some time enjoyed the favours of the nymph Argyra without interruption. Argyra was at last disgusted with her lover, and the shepherd died through melancholy, and was changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into a fountain, and was fond of mingling her waters with those of the Selimnus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Selīnuns=, or =Selīnus= (untis), a town on the southern parts of Sicily, founded A.U.C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It received its name from σελινον, parsley, which grew there in abundance. The marks of its ancient consequence are visible in the venerable ruins now found in its neighbourhood. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 705. ――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, which watered the town of Scillus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6. ――――Another in Achaia.――――Another in Sicily.――――A river and town of Cilicia, where Trajan died. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 20.――Strabo, bk. 14. ――――Two small rivers near Diana’s temple at Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A lake at the entrance of the Cayster. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Sellasia=, a town of Laconia, where Cleomenes was defeated by the Achæans, B.C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedæmonians survived the battle. Plutarch.

=Sellēis=, a river of Peloponnesus falling into the Ionian sea. Homer, Iliad.

=Selletæ=, a people of Thrace near mount Hæmus. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 40.

=Selli=, an ancient nation of Epirus near Dodona. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 180.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Selymbria=, a town of Thrace on the Propontis. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 39.

=Sĕmĕle=, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione the daughter of Mars and Venus. She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was always jealous of her husband’s amours, and who hated the house of Cadmus because they were related to the goddess of beauty, determined to punish this successful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, which contained every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, she visited the house of Jupiter’s mistress. Semele listened with attention to the artful admonitions of the false Beroe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to her arms with the same majesty as he approached Juno. This rash request was heard with horror by Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Styx to grant Semele whatever she required, he came to her bed attended by the clouds, the lightning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of Semele could not endure so much majesty, and she was instantly consumed with fire. The child, however, of which she was pregnant, was saved from the flames by Mercury, or, according to others, by Dirce, one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him in his thigh the rest of the time which he ought to have been in his mother’s womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immediately after death was honoured with immortality under the name of Thyone. Some, however, suppose that she remained in the infernal regions till Bacchus her son was permitted to bring her back. There were in the temple of Diana, at Trœzene, two altars raised to the infernal gods, one of which was over an aperture, through which, as Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his mother. Semele was particularly worshipped at Brasiæ in Laconia, where, according to a certain tradition, she had been driven by the winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea on account of her incontinent amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though she received divine honours, had no temples; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, at Thebes, in Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 9, ch. 5.――Hesiod, Theogony.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 323. ――Orpheus, Hymns.――Euripides, Bacchæ.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 254; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 715.――Diodorus, bks. 3 & 4.

=Semigermāni=, a name given to the Helvetii, a people of Germany. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Semiguntus=, a general of the Cherusci, taken prisoner by Germanicus, &c. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Sĕmīrămis=, a celebrated queen of Assyria, daughter of the goddess Derceto by a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but her life was preserved by doves for one whole year, till Simmas, one of the shepherds of Ninus, found her, and brought her up as his own child. Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones the governor of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, by her advice and prudent directions, she hastened the king’s operations and took the city. These eminent services, but chiefly her uncommon beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of her husband, and offered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but Menones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added threats to entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was Menones dead than Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond of Semiramis, that at her request he resigned the crown to her, and commanded her to be proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. Of this, however, he had cause to repent; Semiramis put him to death, the better to establish herself on the throne, and when she had no enemies to fear at home, she began to repair the capital of her empire, and by her means Babylon became the most superb and magnificent city in the world. She visited every part of her dominions, and left everywhere immortal monuments of her greatness and benevolence. To render the roads passable and communication easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up valleys; and water was conveyed at a great expense, by large and convenient aqueducts, to barren deserts and unfruitful plains. She was not less distinguished as a warrior. Many of the neighbouring nations were conquered; and when Semiramis was once told, as she was dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left her toilette with precipitation, and though only half dressed, she refused to have the rest of her head adorned before the sedition was quelled and tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been accused of licentiousness, and some authors have observed that she regularly called the strongest and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and afterwards put them to death, that they might not be living witnesses of her incontinence. Her passion for her son was also unnatural, and it was this criminal propensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his mother with his own hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed into a dove after death, and received immortal honours in Assyria. It is supposed that she lived about 1965 years before the christian era, and that she died in the 62nd year of her age, and the 25th of her reign. Many fabulous reports have been propagated about Semiramis, and some have declared that for some time she disguised herself and passed for her son Ninyas. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 184.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――Plutarch, de Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute, &c.――Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 11; Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 58.――Marcellinus, bk. 14, ch. 6.

=Semnŏnes=, a people of Italy, on the borders of Umbria.――――Of Germany, on the Elbe and Oder.

=Semōnes=, inferior deities of Rome, that were not in the number of the 12 great gods. Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as had received divine honours after death. The word seems to be the same as semi homines, because they were inferior to the supreme gods and superior to men. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.

=Semosanctus=, one of the gods of the Romans among the Indigetes, or such as were born and educated in their country.

=Sempronia=, a Roman matron, mother of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learning, and her private as well as public virtues.――――Also a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused of having assisted the triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus to murder her husband Scipio Africanus the younger. The name of Sempronia was common to the female descendants of the family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios.

=Semprōnia lex=, de magistratibus, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C. 630, ordained that no person who had been legally deprived of a magistracy for misdemeanours should be capable of bearing an office again. This law was afterwards repealed by the author.――――Another, de civitate, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It ordained that no capital judgment should be passed over a Roman citizen without the concurrence and authority of the senate. There were also some other regulations, included in this law.――――Another, de comitiis, by the same, A.U.C. 635. It ordained that, in giving their votes, the centuries should be chosen by lot, and not give it according to the order of their classes.――――Another, de comitiis, by the same, the same year, which granted to the Latin allies of Rome the privilege of giving votes at elections, as if they were Roman citizens.――――Another, de provinciis, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that the senators should be permitted before the assembly of the consular comitia, to determine as they pleased the particular provinces which should be proposed to the consuls, to be divided by lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived of the power of interposing against a decree of the senate.――――Another, called agraria prima, by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C. 620. It confirmed the lex agraria Licinia, and enacted that all such as were in possession of more lands than that law allowed, should immediately resign them, to be divided among the poor citizens. Three commissioners were appointed to put this law into execution; and its consequences were so violent, as it was directly made against the nobles and senators, that it cost the author his life.――――Another, called agraria altera, by the same. It required that all the ready money which was found in the treasury of Attalus king of Pergamus, who had left the Romans his heirs, should be divided among the poorer citizens of Rome, to supply them with all the various instruments requisite in husbandry, and that the lands of that monarch should be farmed by the Roman censors, and the money drawn from thence should be divided among the people.――――Another, frumentaria, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a certain quantity of corn should be distributed among the people, so much to every individual, for which it was required that they should only pay the trifling sum of a semissis, and a triens.――――Another, de usurâ, by Marcus Sempronius the tribune, A.U.C. 560. It ordained that, in lending money to the Latins and the allies of Rome, the Roman laws should be observed as well as among the citizens.――――Another, de judicibus, by the tribune Caius Sempronius, A.U.C. 630. It required that the right of judging, which had been assigned to the Senatorian order by Romulus, should be transferred from them to the Roman knights. ――――Another, militaris, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that the soldiers should be clothed at the public expense, without any diminution of their usual pay. It also ordered that no person should be obliged to serve in the army before the age of 17.

=Semprōnius Aulus Atratinus=, a senator who opposed the Agrarian law, which was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of the tribunes.――――Lucius Atratinus, a consul A.U.C. 310. He was one of the first censors with his colleague in the consulship, Papirius. ――――Caius, a consul summoned before an assembly of the people because he had fought with ill success against the Volsci.――――Blæsus, a consul who obtained a triumph for some victories gained in Sicily. ――――Sophus, a consul against the Æqui. He also fought against the Picentes, and during the engagement there was a dreadful earthquake. The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus encouraged them, and observed that the earth trembled only for fear of changing its old masters. ――――A man who proposed a law that no person should dedicate a temple or altar, without the previous approbation of the magistrates, A.U.C. 449. He repudiated his wife because she had gone to see a spectacle without his permission or knowledge.――――Rufus, a senator, banished from the senate, because he had killed a crane to serve him as food.――――Tuditanus, a man sent against Sardinia by the Romans.――――A legionary tribune, who led away from Cannæ the remaining part of the soldiers who had not been killed by the Carthaginians. He was afterwards consul, and fought in the field against Annibal with great success. He was killed in Spain.――――Tiberius Longus, a Roman consul defeated by the Carthaginians in an engagement which he had begun against the approbation of his colleague Cornelius Scipio. He afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls.――――Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who defeated the Carthaginians and the Campanians. He was afterwards betrayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the hands of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had made a long and bloody resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed great honour to his remains; a funeral pile was raised at the head of the camp, and the enemy’s cavalry walked round it in solemn procession.――――Gracchus, a man who had debauched Julia. See: Gracchus.――――A eunuch, made governor of Rome by Caracalla.――――Densus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort who defended the person of Galba against his assassins. He was killed in the attempt.――――The father of the Gracchi. See: Gracchus. ――――A censor, who was also sent as ambassador to the court of Egypt. ――――A tribune of the people, &c. Tacitus.――Florus.――Livy. ――Plutarch, Cæsar.――Appian.――――An emperor. See: Saturninus.

=Semurium=, a place near Rome, where Apollo had a temple. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Sena=, or =Senogallia=, a town of Umbria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Senones, after they had made an irruption into Italy, A.U.C. 396; and on that account called Gallica. There was also a small river in the neighbourhood which bore the name of Sena. It was near it that Asdrubal was defeated by Claudius Nero. Cornelius Nepos, Cato.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.――Livy, bk. 27, ch. 46.――Cicero, Brutus, ch. 18.

=Sĕnātus=, the chief council of the state among the Romans. The members of this body, called senatores on account of their age, and patres on account of their authority, were of the greatest consequence in the republic. The senate was first instituted by Romulus to govern the city, and to preside over the affairs of the state during his absence. This was continued by his successors; but Tarquin II. disdained to consult them, and by having his own council chosen from his favourites, and from men who were totally devoted to his interest, he diminished the authority and the consequence of the senators, and slighted the concurrence of the people. The senators whom Romulus created were 100, to whom he afterwards added the same number when the Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the ancient made the senate consist of 300, and this number remained fixed for a long time. After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose tyranny had thinned the patricians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators were chosen to complete the 300; and as they were called conscripts, the senate ever afterwards consisted of members who were denominated patres and conscripti. The number continued to fluctuate during the times of the republic, but gradually increased to 700, and afterwards to 900 under Julius Cæsar, who filled the senate with men of every rank and order. Under Augustus, the senators amounted to 1000, but this number was reduced to 300, which being the cause of complaints, induced the emperor to limit the number to 600. The place of a senator was always bestowed upon merit; the monarchs had the privilege of choosing the members, and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, it was one of the rights of the consuls, till the election of the censors, who from their office seemed most capable of making choice of men whose character was irreproachable, whose morals were pure, and relations honourable. Sometimes the assembly of the people elected senators, but it was only upon some extraordinary occasions; there was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number of the senate after the battle of Cannæ. Only particular families were admitted into the senate; and when the plebeians were permitted to share the honours of the state, it was then required that they should be born of free citizens. It was also required that the candidates should be knights before their admission into the senate. They were to be above the age of 25, and to have previously passed through the inferior offices of questor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, and consul. Some, however, suppose that the senators whom Romulus chose were all old men; yet his successors neglected this, and often men who were below the age of 25 were admitted by courtesy into the senate. The dignity of a senator could not be supported without the possession of 80,000 sesterces, or about 7000_l._ English money; and therefore such as squandered away their money, and whose fortune was reduced below this sum, were generally struck out of the list of senators. This regulation was not made in the first ages of the republic, when the Romans boasted of their poverty. The senators were not permitted to be of any trade or profession. They were distinguished from the rest of the people by their dress; they wore the laticlave, half boots of a black colour, with a crescent or silver buckle in the form of a C; but this last honour was confined only to the descendants of those 100 senators who had been elected by Romulus, as the letter C seems to imply. They had the sole right of feasting publicly in the capitol in ceremonial habits; they sat in curule chairs, and at the representation of plays and public spectacles, they were honoured with particular seats. Whenever they travelled abroad, even on their own business, they were maintained at the public expense, and always found provisions for themselves and their attendants ready prepared on the road; a privilege that was generally termed free legation. On public festivals they wore the prætexta, or long white robe, with purple borders. The right of convoking the senate belonged only to the monarchs; and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, to the consuls, the dictator, master of the horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes of the people; but no magistrate could exercise this privilege except in the absence of a superior officer, the tribunes excepted. The time of meeting was generally three times a month, on the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus they were not assembled on the nones. It was requisite that the place where they assembled should have been previously consecrated by the augur. This was generally in the temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pollux, &c., or in the Curiæ called Hostilia, Julia, Pompeia, &c. When audience was given to foreign ambassadors, the senators assembled without the walls of the city, either in the temples of Bellona or of Apollo; and the same ceremony as to their meeting was also observed when they transacted business with their generals, as the ambassadors of foreign nations, and the commanders of armies, while in commission, were not permitted to appear within the walls of the city. To render their decrees valid and authentic, a certain number of members was requisite, and such as were absent without some proper cause, were always fined. In the reign of Augustus, 400 senators were requisite to make a senate. Nothing was transacted before sunrise, or after sunset. In their office the senators were the guardians of religion; they disposed of the provinces as they pleased, they prorogued the assemblies of the people, they appointed thanksgivings, nominated their ambassadors, distributed the public money, and, in short, had the management of everything political or civil in the republic, except the creating of the magistrates, the enacting of laws, and the declarations of war or peace, which were confined to the assemblies of the people. Rank was always regarded in their meetings; the chief magistrates of the state, such as the consuls, the pretors, and censors, sat first; after these the inferior magistrates, such as the ediles and questors, and last of all, those that then exercised no office in the state. Their opinions were originally collected, each according to his age; but when the office of censor was instituted, the opinion of the princeps senatus, or the person whose name stood first on the censor’s list, was first consulted, and afterwards those who were of consular dignity, each in their respective order. In the age of Cicero the consuls elect were first consulted; and in the age of Cæsar, he was permitted to speak first till the end of the year, on whom the consul had originally conferred that honour. Under the emperors the same rules were observed, but the consuls were generally consulted before all others. When any public matter was introduced into the senate, which was always called referre ad senatum, any senator whose opinion was asked, was permitted to speak upon it as long as he pleased; and on that account it was often usual for the senators to protract their speeches till it was too late to determine. When the question was put, they passed to the side of that speaker whose opinion they approved, and a majority of votes was easily collected, without the trouble of counting the numbers. This mode of proceeding was called pedibus in alicujus sententiam ire; and therefore, on that account, the senators who had not the privilege of speaking, but only the right of giving a silent vote, such as bore some curule honours, and on that account were permitted to sit in the senate, but not to deliberate, were denominated pedarii senatores. After the majority had been known, the matter was determined, and a senatus consultum was immediately written by the clerks of the house, at the feet of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by all the principal members of the house. When there was not a sufficient number of members to make a senate, the decision was called senatus autoritas; but it was of no consequence if it did not afterwards pass into a senatus consultum. The tribunes of the people, by the word veto, could stop the debates, and the decrees of the assembled senate, as also any one who was of equal authority with him who had proposed the matter. The senatus consulta were left in the custody of the consuls, who could suppress or preserve them; but about the year of Rome 304, they were always deposited in the temple of Ceres, and afterwards in the treasury, by the ediles of the people. The degradation of the senators was made by the censor, by omitting their names when he called over the list of the senate. This was called præterire. A senator could be again introduced into the senate if he could repair his character or fortune, which had been the causes why the censor had lawfully called him unqualified, and had challenged his opposition. The meeting of the senate was often sudden, except the particular times already mentioned, upon any emergency. After the death of Julius Cæsar, they were not permitted to meet on the ides of March, which were called parricidium, because on that day the dictator had been assassinated. The sons of senators, after they had put on the toga virilis, were permitted to come into the senate, but this was afterwards limited. See: Papirius. The rank and authority of the senators, which were so conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to declare that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing under the emperors. Men of the lowest character were admitted into the senate; the emperors took pleasure in robbing this illustrious body of their privileges and authority, and the senators themselves, by their manners and servility, contributed as much as the tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their own consequence; and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the world that they no longer possessed sufficient prudence or authority to be consulted on matters of weight and importance. In the election of successors to the imperial purple after Augustus, the approbation of the senate was consulted, but it was only a matter of courtesy, and the concurrence of a body of men was little regarded who were without power, and under the control of a mercenary army. The title of Clarissimus was given to the senators under the emperors, and, indeed, this was the only distinction which they had in compensation for the loss of their independence. The senate was abolished by Justinian, 13 centuries after its first institution by Romulus.

=Senĕca Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain, who married Helvia, a woman of Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca the philosopher, Annæus Novatus, and Annæus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. Seneca made himself known by some declamations, of which he made a collection from the most celebrated orators of the age; and from that circumstance, and for distinction, he obtained the appellation of declamator. He left Corduba, and went to Rome, where he became a Roman knight. His son Lucius Annæus Seneca, who was born about six years before Christ, was early distinguished by his extraordinary talents. He was taught eloquence by his father, and received lessons in philosophy from the best and most celebrated stoics of the age. As one of the followers of the Pythagorean doctrines, Seneca observed the most reserved abstinence, and in his meals never ate the flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the representation of his father, when Tiberius threatened to punish some Jews and Egyptians, who abstained from certain meats. In the character of a pleader, Seneca appeared with great advantage, but the fear of Caligula, who aspired to the name of an eloquent speaker, and who consequently was jealous of his fame, deterred him from pursuing his favourite study, and he sought a safer employment in canvassing for the honours and offices of the state. He was made questor, but the aspersions which were thrown upon him on account of a shameful amour with Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the emperor banished him for some time into Corsica. During his banishment, the philosopher wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, remarkable for elegance of language and for sublimity; but he soon forgot his philosophy and disgraced himself by his flatteries to the emperor, and in wishing to be recalled, even at the expense of his innocence and character. The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved favourable to Seneca; and after he had remained five years in Corsica, he was recalled by the empress to take care of the education of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed to the empire. In the honourable duty of preceptor, Seneca gained applause; and as long as Nero followed his advice, Rome enjoyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe and happy under the administration of the son of Agrippina. Some, however, are clamorous against the philosopher, and observe that Seneca initiated his pupil in those unnatural vices and abominable indulgences which disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. This may be the language of malevolence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the corrupted age of Nero, the preceptor had to withstand the clamours of many wicked and profligate ministers; and if he had been the favourite of the emperor, and shared his pleasures, his debauchery and extravagance, Nero would not perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a man whose example, from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and whose salutary precepts his licentious associates forbade him to obey. Seneca was too well acquainted with the natural disposition of Nero to think himself secure; he had been accused of having amassed the most ample riches, and of having built sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, during the four years in which he had attended Nero as a preceptor, and therefore he desired his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, and the possessions which his attendance on his person had procured, and to permit him to retire to solitude and study. Nero refused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid further suspicions, kept himself at home for some time as if labouring under a disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some time after, and in which some of the most noble of the Roman senators were concerned, Seneca’s name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered him to destroy himself. Seneca very probably was not accessary to the conspiracy, and the only thing which could be produced against him as a crimination, was trivial and unsatisfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, had complained that he never saw Seneca, and the philosopher had observed in answer, that it was not proper or conducive to their common interest to see one another often. He further pleaded indisposition, and said that his own life depended upon the safety of Piso’s person. Seneca was at table with his wife Paulina and two of his friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived. He heard the words which commanded him to destroy himself, with philosophical firmness, and even with joy; and observed, that such a mandate might have long been expected from a man who had murdered his own mother, and assassinated all his friends. He wished to dispose of his possessions as he pleased, but this was refused; and when he heard this, he turned to his friends who were weeping at his melancholy fate, and told them, that since he could not leave them what he believed his own, he would leave them at least his own life for an example, an innocent conduct which they might imitate, and by which they might acquire immortal fame. Against their tears and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and asked them whether they had not learnt better to withstand the attacks of fortune, and the violence of tyranny? As for his wife, he attempted to calm her emotions, and when she seemed resolved to die with him, he said he was glad to find his example followed with so much constancy. Their veins were opened at the same moment, but the life of Paulina was preserved, and Nero, who was partial to her ordered the blood to be stopped; and from that moment, according to some authors, the philosopher’s wife seemed to rejoice that she could still enjoy the comforts of life. Seneca’s veins bled but slowly, and it has been observed, that the sensible and animated conversation of his dying moments was collected by his friends, and that it has been preserved among his works. To hasten his death he drank a dose of poison, but it had no effect, and therefore he ordered himself to be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate the operation of the draught, and to make the blood flow more freely. This was attended with no better success; and as the soldiers were clamorous, he was carried into a stove, and suffocated by the steam, on the 12th of April, in the 65th year of the christian era, in his 53rd year. His body was burnt without pomp or funeral ceremony, according to his will, which he had made when he enjoyed the most unbounded favours of Nero. The compositions of Seneca are numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is so much admired for his refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has not hesitated to rank him among christian writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with ornament, and seems well suited to the taste of the age in which he lived. The desire of recommending himself and his writings to the world, obliged him too often to depreciate the merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity. His treatises are de irâ, de consolatione, de Providentiâ, de tranquillitate animi, de clementiâ, de sapientis constantiâ, de otio sapientis, de brevitate vitæ, de beneficiis, de vitâ beatâ, besides his naturales quæstiones, ludus in Claudium, moral letters, &c. There are also some tragedies ascribed to Seneca. Quintilian supposes that the Medea is his composition, and according to others, the Troas and the Hippolytus were also written by him, and the Agamemnon, Hercules furens, Thyestes & Hercules in Oetâ by his father, Seneca the declaimer. The best editions of Seneca are those of Antwerp, folio, 1615, and of Gronovius, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1672; and those of his tragedies, are that of Schroder’s, 4to, Delft, 1728, and the 8vo of Gronovius, Leiden, 1682. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, &c.――Dio Cassius. ――Suetonius, Nero, &c.――Quintilian.

=Claudius Senecio=, one of Nero’s favourites, and the associate of his pleasures and debauchery.――――Tullius, a man who conspired against Nero, and was put to death though he turned informer against the rest of the conspirators.――――A man put to death by Domitian, for writing an account of the life of Helvidius, one of the emperor’s enemies. ――――One of Constantine’s enemies.――――A man who from a restless and aspiring disposition acquired the surname of Grandio. Seneca, Suasoriæ, ch. 1.

=Senia=, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Senna=, or =Sena=, a river of Umbria. See: Sena. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 407.

=Senŏnes=, an uncivilized nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their native possessions, and under the conduct of Brennus, invaded Italy and pillaged Rome. They afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, and Etrurians to make war against the Romans, till they were totally destroyed by Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that part of Italy where they settled near Umbria, and which from them was called Senogallia, were Fanum Fortunæ, Sena, Pisaurum, and Ariminum. See: Cimbri. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 254.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454. ――Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35, &c.――Florus.――――A people of Germany near the Suevi.

=Sentia lex=, de senatu, by Cnæus Sentius the consul, A.U.C. 734, enacted the choosing of proper persons to fill up the number of senators.

=Sentinum=, a town of Umbria. Livy, bk. 10, chs. 27 & 30.

=Sentius Cnæus=, a governor of Syria, under the emperors.――――A governor of Macedonia.――――Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, who assisted the Egyptians in murdering him.――――A Roman emperor. See: Severus.――――A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexander, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, or, according to others, in Greek.

=Sepias=, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the north of Eubœa, now St. George.

=Seplasia=, a place of Capua, where ointments were sold. Cicero, Against Piso, chs. 7 & 11.

=Septem aquæ=, a portion of the lake near Reate. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 15.――――Fratres, a mountain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousa. Strabo, bk. 17.――――Maria, the entrance of the seven mouths of the Po.

=Septempeda=, a town of Picenum.

=Septerion=, a festival observed once in nine years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It was a representation of the pursuit of Python by Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the god.

=Titus Septimius=, a Roman knight distinguished by his poetical compositions both lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus as well as Horace, who has addressed the sixth of his second book of Odes to him.――――A centurion put to death, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A native of Africa, who distinguished himself at Rome as a poet. He wrote, among other things, a hymn in praise of Janus. Only 11 of his verses are preserved. _Marcus Terentius [Varro]._――Petrus Crinitus, Lives.

=Lucius Septimuleius=, a friend of Caius Gracchus. He suffered himself to be bribed by Opimius, and had the meanness to carry his friend’s head fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome.

=Sepyra=, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero when he presided over that province. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Sequăna=, a river of Gaul, which separates the territories of the Belgæ and the Celtæ, and is now called la Seine. Strabo, bk. 4. ――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 425.

=Sequăni=, a people of Gaul near the territories of the Ædui, between the Saone and mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c. See: Ædui. The country which they inhabited is now called Franche Compté, or Upper Burgundy. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Sequinius=, a native of Alba, who married one of his daughters to Curiatius of Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. The two daughters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male children.

=Serapio=, a surname given to one of the Scipios, because he resembled a swine-herd of that name.――――A Greek poet who flourished in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with Plutarch.――――An Egyptian put to death by Achillas, when he came at the head of an embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in the hands of Julius Cæsar.――――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Serāpis=, one of the Egyptian deities, supposed to be the same as Osiris. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis, another very rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. The worship of Serapis was introduced at Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A.D. 146, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, but with so much licentiousness that the senate were soon after obliged to abolish them. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circumstantial manner of the deities, and of the religion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as the bull Apis. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 2, ch. 34.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 83.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 30.

=Serbōnis=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine.

=Serēna=, a daughter of Theodosius, who married Stilicho. She was put to death, &c. Claudian.

=Sereniānus=, a favourite of Gallus the brother of Julian. He was put to death.

=Serēnus Samonicus=, a physician in the age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. There remains a poem of his composition on medicine, the last edition of which is that of 1706, in 8vo, Amsterdam.――――Vibius, a governor of Spain, accused of cruelty in the government of his province, and put to death by order of Tiberius.

=Seres=, a nation of Asia, according to Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They were naturally of a meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabrication was unknown to the ancients, who imagined that the materials were collected from the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from their country, and on that account it received the name of Sericum, and thence a garment or dress of silk is called serica vestis. Heliogobalus the Roman emperor was the first who wore a silk dress, which at that time was sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards became very cheap, and consequently was the common dress among the Romans. Some suppose that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――Horace, bk. 1, ode 29, li. 9.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 19, lis. 142 & 292.――Ovid, Am. 1, poem 14, li. 6.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 121.

=Sergestus=, a sailor in the fleet of Æneas, from whom the family of the Sergii at Rome were descended. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 121.

=Sergia=, a Roman matron. She conspired with others to poison their husbands. The plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of her accomplices, drank poison and died.

=Sergius=, one of the names of Catiline.――――A military tribune at the siege of Veii. The family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched out into the several families of the Fidenates, Sili, Catilinæ, Nattæ, Ocellæ, and Planci.

=Sergius= and =Sergiōlus=, a deformed youth, greatly admired by the Roman ladies in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 105, et seq.

=Serīphus=, an island in the Ægean sea, about 36 miles in circumference, according to Pliny only 12, very barren, and uncultivated. The Romans generally sent their criminals there in banishment, and it was there that Cassius Severus the orator was exiled, and there he died. According to Ælian, the frogs of this island never croaked, but when they were removed from the island to another place, they were more noisy and clamorous than others; hence the proverb of seriphia rana, applied to a man who neither speaks nor sings. This, however, is found to be a mistake by modern travellers. It was on the coast of Seriphos that the chest was discovered in which Acrisius had exposed his daughter Danae and her son Perseus. Strabo, bk. 10.――Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 3, ch. 37.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 21. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 242; bk. 7, li. 65.

=Sermyla=, a town of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 122.

=Seron=, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes.

=Serrānus=, a surname given to Cincinnatus, because he was found sowing his fields when told that he had been elected dictator. Some, however, suppose that Serranus was a different person from Cincinnatus. Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.――Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 844.――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed in the night by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 335.――――A poet of some merit in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 80.

=Serrheum=, a fortified place of Thrace. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16.

=Quintus Sertorius=, a Roman general, son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. His first campaign was under the great Marius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the enemy’s camp as a spy, and had the misfortune to lose one eye in the first battle he fought. When Marius and Cinna entered Rome and slaughtered all their enemies, Sertorius accompanied them, but he expressed his sorrow and concern at the melancholy death of so many of his countrymen. He afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when Sylla had proscribed him, and in this distant province he behaved himself with so much address and valour that he was looked upon as the prince of the country. The Lusitanians universally revered and loved him, and the Roman general did not show himself less attentive to their interest, by establishing public schools, and educating the children of the country in the polite arts, and the literature of Greece and Rome. He had established a senate, over which he presided with consular authority, and the Romans, who followed his standard, paid equal reverence to his person. They were experimentally convinced of his valour and ♦magnanimity as a general, and the artful manner in which he imposed upon the credulity of his adherents in the garb of religion, did not diminish his reputation. He pretended to hold commerce with heaven by means of a white hind which he had tamed with great success, and which followed him everywhere, even in the field of battle. The success of Sertorius in Spain, and his popularity among the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops to oppose him, but with little success. Four armies were found insufficient to crush or even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and Metellus, who never engaged an enemy without obtaining the victory, were driven with dishonour from the field. But the favourite of the Lusitanians was exposed to the dangers which usually attend greatness. Perpenna, one of his officers who was jealous of his fame and tired of a superior, conspired against him. At a banquet the conspirators began to open their intentions by speaking with freedom and licentiousness in the presence of Sertorius, whose age and character had hitherto claimed deference from others. Perpenna overturned a glass of wine, as a signal for the rest of the conspirators, and immediately Antonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, and the example was followed by all the rest, 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has been commended for his love of justice and moderation. The flattering description which he heard of the Fortunate Islands when he passed into the west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid adieu to the world, and perhaps he would have retired from the noise of war, and the clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom of a peaceful and solitary island, had not the stronger calls of ambition and the love of fame prevailed over the intruding reflections of a moment. It has been observed that in his latter days ♠Sertorius became indolent, and fond of luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must confess that in affability, clemency, complaisance, generosity, and military valour, he not only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest of the Romans. Plutarch, Lives.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21, &c.――Appian, Civil Wars.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 7, ch. 3.――Eutropius.――Aulus Gellius, bk. 15, ch. 22.

♦ ‘magnamimity’ replaced with ‘magnanimity’

♠ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

=Servæus=, a man accused by Tiberius of being privy to the conspiracy of Sejanus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Serviānus=, a consul in the reign of Adrian. He was a great favourite of the emperor Trajan.

=Servilia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly enamoured of Julius Cæsar, though her brother was one of the most inveterate enemies of her lover. To convince Cæsar of her affection, she sent him a letter filled with the most tender expressions of regard for his person. The letter was delivered to Cæsar in the senate-house, while they were debating about punishing the associates of Catiline’s conspiracy; and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from the conspirators, and insisted immediately on its being made public. Upon this Cæsar gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner read its contents, than he threw it back, with the words of “Take it, drunkard.” From the intimacy which existed between Servilia and Cæsar, some have supposed that the dictator was the father of Marcus Brutus. Plutarch, Cæsar.――Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.――――Another sister of Cato, who married Silanus. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.――――A daughter of Thrasea, put to death by order of Nero with her father. Her crime was the consulting of magicians only to know what would happen in her family.

=Servilia lex=, de pecuniis repetundis, by Caius Servilius the pretor, A.U.C. 653. It punished severely such as were guilty of peculation and extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are not precisely known.――――Another, de judicibus, by Quintus Servilius Cæpio the consul, A.U.C. 648. It divided the right of judging between the senators and the equites, a privilege which, though originally belonging to the senators, had been taken from them and given to the equites.――――Another, de civitate, by Caius Servilius, ordained that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he was condemned, the accuser should be honoured with the name and the privileges of a Roman citizen.――――Another, agraria, by Publius Servilius Rullus the tribune, A.U.C. 690. It required the immediate sale of certain houses and lands which belonged to the people, for the purchase of others in a different part of Italy. It required that 10 commissioners should be appointed to see it carried into execution, but Cicero prevented its passing into a law by the three orations which he pronounced against it.

=Serviliānus=, a Roman consul defeated by Viriathus, in Spain, &c.

=Servilius Quintus=, a Roman who in his dictatorship defeated the Æqui. ――――Publius, a consul who supported the cause of the people against the nobles, and obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the senate, after defeating the Volsci. He afterwards changed his opinions, and very violently opposed the people because they had illiberally treated him.――――A proconsul killed at the battle of Cannæ by Annibal.――――Ahala, a master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus. When Mælius refused to appear before the dictator to answer the accusations which were brought against him on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the people whose protection he claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder and banished, but his sentence was afterwards repealed. He was raised to the dictatorship.――――Marcus, a man who pleaded in favour of Paulus Æmilius, &c.――――An augur prosecuted by Lucullus for his inattention in his office. He was acquitted.――――A pretor ordered by the senate to forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted by the conqueror’s soldiers.――――A man appointed to guard the sea-coast of Pontus by Pompey.――――Publius, a proconsul of Asia during the age of Mithridates. He conquered Isauria, for which service he was surnamed Isauricus, and rewarded with a triumph.――――A Roman general who defeated an army of Etrurians.――――An informer in the court of Tiberius.――――A favourite of Augustus.――――Geminus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal with success.――――Nonianus, a Latin historian, who wrote a history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. There were more than one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarkable for his eloquence and learning; and Quintilian mentions another also illustrious for his genius and literary merit.――――Casca, one of Cæsar’s murderers.――――The family of the Servilii was of patrician rank, and came to settle at Rome after the destruction of Alba, where they were promoted to the highest offices of the state. To the several branches of this family were attached the different surnames of Ahala, Axilla, Priscas, Cæpio, Structus, Geminus, Pulex, Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longus, and Tucca.――――Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of Ameria, ch. 32.

=Servius Tullius=, the sixth king of Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Corniculum, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, and she brought up her son in the king’s family, and added the name of Servius to that which he had inherited from his father, to denote his slavery. Young Servius was educated in the palace of the monarch with great care, and though originally a slave, he raised himself so much to consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. His own private merit and virtues recommended him to notice not less than the royal favours, and Servius, become the favourite of the people and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality and complaisance, was easily raised to the throne on the death of his father-in-law. Rome had no reason to repent of her choice. Servius endeared himself still more as a warrior and as a legislator. He defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, and by a proper act of policy he established the census, which told him that Rome contained about 84,000 inhabitants. He increased the number of the tribes, he beautified and adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided the Roman people into tribes, and that he might not seem to neglect the worship of the gods, he built several temples to the goddess of fortune, to whom he deemed himself particularly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He also built a temple to Diana on mount Aventine, and raised himself a palace on the hill Esquilinus. Servius married his two daughters to the grandsons of his father-in-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns. This union, as might be supposed, tended to ensure the peace of his family; but if such were his expectations, he was unhappily deceived. The wife of Aruns, naturally fierce and impetuous, murdered her own husband to unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise assassinated his wife. These bloody measures were no sooner pursued than Servius was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed herself so inimical to filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered her chariot to be driven over the mangled body of her father, B.C. 534. His death was universally lamented, and the slaves annually celebrated a festival in his honour, in the temple of Diana on mount Aventine, the day that he was murdered. Tarquinia, his wife, buried his remains privately, and died the following day. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 41.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 1, ch. 53.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 601.――――Galba, a seditious person who wished to refuse a triumph to Paulus Æmylius after the conquest of Macedonia.――――Claudius, a grammarian. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.――――A friend of Sylla, who applied for the consulship to no purpose.――――Cornelius, a consul in the first ages of the republic, &c.――――Sulpitius, an orator in the age of Cicero and Hortensius. He was sent as ambassador to Marcus Antony, and died before his return. Cicero obtained a statue for him from the senate and the Roman people, which was raised in the Campus Martius. Besides orations he wrote verses, which were highly censured for their indelicacy. His works are lost. Cicero, Brutus, Philippics, &c.――Pliny, bk. 5, ltr. 3.――――A despicable informer in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 47.――――Honoratus Maurus, a learned grammarian in the age of young Theodosius. He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, still extant.

=Sesara=, a daughter of Celeus king of Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Sesostris=, a celebrated king of Egypt some ages before the Trojan war. His father ordered all the children in his dominions who were born on the same day with him to be publicly educated, and to pass their youth in the company of his son. This succeeded in the highest degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself surrounded by a number of faithful ministers and active warriors, whose education and intimacy with their prince rendered them inseparably devoted to his interest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his father’s throne, he became ambitious of military fame, and after he had divided his kingdom into 36 different districts, he marched at the head of a numerous army to make the conquest of the world. Libya, Æthiopia, Arabia, with all the islands of the Red sea, were conquered, and the victorious monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated further into the east than the conqueror Darius. He also invaded Europe, and subdued the Thracians; and that the fame of his conquests might long survive him, he placed columns in the several provinces he had subdued; and many ages after, this pompous inscription was read in many parts of Asia: “Sesostris the king of kings has conquered this territory by his arms.” At his return home the monarch employed his time in encouraging the fine arts, and in improving the revenues of his kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods for the victories which he had obtained, and mounds of earth were heaped up in several parts of Egypt, where cities were built for the reception of the inhabitants during the inundations of the Nile. Some canals were also dug near Memphis to facilitate navigation, and the communication of one province with another. In his old age Sesostris, grown infirm and blind, destroyed himself, after a reign of 44 years, according to some. His mildness towards the conquered has been admired, while some have upbraided him for his cruelty and insolence in causing his chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs whom he had conquered. The age of Sesostris is so remote from every authentic record, that many have supported that the actions and conquests ascribed to this monarch are uncertain and totally fabulous. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 102, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 1.――Valerius Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 419. ――Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 3.――Lucan, bk. 10, li. 276.――Strabo, bk. 16.

=Sessites=, now Sessia, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Sestias=, a name applied to Hero, as born at Sestos. Statius, bk. 6, Thebaid, li. 547.

=Sestius=, a friend of Brutus, with whom he fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus resigned the consulship in his favour, though he still continued to reverence the memory of Brutus.――――A governor of Syria.

=Sestos=, or =Sestus=, a town of Thrace on the shores of the Hellespont, exactly opposite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont, as also for being the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Musæus, Hero & Leander.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 258.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 18, ltr. 2.

=Sesuvii=, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Setăbis=, a town of Spain between New Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the manufacture of linen. There was also a small river of the same name in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 474. ――Strabo, bk. 2.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 19, ch. 1.

=Sethon=, a priest of Vulcan, who made himself king of Egypt after the death of Anysis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered from this powerful enemy by an immense number of rats, which in one night gnawed their bow-strings and thongs, so that on the morrow their arms were found to be useless. From this wonderful circumstance Sethon had a statue which represented him with a rat in his hand, with the inscription of, “Whoever fixes his eyes upon me, let him be pious.” Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 141.

=Setia=, a town of Latium above the Pontine marshes, celebrated for its wines, which Augustus is said to have preferred to all others. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 6.――Juvenal, satire 5, li. 34; satire 10, li. 27.――Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 112.

=Sevēra Julia Aquilia=, a Roman lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus married. She was soon after repudiated, though possessed of all the charms of the mind and body which could captivate the most virtuous. ――――Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mother of Gratian, was well known for her avarice and ambition. The emperor, her husband, repudiated her and afterwards took her again. Her prudent advice at last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial throne.――――The wife of Philip the Roman emperor.

=Severiānus=, a governor of Macedonia, father-in-law to the emperor Philip.――――A general of the Roman armies in the reign of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans.――――A son of the emperor Severus.

=Sevērus Lucius Septimius=, a Roman emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble family. He gradually exercised all the offices of the state, and recommended himself to the notice of the world by an ambitious mind and a restless activity, that could, for the gratification of avarice, endure the most complicated hardships. After the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove Didius Julianus, who had bought the imperial purple when exposed to sale by the licentiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he proclaimed himself emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where he was stationed against the barbarians. To support himself in this bold measure, he took as his partner in the empire Albinus, who was at the head of the Roman forces in Britain, and immediately marched towards Rome, to crush ♦Didius and all his partisans. He was received as he advanced through the country with universal acclamations, and Julianus himself was soon deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by his own soldiers. The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride; the streets were strewed with flowers, and the submissive senate were ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles the conqueror claimed. In professing that he had assumed the purple only to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many adherents, and was enabled not only to disarm, but to banish the pretorians, whose insolence and avarice were become alarming not only to the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus did not forget that there was another competitor for the imperial purple. Pescennius Niger was in the east at the head of a powerful army, and with the name and ensigns of Augustus. Many obstinate battles were fought between the troops and officers of the imperial rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had been above five centuries before covered with the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men. The head of Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his unfortunate rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which had shut her gates against him; and after he had conquered several nations in the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom he had hitherto reluctantly shared the imperial power. He attempted to assassinate him by his emissaries; but when this had failed of success, Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the conqueror was so elated with the recollection that he had now no longer a competitor for the purple, that he insulted the dead body of his rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrefy before the door of his tent, and to be torn to pieces by his dogs. The family and the adherents of ♠Albinus shared his fate; and the return of Severus to the capital exhibited the bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest of the citizens were sacrificed, and their money became the property of the emperor. The wicked Commodus received divine honours, and his murderers were punished in the most wanton manner. Tired of the inactive life which he led in Rome, Severus marched into the east, with his two sons Caracalla and Geta, and with uncommon success made himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposition far into the Parthian territories. From Parthia the emperor marched towards the more southern provinces of Asia: after he had visited the tomb of Pompey the Great, he entered Alexandria; and after he had granted a senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with the most criticizing and inquisitive curiosity the several monuments and ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain recalled him from the east. After he had reduced it under his power, he built a wall across the northern part of the island, to defend it against the frequent invasions of the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against his enemies, Severus now found the peace of his family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to murder his father as he was concluding a treaty of peace with the Britons; and the emperor was so shocked at the undutifulness of his son, that on his return home he called him into his presence, and after he had upbraided him for his ingratitude and perfidy, he offered him a drawn sword, adding, “If you are so ambitious of reigning alone, now imbrue your hands in the blood of your father, and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses of your want of filial tenderness.” If these words checked Caracalla, yet he did not show himself concerned, and Severus, worn out with infirmities which the gout and the uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after died, exclaiming he had been everything man could wish, but that he was then nothing. Some say that he wished to poison himself, but that when this was denied, he ate to great excess, and soon after expired at York on the 4th of February, in the 211th year of the christian era, in the 66th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, eight months, and three days. Severus has been so much admired for his military talents, that some have called him the most warlike of the Roman emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and it has been observed that he never did an act of humanity or forgave a fault. In his diet he was temperate, and he always showed himself an open enemy to pomp and splendour. He loved the appellation of a man of letters, and he even composed a history of his own reign, which some have praised for its correctness and veracity. However cruel Severus may appear in his punishments and in his revenge, many have endeavoured to exculpate him, and observed that there was need of severity in an empire whose morals were so corrupted, and where no less than 3000 persons were accused of adultery during the space of 17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, some were found to say, that it would have been better for the world if he had never been born, or had never died. Dio Cassius.――Herodian.――Aurelius Victor., &c. ――――Alexander Marcus Aurelius, a native of Phœnicia, adopted by Heliogabalus. His father’s name was Genesius Marcianus, and his mother’s Julia Mammæa, and he received the surname of Alexander, because he was born in a temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was carefully educated, and his mother, by paying particular attention to his morals, and the character of his preceptors, preserved him from those infirmities and that licentiousness which old age too often attributes to the depravity of youth. At the death of Heliogabalus, who had been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only in the 14th year of his age, was proclaimed emperor, and his nomination was approved by the universal shouts of the army, and the congratulations of the senate. He had not long been on the throne before the peace of the empire was disturbed by the incursions of the Persians. Alexander marched into the east without delay, and soon obtained a decisive victory over the barbarians. At his return to Rome he was honoured with a triumph, but the revolt of the Germans soon after called him away from the indolence of the capital. His expedition in Germany was attended with some success, but the virtues and the amiable qualities of Alexander were forgotten in the stern and sullen strictness of the disciplinarian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmured against his severity; their clamours were fomented by the artifice of Maximinus, and Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 18th of March, A.D. 235. His mother Mammæa shared his fate with all his friends; but this was no sooner known than the soldiers punished with immediate death all such as had been concerned in the murder except Maximinus. Alexander has been admired for his many virtues, and every historian, except Herodian, is bold to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman empire might soon have been freed from those tumults and abuses which continually disturbed her peace, and kept the lives of her emperors and senators in perpetual alarms. His severity in punishing offences was great, and such as had robbed the public, were they even the most intimate friends of the emperor, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the tranquillity of the state, which they had violated. The great offices of the state, which had before his reign been exposed to sale, and occupied by favourites, were now bestowed upon merit, and Alexander could boast that all his officers were men of trust and abilities. He was a patron of literature, and he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the study of the best Greek and Latin historians, orators, and poets; and in the public schools which his liberality and the desire of encouraging learning had founded, he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declamations of his subjects. The provinces were well supplied with provisions, and Rome was embellished with many stately buildings and magnificent porticoes. Alexander Polyhistor, Lives.――Herodian.――Zosim. ――Aurelius Victor.――――Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricum, nominated Cæsar by Galerius. He was put to death by Maximianus, A.D. 307.――――Julius, a governor of Britain under Adrian.――――A general of Valens.――――Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the west, at Ravenna, after the death of Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned.――――Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of Augustus, for some time employed in the judicial proceedings of the forum.――――Cassius, an orator banished into the island of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal language. He was banished 17 years, and died in Seriphos. He is commended as an able orator, yet declaiming with more warmth than prudence. His writings were destroyed by order of the senate. Suetonius, Octavian Augustus.――Quintilian.――――Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical historian, who died A.D. 420. The best of his works is his Historia Sacra, from the creation of the world to the consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is elegant, and superior to that of the age in which he lived. The best edition is in 2 vols., 4to, Patavii, 1741.――――An officer under the emperor Julian. ――――Aquilius, a native of Spain, who wrote an account of his own life in the reign of the emperor Valens.――――An officer of Valentinian, &c.――――A prefect of Rome, &c.――――A celebrated architect employed in building Nero’s golden palace at Rome after the burning of that city. ――――A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 713.

♦ ‘Didus’ replaced with ‘Didius’

♠ ‘Albinius’ replaced with ‘Albinus’

=Sevo=, a ridge of mountains between Norway and Sweden, now called Fiell, or Dofre. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Seuthes=, a man who dethroned his monarch, &c.――――A friend of Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals.――――A Thracian king, who encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name is common to several of the Thracian princes.

=Sextia=, a woman celebrated for her virtue and her constancy, put to death by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Sextia Licinia lex=, de Magistratibus, by Caius Licinius and Lucius Sextius the tribunes, A.U.C. 386. It ordained that one of the consuls should be elected from among the plebeians.――――Another, de religione, by the same, A.U.C. 385. It enacted that a decemvirate should be chosen from the patricians and plebeians instead of the decemviri sacris faciundis.

=Sextiæ Aquæ=, now Aix, a place of Cisalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri were defeated by Marius. It was built by Caius Sextius, and is famous for its cold and hot springs. Livy, bk. 61.――Velleius Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Sextilia=, the wife of Vitellius. She became mother of two children. Suetonius, Lives.――――Another in the same family. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 64.

=Sextilius=, a governor of Africa, who ordered Marius, when he landed there, to depart immediately from his province. Marius heard this with some concern, and said to the messengers, “Go and tell your master that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage.” Plutarch, Caius Marius.――――A Roman preceptor, who was seized and carried away by pirates, &c.――――One of the officers of Lucullus.――――Hæna, a poet. See: ♦Hæna.――――An officer sent to Germany, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 7.

♦ No matching reference

=Sextius=, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――A seditious tribune in the first ages of the republic.――――Lucius was remarkable for his friendship with Brutus; he gained the confidence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace, who was in the number of his friends, dedicated bk. 1, ode 4, to him.――――The first plebeian consul.――――A dictator.――――One of the sons of Tarquin. See: Tarquinius.

=Sextus=, a prænomen given to the sixth son of a family.――――A son of Pompey the Great. See: Pompeius.――――A stoic philosopher, born at Cheronæa in Bœotia. Some suppose that he was Plutarch’s nephew. He was preceptor to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.――――A governor of Syria.――――A philosopher in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some of his works are still extant. The best edition of the treatise of Sextus Pompeis Festus, Lexicon of Festus, is that of Amsterdam, 4to, 1669.

=Sibæ=, a people of India. Strabo.

=Sibaris.= See: Sybaris.

=Sibīni=, a people near the Suevi.

=Siburtius=, a satrap of Arachosia, in the age of Alexander, &c.

=Sibyllæ=, certain women inspired by heaven, who flourished in different parts of the world. Their number is unknown. Plato speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of three, Ælian of four, and Varro of 10, an opinion which is universally adopted by the learned. These 10 Sibyls generally resided in the following places: Persia, Libya, Delphi, Cumæ in Italy, Erythræa, Samos, Cumæ in Æolia, Marpessa on the Hellespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tiburtis. The most celebrated of the Sibyls is that of Cumæ in Italy, whom some have called by the different names of Amalthæa, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto, Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became enamoured of her, and that, to make her sensible of his passion, he offered to give her whatever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as many years as she had grains of sand in her hand, but unfortunately forgot to ask for the enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of which she was then in possession. The god granted her her request, but she refused to gratify the passion of her lover, though he offered her perpetual youth and beauty. Some time after she became old and decrepit, her form decayed, and melancholy paleness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 700 years when Æneas came to Italy, and, as some have imagined, she had three centuries more to live before her years were as numerous as the grains of sand which she had in her hand. She gave Æneas instructions how to find his father in the infernal regions, and even conducted him to the entrance of hell. It was usual for the Sibyl to write her prophecies on leaves which she placed at the entrance of her cave, and it required particular care in such as consulted her to take up those leaves before they were dispersed by the wind, as their meaning then became incomprehensible. According to the most authentic historians of the Roman republic, one of the Sibyls came to the palace of Tarquin II., with nine volumes, which she offered to sell for a very high price. The monarch disregarded her, and she immediately disappeared, and soon after returned, when she had burned three of the volumes. She asked the same price for the remaining six books; and when Tarquin refused to buy them, she burned three more, and still persisted in demanding the same sum of money for the three that were left. This extraordinary behaviour astonished Tarquin; he bought the books, and the Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after appeared to the world. These books were preserved with great care by the monarch, and called the Sibylline verses. A college of priests was appointed to have the care of them; and such reverence did the Romans entertain for these prophetic books, that they were consulted with the greatest solemnity, and only when the state seemed to be in danger. When the capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sylla, the Sibylline verses, which were deposited there, perished in the conflagration; and to repair the loss which the republic seemed to have sustained, commissioners were immediately sent to different parts of Greece, to collect whatever verses could be found of the inspired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of the Sibylline verses, which were collected after the conflagration of the capitol, is unknown. There are now eight books of Sibylline verses extant, but they are universally reckoned spurious. They speak so plainly of our Saviour, of his sufferings, and of his death, as even to surpass far the sublime prediction of Isaiah in description, and therefore from this very circumstance, it is evident that they were composed in the second century, by some of the followers of christianity, who wished to convince the heathens of their error, by assisting the cause of truth with the arms of pious artifice. The word Sibyl seems to be derived from σιου, Æolice for Διος, Jovis, and βουλη, consilium. Plato, Phædras.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 35. ――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, lis. 109 & 140.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 445; bk. 6, li. 36.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 564.――Pliny, bk. 13, ch. 13.――Florus, bk. 4, ch. 1.――Sallust.――Cicero, Against Catiline, ch. 3.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 15, &c.

=Sica=, a man who showed much attention to Cicero in his banishment. Some suppose that he is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned by Plutarch, Cicero.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 12; Letters to his Friends, bk. 14, chs. 4, 15.

=Sĭcambri=, or =Sicambria=, a people of Germany, conquered by the Romans. They revolted against Augustus, who marched against them, but did not totally reduce them. Drusus conquered them, and they were carried away from their native country to inhabit some of the more westerly provinces of Gaul. Dio Cassius, bk. 54.――Strabo, bk. 4. ――Horace, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 36; ode 14, li. 51.――Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 26.

=Sicambria=, the country of the Sicambri, formed the modern provinces of Guelderland. Claudian, Against Eutropius, bk. 1, li. 383.

=Sĭcāni=, a people of Spain, who left their native country and passed into Italy, and afterwards into Sicily, which they called Sicania. They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount Ætna, where they built some cities and villages. Some reckoned them the next inhabitants of the island after the Cyclops. They were afterwards driven from their ancient possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the western parts of the island. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 5 & 13.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10; Æneid, bk. 7, li. 795.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Horace, epode 17, li. 32.

=Sĭcānia= and =Sīcănia=, an ancient name of Italy, which it received from the Sicani, or from Sicanus their king, or from Sicanus, a small river in Spain, in the territory where they lived, as some suppose. The name was more generally given to Sicily. See: Sicani.

=Sicca=, a town of Numidia at the west of Carthage. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 56.

=Sicĕlis= (Sīcĕlĭdes, plural), an epithet applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The Muses are called Sicelides by Virgil, because Theocritus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, professed to imitate. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 4.

=Sichæus=, called also Sicharbas and Acerbas, was a priest of the temple of Hercules in Phœnicia. His father’s name was Plisthenes. He married Elisa the daughter of Belus, and sister to king Pygmalion, better known by the name of Dido. He was so extremely rich, that his brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his possessions. This murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido; and he amused her by telling her that her husband had gone upon an affair of importance, and that he would soon return. This would have perhaps succeeded had not the shades of Sichæus appeared to Dido, and related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had previously secured some treasures, which, as he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure and unknown place. According to Justin, Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 347, &c. ――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Justin, bk. 18, ch. 4.

=Sicĭlia=, the largest and most celebrated island in the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of Italy. It was anciently called Sicania, Trinacria, and Triquetra. It is of a triangular form, and has three celebrated promontories, one looking towards Africa, called Lilybæum; Pachynum looking towards Greece; and Pelorum towards Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumference, celebrated for its fertility, so much that it was called one of the granaries of Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an hundredfold. Its most famous cities were Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybæum, Agrigentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highest and most famous mountain in the island is Ætna, whose frequent eruptions are dangerous, and often fatal to the country and its inhabitants, from which circumstance the ancients supposed that the forges of Vulcan and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets feign that the Cyclops were the original inhabitants of this island, and that after them it came into the possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, and at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. See: Siculi. The plains of Enna are well known for their excellent honey; and, according to Diodorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting on account of the many odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the chief deities of the place, and it was there, according to poetical tradition, that the latter was carried away by Pluto. The Phœnicians and Greeks settled some colonies there, and at last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island till they were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that it was separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits of the Charybdis were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were so fond of luxury, that Siculæ mensæ became proverbial. The rights of citizens of Rome were extended to them by Marcus Antony. Cicero, bk. 14, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12; Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 13.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 9, &c.――Justin, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 414, &c.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 11, &c.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――The island of Naxos in the Ægean, was called Little Sicily on account of its fruitfulness.

=Lucius Sicinius Dentātus=, a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his valour and the honours he obtained in the field of battle, during the period of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He was present in 121 battles: he obtained 14 civic crowns, three mural crowns, eight crowns of gold, 83 golden collars, 60 bracelets, 18 lances, 23 horses with all their ornaments, and all as the reward of his uncommon services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, which he had received all in his breast, particularly in opposing the Sabines when they took the capitol. The popularity of Sicinius became odious to Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself absolute at Rome, and therefore, to remove him from the capital, he sent him to the army, by which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and wounded 30; and, according to Dionysius, the surviving number had recourse to artifice to overpower him, by killing him with a shower of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 405 years before the christian era. For his uncommon courage Sicinius has been called the Roman Achilles. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8.――――Vellutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome. He raised cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers. Plutarch, Coriolanus.――――Sabinus, a Roman general who defeated the Volsci.

=Sicīnus=, a man privately sent by Themistocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise him to attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He had been preceptor to Themistocles. Plutarch.――――An island, &c.

=Sicŏrus=, now Segre, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above its mouth. It was near this city that Julius Cæsar conquered Afranius and Petreius, the partisans of Pompey. Lucan, bk. 4, lis. 14, 130, &c.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Sicŭli=, a people of Italy, driven from their possessions by the Opici. They fled into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the territories which the Sicani inhabited. They soon extended their borders, and after they had conquered their neighbours the Sicani, they gave their name to the island. This, as some suppose, happened about 300 years before Greek colonies settled in the island, or about 1059 years before the christian era. Diodorus, bk. 5.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Strabo.

=Sicŭlum fretum=, the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in some places so narrow, that the barking of dogs can be heard from shore to shore. This strait is supposed to have been formed by an earthquake, which separated the island from the continent. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Sicyon=, now Basilico, a town of Peloponnesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is celebrated as being the most ancient kingdom of Greece, which began B.C. 2089, and ended B.C. 1088, under a succession of monarchs of whom little is known, except the names. Ægialeus was the first king. Some time after, Agamemnon made himself master of the place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of the Heraclidæ. It became very powerful in the time of the Achæan league, which it joined B.C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some authors as dissolute and fond of luxury, hence the Sicyonian shoes, which were once very celebrated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 1118.――Livy, bk. 32, ch. 16; bk. 33, ch. 15.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 54.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 519.

=Sicyonia=, a province of Peloponnesus, on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of Greece, and in its flourishing situation, not only its dependent states, but also the whole Peloponnesus, were called Sicyonia. The territory is said to abound with corn, wine, and olives, and also with iron mines. It produced many celebrated men, particularly artists. See: Sicyon.

=Side=, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell by Juno, for boasting herself fairer than the goddess. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of Belus.――――A daughter of Danaus.――――A town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 23.――Cicero, bk. 3, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 6.

=Sidēro=, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by Pelias.

=Sidicīnum=, a town of Campania, called also Teanum. See: Teanum. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 727.

=Sidon=, an ancient city of Phœnicia, the capital of the country, with a famous harbour, now called Said. It is situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, at the distance of about 50 miles from Damascus and 24 from Tyre. The people of Sidon were well known for their industry, their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, and commercial affairs, and in sea voyages. They, however, had the character of being very dishonest. Their women were peculiarly happy in working embroidery. The invention of glass, of linen, and of a beautiful purple dye, is attributed to them. The city of Sidon was taken by Ochus king of Persia, after the inhabitants had burnt themselves and the city, B.C. 351; but it was afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 217; bk. 10, li. 141.――Diodorus, bk. 16. ――Justin, bk. 11, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 26.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 411.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Sidoniorum insulæ=, islands in the Persian gulf. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Sidōnis=, is the country of which Sidon was the capital, situate at the west of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 19.――――Dido, as a native of the country, is often called Sidonis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 80.

=Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris=, a christian writer, born A.D. 430. He died in the 52nd year of his age. There are remaining of his compositions, some letters and different poems, consisting chiefly of panegyrics on the great men of his time, written in heroic verse, and occasionally in other metre, of which the best edition is that of Labbæus, Paris, 4to, 1652.――――The epithet of Sidonius is applied not only to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to express the excellence of anything, especially embroidery or dyed garments. Carthage is called Sidonia urbs, because built by Sidonians. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 682.

=Siena Julia=, a town of Etruria. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 18. ――Tacitus, bk. 4, Histories, ch. 45.

♦=Siga=, now Ned-Roma, a town of Numidia, famous as the residence of Syphax. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 11.

♦ ‘Sida’ replaced with ‘Siga’

=Sigæum=, or =Sigēum=, now cape Incihisari, a town of Troas, on a promontory of the same name, where the Scamander falls into the sea, extending six miles along the shore. It was near Sigæum that the greatest part of the battles between the Greeks and Trojans were fought, as Homer mentions, and there Achilles was buried. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 312; bk. 7, li. 294.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 71.――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 962.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――Strabo, bk. 13.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Signia=, an ancient town of Latium, whose inhabitants were called Signini. The wine of Signia was used by the ancients for medicinal purposes. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 116.――――A mountain of Phrygia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Sigovessus=, a prince among the Celtæ, in the reign of Tarquin. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Sigȳni=, =Sigunæ=, or =Sigynnæ=, a nation of European Scythia, beyond the Danube. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Sila=, or =Syla=, a large wood in the country of the Brutii near the Apennines, abounding in much pitch. Strabo, bk. 6.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 713.

=Silāna Julia=, a woman at the court of Nero, remarkable for her licentiousness and impurities. She married Caius Julius, by whom she was divorced.

=Decimus Silānus=, a son of Titus Manlius Torquatus, accused of extortion in the management of the province of Macedonia. The father himself desired to hear the complaints laid against his son, and after he had spent two days in examining the charges of the Macedonians, he pronounced on the third day his son guilty of extortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of Rome. He also banished him from his presence, and so struck was the son at the severity of his father, that he hanged himself on the following night. Livy, bk. 54.――Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――Caius Junius, a consul under Tiberius, accused of extortion, and banished to the island of Cythere. Tacitus.――――Marcus, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s armies in Gaul.――――The father-in-law of Caligula. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 22.――――A propretor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian forces there, while Annibal was in Italy.――――Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though totally innocent, and condemned by the malice of his judges.――――Torquatus, a man put to death by Nero.――――Lucius, a man betrothed to Octavia the daughter of Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the day of her nuptials, ♦Silanus killed himself.――――An augur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa.

♦ ‘Salinus’ replaced with ‘Silanus’

=Sĭlărus=, a river of Picenum, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, petrified all leaves that fell into it. Strabo, bk. 5.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 146.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.――Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 582.

=Silēni=, a people on the banks of the Indus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Silēnus=, a demi-god, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, or, according to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was the place of his birth. After death he received divine honours, and had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always intoxicated. He was once found by some peasants in Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried to king Midas, who received him with great attention. He detained him for 10 days, and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for which he was rewarded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched. Some authors assert that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often introduced speaking with all the gravity of a philosopher concerning the formation of the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns in general, and the Satyrs, are often called Sileni. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25; bk. 6, ch. 24.――Philostratus, bk. 23.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4.――Hyginus, fable 191.――Diodorus, bk. 3, &c.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 48.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 18.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 13.――――A Carthaginian historian who wrote an account of the affairs of his country in the Greek language.――――An historian who wrote an account of Sicily.

=Silicense=, a river of Spain.

=Silicis mons=, a town near Padua.

=Silis=, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Catius Silius Italĭcus=, a Latin poet, who was originally at the bar, where he for some time distinguished himself, till he retired from Rome more particularly to consecrate his time to study. He was consul the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has observed, that when Trajan was invested with the imperial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome and congratulate him like the rest of his fellow-citizens, a neglect which was never resented by the emperor, or insolently mentioned by the poet. ♦Silius was in possession of a house where Cicero had lived, and another in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly remarked, that he looked upon no temple with greater reverence than upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, whose steps he followed, but whose fame he could not equal. The birthday of Virgil was yearly celebrated with unusual pomp and solemnity by Silius; and for his partiality, not only to the memory, but to the compositions of the Mantuan poet, he has been called the ape of Virgil. Silius starved himself when labouring under an imposthume which his physicians were unable to remove, in the beginning of Trajan’s reign, about the 75th year of his age. There remains a poem of Italicus, on the second Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly commended by Martial. The moderns have not been so favourable in their opinions concerning its merit. The poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the author deserves to be commended for his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, and his interesting descriptions. He has everywhere imitated Virgil, but with little success. ♦Silius was a great collector of antiquities. His son was honoured with the consulship during his lifetime. The best editions of Italicus will be found to be Drakenborch’s in 4to, Utrecht, 1717, and that of Cellarius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1695. Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 49, &c.――――Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly beloved by Messalina for his comely appearance and elegant address. Messalina obliged him to divorce his wife, that she might enjoy his company without intermission. Silius was forced to comply, though with reluctance, and he was at last put to death for the adulteries which the empress obliged him to commit. Tacitus.――Suetonius. ――Dio Cassius.――――A tribune in Cæsar’s legions in Gaul.――――A commander in Germany, put to death by Sejanus. Tacitus, Annals, bks. ♠3 & 4.

♦ ‘Silinus’ replaced with ‘Silius’

♠ ‘5’ replaced with ‘3’

=Silphium=, a part of Libya.

=Silpia=, a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 12.

=Silvānus=, a rural deity, son of an Italian shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance he is generally represented as half a man and half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or, according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria, a young woman, who introduced herself into her father’s bed, and became pregnant by him. The worship of Silvanus was established only in Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, he reigned in the age of Evander. This deity was sometimes represented holding a cypress in his hand, because he became enamoured of a beautiful youth called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree of the same name. Silvanus presided over gardens and limits, and he is often confounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10; Germania, bk. 1, li. 20; bk. 2, li. 493.――Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 6, ch. 42.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10.――Horace, epode 2. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A man who murdered his wife Apronia, by throwing her down from one of the windows of her chambers.――――One of those who conspired against Nero.――――An officer of Constantius, who revolted and made himself emperor. He was assassinated by his soldiers.

=Silvium=, a town of Apulia, now Gorgolione. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――――A town of Istria.

=Silures=, the people of South Wales in Britain.

=Simbrivius=, or =Simbruvius=, a lake of Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacitus, bk. 14, Annals, ch. 22.

=Simena=, a town of Lycia near Chimæra. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Simēthus=, or =Symēthus=, a town and river at the east of Sicily, which served as a boundary between the territories of the people of Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbourhood the gods Palici were born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 584.

=Simĭlæ=, a grove at Rome where the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 12.

=Similis=, one of the courtiers of Trajan, who removed from Rome into the country to enjoy peace and solitary retirement.

=Simmias=, a philosopher of Thebes, who wrote dialogues.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy against Alexander, on account of his intimacy with Philotas. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Simo=, a comic character in Terence.

=Sĭmois= (entis), a river of Troas, which rises in mount Ida and falls into the Xanthus. It is celebrated by Homer and most of the ancients poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought many battles during the Trojan war. It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern travellers, and even some have disputed its existence. Homer, Iliad.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 104; bk. 3, li. 302, &c. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 31, li. 324.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Simosius=, a Trojan prince, son of Anthemion, killed by Ajax. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 473.

=Simon=, a currier of Athens, whom Socrates often visited on account of his great sagacity and genius. He collected all the information he could receive from the conversation of the philosopher, and afterwards published it with his own observations in 33 dialogues. He was the first of the disciples of Socrates who attempted to give an account of the opinions of his master concerning virtue, justice, poetry, music, honour, &c. These dialogues were extant in the age of the biographer Diogenes, who has preserved their title. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――Another who wrote on rhetoric. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――A sculptor. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――The name of Simon was common among the Jews.

=Sĭmōnĭdes=, a celebrated poet of Cos, who flourished 538 years B.C. His father’s name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, esteemed for their elegance and sweetness, and composed also epic poems, one on Cambyses king of Persia, &c. Simonides was universally courted by the princes of Greece and Sicily, and according to one of the fables of Phædrus, he was such a favourite of the gods, that his life was miraculously preserved in an entertainment when the roof of the house fell upon all those who were feasting. He obtained a poetical prize in the 80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th year. The people of Syracuse, who had hospitably honoured him when alive, erected a magnificent monument to his memory. Simonides, according to some, added the four letters η, ω, ξ, ψ to the alphabet of the Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry are extant. According to some, the grandson of the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simonides. He flourished a few years before the Peloponnesian war, and was the author of some books of inventions, genealogies, &c. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Phædras, bk. 4, fables 21 & 24.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 38.――Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 102.――Cicero, On Oratory, &c.――Aristotle.――Pindar, Isthmean, poem 2. ――Catullus, bk. 1, poem 39.――Lucian, Macrobii.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 2.

=Simplicius=, a Greek commentator on Aristotle, whose works were all edited in the 16th century, and the latter part of the 15th, but without a Latin version.

=Simŭlus=, an ancient poet, who wrote some verses on the Tarpeian rock. Plutarch, Romulus.

=Simus=, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Simyra=, a town of Phœnicia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Sinæ=, a people of India called by Ptolemy the most eastern nation of the world.

=Sindæ=, islands in the Indian ocean, supposed to be the Nicobar islands.

=Sindi=, a people of European Scythia, on the Palus Mæotis. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 86.

=Singæi=, a people on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace.

=Singara=, a city at the north of Mesopotamia, now Sinjar.

=Singulis=, a river of Spain falling into the Guadalquiver.

=Singus=, a town of Macedonia.

=Sinis=, a famous robber. See: Scinis.

=Sinnaces=, a Parthian of an illustrious family, who conspired against his prince, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 31.

=Sinnăcha=, a town of Mesopotamia, where Crassus was put to death by Surena.

=Sinoe=, a nymph of Arcadia, who brought up Pan.

=Sinon=, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there distinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, and his intimacy with Ulysses. When the Greeks had fabricated the famous wooden horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands bound behind his back, and by the most solemn protestations, assured Priam that the Greeks were gone from Asia, and that they had been ordered to sacrifice one of their soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their return, and that because the lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation of Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not to be cruelly immolated. These false assertions were immediately credited by the Trojans, and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the wooden horse which the Greeks had left behind them, and to consecrate it to Minerva. His advice was followed, and Sinon in the night, to complete his perfidy, opened the side of the horse, from which issued a number of armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged their city. Dares Phrygius.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, li. 492; bk. 11, li. 521.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 79, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 12, &c.

=Sinōpe=, a daughter of the Asopus by Methron. She was beloved by Apollo, who carried her away to the border of the Euxine sea, in Asia Minor, where she gave birth to a son called Syrus. Diodorus, bk. 4. ――――A seaport town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, now Sinah, founded or rebuilt by a colony of Milesians. It was long an independent state, till Pharnaces king of Pontus seized it. It was the capital of Pontus, under Mithridates, and was the birthplace of Diogenes the cynic philosopher. It received its name from Sinope, whom Apollo carried there. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 67.――Strabo, bks. 2 & 12.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――The original name of Sinuessa.

=Sinorix=, a governor of Gaul, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Sintice=, a district of Macedonia.

=Sintii=, a nation of Thracians, who inhabited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there from heaven. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 594.

=Sinuessa=, a maritime town of Campania, originally called Sinope. It was celebrated for its hot baths and mineral waters, which cured people of insanity, and rendered women prolific. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 715.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Livy, bk. 22, ch. 13.――Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 42; bk. 11, ltr. 8.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12.

=Sion=, one of the hills on which Jerusalem was built.

=Siphnos=, now Sifano, one of the Cyclades, situate at the west of Paros, 20 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or, according to modern travellers, 40. Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and produced great plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were so depraved, that their licentiousness became proverbial. They, however, behaved with spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give earth and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in token of submission. There were some gold mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth part. When the inhabitants refused to continue to offer part of their gold to the god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and the mines disappeared. The air was so wholesome that many of the natives lived to their 120th year. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.――Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 46.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Strabo, bk. 10.

=Sipontum=, =Sipus=, or =Sepus=, a maritime town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomedes after his return from the Trojan war. Strabo, bk. 6.――Lucan, bk. 5, li. 377.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Sipy̆lum= and =Sipy̆lus=, a town of Lydia, with a mountain of the same name near the Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. The town was destroyed by an earthquake, with 12 others in the neighbourhood, in the reign of Tiberius. Strabo, bks. 1 & 2.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 20.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 24. ――Hyginus, fable 9.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 47.――――One of Niobe’s children, killed by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Sirbo=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine, now Sebaket Bardoil. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Sīrēnes=, sea nymphs who charmed so much with their melodious voice, that all forgot their employments to listen with more attention, and at last died for want of food. They were daughters of the Achelous by the muse Calliope, or, according to others, by Melpomene or Terpsichore. They were three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia, or, according to others, Mœolpe, Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small island near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors suppose that they were monsters, who had the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest of the body like that of a bird; or rather that the whole body was covered with feathers, and had the shape of a bird, except the head, which was that of a beautiful female. This monstrous form they had received from Ceres, who wished to punish them, because they had not assisted her daughter when carried away by Pluto. But, according to Ovid, they were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they prayed the gods to give them wings that they might seek her in the sea as well as by land. The Sirens were informed by the oracle, that as soon as any persons passed by them without suffering themselves to be charmed by their ♦songs, they should perish; and their melody had prevailed in calling the attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, informed of the power of their voice by Circe, stopped the ears of his companions with wax, and ordered himself to be tied to the mast of his ship, and no attention to be paid to his commands, should he wish to stay and listen to their song. This was a salutary precaution. Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, but they were disregarded, and the fatal coast was passed with safety. Upon this artifice of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed, that they threw themselves into the sea and perished. Some authors say that the Sirens challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that the latter proved victorious, and plucked the feathers from the wings of their adversaries, with which they made themselves crowns. The place where the Sirens destroyed themselves was afterwards called Sirenis, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 864, places the Sirenum Scoupli on the coast of Italy, near the island of Caprea. Some suppose that the Sirens were a number of lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers, and made them forget their pursuits while drowned in unlawful pleasures. The Sirens are often represented holding, one a lyre, a second a flute, and the third singing. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6. ――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 167.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Ammianus, bk. 29, ch. 2.――Hyginus, fable 141.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 555; De Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 311.――Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 33.

♦ ‘sons’ replaced with ‘songs’

=Sirenūsæ=, three small rocky islands near the coast of Campania, where the Sirens were supposed to reside.

=Siris=, a town of Magna Græcia, founded by a Grecian colony after the Trojan war, at the mouth of the river of the same name. There was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus and the Romans. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 221.――――The Æthiopians gave that name to the Nile before its divided streams united into one current. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.――――A town of Pæonia in Thrace.

=Sirius=, or =Canicŭla=, the dog-star, whose appearance, as the ancients supposed, always caused great heat on the earth. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 141.

=Sirmio=, now Sermione, a peninsula in the lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa. Catullus, poem 31.

=Sirmium=, the capital of Pannonia, at the confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius, very celebrated during the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Sisamnes=, a judge flayed alive for his partiality, by order of Cambyses. His skin was nailed on the benches of the other judges, to incite them to act with candour and impartiality. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Sisapho=, a Corinthian, who had murdered his brother, because he had put his children to death. Ovid, Ibis.

=Sisapo=, a town of Spain, famous for its vermilion mines, whose situation is not well ascertained. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 7.――Cicero, Philippics, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Siscia=, a town of Pannonia, now Sisseg.

=Sisenes=, a Persian deserter, who conspired against Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Lucius Sisenna=, an ancient historian among the Romans, 91 B.C. He wrote an account of the republic, of which Cicero speaks with great warmth, and also translated from the Greek the Milesian fables of Aristides. Some fragments of his compositions are quoted by different authors. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 443.――Cicero, Brutus, ltrs. 64 & 67.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――Cornelius, a Roman, who, on being reprimanded in the senate for the ill conduct and depraved manners of his wife, accused publicly Augustus of unlawful commerce with her. Dio Cassius, bk. 54.――――The family of the Cornelii and Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. They are accused of intemperate loquacity in the Augustan age, by Horace, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 8.

=Sisigambis=, or =Sisygambis=, the mother of Darius the last king of Persia. She was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great at the battle of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The conqueror treated her with uncommon tenderness and attention; he saluted her as his own mother, and what he had sternly denied to the petitions of his favourites and ministers, he often granted to the intercession of Sisygambis. The regard of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, and, indeed, she no sooner heard that he was dead, than she killed herself, unwilling to survive the loss of so generous an enemy; though she had seen, with less concern, the fall of her son’s kingdom, the ruin of his subjects, and himself murdered by his servants. She had also lost, in one day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, whom Ochus had assassinated to make himself master of the kingdom of Persia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 5.

=Sisimithræ=, a fortified place of Bactriana, 15 stadia high, 80 in circumference, and plain at the top. Alexander married Roxana there. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Sisocostus=, one of the friends of Alexander, entrusted with the care of the rock Aornus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Sisy̆phus=, a brother of Athamas and Salmoneus, son of Æolus and Enaretta, the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married Merope the daughter of Atlas, or, according to others, of Pandareus, by whom he had several children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, because he had been told by an oracle that his children by his brother’s daughter would avenge the injuries which he had suffered from the malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons whom she had by her uncle. It is reported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked his bulls under the feet, and when they had been carried away by the dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and astonished the thief by selecting from his numerous flocks those bulls which, by the mark, he knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleasing to Autolycus, who had now found one more cunning than himself, that he permitted him to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, whom a few days after he gave in marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which had no sooner reached the summit than it fell back into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punishment eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence are variously reported. Some attribute it to his continual depredations in the neighbouring country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of stones on those whom he had plundered, and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, in chaining Death in his palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the request of the king of hell, went to deliver her from confinement. Others suppose that Jupiter inflicted this punishment because he told Asopus where his daughter Ægina had been carried away by her ravisher. The more followed opinion, however, is, that Sisyphus, on his death-bed, entreated his wife to leave his body unburied, and when he came into Pluto’s kingdom, he received the permission of returning upon earth to punish this seeming negligence of his wife, but, however, on promise of immediately returning. But he was no sooner out of the infernal regions, than he violated his engagements, and when he was at last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to punish his want of fidelity and honour, condemned him to roll a huge stone to the top of a mountain. The institution of the Pythian games is attributed by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphus was deemed disgraceful among the ancients. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 592. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 616.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 459; bk. 13, li. 32; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 175; Ibis, li. 191. ――Pausanias, bk. 2, &c.――Hyginus, fable 60.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 14, li. 20.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A son of Marcus Antony, who was born deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, because he was endowed with genius and an excellent understanding. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 47.

=Sitalces=, one of Alexander’s generals, imprisoned for his cruelty and avarice in the government of his province. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――――A king of Thrace, B.C. 436.

=Sithnĭdes=, certain nymphs of a fountain in Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Sithon=, a king of Thrace.――――An island in the Ægean.

=Sithŏnia=, a country of Thrace between mount Hæmus and the Danube. Sithonia is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet Sithonis, so often used by the poets. It received its name from king Sithon. Horace, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 9.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 588; bk. 7, li. 466; bk. 13, li. 571.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 122.

=Sitius=, a Roman who assisted Cæsar in Africa with great success. He was rewarded with a province of Numidia. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 21.

=Sitones=, a nation of Germany, or modern Norway, according to some. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 45.

=Sittace=, a town of Assyria. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Smaragdus=, a town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi) were dug. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Smenus=, a river of Laconia rising in mount Taygetus, and falling into the sea near Hypsos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Smerdis=, a son of Cyrus, put to death by order of his brother Cambyses. As his execution was not public, and as it was only known to one of the officers of the monarch, one of the Magi of Persia, who was himself called Smerdis, and who greatly resembled the deceased prince, declared himself king, at the death of Cambyses. This usurpation would not, perhaps, have been known, had not he taken too many precautions to conceal it. After he had reigned for six months with universal approbation, seven noblemen of Persia conspired to dethrone him, and when this had been executed with success, they chose one of their number to reign in the usurper’s place, B.C. 521. This was Darius the son of Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 30. ――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Smilax=, a beautiful shepherdess who became enamoured of Crocus. She was changed into a flower, as also her lover. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

=Smilis=, a statuary of Ægina in the age of Dædalus. Pausanias, bk. 7.

=Smindyrides=, a native of Sybaris, famous for his luxury. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 24, & bk. 12, ch. 24.

=Smintheus=, one of the surnames of Apollo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants raised him a temple, because he had destroyed a number of rats that infested the country. These rats were called σμινθαι, in the language of Phrygia, whence the surname. There is another story similar to this related by the Greek scholiast of Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 39.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 585.

=Smyrna=, a celebrated seaport town of Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the Æolians. It has been subject to many revolutions, and been severally in the possession of the Æolians, Ionians, Lydians, and Macedonians. Alexander, or according to Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years after it had been destroyed by the Lydians. It was one of the richest and most powerful cities of Asia, and became one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy. The inhabitants were given much to luxury and indolence, but they were universally esteemed for their valour and intrepidity when called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 180th year of the christian era. Smyrna still continues to be a very commercial town. The river Meles flows near its walls. The inhabitants of Smyrna believed that Homer was born among them, and to confirm this opinion they not only paid him divine honours, but showed a place which bore the poet’s name, and also had a brass coin in circulation which was called Homerium. Some suppose that it was called Smyrna from an Amazon of the same name who took possession of it. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.――Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 565.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis.――――An Amazon.――――The name of a poem which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine years, and which was worthy of admiration, according to Catullus, poem 94.

=Smyrnæus=, a Greek poet of the third century, called also Calaber. See: Calaber.

=Soana=, a river of Albania. Ptolemy.

=Soanda=, a town of Armenia.

=Soanes=, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, in whose territories the rivers abound with golden sands, which the inhabitants gather in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of the golden fleece. Strabo, bk. 11.――Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 3.

=Sōcrătes=, the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and his mother Phænarete was by profession a midwife. For some time he followed the occupation of his father, and some have mentioned the statues of the graces, admired for their simplicity and elegance, as the work of his own hands. He was called away from this meaner employment, of which, however, he never blushed, by Crito, who admired his genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy soon became the study of Socrates, and under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the foundation of that exemplary virtue which succeeding ages have ever loved and venerated. He appeared like the rest of his countrymen in the field of battle; he fought with boldness and intrepidity, and to his courage two of his friends and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades, owed the preservation of their lives. But the character of Socrates appears more conspicuous and dignified as a philosopher and moralist than as a warrior. He was fond of labour, he inured himself to suffer hardships, and he acquired that serenity of mind and firmness of countenance, which the most alarming dangers could never destroy, or the most sudden calamities alter. If he was poor, it was from choice, and not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appearing singular. He bore injuries with patience, and the insults of malice or resentment he not only treated with contempt, but even received with a mind that expressed some concern, and felt compassion for the depravity of human nature. So singular and so venerable a character was admired by the most enlightened of the Athenians. Socrates was attended by a number of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by his exemplary life, as well as by his doctrines. He had no particular place where to deliver his lectures, but as the good of his countrymen, and the reformation of their corrupted morals, and not the aggregation of riches, was the object of his study, he was present everywhere, and drew the attention of his auditors either in the groves of Academus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom on every subject, religious as well as civil; and had the courage to condemn the violence of his countrymen, and to withstand the torrent of resentment, by which the Athenian generals were capitally punished for not burying the dead at the battle of Arginusæ. This independence of spirit, and that visible superiority of mind and genius over the rest of his countrymen, created many enemies to Socrates; but as his character was irreproachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of all obscurity, the voice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aristophanes soon undertook, at the instigation of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to ridicule the venerable character of Socrates on the stage; and when once the way was open to calumny and defamation, the fickle and licentious populace paid no reverence to the philosopher whom they had before regarded as a being of a superior order. When this had succeeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, together with Anytus and Lycon, and the philosopher was summoned before the tribunal of the 500. He was accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of making innovations in the religion of the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many gods whom the Athenians worshipped; yet, false as this might appear, the accusers relied for the success of their cause upon the perjury of false witnesses, and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance would readily yield to misrepresentation, and be influenced and guided by eloquence and artifice. In this their expectations were not frustrated, and while the judges expected submission from Socrates, and that meanness of behaviour and servility of defence which distinguished criminals, the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his own fall by the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying integrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated orators of the age, composed an oration in a laboured and pathetic style, which he offered to his friend to be pronounced as his defence in the presence of his judges. Socrates read it, but after he had praised the eloquence and the animation of the whole, he rejected it, as neither manly nor expressive of fortitude, and comparing it to Sicyonian shoes, which, though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, he observed, that a philosopher ought to be conspicuous for magnanimity and for firmness of soul. In his apology he spoke with great animation, and confessed that while others boasted that they were acquainted with everything, he himself knew nothing. The whole discourse was full of simplicity and noble grandeur, the energetic language of offended innocence. He modestly said, that what he possessed was applied for the service of the Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow-citizens happy, and it was a duty which he performed by the special command of the gods, “whose authority,” said he, emphatically to his judges, “I regard more than yours.” Such language from a man who was accused of a capital crime, astonished and irritated the judges. Socrates was condemned, but only by a majority of three voices; and when he was demanded, according to the spirit of the Athenian laws, to pass sentence on himself, and to mention the death he preferred, the philosopher said, “For my attempts to teach the Athenian youth justice and moderation, and render the rest of my countrymen more happy, let me be maintained at the public expense the remaining years of my life in the Prytaneum, an honour, O Athenians, which I deserve more than the victors of the Olympic games. They make their countrymen more happy in appearance, but I have made you so in reality.” This exasperated the judges in the highest degree, and he was condemned to drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed the court, and more particularly the judges who had decided in his favour, in a pathetic speech. He told them that to die was a pleasure, since he was going to hold converse with the greatest heroes of antiquity; he recommended to their paternal care his defenceless children, and as he returned to prison, he exclaimed: “I go to die, you to live; but which is the best the Divinity alone can know.” The solemn celebration of the Delian festivals [See: Delia] prevented his execution for 30 days, and during that time he was confined in the prison and loaded with irons. His friends, and particularly his disciples, were his constant attendants; he discoursed with them upon different subjects with all his usual cheerfulness and serenity. He reproved them for their sorrow, and when one of them was uncommonly grieved because he was to suffer, though innocent, the philosopher replied, “Would you then have me die guilty?” With this composure he spent his last days. He continued to be a preceptor till the moment of his death, and instructed his pupils on questions of the greatest importance; he told them his opinions in support of the immortality of the soul, and reprobated with acrimony the prevalent custom of suicide. He disregarded the intercession of his friends, and when it was in his power to make his escape out of prison he refused it, and asked, with his usual pleasantry, where he could escape death. “Where,” says he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made his escape certain, “where shall I fly, to avoid this irrevocable doom passed on all mankind?” When the hour to drink the poison was come, the executioner presented him the cup with tears in his eyes. Socrates received it with composure, and after he had made a libation to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered countenance, and a few moments after he expired. Such was the end of a man whom the uninfluenced answer of the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the wisest of mankind. Socrates died 400 years before Christ, in the 70th year of his age. He was no sooner buried than the Athenians repented of their cruelty; his accusers were universally despised and shunned. One suffered death, some were banished, and others, with their own hands, put an end to the life which their severity to the best of the Athenians had rendered insupportable. The actions, sayings, and opinions of Socrates have been faithfully recorded by two of the most celebrated of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, and everything which relates to the life and circumstances of this great philosopher is now minutely known. To his poverty, his innocence, and his example, the Greeks were particularly indebted for their greatness and splendour; and the learning which was universally disseminated by his pupils, gave the whole nation a consciousness of their superiority over the rest of the world, not only in the polite arts, but in the more laborious exercises, which their writings celebrated. The philosophy of Socrates forms an interesting epoch in the history of the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus derided the more abstruse inquiries and metaphysical researches of his predecessors, and by first introducing moral philosophy, he induced mankind to consider themselves, their passions, their opinions, their duties, actions, and faculties. From this it was said that the founder of the Socratic school drew philosophy down from heaven upon the earth. In his attendance upon religious worship, Socrates was himself an example; he believed the divine origin of dreams and omens, and publicly declared that he was accompanied by a dæmon or invisible conductor [See: Dæmon], whose frequent interposition stopped him from the commission of evil, and the guilt of misconduct. This familiar spirit, however, according to some, was nothing more than a sound judgment assisted by prudence and long experience, which warned him at the approach of danger, and from a general speculation of mankind could foresee what success would attend an enterprise, or what calamities would follow an ill-managed administration. As a supporter of the immortality of the soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme knowledge, from which he deduced the government of the universe. From the resources of experience as well as nature and observation, he perceived the indiscriminate dispensation of good and evil to mankind by the hand of Heaven, and he was convinced that none but the most inconsiderate would incur the displeasure of their Creator to avoid poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual appetite, which must at the end harass their soul with remorse and the consciousness of guilt. From this natural view of things, he perceived the relation of one nation with another, and how much the tranquillity of civil society depended upon the proper discharge of these respective duties. The actions of men furnished materials also for his discourse; to instruct them was his aim, and to render them happy was the ultimate object of his daily lessons. From principles like these, which were enforced by the unparalleled example of an affectionate husband, a tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, the Peripatetics, the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c., arose. Socrates never wrote for the public eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his pupil Euripides were partly composed by him. He was naturally of a licentious disposition, and a physiognomist observed, in looking in the face of the philosopher, that his heart was the most depraved, immodest, and corrupted that ever was in the human breast. This nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his disciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, and declared that his assertions were true, but that all his vicious propensities had been duly corrected and curbed by means of reason. Socrates made a poetical version of Æsop’s fables, while in prison. Diogenes Laërtius.――Xenophon.――Pluto.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――Plutarch, On the Opinions of the Philosophers, &c.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 54; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A leader of the Achæans, at the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death by order of Artaxerxes.――――A governor of Cilicia under Alexander the Great.――――A painter.――――A Rhodian in the age of Augustus. He wrote an account of the civil wars.――――A scholiast born A.D. 380, at Constantinople. He wrote an ecclesiastical history from the year 309, where Eusebius ended, down to 450, with great exactness and judgment, of which the best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.――――An island on the coast of Arabia.

=Sœmias Julia=, mother of the emperor Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate of women, which she had elected to decide the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman matrons. She at last provoked the people by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and was murdered with her son and family. She was a native of Apamea; her father’s name was Julius Avitus, and her mother’s Masa. Her sister Julia Mammæa married the emperor Septimus Severus.

=Sogdiāna=, a country of Asia, bounded on the north by Scythia, east by the Sacæ, south by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and now known by the name of Zagatay, or Usbec. The people were called Sogdiani. The capital was called Marcanda. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93. ――Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 10.

=Sogdiānus=, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who murdered his elder brother, king Xerxes, to make himself master of the Persian throne. He was but seven months in possession of the crown. His brother Ochus, who reigned under the name of Darius Nothus, conspired against him, and suffocated him in a tower full of warm ashes.

=Sol= (the sun), was an object of veneration among the ancients. It was particularly worshipped by the Persians, under the name of Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of the Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. The Massagetæ sacrificed horses to the sun on account of their swiftness. According to some of the ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. Apollo, however, and Phœbus and Sol, are universally supposed to be the same deity.

=Solicinium=, a town of Germany, now Sultz, on the Neckar.

=Solīnus Caius Julius=, a grammarian at the end of the first century, who wrote a book called Polyhistor, which is a collection of historical remarks and geographical annotations on the most celebrated places of every country. He has been called Pliny’s ape, because he imitated that well-known naturalist. The last edition of the Polyhistor is that of Nuremberg, ex editione Salamasii. 1777.

=Solis Fons=, a celebrated fountain in Libya. See: Ammon.

=Soloe=, or =Soli=, a town of Cyprus, built on the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian colony. It was originally called Æpeia, till Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocyprus, one of the princes of the island, to change the situation of his capital. His advice was followed; a new town was raised in a beautiful plain, and called after the name of the Athenian philosopher. Strabo, bk. 14. ――Plutarch, Solon.――――A town of Cilicia on the sea-coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was afterwards called Pompeiopolis, from Pompey, who settled a colony of pirates there. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Some suppose that the Greeks, who settled in either of these two towns, forgot the purity of their native language, and thence arose the term Solecismus, applied to an inelegant or improper expression.

=Solœis=, or =Soloentia=, a promontory of Libya at the extremity of mount Atlas, now cape Cantin.――――A town of Sicily, between Panormus and Himera, now Solanto. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43.――Thucydides, bk. 6.

=Solon=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Salamis, and educated at Athens. His father’s name was Euphorion, or Exechestides, one of the descendants of king Codrus, and by his mother’s side he reckoned among his relations the celebrated Pisistratus. After he had devoted part of his time to philosophical and political studies, Solon travelled over the greatest part of Greece, but at his return home he was distressed with the dissensions which were kindled among his countrymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and he was unanimously elected archon and sovereign legislator. He might have become absolute, but he refused the dangerous office of king of Athens, and, in the capacity of lawgiver, he began to make a reform in every department. The complaints of the poorer citizens found redress, all debts were remitted, and no one was permitted to seize the person of his debtor if unable to make a restoration of his money. After he had made the most salutary regulations in the state, and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that they would faithfully observe his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon resigned the office of legislator and removed himself from Athens. He visited Egypt, and in the court of Crœsus king of Lydia he convinced the monarch of the instability of fortune, and told him, when he wished to know whether he was not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an Athenian, who had always seen his country in a flourishing state, who had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and who had himself fallen in defence of his country, was more entitled to happiness than the possessor of riches and the master of empires. After 10 years’ absence Solon returned to Athens, but he had the mortification to find the greatest part of his regulations disregarded by the factious spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to be longer a spectator of the divisions that reigned in his country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the court of king Philocyprus, in the 80th year of his age, 558 years before the christian era. The salutary consequences of the laws of Solon can be discovered in the length of time they were in force in the republic of Athens. For above 400 years they flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who was himself a witness of their benign influence, passes the highest encomiums upon the legislator, whose superior wisdom framed such a code of regulations. It was the intention of Solon to protect the poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the Athenians into four classes, three of which were permitted to discharge the most important offices and magistracies of the state, and the last to give their opinion in the assemblies, but not have a share in the distinctions and honours of their superiors, the legislator gave the populace a privilege which, though at first small and inconsiderable, soon rendered them masters of the republic, and of all the affairs of government. He made a reformation in the Areopagus, he increased the authority of the members, and permitted them yearly to inquire how every citizen maintained himself, and to punish such as lived in idleness, and were not employed in some honourable and lucrative profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number of its judges at 400. The sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled, except that against murder, and the punishment denounced against every offender was proportioned to his crime; but Solon made no law against parricide or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he said, was too horrible to human nature for a man to be guilty of it, and the latter could never be committed, because the history of Athens had never furnished a single instance. Such as had died in the service of their country were buried with great pomp, and their family was maintained at the public expense; but such as had squandered away their estates, such as refused to bear arms in defence of their country, or paid no attention to the infirmities and distress of their parents, were branded with infamy. The laws of marriage were newly regulated; it became a union of affection and tenderness, and no longer a mercenary contract. To speak with ill language against the dead as well as the living, was made a crime, and the legislator wished that the character of his fellow-citizens should be freed from the aspersions of malevolence and envy. A person that had no children was permitted to dispose of his estates as he pleased, and the females were not allowed to be extravagant in their dress or expenses. To be guilty of adultery was a capital crime, and the friend and associate of lewdness and debauchery was never permitted to speak in public, for, as the philosopher observed, a man who has no shame, is not capable of being intrusted with the people. These celebrated laws were engraven on several tables, and that they might be better known and more familiar to the Athenians, they were written in verse. The indignation which Solon expressed on seeing the tragical representations of Thespis, is well known, and he sternly observed, that if falsehood and fiction were tolerated on the stage, they would soon find their way among the common occupations of men. According to Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus; but this seems to be false, as the legislator refused to live in a country where the privileges of his fellow-citizens were trampled upon by the usurpation of a tyrant. See: Lycurgus. Plutarch, Solon. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 29.――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.――Cicero.

=Solona=, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the Utens.

=Solonium=, a town of Latium on the borders of Etruria. Plutarch, Caius Marius.――Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1.

=Solva=, a town of Noricum.

=Solus= (untis), a maritime town of Sicily. See: Solœis. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Soly̆ma= and =Soly̆mæ=, a town of Lycia. The inhabitants, called Solymi, were anciently called Milyades, and afterwards Termili and Lycians. Sarpedon settled among them. Strabo, bk. 14. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.――Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 29.――――An ancient name of Jerusalem. See: Hierosolyma. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 543.

=Somnus=, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the infernal deities, and presided over sleep. His palace, according to some mythologists, is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. The god himself is represented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. The dreams stand by him, and Morpheus, as his principal minister, watches to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Lacedæmonians always placed the image of Somnus near that of death. Hesiod, Theogony. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 14.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 893. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11.

=Sonchis=, an Egyptian priest, in the age of Solon. It was he who told that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particularly about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as more extensive than the continent of Africa and Asia united. This island disappeared, it is said, in one day and one night. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride, &c.

=Sontiătes=, a people in Gaul.

=Sopăter=, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor Constantine. He was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his death he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers.

=Sophax=, a son of Hercules and Tinga the widow of Antæus, who founded the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Sophēne=, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 593.

=Sŏphŏcles=, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, educated in the school of Æschylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as a statesman. He commanded the Athenian armies, and in several battles he shared the supreme command with Pericles, and exercised the office of archon with credit and honour. The first appearance of Sophocles as a poet reflects great honour on his abilities. The Athenians had taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a yearly contest for tragedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion obtained the prize over many competitors, in the number of whom was Æschylus, his friend and his master. This success contributed to encourage the poet; he wrote for the stage with applause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles was the rival of Euripides for public praise; they divided the applause of the populace, and while the former surpassed in the sublime and majestic, the other was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The Athenians were pleased with their contention, and as the theatre was at that time an object of importance and magnitude, and deemed an essential and most magnificent part of the religious worship, each had his admirers and adherents; but the two poets, captivated at last by popular applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, only seven are extant: Ajax, Electra, Œdipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniæ, Philoctetes, and Œdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is well known. They wished to become immediate masters of their father’s possessions, and therefore, tired of his long life, they accused him before the Areopagus of insanity. The only defence the poet made was to read his tragedy of Œdipus at Colonos, which he had lately finished, and then he asked his judges, whether the author of such a performance could be taxed with insanity? The father upon this was acquitted, and the children returned home covered with shame and confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of his age, 406 years before Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors report, of having obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic games. Athenæus has accused Sophocles of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly when he commanded the armies of Athens. The best editions of Sophocles are those of Capperonier, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols., 12mo, 1745; of Geneva, 4to, 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, 1786. Cicero, Against Catiline; de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 25. ――Plutarch, Cimon, &c.――Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 1.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7; bk. 9, ch. 12.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 53.――Athenæus, bk. 10, &c.

=Sophonisba=, a daughter of Asdrubal the Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when her husband was conquered by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of her, and married her. This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Scipio, who at that time had the command of the armies of the republic in Africa, rebuked the monarch severely, and desired him to part with Sophonisba. This was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans. He entered Sophonisba’s tent with tears in his eyes, and told her that, as he could not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy of the Romans, he recommended her, as the strongest pledge of his love and affection for her person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal. Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with unusual composure and serenity, the cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 12, &c.――Sallust, Jugurthine War. ――Justin.

=Sophron=, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of Agathocles and Damasyllis. His compositions were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said to have read them with rapture. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7. ――Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 10.

=Sophroniscus=, the father of Socrates.

=Sophronia=, a Roman lady whom Maxentius took by force from her husband’s house, and married. Sophronia killed herself when she saw that her affections were abused by the tyrant.

=Sophrosy̆ne=, a daughter of Dionysius by Dion’s sister.

=Sopŏlis=, the father of Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 7.――――A painter in Cicero’s age. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 16.

=Sora=, a town of the Volsci, of which the inhabitants were called Sorani. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 395.――Cicero, For Plancius.

=Soractes= and =Soracte=, a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who is from thence surnamed Soractis; and it is said that the priests of the god could walk over burning coals without hurting themselves. There was, as some report, a fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters boiled at sunrise, and instantly killed all such birds as drank of them. Strabo, bk. 5.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 2. ――Horace, bk. 1, ode 9.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 785. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 5.

=Sorānus=, a man put to death by Nero. See: Valerius.――――The father of Atilia the first wife of Cato.

=Sorex=, a favourite of Sylla, and the companion of his debaucheries. Plutarch.

=Sorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Æthea daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.

=Soritia=, a town of Spain.

=Sosia Galla=, a woman at the court of Tiberius, banished, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Sosibius=, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. 255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy Philopator, and advised him to murder his brother, and the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He lived to a great age, and was on that account called Polychronos. He was afterwards permitted to retire from the court, and spend the rest of his days in peace and tranquillity after he had disgraced the name of minister by the most abominable crimes, and the murder of many of the royal family. His son, of the same name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epiphanes. ――――The preceptor of Britannicus the son of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 1.

=Sosĭcles=, a Greek who behaved with great valour when Xerxes invaded Greece.

=Sosicrătes=, a noble senator among the Achæans, put to death because he wished his countrymen to make peace with the Romans.

=Sosigĕnes=, an Egyptian mathematician, who assisted Julius Cæsar in regulating the Roman calendar. Suetonius.――Diodorus.――Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 25.――――A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. Polyænus, bk. 4.――――A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

=Sosii=, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 20, li. 2.

=Sosĭlus=, a Lacedæmonian in the age of Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the history of his life. Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.

=Sosipăter=, a grammarian in the reign of Honorius. He published five books of observations on grammar.――――A Syracusan magistrate.――――A general of Philip king of Macedonia.

=Sosis=, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tumults against Dion. When accused before the people he saved himself by flight, and thus escaped a capital punishment.

=Sosistrătus=, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He was at last removed by Hermocrates. Polyænus, bk. 1.――――Another tyrant. Polyænus, bk. 1.

=Sospis=, a consul who followed the interest of Mark Antony.――――A governor of Syria.――――A Roman consular dignity, to whom Plutarch dedicated his Lives.

=Sospĭta=, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium. She had also two at Rome, and her statue was covered with a goat-skin, with a buckler, &c. Livy, bks. 3, 6, 8, &c.――Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

=Sosthĕnes=, a general of Macedonia, who flourished B.C. 281. He defeated the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the battle. Justin, bk. 24, ch. 5.――――A native of Cnidos, who wrote a history of Iberia. Plutarch.

=Sostrătus=, a friend of Hermolaus, put to death for conspiring against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A grammarian in the age of Augustus. He was Strabo’s preceptor. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A statuary. ――――An architect of Cnidos, B.C. 284, who built the white tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. He inscribed his name upon it. See: Pharos. Strabo, bk. 17.――Pliny, bk. 30, ch. 12.――――A priest of Venus at Paphos, among the favourites of Vespasian. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of Hercules. ――――A Greek historian, who wrote an account of Etruria.――――A poet, who wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 178.

=Sotădes=, an athlete. A Greek poet of Thrace. He wrote verses against Philadelphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea in a cage of lead. He was called Cinædus, not only because he was addicted to the abominable crime which the surname indicates, but because he wrote a poem in commendation of it. Some suppose, that instead of the word Socraticos in the 2nd satire, verse the 10th, of Juvenal, the word Sotadicos should be inserted, as the poet Sotades, and not the philosopher Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinædus. Obscene verses were generally called Sotadea carmina from him. They could be turned and read different ways without losing their measure or sense, such as the following, which can be read backwards:

_Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis. Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos._

Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 5, ltr. 3. ――Ausonius, ltr. 17, li. 29.

=Soter=, a surname of the first Ptolemy.――――It was also common to other monarchs.

=Soteria=, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at Sicyone, to ♦commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands of the Macedonians, by Aratus.

♦ ‘commemmorate’ replaced with ‘commemorate’

=Soterĭcus=, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanæus. His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron.

=Sothis=, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which received divine honours in that country.

=Sotiates=, a people of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21.

=Sotion=, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to Seneca. Seneca, ltrs. 49 & 58.

=Sotius=, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius.

=Sous=, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c.

=Sozŏmen=, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720.

=Spaco=, the name of Cyrus. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4.――Herodotus.

=Sparta=, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lacedæmon. It was also called Lacedæmon. See: Lacedæmon.

=Spartăcus=, a king of Pontus.――――Another, king of Bosphorus, who died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407. ――――Another, who died 284 B.C.――――A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans. Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus ♦behaved with great valour: when wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 20.――Livy, bk. 95.――Eutropius, bk. 6, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Crassus.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 30.――Appian.

♦ ‘bahaved’ replaced with ‘behaved’

=Spartæ=, or =Sparti=, a name given to those men who sprang from the dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another, except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.

=Spartāni=, or =Spartiātæ=, the inhabitants of Sparta. See: Sparta, Lacedæmon.

=Spartiānus Ælius=, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to Diocletian. He dedicated them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ. Spartianus is not esteemed as an historian or biographer.

=Spechia=, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Spendius=, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general.

=Spendon=, a poet of Lacedæmon.

=Sperchīa=, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius. Ptolemy.

=Sperchīus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Œta, and falling into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed to be derived from its rapidity (σπερχειν, festinare). Peleus vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he returned safe from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 198. ――Strabo, bk. 9.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 23, li. 144.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230.

=Spermatophăgi=, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees.

=Speusippus=, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of Plato. His father’s name was Eurymedon, and his mother’s Potone. He presided in Plato’s school for eight years, and disgraced himself by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him, but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself, according to some accounts, B.C. 339. Plutarch, Lysander. ――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Sphacteriæ=, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They are also called Sphagiæ.

=Spherus=, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was called Sphetia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――A Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. Plutarch, Agis. ――Diodorus.

=Sphinx=, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the Chimæra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid this part of Bœotia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at last happily explained by Œdipus, who observed that man walked on his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported his infirmities upon a stick. See: Œdipus. The Sphinx no sooner heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of her father’s possessions. The lion’s paw expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings the despatch she used in her expeditions. Plutarch.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 326.――Hyginus, fable 68.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Ibis, li. 378.――Strabo, bk. 9. ――Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus.

=Sphodrias=, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the Piræus. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Sphragidium=, a retired cave on mount Cithæron in Bœotia. The nymphs of the place, called Sphragitides, were yearly honoured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because they had lost few men at the battle of Platæa. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 6. ――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3.――Plutarch, Aristeides.

=Spicillus=, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master, for which he was put to death in a cruel manner.

=Spina=, now Primaso, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Spintharus=, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo’s temple at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A freedman of Cicero. Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

=Spinther=, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey’s friends, and accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for the possession of Cæsar’s offices and gardens before the action. Plutarch.

=Spio=, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 26.

=Spitamĕnes=, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Spithobătes=, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed at the battle of the Granicus. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Spithridates=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike Alexander dead.――――A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander.

=Spoletium=, now Spoleto, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring ♦fountain by an aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still commemorates the defeat of Annibal. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 20.

♦ ‘fountani’ replaced with ‘fountain’

=Spŏrădes=, a number of islands in the Ægean sea. They received their name à σπειρω, spargo, because they are scattered in the sea at some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are called Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Strabo, bk. 2.

=Spurīna=, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius Cæsar to beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurina, “The ides are at last come.” “Yes,” replied Spurina, “but not yet past.” Cæsar was murdered a few moments after. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 81.――Valerius Maximus, bks. 1 & 8.

=Spurius=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna’s army.――――A friend of Otho, &c.

=Lucius Staberius=, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he was obliged to yield to Cæsar, because the inhabitants favoured his cause. Cæsar, Gallic War.――――An avaricious fellow, who wished it to be known that he was uncommonly rich. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 89.

=Stabiæ=, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Stabŭlum=, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open from Gaul into Spain.

=Stagīra=, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from which circumstance he is called Stagirites. Thucydides, bk. 4. ――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 4.――Diogenes Laërtius, Solon.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 46.

=Staius=, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero’s age, who murdered all his relations. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Stalēnus=, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

=Staphy̆lus=, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Stasander=, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general division of the provinces. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Staseas=, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus Piso in philosophy. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 22.

=Stasicrătes=, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the conqueror, &c.

=Stasileus=, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one of the 10 pretors.

=Statilli=, a people of Liguria, between the Tænarus and the Apennines. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 7.――Cicero, bk. 11, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 11.

=Statilia=, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca, ltr. 77.――――Another. See: Messalina.

=Statilius=, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy. He was an inveterate enemy to Cæsar, and when Cato murdered himself, he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends. The conspirators against Cæsar wished him to be in their number, but the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by the army of the triumvirs. Plutarch.――――Lucius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death. Cicero, Against Catiline, ch. 2.――――A young general in the war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed, with 25,000 of his troops.――――A general who fought against Antony. ――――Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting magicians, upon which he put himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 59.

=Statĭnæ=, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an earthquake. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 88.

=Statīra=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A sister of Darius the last king of Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander’s camp, where she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by the conqueror. Plutarch, Alexander.――――A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――――A sister of Mithridates the Great. Plutarch.

=Statius Cæcilius=, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after Ennius. Cicero, de Senectute.――――Annæus, a physician, the friend of the philosopher Seneca. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 64. ――――Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the emperor Domitian. His father’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems, the Thebais in 12 books, and the Achilleis in two books, which remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are, besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant, and well known under the name of Sylvæ, divided into four books. The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except Virgil’s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian. In his Sylvæ, which were written generally extempore, are many beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.――――Domitius, a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 17.――――A general of the Samnites. ――――An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero.

=Stator=, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he stopped (sto) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Stellates=, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania. Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, bk. 1, ch. 70.――Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 20.

=Stellio=, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 445.

=Stena=, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Stenobœa.= See: Sthenobœa.

=Stenocrătes=, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Stentor=, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder than that of 50 men together. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 784.――Juvenal, satire 13, li. 112.

=Stentoris lacus=, a lake near Enos in Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 58.

=Stephănus=, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha. Strabo, bk. 16.――Plutarch, Alexander.――――A Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694.

=Sterŏpe=, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married Œnomaus king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.――――A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.――――A daughter of Cepheus.――――A daughter of Pleuron,――――of Acastus,――――of Danaus,――――of Cebrion.

=Sterŏpes=, one of the Cyclops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Stersichŏrus=, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was originally called Tisias, and obtained the name of Stersichorus from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556 B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. Isocrates, Helen.――Aristotle, Rhetoric.――Strabo, bk. 3.――Lucian, Macrobii.――Cicero, in Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 35. ――Plutarch, de Musica.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Stertinius=, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3. He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics.

=Stesagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades. See: Miltiades.

=Stesilēa=, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c.

=Stesilēus=, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these celebrated men. Plutarch, Cimon.

=Stesimbrŏtus=, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He wrote an account of Cimon’s exploits. Plutarch, Cimom.――――A son of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the enemy without his orders, &c. Plutarch.――――A musician of Thasos.

=Sthenele=, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Menœtius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Sthenĕlus=, a king of Mycenæ, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, two months before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success, and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 19, li. 91.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――――One of the sons of Ægyptus by Tyria.――――A son of Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse, according to Virgil. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.――Virgil, Æneid, bks. 2 & 10.――――A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Argos, who succeeded his father Crotopus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.――――A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Sthenis=, a statuary of Olynthus.――――An orator of Himera in Sicily, during the civil wars of Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

=Stheno=, one of the three Gorgons.

=Sthenobœa=, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prœtus king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken refuge at her husband’s court, after the murder of his brother, and when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him before Prœtus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she killed herself after his departure. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 162. ――Hyginus, fable 57.――――Many mythologists call her Antæa.

=Stilbe=, or =Stilbia=, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Stilbo=, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its shining appearance. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Stĭlĭcho=, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen, but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues, and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his praises, and Zosimus, Historia Nova, bk. 5, denies the truth of the charges laid against him.

=Stilpo=, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336 years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the chiefs of the Stoics. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.――Seneca, de Constantia.

=Stĭmĭcon=, a shepherd’s name in Virgil’s fifth eclogue.

=Stiphĭlus=, one of the Lapithæ, killed in the house of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.

=Stobæus=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved. The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609.

=Stobi=, a town of Pœonia, in Macedonia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40, ch. 21.

=Stœchădes=, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the Hieres, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. Stephanus Byzantius.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 515.――Strabo, bk. 4.

=Stœni=, a people living among the Alps. Livy, bk. 62.

=Stoĭci=, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of Citium. They received the name from the portico (στυα), where the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to excite or intimidate their followers. See: Zeno.

=Strabo=, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey’s father was distinguished by that name.――――A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia, who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices, and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography; in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end, gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Getæ, Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and 10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia, Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost, were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D. 25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio, Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.――――A Sicilian, so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near.

=Stratarchas=, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father’s name was Dorylaus. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Strato=, or =Straton=, a king of the island Aradus, received into alliance by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A king of Sidon, dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to surrender. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry to the study of nature, and was surnamed Physicus; and after the most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate, and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote different treatises, all now lost. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 5.――Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.――――A physician.――――A peripatetic philosopher.――――A native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus the murderer of Cæsar. He killed his friend at his own request.――――A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself, because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus. Plutarch.――――A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the Macedonian kings.――――An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Stratŏcles=, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheronæ, &c., Polyænus.――――A stage-player in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.

=Straton.= See: Strato.

=Stratŏnīce=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.――――A daughter of Pleuron. Apollodorus.――――A daughter of Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother of Attalus. Strabo, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband’s son by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his father’s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not comply, his son’s health would be impaired. Plutarch, Demetrius. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A concubine of Mithridates king of Pontus. Plutarch, Pompey.――――The wife of Antigonus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.――――A town of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. Strabo, bk. 14.――Livy, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33. ――――Another, in Mesopotamia.――――A third, near mount Taurus.

=Stratonīcus=, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. Plutarch.――――A musician of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. Athenæus, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Stratonis turris=, a city of Judea, afterwards called Cæsarea by Herod in honour of Augustus.

=Stratos=, a city of Æolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.――――Of Acarnania.

=Strenua=, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. Augustine, City of God, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16.

=Strongy̆le=, now Strombolo, one of the islands called Æolides in the Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which the crater is on the side of the mountain. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Strabo, bk. 6.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Strophădes=, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called Plotæ, and received the name of Strophades from στρεφω, verto, because Zethes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter, after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus. The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these two islands is not above five miles in circumference. Hyginus, fable 19.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 709.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 210.――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Strophius=, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others, Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.――Hyginus, fables 1, 17.――――A son of Pylades by Electra the sister of Orestes.

=Struthophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their name signifies.

=Struthus=, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedæmonians, B.C. 393.

=Stryma=, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Strymno=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Strymon=, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the Ægean sea, which has been called Strymonicus sinus. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 120; bk. 4, li. 508; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 265.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 251.

=Stubera=, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Stura=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Sturni=, a town of Calabria.

=Stymphālia=, or =Stymphālis=, a part of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 30.――――A surname of Diana.

=Stymphālus=, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A town, river, lake, and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus. The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh, and which were called Stymphalides. They were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 298.――――A lofty mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.

=Stygne=, a daughter of Danaus. Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 4, poem 6. ――Apollodorus.

=Styra=, a town of Eubœa.

=Stȳrus=, a king of Albania, to whom Æetes promised his daughter Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358.

=Styx=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 363 & 384.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia, whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods, and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx, because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 384, 775.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 513. ――Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 74.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 323, 439, &c.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 29, &c.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 18.――Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Suada=, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus. She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. Cicero, Brutus, bk. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Suana=, a town of Etruria.

=Suardones=, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

=Suasa=, a town of Umbria.

=Subatrii=, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Subi=, a small river of Catalonia.

=Sublicius=, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. See: Pons.

=Submontorium=, a town of Vindelicia, now Augsburg.

=Subota=, small islands at the east of Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28.

=Subur=, a river of Mauritania.――――A town of Spain.

=Suburra=, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the residence of the obscurer years of Julius Cæsar. Suetonius, Cæsar. ――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 8.――Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 66.――Juvenal, satire 3, li. 5.

=Sucro=, now Xucar, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which the former obtained the victory. Plutarch.――――A Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 505.

=Sudertum=, a town of Etruria. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 23.

=Suessa=, a town of Campania, called also Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. Strabo, bk. 5. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4. ――Livy, bks. 1 & 2.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.――Cicero, Philippics, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Suessitani=, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 34.

=Suessŏnes=, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2.

=Suessula=, a town of Campania. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14.

♦=Suetonius Caius Paulinus=, the first Roman general who crossed mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account. He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached himself to Vitellius.――――Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian, and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first Cæsars, and some fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cæsars, he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to, 2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751; and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 11; bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c.

♦ ‘Setonius’ replaced with ‘Suetonius’

=Suetri=, a people of Gaul near the Alps.

♦=Suevi=, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the emperors. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 51.

♦ ‘Suovi’ replaced with ‘Suevi’

=Suevius=, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius.

=Suffetala=, an inland town of Mauritania.

=Suffēnus=, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Catullus, poem 22.

=Suffetius=, or =Suftius=. See: Metius.

=Suidas=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge. 1705.

=Publius Suilius=, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.――――Cæsorinus, a guilty favourite of Messalina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 36.

=Suiones=, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern Swedes. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 44.

=Sulchi=, a town at the south of Sardinia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Claudian, Gildonic War, li. 518.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Sulcius=, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the number of defamations which he daily gave. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 65.

=Sulga=, now Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone. Strabo, bk. 4.

=Sulla.= See: Sylla.

=Sulmo=, now Sulmona, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers of Æneas. Ovid was born there. Ovid, passim.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 511.――Strabo, bk. 5.――――A Latin chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 412.

=Sulpitia=, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple to ♦Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts of the Roman women to virtue. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――A poetess in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.――――A daughter of Servius Sulpitius, mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to Tibullus.

♦ ‘Venis’ replaced with ‘Venus’

=Sulpitia lex=, militaris, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665, invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates, of which Sylla was to be deprived.――――Another, de senatu, by Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no senator should owe more than 2000 drachmæ.――――Another, de civitate, by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.――――Another, called also Sempronia, de religione, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the senate and the majority of the tribunes.――――Another, to empower the Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia.

=Sulpitius=, or =Sulpicius=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most celebrated are:――Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first took the field, but soon after he engaged the enemy and totally defeated them. Livy, bk. 7. ――――Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the Æqui. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 45.――――Caius Paterculus, a consul sent against the Carthaginians. He conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a complete victory over the enemy’s fleet. He was honoured with a triumph at his return to Rome. Livy, bk. 17.――――Spurius, one of the three commissioners whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws which could be found in the different cities and republics of Greece. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――One of the first consuls who received intelligence that a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the Tarquins to power, &c.――――A priest who died of the plague in the first ages of the republic at Rome.――――Publius Galba, a Roman consul who signalized himself greatly during the war which his countrymen waged against the Achæans and the Macedonians.――――Severus, a writer. See: Severus.――――Publius, one of the associates of Marius, well known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of the allies of Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in continual pay, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had often the impertinence to attack the consul in the popular assemblies. He became at last so seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla’s adherents, and immediately murdered. His head was fixed on a pole in the rostrum, where he had often made many seditious speeches in the capacity of tribune. Livy, bk. 77.――――A Roman consul who fought against Pyrrhus and defeated him.――――Caius Longus, a Roman consul, who defeated the Samnites and killed 30,000 of their men. He obtained a triumph for this celebrated victory. He was afterwards made dictator to conduct a war against the Etrurians.――――Rufus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――One of Messalina’s favourites, put to death by Claudius.――――Publius Quirinus, a consul in the age of Augustus.――――Camerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under Nero, accused of cruelty, &c. Tacitus, bk. 13, Annals, ch. 52.――――Gallus, a celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. He accompanied the consul in his expedition against Perseus, and told the Roman army that the night before the day on which they were to give the enemy battle there would be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation encouraged the soldiers, which, on the contrary, would have intimidated them, if not previously acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was universally respected, and he was honoured a few years after with the consulship. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 37.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 12. ――――Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. He left some letters and a few grammatical observations now lost. Cicero.――Livy.――Plutarch.――Polybius.――Florus. ――Eutropius.

=Summānus=, a surname of Pluto, as prince of the dead, summus manium. He had a temple at Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power during the night. Cicero, De Divinatione.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 731.

=Sunici=, a people of Germany on the shores of the Rhine. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 66.

=Sunides=, a soothsayer in the army of Eumenes. Polyænus, bk. 4.

=Sunium=, a promontory of Attica, about 45 miles distant from the Piræus. There was there a small harbour, as also a town. Minerva had there a beautiful temple, whence she was called Sunias. There are still extant some ruins of this temple. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7. ――Strabo, bk. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3; bk. 13, ltr. 10.

=Suovetaurilia=, a sacrifice among the Romans, which consisted of the immolation of a sow (sus), a sheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), whence the name. It was generally observed every fifth year.

=Supĕrum mare=, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate above Italy. The name of Mare Inferum was applied for the opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, &c.

=Sura Æmylius=, a Latin writer, &c. Velleius Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Lucius Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, honoured with the consulship.――――A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote a history of the reign of the emperor.――――A city on the Euphrates. ――――Another in Iberia.――――A river of Germany, whose waters fall into the Moselle. Ausonius, Mosella.

=Surēna=, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to protect the kingdom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. He defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had drawn him perfidiously to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards returned to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired for his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness in the execution of his plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate manners, and his lasciviousness have been deservedly censured. Polyænus, bk. 7.――Plutarch, Crassus.

=Surium=, a town at the south of Colchis.

=Surrentum=, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――Strabo, bk. 5.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 52.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 710.――Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 110.

=Surus=, one of the Ædui, who made war against Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Susa= (orum), now Suster, a celebrated city of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above 120 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones. It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, because the climate was more warm than at any other royal residence. It has been called Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 49.――Strabo, bk. 15.――Xenophon, Cyropædia.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13.――Claudian.

=Susăna=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 384.

=Susarion=, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed, with Dolon, to be the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on a movable stage, B.C. 562.

=Susiāna=, or =Susis=, a country of Asia, of which the capital was called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province received its name, according to some, as Susan is the name of a lily in Hebrew.

=Susidæ pylæ=, narrow passes over mountains, from Susiana into Persia. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Suthul=, a town of Numidia, where the king’s treasures were kept. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 37.

=Sutrium=, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose that the phrase Ire Sutrium, to act with despatch, arises from the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus explains it differently. Plautus, Casina, act 3, scen 1, li. 10. ――Livy, bk. 26, ch. 34.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 14.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Syagrus=, an ancient poet, the first who wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Segaris, by Diogenes Laërtius, who adds that he lived in Homer’s age, of whom he was the rival. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 21.

=Sybăris=, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose waters were said to render men more strong and robust. Strabo, bk. 6.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 2.――――There was a town of the same name on its banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had been founded by a colony of Achæans. Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most flourishing situation it had the command of four neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and could send an army of 300,000 men into the field. The walls of the city were said to extend six miles and a half in circumference, and the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for the space of seven miles. It made a long and vigorous resistance against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last totally reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B.C. 501. Sybaris was destroyed no less than five times, and always repaired. In a more recent age the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the word Sybarise became proverbial to intimate a man devoted to pleasure. There was a small town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years before the christian era, and called Thurium, from a small fountain called Thuria, where it was built. Diodorus, bk. 12.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 24.――Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 96.――Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c. ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 363.――――A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ode 8, li. 2.

=Sybarīta=, an inhabitant of Sybaris. See: Sybaris.

=Sybota=, a harbour of Epirus. Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 9.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Sybŏtas=, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus the Spartan legislator. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Sycinnus=, a slave of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesians.

=Sycurium=, a town of Thessaly at the foot of Ossa. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Syedra=, a town of Cilicia.

=Syēne=, now Assuan, a town of Thebais, on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the poet was banished there on pretence of commanding a pretorian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. It was famous for its quarries of marble. Strabo, bks. 1 & 2.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 8.――Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 79; Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 74.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 587; bk. 8, li. 851; bk. 10, li. 234.

=Syenesius=, a Cilician who, with Labinetus of Babylon, concluded a peace between Alyattes king of Lydia, and Cyaxares king of Media, while both armies were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the sun, B.C. 585. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Syennesis=, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He wished to favour both the brothers by sending one of his sons into the army of Cyrus and another to Artaxerxes.

=Sylēa=, a daughter of Corinthus.

=Syleum=, a town of Pamphylia.

=Syleus=, a king of Aulis.

=Sylla Lucius Cornelius=, a celebrated Roman of a noble family. The poverty of his early years was relieved by the liberality of the courtesan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large fortune; and with the addition of the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon appeared one of the most opulent of the Romans. He first entered the army under the great Marius, whom he accompanied in Numidia in the capacity of questor. He rendered himself conspicuous in military affairs; and Bocchus, one of the princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands for the Roman consul. The rising fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was always jealous of an equal, as well as of a superior; but the ill language which he might use, rather inflamed than extinguished the ambition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. Some time after he obtained the pretorship, and was appointed by the Roman senate to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, against the views and interest of Mithridates king of Pontus. This he easily effected: one battle left him victorious; and before he quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman pretor had the satisfaction to receive in his camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, who wished to make a treaty of alliance with the Romans. Sylla received them with haughtiness, and behaved with such arrogance, that one of them exclaimed, “Surely this man is master of the world, or doomed to be such!” At his return to Rome, he was commissioned to finish the war with the Marsi, and when this was successfully ended, he was rewarded with the consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In this capacity he wished to have the administration of the Mithridatic war; but he found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and he attained the summit of his wishes only when he had entered Rome sword in hand. After he had slaughtered all his enemies, set a price upon the head of Marius, and put to death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continually opposed his views, he marched towards Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord which he left behind him unextinguished. Mithridates was already master of the greatest part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, and of the Piræus. His operations were carried on with vigour, and when he found his money fail, he made no scruple to take the riches of the temples of the gods to bribe his soldiers, and render them devoted to his service. His boldness succeeded. The Piræus surrendered; and the conqueror, as if struck with reverence at the beautiful porticoes where the philosophic followers of Socrates and Plato had often disputed, spared the city of Athens, which he had devoted to destruction, and forgave the living for the sake of the dead. Two celebrated battles at Cheronæa and Orchomenos, rendered him master of Greece. He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in the very heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, who well knew the valour and perseverance of his adversary, made proposals of peace; and Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end to a war which had rendered him master of so much territory, and which enabled him to return to Rome like a conqueror, and to dispute with his rival the sovereignty of the republic with a victorious army. Muræna was left at the head of the Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of Campania, he was met by a few of his adherents, whom the success of his rivals had banished from the capital, and he was soon informed, that if he wished to contend with Marius, he must encounter 15 generals, followed by 25 well-disciplined legions. In these critical circumstances he had recourse to artifice, and while he proposed terms of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly strengthened himself, and saw, with pleasure, his armies daily increase by the revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merited the surname of Great, embraced his cause, and marched to the camp with three legions. Soon after he appeared in the field with advantage; the confidence of Marius decayed with his power, and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. The streets were daily filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the conqueror had promised pardon, were suddenly massacred in the circus. The senate, at that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard the shrieks of their dying countrymen; and when they inquired into the cause of it, Sylla coolly replied, “They are only a few rebels whom I have ordered to be chastised.” If this had been the last and most dismal scene, Rome might have been called happy; but it was only the beginning of her misfortunes. Each succeeding day exhibited a great number of slaughtered bodies, and when one of the senators had the boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern, answered, that he had not yet determined, but that he would take it into his consideration. The slaughter was continued; a list of such as were proscribed was daily stuck in the public streets, and the slave was rewarded to bring his master’s head, and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands in the blood of his father for money. No less than 4700 of the most powerful and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dictator. In this capacity he made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical to his views, and changed every regulation where his ambition was obstructed. After he had finished whatever the most absolute sovereign may do from his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial power, and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest of his days, if not in literary ease and tranquillity, yet far from the noise of arms, in the midst of riot and debauchery. The companions of his retirement were the most base and licentious of the populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness, though on the verge of life, and covered with infirmities. His intemperance hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and an imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the greatest torments of the lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the 60th year of his age; and it has been observed, that, like Marius, on his death-bed, he wished to drown the stings of conscience and remorse by continual intoxication. His funeral was very magnificent; his body was attended by the senate and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung to celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory. A monument was erected in the field of Mars, on which appeared an inscription written by himself, in which he said, that the good services he had received from his friends, and the injuries of his enemies, had been returned with unexampled usury. The character of Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, tyrannical, debauched, and resolute commander. He was revengeful in the highest degree, and the surname of Felix, or the Fortunate, which he assumed, showed that he was more indebted to fortune than to valour for the great fame which he had acquired. But in the midst of all this, who cannot admire the moderation and philosophy of a man, who when absolute master of a republic, which he had procured by his cruelty and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign power, challenges a critical examination of his administration, and retires to live securely in the midst of thousands whom he has injured and offended? The Romans were pleased and astonished at his abdication; and when the insolence of a young man had been vented against the dictator, he calmly answered, “This usage may perhaps deter another to resign his power to follow my example, if ever he becomes absolute.” Sylla has been commended for the patronage which he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought from Asia the extensive library of Apellicon the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself composed 22 books of memoirs concerning himself. Cicero, Against Verres, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.――Livy, bk. 75, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 20. ――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 2, &c.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 12, &c.――Polybius, bk. 5.――Justin, bks. 37 & 38. ――Eutropius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Lives.――――A nephew of the dictator, who conspired against his country because he had been deprived of his consulship for bribery.――――Another relation, who also joined in the same conspiracy.――――A man put to death by Nero at Marseilles, where he had been banished.――――A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by one of Cæsar’s lieutenants.――――A senator banished from the senate for his prodigality by Tiberius.

=Syllis=, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Syloes=, a promontory of Africa.

=Sylŏson=, a man who gave a splendid garment to Darius son of Hystaspes, when a private man. Darius, when raised to the throne of Persia, remembered the gift of Syloson with gratitude. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Sylvānus=, a god of the woods. See: Silvanus.

=Sylvia=, or =Ilia=, the mother of Romulus. See: Rhea.――――A daughter of Tyrrhenus, whose favourite stag was wounded by Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 503.

=Sylvius=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia, from whom afterwards all the kings of Alba were called Sylvii. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 763.

=Syma=, or =Syme=, a town of Asia.――――A nymph, mother of Chthonius by Neptune. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Symbŏlum=, a place of Macedonia, near Philippi, on the confines of Thrace.

=Symmăchus=, an officer in the army of Agesilaus.――――A celebrated orator in the age of Theodosius the Great. His father was prefect of Rome. He wrote against the christians, and 10 books of his letters are extant, which have been refuted by Ambrose and Prudentius. The best editions of Symmachus are that of Geneva, 8vo, 1598, and that of Paris, 4to, 1604.――――A writer in the second century. He translated the Bible into Greek, of which few fragments remain.

=Symplegădes=, or =Cyaneæ=, two islands or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. See: Cyaneæ.

=Symus=, a mountain of Armenia, from which the Araxes flows.

=Syncellus=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited in folio, Paris, 1652.

=Synesius=, a bishop of Cyrene in the age of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 epistles, besides other treatises, in Greek, in a style pure and elegant, and bordering much upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo, Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the editio princeps by Dionysius Pectavius, folio, Paris, 1613. The best edition of Synesius _de febribus_ is that of Bernard, Amsterdam, 1749.

=Synnalaxis=, a nymph of Ionia, who had a temple at Heraclea in Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Synnas= (adis), or =Synnada= (plural), a town of Phrygia, famous for its marble quarries. Strabo, bk. 12.――Claudian, Against Eutropius, bk. 2.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 41.

=Synnis=, a famous robber of Attica. See: Scinis.

=Synōpe=, a town on the borders of the Euxine. See: Sinope.

=Syphæum=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Syphax=, a king of the Masæsylii in Libya, who married Sophonisba the daughter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the Romans to join himself to the interest of his father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was conquered in a battle by Masinissa the ally of Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, where he adorned his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years before Christ, and his possessions were given to Masinissa. According to some, the descendants of Syphax reigned for some time over a part of Numidia, and continued to make opposition to the Romans. Livy, bk. 24, &c. ――Plutarch, Scipio.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Polybius. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 16, lis. 171 & 188.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 769.

=Syraces=, one of the Sacæ, who mutilated himself, and, by pretending to be a deserter, brought Darius, who made war against his country, into many difficulties. Polyænus, bk. 7.

=Syracosia=, festivals at Syracuse celebrated during 10 days, in which women were busily employed in offering sacrifices.――――Another yearly observed near the lake of Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto had disappeared with Proserpine.

=Syracūsæ=, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 years before the christian era by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the Heraclidæ. In its flourishing state it extended 22½ English miles in circumference, and was divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acradina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth division, Epipolæ, a district little inhabited. These were of themselves separate cities, and were fortified with three citadels, and three-folded walls. Syracuse had two capacious harbours separated from one another by the island of Ortygia. The greatest harbour was about 5000 paces in circumference, and its entrance 500 paces wide. The people of Syracuse were very opulent and powerful, and though subject to tyrants, they were masters of vast possessions and dependent states. The city of Syracuse was well built, its houses were stately and magnificent; and it has been said, that it produced the best and most excellent of men when they were virtuous, but the most wicked and depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. The women of Syracuse were not permitted to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly garments, except such as prostituted themselves. Syracuse gave birth to Theocritis and Archimedes. It was under different governments; and after being freed from the tyranny of Thrasybulus, B.C. 446, it enjoyed security for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii, who were expelled by Timoleon, B.C. 343. In the age of the elder Dionysius, an army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400 ships, were kept in constant pay. It fell into the hands of the Romans, under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B.C. 212. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, chs. 52 & 53.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.――Cornelius Nepos.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Livy, bk. 23, &c. ――Plutarch, Marcellus, &c.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 278.

=Syria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries are not accurately ascertained by the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was bounded on the east by the Euphrates, north by mount Taurus, west by the Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into several districts and provinces, among which were Phœnicia, Seleucis, Judæa or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria. It was also called Assyria; and the words Syria and Assyria, though distinguished and defined by some authors, were often used indifferently. Syria was subjected to the monarchs of Persia; but after the death of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received this province as his lot in the division of the Macedonian dominions, raised it into an empire, known in history by the name of the kingdom of Syria or Babylon, B.C. 312. Seleucus died after a reign of 32 years, and his successors, surnamed the Seleucidæ, ascended the throne in the following order: Antiochus, surnamed Soter, 280 B.C.; Antiochus Theos, 261; Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alexander Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus VI., 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 147; Antiochus Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexander Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of Syria, which he calls Cœlesyria; Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Cœlesyria, Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Cœlesyria, 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, B.C. 65; in consequence of which Syria became a Roman province. Herodotus, bks. 2, 3 & 7.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, Argonautica.――Strabo, bks. 12 & 16.――Cornelius Nepos, Datames.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Curtius, bk. 6.――Dionysius Periegetes.

=Syriăcum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Phœnicia and Syria.

=Syrinx=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of her, and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request was changed by the gods into a reed called Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with the reeds, into which his favourite nymph had been changed. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 691.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 63.

=Syrophœnix=, the name of an inhabitant of the maritime coast of Syria. Juvenal, satire 8.

=Syros=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean sea, at the east of Delos, about 20 miles in circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great old age, because the air was wholesome. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 504.――Strabo, bk. 10. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Caria. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Syrtes=, two large sand-banks in the Mediterranean on the coast of Africa, one of which was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage. As they often changed places, and were sometimes very high or very low under the water, they were deemed most dangerous in navigation, and proved fatal to whatever ships touched upon them. From this circumstance, therefore, the word has been used to denote any part of the sea of which the navigation was attended with danger, either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 41.――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 303. ――Sallust, Jugurthine War.

=Syrus=, an island. See: Syros.――――A son of Apollo by Sinope the daughter of the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. Plutarch, Lucullus.――――A writer. See: Publius.

=Sysigambis=, the mother of Darius. See: Sisygambis.

=Sysimethres=, a Persian satrap, who had two children by his mother, an incestuous commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. He opposed Alexander with 2000 men, but soon surrendered. He was greatly honoured by the conqueror. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Sysinas=, the elder son of Datames, who revolted from his father to Artaxerxes.

=Sythas=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7.

T

=Taautes=, a Phœnician deity, the same as the Saturn of the Latins, and probably the Thoth, or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22.――Varro.

=Tabæ=, a town of Pisidia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Tabellariæ leges=, laws made by suffrages delivered upon tables (tabellæ), and not vivâ voce. There were four of these laws, the Gabinia lex, A.U.C. 614, by Gabinius; the Cassia, by Cassius, A.U.C. 616; the Papiria, by Carbo, A.U.C. 622; and the Cælia, by Cælius, A.U.C. 646. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Tabernæ novæ=, a street in Rome where shops were built. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 48.――――Rhenanæ, a town of Germany on the confluence of the Felbach and the Rhine, now Rhin-Zabern.――――Riguæ, now Bern-Castel, on the Moselle.――――Triboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now Saverne.

=Tabor=, a mountain of Palestine.

=Tabrăca=, a maritime town of Africa, near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The neighbouring forests abounded with monkeys. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 194.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Tabuda=, a river of Germany, now the Scheldt. Ptolemy.

=Taburnus=, a mountain of Campania, which abounded with olives. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 38; Æneid, bk. 12, li. 715.

=Tacape=, a town of Africa.

=Tacatua=, a maritime town of Numidia.

=Tacfarīnas=, a Numidian who commanded an army against the Romans in the reign of Tiberius. He had formerly served in the Roman legions, but in the character of an enemy, he displayed the most inveterate hatred against his benefactor. After he had severally defeated the officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed and killed in the field of battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Dolabella. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, &c.

=Tachampso=, an island in the Nile, near Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this island, and the rest was in the hands of the Æthiopians. Herodotus, bk. 2.

=Tachos=, or =Tachus=, a king of Egypt, in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against whom he sustained a long war. He was assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus king of Lacedæmon proved fatal to him. Chabrias the Athenian had been entrusted with the fleet of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus was left with the command of the mercenary army. The Lacedæmonian disregarded his engagements, and by joining with Nectanebus, who had revolted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of the monarch, and obliged him to save his life by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted with that duplicity to avenge himself upon Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short and deformed stature. The expectations of Tachus had been raised by the fame of Agesilaus; but when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated on the occasion the fable of the mountain which brought forth a mouse, upon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, though he called him a mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.

=Tacina=, a river of the Brutii.

=Tacĭta=, a goddess who presided over silence. Numa, as some say, paid particular veneration to this divinity.

=Tacĭtus ♦Publius Cornelius=, a celebrated Latin historian, born in the reign of Nero. His father was a Roman knight, who had been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. The native genius and the rising talents of Tacitus were beheld with rapture by the emperor Vespasian, and as he wished to protect and patronize merit, he raised the young historian to places of trust and honour. The succeeding emperors were not less partial to Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his cruelties, when virtue and innocence claimed his patronage. Tacitus was honoured with the consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the bar by supporting the cause of the injured Africans against the proconsul Marius Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned for his avarice and extortion. The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has often been admired, and many have observed, that the familiarity of these two great men arose from similar principles, and a perfect conformity of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much the friend of a republican government, as Pliny was an admirer of the imperial power, and of the short-lived virtues of his patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of his adherents by affability, and all the elegant graces which became the courtier and the favourite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem of the world by his virtuous conduct, which prudence and love of honour ever guided. The friendship of Tacitus and of Pliny almost became proverbial, and one was scarce mentioned without the other, as the following instance may indicate. At the exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus held a long conversation on different subjects with a Roman knight, with whom he was unacquainted; and when the knight asked him whether he was a native of Italy, the historian told him that he was not unknown to him, and that for their distant acquaintance he was indebted to literature. “Then you are,” replied the knight, “either Tacitus or Pliny.” The time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial pursuits; the orator might have been forgotten if the historian had not flourished. Tacitus wrote a treatise on the manners of the Germans, a composition admired for the fidelity and exactness with which it is executed, though some have declared that the historian delineated manners and customs with which he was not acquainted, and which never existed. His life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, whose daughter he had married, is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the many excellent instructions and important truths which it relates. His history of the Roman emperors is imperfect; of the 28 years of which it treated, that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the christian era, nothing remains but the year 69, and part of the 70th. His annals were the most extensive and complete of his works. The history of the reign of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero, was treated with accuracy and attention, yet we are to lament the loss of the history of the reign of Caius, and the beginning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had reserved for his old age the history of the reign of Nerva and Trajan, and he also proposed to give to the world an account of the interesting administration of Augustus; but these important subjects never employed the pen of the historian, and as some of the ancients observe, the only compositions of Tacitus were contained in 30 books, of which we have now left only 16 of his annals, and five of his history. The style of Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar beauties: the thoughts are great; there is a sublimity, force, weight, and energy; everything is treated with precision and dignity. Yet many have called him obscure, because he was fond of expressing his ideas in few words. This was the fruit of experience and judgment; the history appears copious and diffuse, while the annals, which were written in his old age, are less flowing as to style, more concise, and more heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for being pure and classical; and though a writer in the decline of the Roman empire, he has not used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous expressions, but with him everything is sanctioned by the authority of the writers of the Augustan age. In his biographical sketches he displays an uncommon knowledge of human nature; he paints every scene with a masterly hand, and gives each object its proper size and becoming colours. Affairs of importance are treated with dignity, the secret causes of events and revolutions are investigated from their primeval source, and the historian everywhere shows his reader that he was a friend of public liberty and national independence, a lover of truth, and of the general good and welfare of mankind, and an inveterate enemy to oppression and to a tyrannical government. The history of the reign of Tiberius is his masterpiece: the deep policy, the dissimulation and various intrigues of this celebrated prince, are painted with all the fidelity of the historian; and Tacitus boasted in saying, that he neither would flatter the follies, or maliciously or partially represent the extravagance, of the several characters he delineated. Candour and impartiality were his standard, and his claim to these essential qualifications of an historian have never been disputed. It is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted in being one of the descendants of the historian, ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed in all public libraries, and directed that 10 copies, well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, should be yearly written, that so great and so valuable a work might not be lost. Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed against Tacitus for the partial manner in which he speaks of the Jews and christians; but it should be remembered that he spoke the language of the Romans, and that the ♠peculiarities of the christians could not but draw upon them the odium and the ridicule of the pagans, and the imputation of superstition. Among the many excellent editions of Tacitus, these may pass for the best: that of Rome, folio, 1515; that in 8vo, 2 vols., Leiden, 1673; that in usum Delphim, 4 vols., 4to, Paris, 1682; that of Lipscomb, 2 vols., 8vo, 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols., 4to, 1721; that of Brotier, 7 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1777; and Barbou’s, 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1760. ――――Marcus Claudius, a Roman chosen emperor by the senate, after the death of Aurelian. He would have refused this important and dangerous office, but the pressing solicitations of the senate prevailed, and in the 70th year of his age he complied with the wishes of his countrymen, and accepted the purple. The time of his administration was very popular, the good of the people was his care, and as a pattern of moderation, economy, temperance, regularity, and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He abolished the several brothels which under the preceding reigns had filled Rome with licentiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all the public baths to be shut at sunset, he prevented the commission of many irregularities, which the darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The senators under Tacitus seemed to have recovered their ancient dignity and long-lost privileges. They were not only the counsellers of the emperor, but they even seemed to be his masters; and when Florianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the emperor said, that the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more deserving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few of the Romans; and during a short reign of about six months, he not only repelled the barbarians who had invaded the territories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to make war against the Persians and Scythians. He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, of a violent distemper, or, according to some, he was destroyed by the secret dagger of an assassin, on the 13th of April, in the 276th year of the christian era. Tacitus has been commended for his love of learning; and it has been observed, that he never passed a day without consecrating some part of his time to reading or writing. He has been accused of superstition, and authors have recorded that he never studied on the second day of each month, a day which he deemed inauspicious and unlucky. Tacitus, Agricola.――Zosimus.

♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Publius’

♠ ‘peculiarites’ replaced with ‘peculiarities’

=Tader=, a river of Spain, near New Carthage.

=Tædai=, a prostitute at Rome, &c., Juvenal, Satire 2, li. 49.

=Tænărus=, now Matapan, a promontory of Laconia, the most southern point of Europe, where Neptune had a temple. There was there a large and deep cavern, whence issued a black and unwholesome vapour, from which circumstance the poets have imagined that it was one of the entrances of hell, through which Hercules dragged Cerberus from the infernal regions. This fabulous tradition arises, according to Pausanias, from the continual resort of a large serpent near the cavern of Tænarus, whose bite was mortal. The serpent, as the geographer observes, was at last killed by Hercules, and carried to Eurystheus. The town of Tænarus was at the distance of about 40 stadia from the promontory, and was famous for marble of a beautiful green colour. The town, as well as the promontory, received its name from Tænarus, a son of Neptune. There were some festivals celebrated there, called Tænaria, in honour of Neptune, surnamed Tænarius. Homer, Hymn to Apollo, li. 413.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14. ――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 648.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 247; bk. 10, lis. 13 & 83.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Tænias=, a part of the lake Mœotis. Strabo.

=Tagaste=, a town of Numidia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Tages=, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, was the first who taught the 12 nations of the Etrurians the science of augury and divination. It is said that he was found by a Tuscan ploughman in the form of a clod, and that he assumed a human shape to instruct this nation, which became so celebrated for their knowledge of omens and incantations. Cicero, de Divinatione bk. 2, ch. 23.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 558.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 673.

=Tagonius=, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis.

=Tagus=, a river of Spain, which falls into the Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or Portugal, and now bears the name of Tajo. The sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were covered with gold. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 251. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 234.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 755. ――Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 55, &c.――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 418.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.

=Talasius=. See: ♦Thalassius.

♦ ‘Thalasius’ replaced with ‘Thalassius’

=Talaus=, a son of Bias and Pero, father of Adrastus by Lysimache. He was one of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Talayra=, the sister of Phœbe. She is also called Hilaira. See: Phœbe.

=Talĕtum=, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses were generally offered there for sacrifice. Pausanias.

=Talthybius=, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the particular minister and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away Briseis from the tent of Achilles by order of his master. Talthybius died at Ægium in Achaia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 320, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Talus=, a youth, son of the sister of Dædalus, who invented the saw, compasses, and other mechanical instruments. His uncle became jealous of his growing fame, and murdered him privately; or, according to others, he threw him down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called Calus, Acalus, Perdix, and Taliris. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 21.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.――――A son of Œnopion. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Cres, the founder of the Cretan nation. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.

=Tamaris=, a river of Spain.

=Tamărus=, a mountain of Epirus, called also Tmarus and Tomarus. Strabo.

=Tamasea=, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddess of beauty. It was in this place that Venus gathered the golden apples with which Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Atalanta. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 644.――Pliny, bk. 5.――Strabo, bk. 14.

=Tamesis=, a river of Britain, now the Thames. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Tamos=, a native of Memphis, made governor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was murdered on account of his immense treasures. Diodorus, bk. 14. ――――A promontory of India in the Ganges.

=Tampius=, a Roman historian.

=Tamyras=, a river of Phœnicia, between Tyre and Sidon.

=Tamyris=, a queen. See: Thomyris.

=Tanăgra=, a town of Bœotia, near the Euripus, between the Asopus and Thermodon, famous for fighting-cocks. It was founded by Pœmandros, a son of Chæresilaus the son of Jasius, who married Tanagra the daughter of Æolus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was a native of Tanagra. Strabo, bk. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 20 & 23.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, li. 25.

=Tanăgrus=, or =Tanāger=, now Negro, a river of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its streams, through a fine picturesque country. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 151.

=Tanais=, a eunuch, freedman to Mæcenas. Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 105.――――A river of Scythia, now the Don, which divides Europe from Asia, and falls into the Palus Mæotis after a rapid course, and after it has received the additional streams of many small rivulets. A town at its mouth bore the same name. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19. ――Strabo, bks. 11 & 16.――Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 2.――Lucan, bks. 3, 8, &c.――――A deity among the Persians and Armenians, who patronized slaves; supposed to be the same as Venus. The daughters of the noblest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted themselves in honour of this deity, and were received with greater regard and affection by their suitors. Artaxerxes the son of Darius was the first who raised statues to Tanais in the different provinces of his empire, and taught his subjects to pay her divine honours. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.――Strabo, bk. 11.

=Tanăquil=, called also Caia Cæcilia, was the wife of Tarquin the fifth king of Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where she married Lucumon, better known by the name of Tarquin, which he assumed after he had come to Rome at the representation of his wife, whose knowledge of augury promised him something uncommon. Her expectations were not frustrated; her husband was raised to the throne, and she shared with him the honours of royalty. After the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne, and ensured him the succession. She distinguished herself by her liberality; and the Romans in succeeding ages had such a veneration for her character, that the embroidery she had made, her girdle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which she had worked with her own hands, were preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal bestows the appellation of Tanaquil on all such women as were imperious, and had the command of their husbands. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 59.――Florus, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 8.――Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 818.

=Tanas=, a river of Numidia. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 90.

=Tanetum=, a town of Italy, now Tonedo, in the duchy of Modena.

=Tanfanæ lucus=, a sacred grove in Germany, in the country of the Marsi, between the Ems and Lippe. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Tanis=, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern mouths of the Nile.

=Tantălĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the descendants of Tantalus, such as Niobe, Hermione, &c.――――Agamemnon and Menelaus, as grandsons of Tantalus, are called Tantalidæ fratres. Ovid, Heroides, poem 8, lis. 45 & 122.

=Tantălus=, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter by a nymph called Pluto. He was father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione, one of the Atlantides, called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the poets as punished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool of water, which, however, flows away as soon as he attempts to taste it. There hangs also above his head a bough richly loaded with delicious fruit, which, as soon as he attempts to seize, is carried away from his reach by a sudden blast of wind. According to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit under a huge stone hung at some distance over his head, and as it seems every moment ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal punishment are variously explained. Some declare that it was inflicted upon him because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had entrusted to his care to keep his temple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he was admitted into the assemblies of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on earth. Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty and impiety in killing his son Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before the gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. There were also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. Pindar, Olympian, bk. 1.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 581.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 4, ch. 16.――Euripides, Iphigeneia.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 66.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 68.――――A son of Thyestes, the first husband of Clytemnestra. Pausanias, bk. 2.――――One of Niobe’s children. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Tanusius Germinus=, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. Seneca, ltr. 93.――Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 9.

=Taphiæ=, islands in the Ionian sea between Achaia and Leucadia. They were also called Teleboides. They received these names from Taphius and Telebous, the sons of Neptune who reigned there. The Taphians made war against Electryon king of Mycenæ, and killed all his sons; upon which the monarch promised his kingdom and his daughter in marriage to whoever could avenge the death of his children upon the Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, and obtained the promised reward. The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond of plunder and piratical excursions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, lis. 181 & 419; bk. 15, li. 426.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Taphius=, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the daughter of Nestor. He was king of the Taphiæ, to which he gave his name. Strabo, bk. 16. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Taphius=, or =Taphiassus=, a mountain of Locris on the confines of Ætolia.

=Taphiusa=, a place near Leucas, where a stone is found called Taphiusius. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 21.

=Taphræ=, a town on the isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now Precop. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Taphros=, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, now Bonifacio.

=Taprobăne=, an island in the Indian ocean, now called Ceylon. Its inhabitants were very rich, and lived to a great age. Their country was visited by two summers and two winters. Hercules was their chief deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became a father. Ptolemy, bk. 6.――Strabo, bk. 2.――Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 8, poem 5, li. 80.

=Tapsus=, a maritime town of Africa. Silius Italicus, bk. 3.――――A small and lowly situated peninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 619.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 191.

=Tapyri=, a people near Hyrcania. Dionysius Periegetes.

=Tarănis=, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were offered. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 446.

=Taras=, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum, as some suppose.

=Tarasco=, a town of Gaul, now Tarascon in Provence.

=Taraxippus=, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near the race-ground, and his protection was implored that no harm might happen to the horses during the games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20, &c. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.

=Tarbelli=, a people of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from thence are sometimes called Tarbellæ. Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 13.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 121.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 27.

=Tarchetius=, an impious king of Alba. Plutarch, Romulus.

=Tarchon=, an Etrurian chief, who assisted Æneas against the Rutuli. Some suppose that he founded Mantua. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 693.――――A prince of Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 219.

=Tarchondimŏtus=, a prince of Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 11, li. 219.

=Tarentum=, =Tarentus=, or =Taras=, a town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the same name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It was founded, or rather repaired, by a Lacedæmonian colony, about 707 years before Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. Long independent, it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary cities; and could once arm 100,000 foot and 3000 horse. The people of Tarentum were very indolent, and as they were easily supplied with all necessaries as well as luxuries from Greece, they gave themselves up to voluptuousness, so that the delights of Tarentum became proverbial. The war which they supported against the Romans, with the assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been called the Tarentine war, is greatly celebrated in history. This war, which had been undertaken B.C. 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults the Tarentines had offered to their ships when near their harbour, was terminated after 10 years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and Tarentum became subject to Rome. The government was democratical; there were, however, some monarchs who reigned there. It was for some time the residence of Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the love of virtue, and rendered them superior to their neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the field of battle. The large, beautiful, and capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient historians. Tarentum, now called Tarento, is inhabited by about 18,000 souls, who still maintain the character of their forefathers in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly by fishing. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 18.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 6; bk. 15, ch. 10; bk. 34, ch. 7. ――Livy, bk. 12, ch. 13, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 6. ――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 45.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Tarichæum=, a fortified town of Judæa. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ch. 11.――――Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore this name from their pickling fish. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.

=Tarnæ=, a town mentioned by Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.――――A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. Strabo.――――A river of Aquitania.

=Tarpa Spurius Mætius=, a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He was appointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine the merit of every poetical composition, which was to be deposited in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted with great impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candour. All the pieces that were represented on the Roman stage had previously received his approbation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 38.

=Tarpeia=, the daughter of Tarpeius the governor of the citadel of Rome, promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they carried on their left hands. Tatius the king of the Sabines consented, and as he entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his example, and Tarpeia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets and shields of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, which from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there afterwards many of the Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice. Plutarch, Romulus.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 261.――Amores, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 50.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 11.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 4.――――A vestal virgin in the reign of Numa.――――One of the warlike female attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 665.

=Tarpeia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 269, by Spurius Tarpeius, to empower all the magistrates of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This power belonged before only to the consuls. This fine was not to exceed two sheep and 30 oxen.

=Spurius Tarpeius=, the governor of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants were called Montani and Capitolini.

=Tarpeius mons=, a hill at Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height, from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It received its name from Tarpeia, who was buried there, and is the same as the Capitoline hill. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 20.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 758.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, lis. 347 & 652.

=Tarquinii=, now Turchina, a town of Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the throne. Strabo, bk. 5.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 95.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 27, ch. 4.

=Tarquinia=, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps more justly, have suspected Tullia the wife of young Tarquin of the murder.――――A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus Martius.

=Tarquinius Priscus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed when, by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He called himself Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself so much by his liberality and engaging manners, that Ancus Martius, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, the guardian of his children. This was insufficient to gratify the ambition of Tarquin; the princes were young, and an artful oration delivered to the people immediately transferred the crown of the deceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians, whom he distinguished by the appellation of Patres minorum gentium, from those of the patrician body, who were called Patres majorum gentium. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so much dignity by the former monarch, was not neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigour and military prudence in the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins and Sabines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital; the public places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions and golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more admiration and greater pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent, edifices of Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry and the public spirit of this monarch, the Romans were indebted for their aqueducts and subterraneous sewers, which supplied the city with fresh and wholesome water, and removed all the filth and ordure, which in a great capital too often breed pestilence and diseases. Tarquin was the first who introduced among the Romans the custom to canvass for offices of trust and honour; he distinguished the monarch, the senators, and other inferior magistrates with particular robes and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, and the hatchets carried before the public magistrates were by his order surrounded with bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be viewed with greater reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of his predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had sat on the throne, 578 years before Christ. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 59.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 2. ――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 5, &c.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 31.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 817.――――The second Tarquin, surnamed Superbus, from his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He ascended the throne of Rome after his father-in-law Servius Tullius, and was the seventh and last king of Rome. He married Tullia the daughter of Tullius, and it was at her instigation that he murdered his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown which he had obtained with violence, he endeavoured to keep by a continuation of tyranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the decisions of the senate, or the approbation of the public assemblies, and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one and the odium of the other. The public treasury was soon exhausted by the continual extravagance of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention to war. He was successful in his military operations, and the neighbouring cities submitted; but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the wantonness of the son of Tarquin at Rome for ever stopped the progress of his arms; and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppression had hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself, not to survive the loss of her honour [See: Lucretia], than the whole city and camp arose with indignation against the monarch. The gates of Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Unable to find support from even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired among the Etrurians, who attempted in vain to replace him on his throne. The republican government was established at Rome, and all Italy refused any longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch against a nation, who heard the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with equal horror and indignation. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his age, about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He had reigned about 25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious among the Romans, his reign was not without its share of glory. His conquests were numerous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at Rome was his wish, and with great magnificence and care he finished the capitol, which his predecessor of the same name had begun. He also bought the Sibylline books which the Romans consulted with such religious solemnity. See: Sibyllæ. Cicero, For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason & Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 27.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 46, &c.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 48, &c. ――Florus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 8.――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 41.――Plutarch. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 687.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 817.――Eutropius.――――Collatinus, one of the relations of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia. See: Collatinus.――――Sextius, the eldest of the sons of Tarquin the Proud, rendered himself known by a variety of adventures. When his father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly declared that he was at variance with the monarch, and the report was the more easily believed when he came before Gabii with his body all mangled and bloody with stripes. This was an agreement between the father and the son, and Tarquin had no sooner declared that this proceeded from the tyranny and oppression of his father, than the people of Gabii entrusted him with the command of their armies, fully convinced that Rome could never have a more inveterate enemy. When he had thus succeeded, he despatched a private messenger to his father, but the monarch gave no answer to be returned to his son. Sextius inquired more particularly about his father, and when he heard from the messenger that when the message was delivered, Tarquin cut off with a stick the tallest poppies in his garden, the son followed the example by putting to death the most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii. The two soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The violence which some time after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was the cause of his father’s exile, and the total expulsion of his family from Rome. See: Lucretia. Sextius was at last killed, bravely fighting in a battle during the war which the Latins sustained against Rome in the attempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on their throne. Ovid, Fasti.――Livy.――――A Roman senator who was accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy.

=Tarquitius Crescens=, a centurion under Cæsennius Pætus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 11.――――Priscus, an officer in Africa, who accused the proconsul, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 59; bk. 14, ch. 46.

=Tarquĭtus=, a son of Faunus and Dryope, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 550.

=Tarracīna=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, between Rome and Neapolis. It was also called Anxur, because the infant Jupiter was worshipped there under that name, which signifies beardless. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 29.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

=Tarrăco=, now Tarragona, a city of Spain, situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, founded by the two Scipios, who planted a Roman colony there. The province of which it was the capital was called Tarraconensis, and was famous for its wines. Hispania Tarraconensis, which was also called by the Romans Hispania Citerior, was bounded on the east by the Mediterranean, the ocean on the west, the Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Cantabri on the north, and Lusitania and Bætica on the south. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 104; bk. 13, ltr. 118.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 369; bk. 15, li. 177.

=Tarrutius.= See: Acca Laurentia.

=Tarsa=, a Thracian, who rebelled under Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 50.

=Tarsius=, a river of Troas. Strabo.

=Tarsus=, now Tarasso, a town of Cilicia, on the Cydnus, founded by Triptolemus and a colony of Argives, or, as others say, by Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebrated for the great men it produced. It was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens in literature and the study of the polite arts. The people of Tarsus wished to ingratiate themselves into the favour of Julius Cæsar by giving the name of Juliopolis to their city, but it was soon lost. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 225.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Strabo, bk. 14.

=Tartărus=, (plural, a, orum), one of the regions of hell, where, according to the ancients, the most impious and guilty among mankind were punished. It was surrounded by a brazen wall, and its entrance was continually hidden from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which is represented three times more gloomy than the obscurest night. According to Hesiod it was a separate prison, at a greater distance from the earth than the earth is from the heavens. Virgil says that it was surrounded by three impenetrable walls, and by the impetuous and burning streams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance was by a large and lofty tower, whose gates were supported by columns of adamant, which neither gods nor men could open. In Tartarus, according to Virgil, were punished such as had been disobedient to their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless ministers, and such as had undertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends for the sake of money. It was also the place where Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c., were punished, according to Ovid. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 720.――Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 591. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A small river of Italy, near Verona. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Tartessus=, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. Some suppose that it was afterwards called Carteia, and it was better known by the name of Gades, when Hercules had set up his columns on the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is also a town called Tartessus, in a small island formed by the river of the same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as also the place where the poets imagined the sun unharnessed his tired horses. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, lis. 399 & 411; bk. 10, li. 538.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 416.――Strabo, bk. 3.

=Taruana=, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen in Artois.

=Lucius Taruntius Spurina=, a mathematician who flourished 61 years B.C. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Tarus=, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Tarusates=, a people of Gaul, now Turcan. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 23 & 27.

=Taruscum=, a town of Gaul.

=Tarvisium=, a town of Italy, now Treviso, in the Venetian states.

=Tasgretius Cornūtus=, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Tatian=, one of the Greek fathers, A.D. 172. The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 8vo, Oxford, 1700.

=Tatienses=, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour of Tatius king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who were partly the ancient subjects of the king of the Sabines, lived on mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis.

=Tātius Titus=, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. After he had for six years shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order of his royal colleague, according to some authors. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 10, &c.――Plutarch, Romulus.――Cicero, For Cornelius Balbus. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 804.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Tatta=, a large lake of Phrygia, on the confines of Pisidia.

=Tavola=, a river of Corsica.

=Taua=, a town of the Delta in Egypt.

=Taulantii=, a people of Illyricum on the Adriatic. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 16.

=Taunus=, a mountain in Germany, now Heyrich or Hoche, opposite Mentz. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 56.

=Taurania=, a town of Italy in the country of the Brutii.

=Taurantes=, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 24.

=Tauri=, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Strabo, bk. 12. ――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 99, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.――Euripides, Iphigeneia.――Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 80.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 260.――Juvenal, satire 15, li. 116.

=Taurĭca Chersonēsus=, a large peninsula of Europe at the south-west of the Palus Mæotis, now called the Crimea. It is joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea, and the Palus Mœotis. The inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. Strabo, bk. 4.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12. See: Tauri.

=Taurĭca=, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus.

=Taurīni=, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in Piedmont. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 646. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Taurisci=, a people of Mysia. Strabo, bk. 7.――――Of Noricum, among the Alps. Strabo, bk. 4.

=Tauriscus=, a sculptor. See: Apollonius.

=Taurium=, a town of the Peloponnesus. Polybius.

=Taurominium=, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. There is a small river near it called Taurominius. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Taurus=, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as far as the most eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches in several parts, and runs far into the north. Mount Taurus was known by several names, particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was known by the names of Amanus, from the bay of Issus as far as the Euphrates; of Antitaurus from the western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia; of Montes Matieni in the country of the Leucosyrians; of Mons Moschicus at the south of the river Phasis; of Amaranta at the north of the Phasis; of Caucasus between the Hyrcanian and Euxine seas; of Hyrcanii Montes, near Hyrcania; of Imaus in the more eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more properly confined to the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. The several passes which were opened in the mountains were called Pylæ, and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian Pylæ, Cilician Pylæ, &c. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A mountain in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――Of Sicily.――――Titus Statilius, a consul distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his imperial friend.――――A proconsul of Africa, accused by Agripina, who wished him to be condemned, that she might become mistress of his gardens. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 59.――――An officer of Minos king of Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, who was born some time after. See: Minotaurus. Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. Plutarch, Theseus.

=Taxĭla= (plural), a large country in India, between the Indus and the Hydaspes. Strabo, bk. 15.

=Taxĭlus=, or =Taxiles=, a king of Taxila in the age of Alexander, called also Omphis. He submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him with great liberality. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Plutarch, Alexander. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A general of Mithridates, who assisted Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards conquered by Muræna the lieutenant of Sylla.

=Taximaquilus=, a king in the southern parts of Britain when Cæsar invaded it. Cæsar, bk. 5, Gallic War, ch. 22.

=Taygēte=, or =Taygēta=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedæmon by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades after death. Hyginus, fables 155 & 192.――Pausanias, in Laconia, chs. 1 & 18.

=Taygētus=, or =Taygēta= (orum), a mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Lacedæmon, and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the Lacedæmonian women celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Lucan, bk. 5, li. 52.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 488.

=Teānum=, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the Liris, called Sidicinum, to be distinguished from another town of the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the coast of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenship were extended to it under Augustus. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, chs. 9 & 69. Philostratus, bk. 12, ch. 11.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.――Livy, bk. 22, ch. 27.

=Tearus=, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a column there when he marched against the Scythians, as if to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. Herodotus, bks. 4, 5, 90, &c.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Teātea=, =Teate=, or =Tegeate=, a town of Latium. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 522; bk. 17, li. 457.

=Teches=, a mountain of Pontus, from which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4.

=Techmessa=, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras, and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed in war by Ajax son of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror, and by him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his tragedies, represents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab himself. Horace, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 6.――Dictys Cretensis.――Sophocles, Ajax.

=Tecmon=, a town of Epirus. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Tecnatis=, a king of Egypt.

=Tectămus=, a son of Dorus, grandson of Hellen the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with the Ætolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. He had a son called Asterius by the daughter of Cretheus.

=Tectosăges=, or =Tectosăgæ=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was the modern Toulouse. They received the name of Tectosagæ quod sagis tegerentur. Some of them passed into Germany, where they settled near the Hercynian forest, and another colony passed into Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The Tectosagæ were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, and who attempted some time after to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their return home from Greece they were visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to throw into the river all the riches and plunder which they had obtained in their distant excursions. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 23.――Strabo, bk. 4. ――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――Livy, bk. 38, ch. 16. ――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 11.――Justin, bk. 32.

=Tecum=, a river of Gaul falling from the Pyrenees into the Mediterranean.

=Tedanius=, a river of Liburnia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Tĕgēa=, or =Tegæa=, now Moklai, a town of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were found buried there and removed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped there, and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus had each a temple. The inhabitants were called Tegeates; and the epithet Tegæa is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 7; Fasti, bk. 6, li. 531.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 293. ――Strabo, bk. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45, &c.

=Tegula Publius Licinius=, a comic poet who flourished B.C. 198.

=Tegyra=, a town of Bœotia where Apollo Tegyrœus was worshipped. There was a battle fought there between the Thebans and the Peloponnesians.

=Teios.= See: Teos.

=Teium=, a town of Paphlagonia on the Euxine sea.

=Tela=, a town of Spain.

=Tĕlămon=, a king of the island of Salamis, son of Æacus and Endeis. He was brother to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, who on that account is often called Telamonius heros. He fled from Megara, his native country, after he had accidentally murdered his brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis, where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus the king of the place. At the death of his father-in-law, who had no male issue, Telamon became king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded by Hercules for his services with the hand of Hesione, whom the conqueror had obtained among the spoils of Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. He also married Peribœa, whom some call Eribœa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 151.――Sophocles, Ajax. ――Pindar, Isthmean, ch. 6.――Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6. ――Apollodorus, bks. 1, 2, &c.――Pausanias, Corinthia.――Hyginus, fable 97, &c.――――A seaport town of Etruria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Telamoniădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon.

=Telchīnes=, a people of Rhodes, said to have been originally from Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They were the first who raised statues to the gods. They had the power of changing themselves into whatever shape they pleased, and, according to Ovid, they could poison and fascinate all objects with their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, for which the goddess inspired them with a sudden fury, so that they committed the grossest crimes, and offered violence even to their own mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all by a deluge. Diodorus.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 365, &c.

=Telchīnia=, a surname of Minerva at Teumessa in Bœotia, where she had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――Also a surname of Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus raised by the Telchinians, who settled there.――――Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were descended. Statius, bk. 6, Sylvæ, poem 6, li. 47.

=Telchīnius=, a surname of Apollo among the Rhodians. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Telchis=, a son of Europs the son of Ægialeus. He was one of the first kings of the Peloponnesus.

=Telea=, a surname of Juno in Bœotia.

=Teleboæ=, or =Teleboes=, a people of Ætolia, called also Taphians; some of whom left their native country, and settled in the island of Capreæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 715. See: Taphiæ.

=Teleboas=, a son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11.――――A son of Lycaon. Apollodorus.

=Teleboides=, islands opposite Leucadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Telĕcles=, or =Telĕclus=, a Lacedæmonian king of the family of the Agidæ, who reigned 40 years, B.C. 813. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 205. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A philosopher, disciple of Lacidas, B.C. 214.――――A Milesian.

=Teleclīdes=, an Athenian comic poet in the age of Pericles, one of whose plays, called the Amphictyon, is mentioned by ancient authors. Plutarch, Nicias.――Athenæus.

=Tēlĕgŏnus=, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in the island of Ææa, where he was educated. When arrived to the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, but he was shipwrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provisions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the property of their subjects against this unknown invader; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father without knowing who he was. He afterwards returned to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he carried thither his father’s body, where it was buried. Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by order of Minerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tibur or Præneste, in Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the Mamilii at Rome were descended. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.――Ovid, Fasti, bks. 3 & 4. Tristia, bk. 1, poem 1.――Plutarch, Parallela minora.――Hyginus, fable 12.――Diodorus, bk. 7.――――A son of Proteus, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus.――――A king of Egypt, who married Io after she had been restored to her original form by Jupiter. Apollodorus.

=Tēlĕmăchus=, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still in the cradle when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to see his father, went to seek him, and as the place of his residence, and the cause of his long absence, were then unknown, he visited the court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to murder him; but he avoided their snares, and by means of Minerva, he discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before him, and was then in the house of Eumæus. With this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with success. After the death of his father, Telemachus went to the island of Ææa, where he married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone the daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus. He some time after had the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit to Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the form of Mentor. It is said that, when a child, Telemachus fell into the sea, and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had remained some time under water. From this circumstance Ulysses had the figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on his ring. Hyginus, fables 95 & 125.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 1, li. 98. ――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 41.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 2, &c. ――Lycophron, Alexandra.

=Telĕmus=, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all the evils which he some time after suffered from Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 771.

=Telephassa=, the mother of Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix by Agenor. She died in Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away. Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 4.

=Tĕlĕphus=, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and Auge the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, and by some shepherds. According to Apollodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the mouth of the Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras the king of the country, who married, or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her father, on account of her amour with Hercules. Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nauplius to be ♦severely punished for her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure her, sent her to Teuthras king of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, according to the more received opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to know his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his crown, and his adopted daughter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver his country from the hostilities of Idas the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied, and at the head of the Mysians, he soon routed the enemy, and received the promised reward. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, the sudden appearance of an enormous serpent separated the two lovers; Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed by the god that Telephus was her own son. When this was known, the nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some time after married one of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked them when they had landed on his coast. The carnage was great, and Telephus was victorious, had not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the earth, which entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him flat on the ground. Achilles immediately rushed upon him, and wounded him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound was mortal, but Telephus was informed by the oracle, that he alone who had inflicted it could totally cure it. Upon this, applications were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero observed that he was no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken without the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, and who wished to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey the directions of the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the weapon which had given the wound could alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from the point of his spear, and, by applying it to the sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus showed himself so grateful to the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Trojan war, and fought with them against his father-in-law. Hyginus, fable 101. ――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.――Diodorus, bk. 4. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, poem 1, &c.――Philostratus, Heroicus. ――Pliny.――――A friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty and the elegance of his person. He was the favourite of Lydia the mistress of Horace, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ode 12; bk. 4, ode 11, li. 21.――――A slave who conspired against Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus. ――――Lucius Verus, wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost.

♦ ‘sevevely’ replaced with ‘severely’

=Telesia=, a town of Campania, taken by Annibal. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 13; bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Telesĭcles=, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus by a slave called Enippo. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Telesilla=, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country against the Lacedæmonians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A statue was raised to her honour in the temple of Venus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Telesinicus=, a Corinthian auxiliary at Syracuse, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Telesīnus=, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain, after he had given repeated proofs of valour and courage. Plutarch, Sulla, &c.――――A poet of considerable merit in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 25.

=Telesippus=, a poor man of Pheræ, father to the tyrant Dinias. Polyænus, bk. 2.

=Telestagŏras=, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by some of the nobles of the island, in consequence of which they were expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. Athenæus, bk. 8.

=Telestas=, a son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An athlete of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――A king of Corinth, who died 779 B.C.

=Telestes=, a dithyrambic poet, who flourished B.C. 402.

=Telesto=, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony.

=Telethes=, a mountain in Eubœa.

=Telethūsa=, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, a native of Crete. She became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into a boy. See: Iphis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 681.

=Teleurias=, a prince of Macedonia, &c. Xenophon.

=Teleutias=, the brother of Agesilaus, who was killed by the Olynthians, &c.

=Teleute=, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. Plutarch, _de Iside et Osiride_.

=Tellenæ=, a town of Latium, now destroyed. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Telles=, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Tellias=, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabitants raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Tellis=, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas.

=Tellus=, a divinity, the same as the earth, the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. She was mother by Cœlus of Oceanus, Hyperion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, Phœbe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is the same as the divinity who is honoured under the several names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She was generally represented in the character of Tellus, as a woman with many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecundity of the earth. She also appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in one hand and a key in the other; while at her feet was lying a tame lion without chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 130.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 137.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――A poor man, whom Solon called happier than Crœsus the rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of his country. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――An Italian who is said to have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called Hippone, who became the goddess of horses.

=Telmessus=, or =Telmissus=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augury and the interpretation of dreams. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1.――Strabo, bk. 14.――Livy, bk. 37, ch. 16. ――――Another in Lycia.――――A third in Pisidia.

=Telo Martius=, a town at the south of Gaul, now Toulon.

=Telon=, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed during the siege of that city by Cæsar. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 592.――――A king of the Teleboæ, who married Sebethis, by whom he had Œbalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 734.

=Telos=, a small island near Rhodes.

=Telphūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the Ladon who gave her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Lycophron, li. 1040.

=Telxiŏpe=, one of the muses according to Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Telys=, a tyrant of Sybaris.

=Temathea=, a mountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Temēnium=, a place in Messene, where Temenus was buried.

=Temĕnītes=, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. Cicero, Against Verres.

=Temĕnos=, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53.――Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 74.

=Temĕnus=, the son of Aristomachus, was the first of the Heraclidæ, who returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, and in the reign of Tisamenes king of Argos. Temenus made himself master of the throne of Argos, from which he expelled the reigning sovereign. After death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was in preference to his own son. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 19. ――――A son of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno’s infancy. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Temerinda=, the name of the Paulus Mæotis among the natives.

=Temĕsa=, a town of Cyprus.――――Another in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of copper, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 15.――Livy, bk. 34, ch. 35. ――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 184.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 441; Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 207.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――Strabo, bk. 6.

=Temnes=, a king of Sidon.

=Temnos=, a town of Æolia, at the mouth of the Hermus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 49.――Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 18.

=Tempe= (plural), a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the north and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows into the Ægean. The poets have described it as the most delightful spot on the earth, with continually cool shades and verdant walks, which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and which the gods often honoured with their presence. Tempe extended about five miles in length, but varied in the dimensions of its breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide. All valleys that are pleasant, either for their situation or the mildness of their climate, are called Tempe by the poets. Strabo, bk. 9.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Dionysius Periegetes, li. 219.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Plutarch, de Musica.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 469. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 569.

=Tenchtheri=, a nation of Germany, who frequently changed the place of their habitation. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 56; Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Tendera=, a town of Caria. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 18.

=Tenea=, a part of Corinth. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Tenĕdia securis.= See: Tenes.

=Tĕnĕdos=, a small and fertile island of the Ægean sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of about 12 miles from Sigæum, and 56 miles north from Lesbos. It was anciently called Leucophrys, till Tenes the son of Cycnus settled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos, from which the whole island received its name. It became famous during the Trojan war, as it was there that the Greeks concealed themselves, the more effectually to make the Trojans believe that they were returned home without finishing the siege. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3, li. 59.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Strabo, bk. 13. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 21.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 109.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Tenĕrus=, son of Apollo and Melia, received from his father the knowledge of futurity. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Tenes=, a son of ♦Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea, on the coast of Troas, by his father, who credulously believed his wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her passion. Tenes arrived in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he became the sovereign. Some time after ♦Cycnus discovered the guilt of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But when he had tied his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and suffered his father’s ship to be tossed about in the sea. From this circumstance the hatchet of Tenes is become proverbial to intimate a resentment that cannot be pacified. Some, however, suppose that the proverb arose from the severity of a law made by a king of Tenedos against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death by a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and afterwards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he defended his country against the Greeks, and he received divine honours after death. His statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. Strabo, bk. 13. ――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.――――A general of 4000 mercenary Greeks sent by the Egyptians to assist the Phœnicians. Diodorus, bk. 16.

♦ ‘Cyncus’ replaced with ‘Cycnus’

=Tĕnĕsis=, a part of Æthiopia. Strabo.

=Tennes=, a king of Sidon, who, when his country was besieged by the Persians, burnt himself and the city together, B.C. 351.

=Tennum=, a town of Æolia.

=Tenos=, a small island in the Ægean, near Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hydrussa, from the number of its fountains. It was very mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was also called Tenos.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 469.

=Tenty̆ra= (plural) and =Tentyris=, a small town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made war against those who paid them adoration. Seneca, Quæstiones Naturales, bk. 4, ch. 2.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Juvenal, satire 15. ――Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 8.

=Tenty̆ra= (melius Tempyra), a place of Thrace, opposite Samothrace. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 21.

=Teos=, or =Teios=, now Sigagik, a maritime town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecatæus, who is by some deemed a native of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos was an island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is often called the founder of it on ancient medals. Strabo, bk. 14.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 5.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 18.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Terēdon=, a town on the Arabian gulf. Dionysius Periegeta, li. 982.

=Terentia=, the wife of Cicero. She became mother of Marcus Cicero, and of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her because she had been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia married Sallust, Cicero’s enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus. She lived to her 103rd, or, according to Pliny, to her 117th year. Plutarch, Cicero.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 11, ltr. 16, &c.――――The wife of Scipio Africanus.――――The wife of Mecænas, with whom it was said that Augustus carried on an intrigue.

=Terentia lex=, called also Cassia, frumentaria, by Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus and Caius Cassius, A.U.C. 680. It ordered that the same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the exactions of the questors.――――Another, by Terentius the tribune, A.U.C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the consuls, lest they should abuse the public confidence, by violence or rapine.

=Terentiānus=, a Roman to whom Longinus dedicated his treatise on the sublime.――――Maurus, a writer who flourished A.D. 240. The last edition of his treatise de literis, syllabis, et metris Horatii, is by Mycillus, Frankfurt, 8vo, 1584. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 70.

=Terentius Publius=, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated him with great care, and manumitted him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master and benefactor, and was called Terentius. He applied himself to the study of Greek comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited the friendship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio the elder Africanus, and his friend Lælius, have been suspected, on account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition of his comedies; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem, perhaps, to favour the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year of his age when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his compositions were received with great applause, but when the words

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto,

were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though composed of foreigners, conquered nations, allies, and citizens of Rome, were unanimous in applauding the poet, who spoke with such elegance and simplicity the language of nature, and supported the native independence of man. The talents of Terence were employed rather in translation than in the effusions of originality. It is said that he translated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menander, six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of his language, and the artless elegance and simplicity of his diction, and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprise in the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature and manners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters. Quintilian, who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the manner of his death are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year of his age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose that he was drowned in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. The best editions of Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1726; of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1758; of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey’s, 12mo, Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 17. ――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 59. ――――Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a pileus on his head. He was some time after appointed judge between his deliverer and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 45.――――A tribune who wished the number of the citizens of Rome to be increased.――――Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed, murdered Galba. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 41.――――Lentinus, a Roman knight condemned for perjury.――――Varro, a writer. See: Varro. ――――A consul with Æmilius Paulus at the battle of Cannæ. He was the son of a butcher, and had followed for some time the profession of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hannibal, by making an improper disposition of his army. After he had been defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, with the remains of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the Roman senate of his defeat. He received the thanks of this venerable body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the dictatorship, which he declined. Plutarch.――Livy, bk. 22, &c. ――――An ambassador sent to Philip king of Macedonia.――――Massaliora, an edile of the people, &c.――――Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused before the senate for his intimacy with that discarded favourite. He made a noble defence, and was acquitted. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6.

=Terentus=, a place in the Campus Martius near the capitol, where the infernal deities had an altar. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 504.

=Tēreus=, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and Bistonis. He married Progne the daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war against Megara. He offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela, whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. See: Philomela and Progne.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.

=Tergeste= and =Tergestum=, now Trieste, a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a Roman colony. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3, &c. ――Dionysius Periegetes, li. 380.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 110. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Terias=, a river of Sicily near Catana.

=Teribazus=, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Evagoras king of Cyprus. He was accused of treason, and removed from office, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

=Teridae=, a concubine of Menelaus.

=Teridates=, a favourite eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes. At his death the monarch was in tears for three days, and was consoled at last only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, one of his favourites. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 1.

=Terigum=, a town of Macedonia.

=Terina=, a town of the Brutii.

=Terioli=, now Tirol, a fortified town at the north of Italy, in the country of the Grisons.

=Termentia=, or =Termes=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.

=Termera=, a town of Caria.

=Termĕrus=, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing their head against his own. He was slain by Hercules in the same manner. Plutarch, Theseus.

=Termesus=, a river of Arcadia.

=Termilæ=, a name given to the Lycians.

=Terminalia=, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields, ♦and after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 641.――Cicero, Philippics, bk. 12, ch. 10.

♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Terminālis=, a surname of Jupiter, because he presided over the boundaries and lands of individuals, before the worship of the god Terminus was introduced. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.

=Termĭnus=, a divinity at Rome who was supposed to preside over bounds and limits, and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the limits of their lands and estates were under the immediate inspection of heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with a human head without feet or arms, to intimate that he never moved, wherever he was placed. The people of the country assembled once a year with their families, and crowned with garlands and flowers the stones which ♦separated their different possessions, and offered victims to the god who presided over their boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to give way, though the other gods resigned their seats with cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said,

Restitit, et mango cum Jove templa tenet.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 641. ――Plutarch, Numa.――Livy, bk. 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9.

♦ ‘separted’ replaced with ‘separated’

=Termissus=, or =Termessus=, a town of Pisidia.

=Terpander=, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said that he appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness of his notes. He added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had only four. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.――Plutarch, de Musica.

=Terpsĭchŏre=, one of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over dancing, of which she was reckoned the inventress, as her name intimates, and with which she delighted her sisters. She is represented like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding in her hand a musical instrument. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 35. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1.――Eustathius, ad Iliadem, bk. 10.

=Terpsicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Terra=, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phœbe, ♦Tethys, and Mnemosyne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is the same as Tellus. See: Tellus.

♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Terracīna.= See: Tarricina.

=Terrasidius=, a Roman knight in Cæsar’s army in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.

=Terror=, an emotion of the mind which the ancients have made a deity, and one of the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona.

=Tertia=, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c.――――A daughter of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 46. ――――A daughter of Isidorus. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 34.――――A sister of Brutus, who married Cassius. She was also called Tertulla and Junia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 76. ――Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 50.――Cicero, Letters to Brutus, ltrs. 5 & 6; Letters to Atticus, bk. 15, ltr. 11; bk. 16, ltr. 20.

=Tertius Julianus=, a lieutenant in Cæsar’s legions.

=Tertulliānus Quintus Septimius Florens=, a celebrated christian writer of Carthage, who flourished A.D. 196. He was originally a pagan, but afterwards embraced christianity, of which he became an able advocate by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The most famous and esteemed of his numerous works, are his Apology for the Christians, and his Prescriptions. The best edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols., 8vo, Halle, 1770; and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, Leiden, 1718.

=Tethys=, the greatest of the sea deities, was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Uranus and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the Mæander, Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c., and about 3000 daughters called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by some mythologists with her granddaughter Thetis the wife of Peleus, and the mother of Achilles. The word Tethys is poetically used to express the sea. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 31. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 509; bk. 9, li. 498; Fasti, bk. 2, li. 191.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 336.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 302.

=Tetis=, a river of Gaul flowing from the Pyrenees. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Tetrapŏlis=, a name given to the city of Antioch the capital of Syria, because it was divided into four separate districts, each of which resembled a city. Some apply the word to Seleucis, which contained the four large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apamea, and Seleucia in Pieria.――――The name of four towns at the north of Attica. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Tĕtrĭca=, a mountain of the Sabines near the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and difficult of access, whence the epithet Tetricus was applied to persons of a morose and melancholy disposition. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 713.

=Tetrĭcus=, a Roman senator, saluted emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was led in triumph by his successful adversary, who afterwards heaped the most unbounded honours upon him and his son of the same name.

=Teucer=, a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Ida. According to some authors he was the first who introduced among his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country where he reigned was from him called Teucria, and his subjects Teucri. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the government of Teucria. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 108.――――A son of Telamon king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen’s suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus king of Sidon, he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country. He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis after his father’s death. He built a temple to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but that, according to a less received opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new Carthage was afterwards built, and thence into Galatia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 281.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 623. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29. ――Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――One of the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum.

=Teucri=, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer their king. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 42 & 239.

=Teucria=, a name given to Troy, from Teucer one of its kings. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 26.

=Teucteri=, a people of Germany, at the east of the Rhine. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 22.

=Teumessus=, a mountain of Bœotia with a village of the same name, where Hercules, when young, killed an enormous lion. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 331.

=Teuta=, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to death. This unprecedented murder was the cause of a war, which ended in her disgrace. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 6.

=Teutamias=, or =Teutamis=, a king of Larissa. He instituted games in honour of his father, where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius with a quoit.

=Teutamus=, a king of Assyria, the same as Tithonus the father of Memnon. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Teutas=, or =Teutates=, a name of Mercury among the Gauls. The people offered human victims to this deity. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445. ――Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Teuthrania=, a part of Mysia where the Caycus rises.

=Teuthras=, a king of Mysia on the borders of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, or, according to others, married, Auge the daughter of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from her father, who wished to punish her for her amours with Hercules. Some time after his kingdom was invaded by Idas the son of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he promised Auge and his crown to any one who could restore tranquillity to his subjects. This was executed by Telephus, who afterwards proved to be the son of Auge, who was promised in marriage to him by right of his successful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teuthras, who became mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthrantia turba. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 19; Heroides, poem 9, li. 51.――Hyginus, fable 100.――――A river’s name.――――One of the companions of Æneas in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 402.

=Teutoburgiensis saltus=, a forest of Germany, between the Ems and Lippa, where Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 60.

=Teutomatus=, a prince of Gaul, among the allies of Rome.

=Teutŏni= and =Teutŏnes=, a people of Germany, who with the Cimbri made incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They were at last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made prisoners. See: Cimbri. Cicero, On Pompey’s Command.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Plutarch, Caius Marius.――Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 26.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Thabenna=, an inland town of Africa, African War, ch. 77.

=Thabusium=, a fortified place of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Thais=, a famous courtesan of Athens, who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendancy over him, that she made him burn the royal palace of Persepolis. After Alexander’s death, she married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated her charms both mental and personal, which were of a superior nature, and on this account she is called Menandrea by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 6. ――Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 604; Remedia Amoris, li. 384. ――Plutarch, Alexander.――Juvenal, satire 3, li. 93.――Athenæus, bk. 13, ch. 13.

=Thala=, a town of Africa. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Thalăme=, a town of Messenia, famous for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plutarch, Agis.

=Thalassius=, a beautiful young Roman in the reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Sabines, one of these virgins appeared remarkable for beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. The name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than all were eager to preserve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use of the word Thalassius at nuptials, and to wish those that were married the felicity of Thalassius. He is supposed by some to be the same as Hymen, as he was made a deity. Plutarch, Romulus. ――Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 92.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Thales=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was descended from Cadmus: his father’s name was Examius, and his mother’s Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in Crete, Phœnicia, and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geometry, astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to measure with exactness the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. His discoveries in astronomy were great and ingenious; and he was the first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discovered the solstices and equinoxes, he divided the heavens into five zones, and recommended the division of the year into 365 days, which was universally adopted by the Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer, he looked upon water as the principle of everything. He was the founder of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for its deep and abstruse speculations under the successors and pupils of the Milesian philosopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the master of Socrates. Thales was never married; and when his mother pressed him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. The same exhortations were afterwards repeated, but the philosopher eluded them by observing that he was then too old to enter the matrimonial state. He died in the 96th year of his age, about 548 years before the christian era. His compositions on philosophical subjects are lost. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Plato.――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, &c.――――A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies the minds of the Spartans to receive the rigorous institutions of his friend, and inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society.

=Thalestria=, or =Thalestris=, a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, came 35 days’ journey to meet Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a man whose fame was so great, and courage so uncommon. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 5.――Strabo, bk. 11. ――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Thaletes=, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C.

=Thălīa=, one of the Muses, who presided over festivals, and over pastoral and comic poetry. She is represented leaning on a column, holding a mask in her right hand, by which she is distinguished from her sisters, as also by a shepherd’s crook. Her dress appears shorter, and not so ornamented as that of the other Muses. Horace, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 25.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 75.――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, &c.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 2.――――One of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 826.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea.

=Thallo=, one of the Horæ or Seasons, who presided over the spring. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Thalpius=, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Thalyssia=, Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country in honour of Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly offered. Scholia on Theocritus, poem 3.

=Thamĭras=, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus, where it was religiously preserved in his family for many years. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Thamuda=, a part of Arabia Felix.

=Thamyras=, or =Thamyris=, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His father’s name was Philammon, and his mother’s Argiope. He became enamoured of the Muses, and challenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed that the conqueror should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eyesight and his melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are lost. Some accused him of having first introduced into the world the unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 594; bk. 5, li. 599.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 62; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 399. ――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Thamyris=, one of the petty princes of the Dacæ, in the age of Darius, &c.――――A queen of the Massagetæ. See: Thomyris.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 341.

=Thapsăcus=, a city on the Euphrates.

=Thapsus=, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were defeated by Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 261.――Livy, bk. 29, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 48.――――A town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily.

=Thargelia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. Athenæus, bk. 12.

=Thariădes=, one of the generals of Antiochus, &c.

=Tharops=, the father of Œager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Thasius=, or =Thrasius=, a famous soothsayer of Cyprus, who told Busiris king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was not a native of Egypt. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 549. ――――A surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at Thasos.

=Thasos=, or =Thasus=, a small island in the Ægean, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the name of Æria, Odonis, Æthria, Acte, Ogygia, Chryse, and Ceresis. It received that of Thasos from Thasus the son of Agenor, who settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well as its mines of gold and silver. The capital of the island was also called Thasos. Livy, bk. 33, chs. 30 & 55.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 44.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, &c.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 91. ――Cornelius Nepos, Cimon, ch. 2.

=Thasus=, a son of Neptune, who went with Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of Cadmus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Thaumaci=, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 4.

=Thaumantias= and =Thaumantis=, a name given to Iris the messenger of Juno, because she was the daughter of Thaumas the son of Oceanus and Terra by one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 5.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 479; bk. 14, li. 845.

=Thaumas=, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the ♦Harpies, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

♦ ‘Harpyies’ replaced with ‘Harpies’

=Thaumasius=, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some accounts, Jupiter was born.

=Thea=, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also called Thia, Titæa, Rhea, Tethys, &c.――――One of the Sporades.

=Theagĕnes=, a man who made himself master of Megara, &c.――――An athlete of Thaos, famous for his strength. His father’s name was Timosthenes, a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above 1000 times at the public games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. Pausanias, bk. 6, chs. 6 & 11.――Plutarch.――――A Theban officer, who distinguished himself at the battle of Cheronæa. Plutarch.――――A writer who published commentaries on Homer’s works.

=Theages=, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. Plato.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, &c.

=Theangela=, a town of Caria.

=Theāno=, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins to her husband, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness. The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time afterwards Theano herself became the mother of twins. When they were grown up she encouraged them to murder the supposititious children, who were to succeed to their father’s throne in preference to them. They were both killed in the attempt, and the father, displeased with the conduct of Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of the children whom he had long considered as his own. Hyginus, fable 186. ――――A daughter of Cisseus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the Greeks, as she was priestess of Minerva. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 298.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――One of the Danaides. Her husband’s name was Phantes. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――――The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras, daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or, according to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 8, ch. 42.――――The daughter of Pythagoras.――――A poetess of Locris.――――A priestess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having mutilated all the statues of Mercury. Plutarch.――――The mother of Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva’s temple, to shut up her son when she heard of his crimes and perfidy to his country. Polyænus, bk. 8. ――――A daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Lacedæmonians offered violence at Leuctra.――――A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 703.

=Theānum=, a town of Italy. See: Teanum.

=Thearidas=, a brother of Dionysius the elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Thearius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 51.

=Theatetes=, a Greek epigrammatist.

=Theba=, or =Thebe=, a town of Cilicia. See: Thebæ.

=Thebæ= (arum), a celebrated city, the capital of Bœotia, situate on the banks of the river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation is not precisely known. Cadmus is supposed to have first begun to found it by building the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by Amphion and Zethus; but, according to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, such as Laius, Œdipus, Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which Thebes supported against the Argives, is famous as well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans were looked upon as an indolent and sluggish nation, and the words of Theban pig, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for stupidity and inattention. This, however, was not literally true; under Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before dependent, became masters of Greece, and everything was done according to their will and pleasure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally demolished, because it had revolted against him, except the house where the poet Pindar had been born and educated. In this dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold for slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by Cassander the son of Antipater, but it never rose to its original consequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The monarchical government was abolished there at the death of Xanthus, about 1190 years before Christ, and Thebes became a republic. It received its name from Thebe the daughter of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion was nearly related. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Plutarch, Pelopidas, Pelopidas, & Alexander.――Cornelius Nepos, Pelopidas, Epaminondas, &c. ――Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 394.――Ovid, Metamorphoses.――――A town at the south of Troas, built by Hercules, and also called Placia and Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians, who occupied it during the Trojan war. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4. ――Livy, bk. 37, ch. 19.――Strabo, bk. 11.――――An ancient celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, called also Hecatompylos, on account of its 100 gates, and Diospolis, as being sacred to Jupiter. In the time of its splendour, it extended above 23 miles, and upon any emergency could send into the field, by each of its 100 gates, 20,000 fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king of Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.――Juvenal, satire bk. 15, li. 16.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2.――Herodotus, bks. 2 & 3.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 381.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――A town of Africa, built by Bacchus.――――Another in Thessaly. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Another in Phthiotis.

=Thebais=, a country in the southern parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital.――――There have been some poems which have borne the name of Thebais, but of these the only one extant is the Thebais of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the Thebans against the Argives, in consequence of the dissension of Eteocles with his brother Polynices. The poet was 12 years in composing it.――――A river of Lydia.――――A name given to a native of Thebes.

=Thebe=, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband.

=Theia=, a goddess. See: Thea.

=Theias=, a son of Belus, who had an incestuous intercourse with his daughter Smyrna.

=Thelephassa=, the second wife of Agenor, called also Telaphassa.

=Thelpūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia. See: ♦Telphusa.

♦ ‘Telpusa’ replaced with ‘Telphusa’

=Thelxion=, a son of Apis, who conspired against his father, who was king of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Thelxiope=, one of the Muses, according to some writers. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum.

=Themeneus=, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus.

=Themesion=, a tyrant of Eretria. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Themillas=, a Trojan, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 376.

=Themis=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Jupiter against her own inclination. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the Parcæ and Horæ; and was the first to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed how to repair the loss of mankind. She was generally attended by the seasons. Among the moderns she is represented as holding a sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 321.――――A daughter of Ilus, who married Capys, and became mother of Anchises. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Themiscy̆ra=, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name.

=Themĭson=, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a sect called Methodists, because he wished to introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of physic. He flourished in the Augustan age. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1. ――Juvenal, satire 10.――――One of the generals and ministers of Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Themista=, or =Themistis=, a goddess, the same as Themis.

=Themistĭus=, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called Euphrades, the fine speaker, from his eloquent and commanding delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distinguished for his ♦liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented. He wrote, when young, some commentaries on Aristotle, fragments of which are still extant, and 33 of his orations. He professed himself to be an enemy to flattery, and though he often deviates from this general rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of Themistius is that of Harduin, folio, Paris, 1684.

♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’

=Themisto=, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king of Thebes, by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, Schœneus, and Erythroes. She endeavoured to kill the children of Ino, her husband’s second wife, but she killed her own, by means of Ino, who lived in her house in the disguise of a servant-maid, and to whom she entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 23.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A woman mentioned by Polyænus.――――The mother of the poet Homer, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Themistŏcles=, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father’s name was Neocles, and his mother’s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnaia. The beginning of his youth was marked by vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorrigible, that his father disinherited him. This, which might have disheartened others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection which he was denied at home, he sought in courting the favours of the populace, and in sharing the ♦administration of public affairs. When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian republic, and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care. When the Lacedæmonians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at Thermopylæ, the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined fleet of the Peloponnesians, were directed to destroy the armament of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the generals to command the Grecian fleet might have proved fatal to the interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely relinquished his pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his country demanded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; but a decisive battle had never been fought if Themistocles had not used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid, and the favourable answers of the oracle, to second his measures. The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering their cities and destroying all by fire and sword; but before they were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with his fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to fight for their safety, as well as for the honour of their country. This battle, which was fought near the island of Salamis, B.C. 480, was decisive; the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honour of having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch that the Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built across the Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met with equal success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, and while he believed the words of Themistocles, that his return would be disputed, he left his forces without a general, and his fleets an easy conquest to the victorious Greeks. These signal services to his country endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and he was universally called the most warlike and most courageous of all the Greeks who fought against the Persians. He was received with the most distinguished honours, and by his prudent administration, Athens was soon fortified with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were filled with a numerous and powerful navy, which rendered her the mistress of Greece. Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror of Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his countrymen, which had proved so fatal to many of his illustrious predecessors. He was banished from the city, and after he had sought in vain a safe retreat among the republics of Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had defeated, and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; and though he had formerly set a price upon his head, yet he made him one of his greatest favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon him, to provide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such kindness from a monarch, from whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, did not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. He still remembered that Athens gave him birth, and according to some writers, the wish of not injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy himself by drinking bull’s blood. The manner of his death, however, is uncertain, and while some affirm that he poisoned himself, others declare that he fell a prey to a violent distemper in the city of Magnesia, where he had fixed his residence, while in the dominions of the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed to Attica and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to repent too late of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. Themistocles died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years before the christian era. He has been admired as a man naturally courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed with a provident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of adversity, possessed of resources which could enable him to regain his splendour, and even to command fortune. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 52.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 18; bk. 13, ch. 40.――――A writer, some of whose letters are extant.

♦ ‘adminstration’ replaced with ‘administration’

=Themistogĕnes=, an historian of Syracuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably treated afterwards by Xenophon.

=Theŏcles=, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his riches among the poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with himself, followed the example. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 24.――――A Greek statuary. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Theŏclus=, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, who died B.C. 671. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 15, &c.

=Theoclymĕnus=, a soothsayer of Argolis, descended from Melampus. His father’s name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 225, &c. ――Hyginus, fable 128.

=Theŏcrĭtus=, a Greek poet who flourished at Syracuse, in Sicily, 282 B.C. His father’s name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his mother’s Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose praises he sung, and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished himself by his poetical compositions, of which 30 idyllia and some epigrams are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and admired for their beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has imitated and often copied him. Theocritus has been blamed for the many indelicate and obscene expressions which he uses; and while he introduces shepherds and peasants with all the rusticity and ignorance of nature, he often disguises their character by making them speak on high and exalted subjects. It is said he wrote some invectives against Hiero king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be strangled. He also wrote a ludicrous poem called Syrinx, and placed his verses in such order that they represented the pipe of the god Pan. The best editions of Theocritus, are Warton’s, 2 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo, Oxford, 1699; that of Valkenaer, 8vo, Leiden, 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1790. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 5.――――A Greek historian of Chios, who wrote an account of Libya. Plutarch.

♦=Theodămas=, or =Thiodamas=, a king of Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercules, because he refused to treat him and his son with hospitality. Ovid, Ibis, li. 438.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Hyginus, fable 271.

♦ ‘Thodămas’ replaced with ‘Theodămas’

=Theodectes=, a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works now lost. He had such a happy memory that he could repeat with ease whatever verses were spoken in his presence. When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands the statue which had been erected to the memory of the deceased poet. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 24; Orator, ch. 51, &c. ――Plutarch.――Quintilian.

=Theodonis=, a town of Germany, now Thionville, on the Moselle.

=Theodōra=, a daughter-in-law of the emperor Maximian, who married Constantius.――――A daughter of Constantine.――――A woman who, from being a prostitute, became empress to Justinian, and distinguished herself by her intrigues and enterprises.――――The name of Theodora is common to the empresses of the east in a later period.

=Theodoretus=, one of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 425, whose works have been edited, 5 vols., folio, Paris, 1642, and 5 vols., Halæ, 1769 to 1774.

=Theodoritus=, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works have been best edited by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

=Theodōrus=, a Syracusan of great authority among his countrymen, who severely inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius.――――A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last condemned to death for his impiety, and that he drank poison.――――A preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus. ――――A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises him with great liberality.――――A secretary of Valens. He conspired against the emperor and was beheaded.――――A man who compiled a history of Rome. Of this, nothing but his history of the reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant.――――A comic actor. ――――A player on the flute in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who contemptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the mistress of the monarch.――――A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost. ――――A sophist of Byzantium, called Logodaidalos by Plato.――――A Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of metamorphoses, which Ovid imitated, as some suppose.――――An artist of Samos about 700 years B.C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron, with which he made statues.――――A priest, father of Isocrates.――――A Greek writer, called also Prodromus. The time in which he lived is unknown. There is a romance of his composition extant, called the amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1625.

=Theodosia=, now Caffa, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Theodosiopŏlis=, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c.

=Theodosius Flavius=, a Roman emperor surnamed Magnus, from the greatness of his exploits. He was invested with the imperial purple by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and the eastern provinces, which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of his reign were marked by different conquests over the barbarians. The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the victory. This glorious campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with distant nations, who wished to gain the favours and the friendship of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Theodosius totally disregarded them; and while he punished his competitors for the imperial purple, he thought himself sufficiently secure in the love and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A.D. 395. His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Roman empire. He left three children, Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended by ancient writers, as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious propensity. Though master of the world, he was a stranger to that pride and arrogance which too often disgrace the monarch; he was affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was his wish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private man and a ♦dependent. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust and honour, and the emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of christianity has been applauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and it was the wish of Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example, meekness, and christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one instance, was too openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000 persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from the bosom of the church, and the communion of the faithful. In his private character Theodosius was an example of soberness and temperance; his palace displayed becoming grandeur, but still with moderation. He never indulged in luxury, or countenanced superfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, and never gave himself up to pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws and regulations which he introduced in the Roman empire, were of the most salutary nature. Socrates of Constantinople, bk. 5, &c.――Zosimus, bk. 4, &c.――Ambrose.――Augustine.――Claudian, &c.

♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Theodosius II.=, succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age. He was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was the disposal of the offices of state, and all places of trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the daughter of a philosopher called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her virtues and piety. The territories of Theodosius were invaded by the Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous force, and the two hostile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The consternation was universal on both sides; without even a battle, the Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his operations failed of success, and he averted the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of July, in the 49th year of his age, A.D. 450, leaving only one daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the emperor Valentinian III. The carelessness and inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are well known. He signed all the papers that were brought to him without even opening them or reading them, till his sister apprised him of his negligence, and rendered him more careful and diligent, by making him sign a paper, in which he delivered into her hand, Eudoxia his wife as a slave and menial servant. The laws and regulations which were promulgated under him, and selected from the most useful and salutary institutions of his imperial predecessors, have been called the Theodosian code. Theodosius was a warm advocate for the christian religion, but he has been blamed for his partial attachment to those who opposed the orthodox faith. Sozomen.――Socrates, &c.

=Theodosius=, a lover of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.――――A mathematician of Tripoli, who flourished 75 B.C. His treatise, called Sphærica, is best edited by Hunt, 8vo, Oxford, 1707.――――A Roman general, father of Theodosius the Great; he died A.D. 376.

=Theodŏta=, a beautiful courtesan of Elis, whose company was frequented by Socrates. Xenophon, on Socrates.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 32.――――A Roman empress, &c.

=Theodotian=, an interpreter, in the reign of Commodus.

=Theodŏtus=, an admiral of the Rhodians, sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with the Romans.――――A native of Chios, who, as preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to Cæsar, but the resentment of the conqueror was such that the mean assassin fled, and after a wandering and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. Plutarch, Brutus & Pompey.――――A Syracusan, accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of Syracuse.――――A governor of Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who revolted and made himself king, B.C. 250.――――A friend of the emperor Julian.――――A Phœnician historian.――――One of the generals of Alexander.

=Theognētes=, a Greek tragic poet. Athenæus.

=Theognis=, a Greek poet of Megara, who flourished about 549 years before Christ. He wrote several poems, of which only few sentences are now extant, quoted by Plato and other Greek historians and philosophers, and intended as precepts for the conduct of human life. The morals of the poet have been censured as neither decorous nor chaste. The best edition of Theognis is that of Blackwall, 12mo, London, 1706.――――There was also a tragic poet of the same name, whose compositions were so lifeless and inanimated, that they procured him the name of Chion, or snow.

=Theomnestus=, a rival of Nicias in the administration of public affairs at Athens. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A statuary of Sardinia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――An Athenian philosopher, among the followers of Plato’s doctrines. He had Brutus, Cæsar’s murderer, among his pupils.――――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35.

=Theon=, a philosopher, who used frequently to walk in his sleep. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An astronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian.――――A painter of Samos. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 44.――――Another philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An infamous reviler. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

=Theonoe=, a daughter of Thestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus king of Caria, &c. Hyginus, fable 190.――――A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid, who became enamoured of Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c.

=Theope=, one of the daughters of Leos.

=Theophăne=, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the island Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and under this transformation he had by the nymph a ram with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus to Colchis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 177.――Hyginus, fable 188.

=Theophănes=, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. Cicero, For Archias, &c.――Paterculus.――Plutarch, Cicero & Pompey.――――His son Marcus Pompeius Theophanes was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the intimacy of Tiberius.――――The only edition of Theophanes the Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, folio, 1649.

=Theophania=, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honour of Apollo.

=Theophĭlus=, a comic poet of Athens.――――A governor of Syria in the age of Julian.――――A friend of Piso.――――A physician, whose treatise de Urinis is best edited by Guidotius, Leiden, 1728, and another by Morell, 8vo, Paris, 1556.――――One of the Greek fathers, whose work ad Autolycum is best edited in 12mo, by Wolf, Hamburg, 1724.――――The name of Theophilus is common among the primitive christians.

=Theophrastus=, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original name was Tyrtamus, but this the philosopher made him exchange for that of Euphrastus, to intimate his excellence in speaking, and afterwards for that of Theophrastus, which he deemed still more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher’s friends from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship: and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality. Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise, which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288, lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle, which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 28; Brutus, ch. 31; Orator, ch. 19, &c.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Diogenes Laërtius, Lives.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Plutarch, Adversus Colotem.――――An officer entrusted with the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. Polyænus.

=Theopolĕmus=, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo’s temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.

=Theopŏlis=, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first received their name there.

=Theopompus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ, who succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died, after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne, the Spartans made war against Messenia. Plutarch, Lycurgus. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A famous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections. He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour of Mausolus. His father’s name was Damasistratus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Plutarch, Lysis.――Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 18.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A comic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 24 plays, all lost.――――A son of Demaratus, who obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10. ――――An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius Cæsar. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A Spartan general, killed at the battle of Tegyra.――――A philosopher of Cheronæa, in the reign of the emperor Philip.

=Theophylactus Simocatta=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited folio, Paris, 1647.――――One of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763.

=Theorius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene, where he had a very ancient temple. It signifies clear-sighted.

=Theotīmus=, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

=Theoxĕna=, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea, when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued her. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 4.

=Theoxenia=, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed, and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments.

=Theoxenius=, a surname of Apollo.

=Thera=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 69.――――One of the Sporades in the Ægean sea, anciently called Callista, now Santorin. It was first inhabited by the Phœnicians, who were left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who settled there with a colony from Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Herodotus, bk. 4.――Strabo, bk. 8.――――A town of Caria.

=Therambus=, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Theramĕnes=, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of Alcibiades. His father’s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground, with the sarcastical exclamation of, “This is to the health of Critias.” This happened about 404 years before the christian era. Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been called Cothurnus, a part of the dress used both by men and women. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 16.――Plutarch, Alcibiades, &c. ――Cornelius Nepos.

=Therapne=, or =Terapne=, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas, where Apollo had a temple called Phœbeum. It was but a very short distance from Lacedæmon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne, a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that account they were sometimes called Therapnæi fratres. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 223.――Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 49.――Statius, bk. 7, Thebaid, li. 793.

=Theras=, a son of Autesion of Lacedæmon, who conducted a colony to Callista, to which he gave the name of Thera. He received divine honours after death. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.

=Therimăchus=, a son of Hercules by Megara. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.

=Therippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Theritas=, a surname of Mars in Laconia.

=Therma=, a town of Africa. Strabo.――――A town of Macedonia, afterwards called Thessalonica, in honour of the wife of Cassander, and now Salonichi. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called Thermæus, or Thermaicus sinus, and advances far into the country, so much, that Pliny has named it Macedonicus sinus, by way of eminence, to intimate its extent. Strabo.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Herodotus.

=Thermæ= (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus, now Sciacca.――――Another, near Panormus, now Thermini. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 23.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Thermōdon=, now Termeh, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra. There was also a small river of the same name in Bœotia, near Tanagra, which was afterwards called Hæmon. Strabo, bk. 11.――Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 27.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 19.――Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 659.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 249, &c.

=Thermopy̆læ=, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its name from the hot baths which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to 5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Livy, bk. 36, ch. 15.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Plutarch, Marcus Cato, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 15.

=Thermum=, a town of Ætolia on the Evenus. Polybius, bk. 5.

=Thermus=, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A man put to death by Nero.――――A town of Ætolia, the capital of the country.

=Therodămas=, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with human blood, that they might be more cruel. Ovid, Ibis, li. 383.

=Theron=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of Bœotia, and son of Ænesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. Herodotus, bk. 7.――Pindar, Olympian, ch. 2. ――――One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid.――――A Rutulian who attempted to kill Æneas. He perished in the attempt. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 312.――――A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c. Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 149.――――A Theban descended from the Spartæ. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 2, li. 572.――――A daughter of Phylas, beloved by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Therpander=, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. See: Terpander.

=Thersander=, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before the confederate army reached the enemy’s country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 261.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth.――――A musician of Ionia.

=Thersĭlŏchus=, a leader of the Pæonians in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 363.――――An athlete at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Thersippus=, a son of Agrius, who drove Œneus from the throne of Calydon.――――A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius. Curtius.――――An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C.

=Thersītes=, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 212, &c.

=Theseidæ=, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 383.

=Theseis=, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life and actions of Theseus, and now lost. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 2.

=Theseus=, a king of Athens, and son of Ægeus by Æthra the daughter of Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. He was educated at Trœzene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity, he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him, by which he might make himself known to Ægeus in a private manner. See: Ægeus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led from Trœzene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by the courageous son of Ægeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron, Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Phæa. At Athens, however, his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with Ægeus, and as she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was received in his father’s house, she attempted to destroy him before his arrival was made public. Ægeus was himself to give the cup of poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with Æthra. He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who expected to succeed their uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus. The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him, and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread, and killed the Minotaur [See: Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of Ægeus, who threw himself into the sea when he saw his son’s ship return with black sails, which was the signal of ill success. See: Ægeus. His ascension on his father’s throne was universally applauded, B.C. 1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the Lapithæ, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and was the most eager and courageous of the Lapithæ, in the defence of Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phædra was also dead, to carry away some of the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize, they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother Æthra, at Aphidnæ, till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his epistles, saying, Excepto redii passa timore nihil. Some time after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on his father’s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words of Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos. Apollodorus, however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell; when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind. The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus, ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus, carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes. The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time of Jason’s expedition to Colchis. Plutarch, Lives.――Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Hyginus, fables 14 & 79.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 433; Ibis, li. 412; Fasti, bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; Heroides.――Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 612.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 21, li. 293.――Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――Statius, Thebaid, bk. 5, li. 432――Propertius, bk. 3. ――Lactantius, on Thebaid of Statius.――Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 1.――Flaccus, bk. 2.――Apollonius, bk. 1.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 617.――Seneca, Hippolytus.――Statius, Achilles, bk. 1.

=Thesīdæ=, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were governed by Theseus.

=Thesĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 4, li. 65.

=Thesmophŏra=, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour festivals were instituted called Thesmophoria. The Thesmophoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus, or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest called στεφανοφορος, because he carried a crown on his head. There were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration, and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was usual for them to strew their bed with agnus castus, fleabane, and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity, without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria. The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 431; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 619. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 58. ――Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.――Clement of Alexandria.

=Thesmothĕtæ=, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians, because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in number.

=Thespia=, now Neocorio, a town of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus, or from Thespius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26. ――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Thespiădæ=, the sons of Thespiades. See: Thespius.

=Thespiădes=, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. See: Thespius. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Seneca, Hercules Œtaeus, li. 369. ――――Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in great veneration in Thespia. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 368.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 310.

=Thespis=, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 276.――Diogenes Laërtius.

=Thespius=, a king of Thespia, in Bœotia, son of Erechtheus, according to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the arcana arcanissima indicate:

_Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, unâ Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas._

All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world, and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called Thespiadæ, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 26 & 27.――Plutarch.

=Thesprōtia=, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14, li. 315.――Strabo, bk. 7, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

=Thesprōtus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Thessălia=, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been severally called Æmonia, Pelasgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pelasgia, Pyrrhæa, Æmathia, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now called Janna. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.――Dionysius Periegetes, li. 219.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Justin, bk. 7, ch. 6.――Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Thessălion=, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Thessaliotis=, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.

=Thessalonīca=, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called Therma, and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues to be a place of note. Strabo, bk. 7.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus. ――Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 17.――Livy, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to death. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Thessălus=, a son of Æmon.――――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2.――――A physician who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――――A physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought himself superior to all his predecessors.――――A son of Cimon, who accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――――A son of Pisicratus.――――A player in the age of Alexander.

=Thestălus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.

=Thestia=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous. Polybius, bk. 5.

=Thestiădæ= and =Thestiădes=. See: Thespiadæ and Thespiades.

=Thestiădæ=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 286.

=Thestias=, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.

=Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.

=Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――――A king of Thespia. See: Thespius. The sons of Thestius, called Thestiadæ, were killed by Meleager at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often called Thestorides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 19.――Statius, bk. 1, Achilleis, li. 497.――Apollonius, bk. 1, li. 239.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.

=Thesty̆lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.

=Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. See: Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his honour. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 244, &c.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.――Hyginus, fable 54.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 24, li. 55.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 18, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.

=Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia, who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. See: Thea. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 371.――――One of the Sporades, that rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 12.

=Thias=, a king of Assyria.

=Thimbron=, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A friend of Harpalus.

=Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. See: ♦Theodamas.

♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

=Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 2.

=Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. See: Pyramus.――――A town of Bœotia, between two mountains. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Thisias=, a Sicilian writer.

=Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which bore her name in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Thistie=, a town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.

=Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country, had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. See: Iphigenia. According to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 2.――――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man. According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. Flaccus, bk. 8, li. 208.――Hyginus, fables 74, 120. ――Ovid, Ibis, li. 384; Heroides, poem 6, li. 114.――Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.――Apollonius of Rhodes, bk. 1, lis. 209 & 615.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――Euripides, Iphigeneia.――――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus. He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, &c.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1.――Hyginus, fable 97. ――――A famous huntsman. Diodorus, bk. 4.――――A son of Icarius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, li. 342.――――A son of Ornytion, grandson of Sisyphus.――――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, according to Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A man who made himself master of Miletus.――――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of Antiochus, B.C. 193.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Halesus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 415.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Thoe=, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 245.――――One of the horses of Admetus.――――One of the Amazons, &c. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 376.

=Tholus=, a town of Africa.

=Thomȳris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human blood, with the insulting words of satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself at the head of her armies. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 205. ――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.

=Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c.

=Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt.

=Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.――――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by Neptune. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 236.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 71.

=Thoōtes=, one of the Grecian heralds.

=Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. Plutarch.

=Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb cave a Thorace. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander, and was put to death by the Ephori. Plutarch, Lysander.――――A man of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. Plutarch, Lysander, &c.

=Thoria lex=, agraria, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed. It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. Cicero, Brutus.

=Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax, a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, because Jupiter changed himself there into a cuckoo. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.

=Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Thrāce=, a daughter of Titan.――――A name of Thrace. See: Thracia.

=Thrāces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. See: Thracia.

=Thrācia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical, and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of Romania. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c. ――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 11.

=Thracidæ=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus because they opposed his views. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Thracis=, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Thrăseas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. See: Thrasius.――――Pætus, a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 36.――Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 16.

=Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. Diodorus, bk. 11.

=Thrasimenus.= See: Thrasymenus.

=Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. Diodorus, bk. 16.――――A spendthrift at Rome, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.

=Thraso=, a painter. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A favourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the tyrant.――――The character of a captain in Terence.

=Thrasybūlus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30 of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401, and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his knowledge, B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 14.――Cornelius Nepos, Lives. ――Cicero.――Philostratus.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――――A soothsayer descended from Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――――An Athenian in the army of the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.

♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’

=Thrasydæus=, a king of Thessaly, &c.

=Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 25.――――A general of the Athenians in the age of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians. Thucydides, bk. 8.――――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus and Tiberius. Suetonius, Tiberius.

=Thrasy̆măchus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 204.――――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Thrasymēdes=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. Hyginus, fable 27.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――A son of Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Thrăsy̆mēnus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C. 217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle, and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius, 15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called the lake of Perugia. Strabo, bk. 5.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 765.――Plutarch.

=Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence, Threicius Sacerdos. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 645.

=Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 310.

=Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. Apollodorus.

=Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus.

=Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus Malicus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 20.――Strabo, bk. 9. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Another of Thesprotia.

=Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

=Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.

=Thūcy̆dĭdes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment the general began to write an impartial history of the important events which had happened during his administration, and which still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter. The character of this interesting history is well known, and the noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects; and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired, that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker, folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson, folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. Cicero, On Oratory, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 12.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Thucydides.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50. ――Quintilian.――――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.

=Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. Tacitus.

=Thūle=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean, to which, on account of its great distance from the continent, the ancients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situation was never accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 20.――Strabo, bk. 1.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 75; bk. 4, ch. 16.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 30.――Juvenal, satire 15, li. 112.

=Thuriæ=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 6.――Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Thurīnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had distinguished themselves there. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 7.

=Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. See: Etruria.

=Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.――――A place near Delphi.

=Thyădes= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas daughter of Castalius, and mother of Delphus by Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 302.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.

=Thyămis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.――Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 2.

=Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. Strabo.

=Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now Akisar. Livy, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.

=Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.

=Thyestes=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body. This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was. This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos, and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he died. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Sophocles, Ajax.――Hyginus, fable 86, &c.――Ovid, Ibis, li. 359.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 544; bk. 7, li. 451.――Seneca, Thyestes.

=Thymbra=, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.――――A plain in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from thence he is called Thymbræus. Achilles was killed there by Paris, according to some. Strabo, bk. 13.――Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 7, li. 22.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Thymbræus=, a surname of Apollo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 323; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 85. See: Thymbra.

=Thymbris=, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan. Apollodorus.――――A fountain and river of Sicily. Theocritus, poem 1, li. 100.

=Thymbron.= See: Thimbron.

=Thymĕle=, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 36.――Statius, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Thymiathis=, a river of Epirus. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Thymochăres=, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians.

=Thymœtes=, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of Bœotia, and was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of Athens by fighting the Bœotian king. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam. It was to revenge the king’s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon, according to some. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 32.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364.

=Thyni=, or =Bythyni=, a people of Bithynia, hence the word Thyna merx applied to their commodities. Horace, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Thyodămas.= See: ♦Theodamas.

♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

=Thyōne=, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with immortality by her son Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Thyōneus=, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called Thyone. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 23.――Ovid, bk. 4, Metamorphoses, li. 13.

=Thyotes=, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 438.

=Thyre=, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82. ――Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 48.

=Thyrea=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 76.

=Thyreum=, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called Thyrienses. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9.

=Thyreus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3. ――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Thyrĭdes=, three small islands at the point of Tænarus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Thyrsagĕtæ=, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Thyrsus=, a river of Sardinia, now Oristagni.

=Thysos=, a town near mount Athos.

=Thyus=, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

=Tiasa=, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Tibarēni=, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon. ――――A people of Pontus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Tiberias=, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same name, and called after Tiberius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 16.――Josephus, Antiquities, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Tiberīnus=, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed the name of Tiberis, of which he became the protecting god. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 20.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47.

=Tibĕris=, =Tyberis=, =Tiber=, or =Tibris=, a river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called Albula, from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named Tyrrhenus, because it watered Etruria, and Lydius, because the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; Ibis, li. 514.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 381, &c.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 30.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Tibērius Claudius Drusus Nero=, a Roman emperor after the death of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father, though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards, in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile, till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger. He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that, in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of Capreæ, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age, as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own. The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man, Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant. He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker, and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, “A Complaint on the death of Lucius Cæsar,” as also some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity, it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake, A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. “No,” said Tiberius; “a good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.” The senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus, in the months of July and August; but this he refused, saying, “What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?” Like the rest of the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till the last moment of his life. Suetonius, Lives, &c.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, &c.――Dio Cassius.――――A friend of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated, he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.――――One of the Gracchi. See: Gracchus.――――Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.――――A son of Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.――――A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire.

=Tibēsis=, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Tibiscus=, now Teisse, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same name, now Temeswar. It falls into the Danube.

=Tibris=. See: Tiberis.

=Tibŭla=, a town of Sardinia, now Lango Sardo.

=Tibullus Aulus Albius=, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neæra, and in these elegant effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755; and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. Ovid, bk. 3, Amores, poem 9; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 487.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Tibur=, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place, from which circumstance it has been called Herculei muri. In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air, had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles higher. Strabo, bk. 5.――Cicero, bk. 2, Orations, ch. 65. ――Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 21.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 630. ――Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 61, &c.

=Lucius Tiburtius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, wounded by Pompey’s soldiers.

=Tiburtus=, the founder of Tibur, often called Tiburtia mænia. He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 670.

=Tichis=, now Tech, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean.

=Tichius=, a name given to the top of mount Œta. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 16.

=Ticĭda=, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name of Petilla. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 433.

=Ticīnus=, now Tesino, a river near Ticinum, a small town of Italy, where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ticinus falls into the Po. Strabo, bk. 5. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 81.

=Tidius=, a man who joined Pompey, &c.

=Tiessa=, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Tifāta=, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 4.

=Tifernum=, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for distinction’s sake, is called Metaurense, near the Metaurus, in Umbria; the other, Tiberinum, on the Tiber; and the third, Samniticum, in the country of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 14. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Pliny, Sect. 4, ltr. 1.

=Tifernus=, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Livy, bk. 10, ch. 30.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Tigasis=, a son of Hercules.

=Tigellīnus=, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 72.――Plutarch.――Juvenal, satire 1.

=Tigellius=, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius Cæsar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness. He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 et seq. insinuates.

=Tigrānes=, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans. He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace, and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey, the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents, insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital, and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married. This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. Cicero, On Pompey’s Command. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.――Paterculus, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 37.――Justin, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.――Plutarch, Lucullus, Pompey, &c.――――A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――One of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of Armenia.――――A general of the Medes.――――A man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 26.――――A prince of Armenia in the age of Theodosius.

=Tigranocerta=, now Sered, the capital of Armenia, was built by Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 4. ――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Tigres=, a river of Peloponnesus, called also Harpys, from a person of the same name drowned in it. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Tigris=, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers could be easily traced. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.――Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Tigurīni=, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons of Switz, Zurich, Schaffhausen, and St. Gall. Their capital was Tigurnum. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Tilatæi=, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2.

=Tilavemptus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west of Aquileia.

=Tilfossius=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. Pausanias, Bœotia, ch. 33.

=Tilium=, a town of Sardinia, now Argentera.

=Tillius Cimber.= See: Tullius.

=Tilox=, a north-west cape of Corsica.

=Tilphussus=, a mountain of Bœotia.

=Timachus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring people were called Timachi. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Timæ=, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

=Timæus=, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An historian of Sicily, who flourished about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles. His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. Plutarch, Nicias.――Cicero, On Oratory.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Cornelius Nepos.――――A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Empedocles.――――A Pythagorean philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. Plato, Timæus. ――Plutarch.――――An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. Plutarch. ――――A sophist, who wrote a book called Lexicon vocum Platonicarum.

=Timagĕnes=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron, burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign. Plutarch.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.――Quintilian.――――An historian and rhetorician of Miletus.――――A man who wrote an account of the life of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A general, killed at Cheronæa.

=Timagŏras=, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.――Suidas.――――Another. See: Meles.

=Timandra=, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadi. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A mistress of Alcibiades.

=Timandrĭdes=, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 32.

=Timanthes=, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of Achilles. Cicero, On Oratory.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 11. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Timarchus=, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles the disciple of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A rhetorician, who hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.――――A Cretan, accused before Nero of oppression. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 20.――――An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A king of Salamis.――――A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of Antiochus, &c.

=Timareta=, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Timasion=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c.

=Timasitheus=, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to his descendants in the island. Diodorus, bk. 14.――Plutarch, Camillus.

=Tĭmāvus=, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 6; Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 44 & 248.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Timesius=, a native of Clazomenæ, who began to build Abdera. He was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 168.

=Timochăris=, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. See: Aristillus.

=Timoclēa=, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at Cheronæa. One of Alexander’s soldiers offered her violence, after which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Timŏcles=, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces, the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant. Athenæus, bk. 6.――――A statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Timocrătes=, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.――――A Syracusan who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant.

=Timocreon=, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ, distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his grave:

_Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius._

=Timodēmus=, the father of Timoleon.

=Timolāus=, a Spartan, intimate with Philopœmen, &c.――――A son of the celebrated Zenobia.――――A general of Alexander, put to death by the Thebans.

=Timoleon=, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the sense of natural liberty. “Timoleon,” says he, “if you accept of the command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother’s murderer.” This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships, accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general. This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection; and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for 1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans; and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance, and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon, and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father, whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini. Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true. Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era. His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called from him Timoleonteum; but the tears of a grateful nation were more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his death. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lives.――Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 3.――Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Timōlus.= See: Tmolus.

=Timomăchus=, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius. His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were purchased for 80 talents by Julius Cæsar, and deposited in the temple of Venus at Rome. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A general of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. Xenophon.

=Timon=, a native of Athens, called Misanthrope, for his unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own, and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he was one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he went into the public assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang themselves in his garden. Plutarch, Alcibiades, &c.――Lucan, Timon.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A Greek poet, son of Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius.――Athenæus, bks. 6 & 13.――――An athlete of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 12.

=Timophănes=, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.――――A man of Mitylene, celebrated for his riches, &c.

=Timotheus=, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of 1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another musician of Bœtia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of Darius. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 12.――Plutarch, de Musica, de Fortuna, &c.――――An Athenian general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned temperance and moderation. Athenæus, bk. 10, ch. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.――Plutarch, Sulla, &c.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.――Cornelius Nepos.――――A Greek statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, who murdered his father. Diodorus, bk. 16.――――A king of the Sapæi.

=Timoxĕnus=, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c. Polyænus.――――A general of the Achæans.

=Tingis=, now Tangiers, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the people for their founder. Plutarch, Sertorius.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.

=Tinia=, a river of Umbria, now Topino, falling into the Clitumnus. Strabo, bk. 5.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Tipha=, a town of Bœtia, where Hercules had a temple. Ovid, ltr. 6, li. 48.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Tiphys=, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus was chosen in his place. Orphica.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――Apollonius.――Valerius Flaccus.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32. ――Hyginus, fables 14 & 18.

=Tiphysa=, a daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

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