A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 5 of 10)

A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 5 of 10)

=Epigŏni=, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that, next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer poem.” Pausanias, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3. ――Diodorus, bk. 4.――――This name has been applied to the sons of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed connections with the women of Asia.

=Epĭgŏnus=, a mathematician of Ambracia.

=Epigranea=, a fountain in Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Epīi= and =Epēi=, a people of Elis.

=Epilarus=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Epimĕlĭdes=, the founder of Corone. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Epimĕnes=, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Epimenĭdes=, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47, or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was. His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in the Grecian communities. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 34. ――Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.――Plutarch, Solon.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 12.

=Epĭmētheus=, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had brought with her [See: Pandora], and from thence issued a train of evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.――Hyginus, fable.――Hesiod, Theogony. See: Prometheus.

=Epĭmēthis=, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 390.

=Epĭochus=, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.

=Epiŏne=, the wife of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

=Epiphanea=, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now Surpendkar. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4. ――――Another of Syria on the Euphrates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Epiphănes= (illustrious), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of Syria.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of the Lagidæ. Strabo, bk. 17.

=Epipanius=, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by Dionysius Petavius, 2 vols., Paris, 1622. The bishop died A.D. 403.

=Epipŏlæ=, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed 60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles long, and of great height and thickness.

=Epīrus=, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman dominions. It is now called Larta. Strabo, bk. 7.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 121.

=Epistrŏphus=, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad.

=Epitades=, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made. Plutarch, Agis.

=Epitus.= See: Epytus.

=Epium=, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.

=Epŏna=, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union with a mare.

=Epŏpeus=, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes. This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were both killed. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 619.

=Eporedōrix=, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his countrymen in their war against the Sequani. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Epŭlo=, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 459.

=Epytides=, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 547.

=Epy̆tus=, a king of Alba. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 44.――――A king of Arcadia.――――A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ. ――――The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17.

=Equajusta=, a town of Thessaly.

=Equĭcŏlus=, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 684.

=Equīria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 859.

=Equotutĭcum=, now Castel Franco, a little town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 87,

Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est.

=Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty. Curtius, bk. 10.

=Eræa=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

=Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Erăsēnus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 275. ――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

=Erasistrătus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C. 257. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.――Plutarch, Demetrius.

=Erăto=, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly devoted to love. Apollodorus, bk. 10.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 37.――Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 425.――――One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the Danaides, who married Bromius.――――A queen of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Eratosthĕnes=, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 6.――Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Eratostrătus=, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. Plutarch, Alexander.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Erātus=, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. Apollodorus.――――A king of Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.

=Erbessus=, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now Monte Bibino. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 30.

=Erchia=, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2, ch. 48.

=Erĕbus=, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they passed into the Elysian fields. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 17.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 26.

=Erechtheus=, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 877.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――Cicero, For Sestius, ch. 21; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 48; Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Erechthĭdes=, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 430.

=Erembi=, a people of Arabia.

=Erēmus=, a country of Ethiopia.

=Erenēa=, a village of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Eressa=, a town of Æolia.

=Erēsus=, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.

=Erĕtria=, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called Melaneis and Arotria. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 4.

=Erētum=, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 711.――Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.

=Eruthalion=, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. Homer, Iliad.

=Ergăne=, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.――――A surname of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Ergenna=, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. Persius, satire 2, li. 26.

=Ergias=, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.

=Ergīnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bœotia with an army. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.――――A river of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A son of Neptune.――――One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Polyænus, bk. 6.

=Erginnus=, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis.

=Eribœa=, a surname of Juno. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.――――The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocles.

=Eribotes=, a man skilled in medicine, &c. Orpheus.

=Erĭcētes=, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.

=Erichtho=, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 507.――――One of the Furies. Ovid.――Hesiod, bk. 2, li. 151.

=Erichthŏnius=, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. See: Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 553.――Hyginus, fable 166.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 113.――――A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 years. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Ericinium=, a town of Macedonia.

=Ericūsa=, one of the Lipari isles, now Alicudi.

=Erĭdănus=, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. Cicero, Aratus, li. 145.――Claudian, Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti, bk. 6, li. 175.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 3.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 409.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 482; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 659.

=Erĭgŏne=, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of Virgo. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.――Statius, bk. 11, Thebiad, li. 644.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Hyginus, fables 1 & 24.――――A daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18. ――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Erigoneius=, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 723.

=Erĭgŏnus=, a river of Thrace.――――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Erigȳus=, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Erillus=, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Erindes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 16.

=Erinna=, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Erinnys=, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the fury of the mind, ἐρις νους. See: Eumenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 337.――――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

=Eriopis=, a daughter of Medea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Eriphănis=, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. Athenæus, bk. 14.

=Eriphidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Erĭphȳle=, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 445.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 18.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.――Hyginus, fable 73.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Eris=, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. See: Discordia.

=Erisichthon=, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. Ovid, Metamorphoses, fable 18.

=Erithus=, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

=Erixo=, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. Seneca, bk. 1, de Clementia, ch. 14.

=Erōchus=, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Erōpus= or =Æropes=, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Eros=, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. Plutarch, Antonius.――――A comedian. Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, ch. 2.――――A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. See: Cupido.

=Erostrătus.= See: Eratostratus.

=Erōtia=, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

=Errūca=, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

=Erse=, a daughter of Cecrops. See: Herse.

=Erxias=, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

=Eryălus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 411.

=Erybium=, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

=Erycīna=, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 874.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

=Ery̆manthis=, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus. ――――Arcadia is also known by that name.

=Erymanthus=, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 802.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 499.

=Ery̆mas=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Erymnæ=, a town of Thessaly. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――Of Magnesia.

=Erymneus=, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

=Ery̆mus=, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

=Erythea=, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 195.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 649.――――A daughter of Geryon. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.

=Erythīni=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Erȳthræ=, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.――Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――A town of Bœotia. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――One in Libya,――――another in Locris.

=Ery̆thræum mare=, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word Erythran, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the redness (ἐρυθρος, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.――Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ery̆thras=, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.――――A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called Erythræum. Arrian, Indica, bk. 6, ch. 10.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Erythrion=, a son of Athamas and Themistone. Apollodorus.

=Ery̆thros=, a place of Latium.

=Eryx=, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 402.――――An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A mountain of Sicily, now Giuliano, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 478.――Hyginus, fables 16 & 260. ――Livy, bk. 22, ch. 9.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Eryxo=, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Esernus=, a famous gladiator. Cicero.

=Esquĭliæ= and =Esquilīnus mons=, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called Esquilinæ alites. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 11.――Horace, epode 5, li. 100.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Essedŏnes=, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Essui=, a people of Gaul.

=Estiæotis=, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

=Esŭla=, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

=Estiaia=, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

=Etearchus=, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 154.

=Eteŏcles=, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. Statius, Thebiad.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.――Euripides, Phœnician Women.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Pausanias.

=Eteŏclus=, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. Euripides.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Iphis.

=Eteocrētæ=, an ancient people of Crete.

=Eteones=, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 266.

=Eteoneus=, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 22.

=Eteonīcus=, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diodorus, bk. 13.――Polyænus, bk. 1.

=Etēsiæ=, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 741.

=Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 647.

=Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. Strabo.

=Ethŏda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

=Ethēmon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 163.

=Etias=, a daughter of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etrūria.= See: Hetruria.

=Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. See: Hetruria. Cicero, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Etylus=, the father of Theocles. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21. ――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 800.――――A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

=Evăgŏras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 12, ch. 2.――Diodorus, bk. 14.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Justin, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A king of Rhodes.――――An historian of Lindos.――――Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. Pliny, bk. 10.

=Evăgŏre=, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

=Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! by his priestesses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 517.

=Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 18. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.――――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

=Evangĕlus=, a Greek historian.――――A comic poet.

=Evangorĭdes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.――――A celebrated Greek poet.――――An historian of Miletus. ――――A philosopher of Samos.――――A writer of Cyzicus.――――A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 102.

=Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 702.

=Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 2.

=Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. See: Druidæ.

=Eubātas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. Pausanias, Elis, bk. 1.

=Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 415.

=Eubœa=, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of Macris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Abantis, Asopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 155.――――One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――A town of Sicily near Hybla.

=Euboĭcus=, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 257.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

=Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Eubūle=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Eubūlĭdes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A famous statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Eubūlus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――――A comic poet. ――――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――――A philosopher of Alexandria.

=Eucērus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 60.

=Euchēnor=, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. Apollodorus.

=Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire.

=Euclīdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Socrates.――――A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 12.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 72.

=Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Eucrăte=, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

=Eucrătes=, the father of Procles the historian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21.

=Eucritus.= See: Evephenus.

=Euctēmon=, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

=Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus.

=Eudæmon=, a general of Alexander.

=Eudamĭdas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.――――The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus.

=Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.――――A learned naturalist and philosopher.

=Eudēmus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.――――An historian of Naxos.

=Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

=Eudocĭmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. Polyænus.

=Eudōra=, one of the Nereides.――――One of the Atlantides.

=Eudōrus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16.

=Eudoxi Specŭla=, a place in Egypt.

=Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――――A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.

=Eudoxus=, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 187.――Diogenes Laërtius.――Petronius, ch. 88.――――A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.――――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――――A physician. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

=Euemĕrĭdas=, an historian of Cnidus.

=Evemĕrus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

=Evēnor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 9.

=Evēnus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.――――A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 104.――Strabo, bk. 7.――――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 467.

=Evephēnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――A son of Hercules and Parthenope.――――The father of Tiresias. Apollodorus.

=Evergĕtæ=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Evergĕtes=, a surname signifying benefactor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

=Evesperĭdes=, a people of Africa. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Eugănei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 604.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

=Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

=Euhemerus.= See: Evemerus.

=Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. Horace, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

=Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras. ――――Another. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 303.

=Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 417.

=Eulimĕne=, one of the Nereides.

=Eumăchius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

=Eumæus=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

=Eumēdes=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 346.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēlis=, a famous augur. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 8, li. 49.

=Eumēlus=, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. Iliad, bks. 2 & 23.――――A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 390.――――A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 665.――――One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304.

=Eumĕnes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.――Diodorus, bk. 19.――Justin, bk. 13.――Curtius, bk. 10.――Arrian.――――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. Strabo, bk. 15.――――The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strabo, bk. 13.――Justin, bks. 31 & 34.――Polybius.――――A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.――――An historical writer in Alexander’s army.

=Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――Of Hyrcania.

=Eumĕnĭdes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, Ovid, bk. 3, Tristia, poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēnĭdes=, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiæ, Erinnyes, and Diræ, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. Aeschylus, Eumenides. ――Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.

=Eumĕnĭdia=, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner.

=Eumēnius=, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 666.

=Eumolpe=, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

=Eumolpĭdæ=, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Eumolpus=, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. See: Eumolpidæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c. ――Hyginus, fable 73.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Eumonides=, a Theban, &c. Plutarch.

=Eunæus=, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

=Eunapius=, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

=Eunŏmia=, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. Apollodorus.

=Eunŏmus=, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. Strabo, bk. 6.――――A man killed by Hercules. Apollodorus. ――――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

=Eunus=, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. Plutarch, Sertorius.

=Euonymos=, one of the Lipari isles.

=Euoras=, a grove of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eupagium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Eupalămon=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 360.

=Eupalămus=, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Eupător=, a son of Antiochus. The surname of Eupator was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Eupătoria=, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pompeiopolis by Pompey. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 2. ――――Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenikeh. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Eupeithes=, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16.

=Euphaes=, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. Pausanias, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

=Euphantus=, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’

=Euphēme=, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Pausanias.

=Euphēmus=, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. Pindar, Pythian, poem 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――One of the Greek captains before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 353.

=Euphorbus=, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 160.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17. ――Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 17.――――A physician of Juba king of Mauritania.

=Euphorion=, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him Obscurum.――――The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

=Euphrānor=, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――This name was common to many Greeks.

=Euphrātes=, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.――――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A. D. 118. Dio Cassius.――――A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. Strabo, bk. 11. ――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

=Euphron=, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Euphrŏsy̆na=, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Euplæa=, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 149.

=Eupŏlis=, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――Ælian.

=Eupompus=, a geometrician of Macedonia.――――A painter. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Eurianassa=, a town near Chios. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Eurĭpĭdes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the summum bonum and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, woman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. Diodorus, bk. 13.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 50; Orator, bk. 3, ch. 7; Academica bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 3; Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bks. 1 & 4, &c.

=Eurīpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 6. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 95.――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Euristhenes.= See: Eurysthenes.

=Eurōmus=, a city of Caria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

=Eurōpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 275.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 222.――――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 13.――Moschus, Idylls.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.――――A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Eurŏpæus=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 23.

=Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Eurōpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A town of Macedonia on the Axius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eurōtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. Strabo, bk. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Livy, bk. 35, ch. 29. ――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 82.――Ptolemy, bk. 4.――――A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. Strabo, bk. 6.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Etrōto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus.

=Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 2; Metamorphoses, bk. 11, &c.

=Euryăle=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. Flaccus, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――――A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――――One of the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 207.

=Euryălus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――――An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophocles.――――A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. See: Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 179.――――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 25.――――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Erybătes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 32.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 3.――――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――One of the Argonauts.

=Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. Hesiod.――――A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.――――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Eurybiădes=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” Herodotus, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.――Plutarch, Themistocles.――Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.

=Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A son of Nereus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Euryclēa=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19.

=Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plutarch.――――A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius. ――――A soothsayer of Athens.

=Eurycrătes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurycrătĭdas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurydămas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 148.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 283.――――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

=Eurydăme=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. Herodotus.

=Eurydămĭdas=, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eury̆dĭce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.――――The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. See: Orpheus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.――――A daughter of Adrastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Actor. Apollodorus. ――――A wife of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A daughter of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of king Philip. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. Homer, Odyssey.――――A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. Plutarch, Demetrius.

=Eurygania=, a wife of Œdipus. Apollodorus.

=Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

=Eury̆lŏchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 287.――――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Eury̆măchus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c. ――――One of Penelope’s suitors.――――A son of Antenor.――――A lover of Hippodamia. Pausanias.

=Eury̆mĕde=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. Apollodorus.

=Eurymĕdon=, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.――――A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――――A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

=Eurymĕnes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus.

=Eurynŏme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod.――――A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――――A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 136.――――The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――One of Penelope’s female attendants. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 515.――――An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plutarch, Nicias.

=Eurynŏmus=, one of the deities of hell. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 28.

=Euryŏne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

=Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called Eurypontidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Eurypy̆le=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Eury̆py̆lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――――A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2. ――――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 114.――Ovid.

=Eurysthĕnes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidæ; and those of Procles, Proclidæ. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidæ. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.

=Eurysthenĭdæ.= See: Eurysthenes.

=Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. See: Alcmena. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. Hyginus, fables 30 & 32. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 292.

=Eury̆te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. Apollodorus. ――――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. Apollodorus.

=Euryteæ=, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Eury̆tĕle=, a daughter of Thespius.――――A daughter of Leucippus. Apollodorus.

=Eurythĕmis=, the wife of Thestius. Apollodorus.

=Eury̆thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12. ――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Hesiod, Theogony.――――A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. Polyænus, bk. 2. ――――One of the Argonauts. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 311. ――――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 495. ――――A silversmith. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 499.――――A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics.

=Eury̆tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.

=Eury̆tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 439.――――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.――――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.――――A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollodorus.――――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar. ――――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

=Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented.

=Eusebius=, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

=Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

=Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.――――A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

=Eutæa=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. See: Musæ.――――The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some.

=Euthycrătes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

=Euthydēmus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Euthȳmus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Eutrapĕlus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――――A hair-dresser. Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

=Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 32.

=Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of Clarissimus prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, Cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1729 & 1762.――――A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

=Eutychĭde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Eutychĭdes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus.――――A sculptor.

=Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. Apollodorus.

=Euxenĭdas=, a painter, &c. Pliny, bk. 35.

=Euxĕnus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

=Euxīnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, inhospitable, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, hospitable. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the Black sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.――Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 3.――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

=Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

=Exadius=, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 264.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 266.

=Exæthes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

=Exagŏnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Exomătræ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 144.

F

=Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when beans (fabæ) were presented as an oblation.

=Fabăris=, now Farfa, a river of Italy in the territories of the Sabines, called also Farfarus, Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 715.

=Fabia.= See: Fabius Fabricianus.

=Făbia lex=, de ambitu, was to circumscribe the number of Sectatores or attendants which were allowed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

=Făbia=, a tribe at Rome. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――――A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

=Făbiāni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the Fabian family.

=Făbii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was divided into six different branches, the Ambusti, the Maximi, the Vibulani, the Buteones, the Dorsones, and the Pictores, the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman history, but the others seldom. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 9, ch. 5.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 235.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 845.

=Făbius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of Maximus, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism.――――Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the loss of his compositions.――――Marcellinus, an historian in the second century.――――A Roman lawyer whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――――Quintus Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verrucosus from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades, for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or delayer. Such operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the public treasury. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Livy.――Polybius.――――His son bore the same name, and showed himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship, he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. Plutarch, Fabius Maximus. ――――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――――A loquacious person mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――――A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricide. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. Plutarch.――――A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in Italy.――――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators. ――――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――――A son of Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――――A Roman surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――Another chosen general against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of Annibal. Plutarch, Parallela minora. ――――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in Spain.――――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spain. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――――Dorso. See: Dorso.

=Fābrātĕria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 24.

=Fabrĭcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero.――――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis.――Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 844.――――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius, over the Tiber. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’

=Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 68.

=Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 9, li. 117.――Hyginus, fable 261.

=Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Fæsŭlæ=, now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. Cicero, For Lucius Murena, ch. 24.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 478.――Sallust, Catilinae Coniuratio, ch. 27.

=Falcīdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs.

=Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now Fallerona, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Falerii= (or ium), now Palari, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. See: Falisci. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 46. ――Livy, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 84; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.――Cato, De Re Rustica, bks. 4 & 14. ――Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 7, li. 695. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 23.

=Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 14.――Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 57.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 96.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15. ――Strabo, bk. 5.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Fălisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they surrendered to the Romans. Plutarch, Camillus.

=Faliscus Gratius.= See: Gratius.

=Fama= (fame), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. Statius, bk. 3, Thebiad, li. 427.

=Fannia=, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her husband.

=Fannia lex=, de sumptibus, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 asses a day at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other days, and 10 at all other times.

=Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in Brutus.

=Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――――A person who killed himself when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 80.――――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

=Fanum Vacūnæ=, a village in the country of the Sabines. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Farfărus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above Capena. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.

=Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (fascis), and placed at Aricia.

=Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 261.

=Faucŭla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Faventia=, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 597.――Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 15. ――Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

=Faveria=, a town of Istria. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 11.

=Faula=, a mistress of Hercules.

=Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally called Marica. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of Fatua and Fatidica. It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use of wine. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.――Varro.――Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.

=Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

=Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 10. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 392.

=Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10, li. 55.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 17.

=Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 19.

=Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

=Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64. ――――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices.

=Faustīna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married Marcus Aurelius.――――The third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that name.

=Faustĭtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over cattle. Horace, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

=Faustŭlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4.――Justin, bk. 43, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Romulus.

=Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, satire 7, li. 12.

=Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――――The Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were also called Februa, whence the name of the month of February, during which the oblations were made.

=Feciāles=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War.

=Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown. Suetonius, Divus Claudius, ch. 18.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

=Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Cumæ.――――One of the gates at Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 578.

=Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now considered as Finland. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 46.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Ferālia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty.

=Ferentīnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called Ferentinates, or Ferentini. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.

=Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now Forenza. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.――Livy, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

=Fĕrētrius=, a surname of Jupiter, a ferendo, because he had assisted the Romans, or a feriendo, because he had conquered their enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called opima were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 10.――Plutarch, Romulus.――Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 20.

=Feriæ Latīnæ=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates, offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 49.――Cicero, ltr. 6.――Livy, bk. 21, &c. The feriæ among the Romans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were either public or private. The public were of four different kinds. The feriæ stativæ were certain immovable days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The feriæ conceptivæ were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the feriæ Latinæ, which were first established by Tarquin, and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces; the Compitalia, &c. The feriæ imperativæ were appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The feriæ Nundinæ were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The feriæ privatæ were observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the feriæ were observed were called by the Romans festi dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity.

=Fērōnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves. The name is derived a ferendo, because she gave assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 26. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.――Varro, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――Silius Italicus, bk. 13.――Strabo, bk. 5. ――Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

=Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine verses were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 695.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

=Fesŭlæ=, or =Fæsulæ=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

=Fibrēnus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 400.――Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now Serpentera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called Ficulnensis, afterwards Nomentana Via. Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 34.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

=Fidēna=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 773.――Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44. ――Livy, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17 & 21.

=Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 28.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 54.

=Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

=Fĭdĭcŭlæ=, a place of Italy. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 2 & 9.

=Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. Plutarch, Lucullus.

=Firmum=, now Fermo, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called Castellum Firmanum. Cicero, bk. 8, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 8.――Velleius, bk. 1, ch. 14.

=Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

=Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 518.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plutarch.――――A poet. See: Valerius.――――A governor of Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles. ――――A name of Horace. See: Horatius.

=Ælia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.

=Flāmĭnia lex=, agraria, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525. It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.

=Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――――A gate of Rome opening to the same road, now del popolo.

=Caius Flāmĭnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends, of the senate, and of his own father. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 17.――Livy, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.――Polybius.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius=, or =Flaminīnus=, a celebrated Roman raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of his model Scipio. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Florus.――――Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. Plutarch, Flaminius.――――Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.

=Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of Carnero. Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.

=Flāvia lex=, agraria, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers and the commons.

=Flāviānum=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 696.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 492.

=Flāvinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 696.

=Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacitus.――――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――――A Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate against him.――――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――――A tribune who wounded one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――――A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――――One of the names of the emperor Domitian. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 37.

=Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on its falling into the sea called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was afterwards called Helium, now Ulie, when its breadth became more contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of Flevum Frisiorum. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Flōra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. See: Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 195, &c. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1.――Lactantius, bk. 1, ch. 20.――――A celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the rest.――――Another courtesan, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

=Florālia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as he retired. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 10.――Varro, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1.――Paterculus, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 29.

♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Flōrentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Floriānus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two months, A.D. 276.

=Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760.――――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him.

=Fluōnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood. Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

=Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and for her petulance. Horace, epode 5, li. 42.

=Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day, and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 181.

=Fontānus=, a poet mentioned by Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16.

=Fontēia=, a vestal virgin. Cicero.

=Fontēius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the death of Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. Plutarch, Antonius.

=Formiæ=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for its excellent wines, and was called Mamurrarum urbs, from a family of consequence and opulence who lived there. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 14; bk. 38, ch. 36.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17; bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Formiānum=, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was assassinated. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 11, ltr. 27; bk. 16, ltr. 10.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Formio=, now Risano, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 18 & 19.

=Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 525.

=Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum Appii_. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Fortūna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country. Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities, and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in her hands. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 569.――Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum & Caius Marcius Coriolanus.――Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2.――Livy, bk. 10. ――Augustine, City of God, bk. 4.――Florus, bk. 1.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 5.――Lucan, bk. 2, &c.

=Fortūnātæ insulæ=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are supposed to be the Canary isles of the moderns, thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. Strabo, bk. 1. ――Plutarch, Sertorius.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16. ――Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.

=Fŏrŭli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. Strabo, bk. 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. Cicero, bk. 1, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3. ――――Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 552. ――――Allieni, a town of Italy, now Ferrara. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――Claudii, another in Etruria, now Oriolo.――――Cornelii, another, now Imola, in the Pope’s dominions. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――――Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Frontignan, in Languedoc.――――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes and Marseilles. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.――――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic.――――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now Castel Franco, in the Bolognese. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 30.――――Also a town of Venice called Forojuliensis urbs, now Friuli. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 26.――――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 17. ――Strabo, bk. 4.――――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. Polybius. ――――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the name of Forum wherever there was a public market, or rather where the pretor held his court of justice (forum vel conventus), and thence they were called sometimes conventus as well as fora, into which provinces were generally divided under the administration of a separate governor. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; Against Vatinius, ch. 5; Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 21.

=Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 36.

=Fossa=, the straits of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Drusi, or Drusiana, a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 1.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, and now called Galejon. Sometimes the word is used in the plural, Fossæ, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Fossæ Philistinæ=, one of the mouths of the Po. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. Claudian.

=Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She presided over treachery, &c.

=Frĕgella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the Romans, Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 452.――Livy, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 76.

=Fregēnæ=, a town of Etruria. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Frentāni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name from the river Frento, now Fortore, which runs through the eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Diomede. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 45.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 520.

=Fretum= (the sea), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 26.――Cicero, bk. 2, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 1.

=Frigĭdus=, a river of Tuscany.

=Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the Frisons of Friesland. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 60; Histories, bk. 4, chs. 15 & 72; Germania, ch. 36.

=Sextus Julius Frontīnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying memoria nostri durabit, si vitam meruimus. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1779.

=Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteemed.――――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 12.

=Frŭsĭno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of the Liris. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 223.――Livy, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 399.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.

=Fūcĭnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high mountains, is now called Celano, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 56.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Fufĭdius=, a wretched usurer, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2.

=Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.

=Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.

=Fulgĭnātes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now Foligno. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 462. ――Pliny, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Q. Fulgīnus=, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. Cæsar, Civil War.

=Fulgōra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of thunder. Augustine, City of God, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria.

=Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.

=Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Cicero & Antonius.――――A woman who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life. Plutarch, Cicero.

=Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――――A friend of Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Plutarch, Gracchus.――――Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after this sacrilege. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 2.――――Servius Nobilior, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards rewarded with the consulship.

=Fundānus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called Lacus Fundanus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.――Livy, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 25.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 59.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Fŭriæ=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to some. See: Eumenides.

=Fŭrii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. Plutarch, Camillus.

=Fŭria lex=, de Testamentis, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 asses, except to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more exceptions. Cicero, bk. 1, Against Verres, ch. 42.――Livy, bk. 35.

=Furīna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the Tuscans by his colleague.――――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom, and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted.――――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. Quintilian, bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.――Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.

=Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, li. 52.――――A friend of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.

=Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10, to him.――――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci, where he perished. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 112.

=Fusia lex=, de Comitiis, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though among the fasti.――――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――――Caninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves.

=Fusius=, a Roman orator. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory, ch. 22.――――A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the provinces. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.――――A Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of a ghost; but in vain.

G

=Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Gabellus=, now La Secchia, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Gabēne= and =Gabiēne=, a country of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Gabia= and =Gabina=. See: Gabina.

=Găbiēnus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey. It is maintained that he spoke after death.

=Găbii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up their dress, whence Gabinus cinctus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.――Livy, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 709. ――Plutarch, Romulus.

=Găbīna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 682.

=Găbīnia lex=, de Comitiis, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not vivâ voce.――――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends of February to those of March.――――Another, de Comitiis, which made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――――Another, de Militiâ, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea.――――Another, de Usurâ, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of versuram facere.――――Another, against fornication.

=Gabiniānus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.

=Găbīnius=, a Roman historian.――――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――――A lieutenant of Antony. ――――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

=Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gadīra=, a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. It was some time called Tartessus and Erythia, according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of Cadiz. Geryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were called Gaditani, and their women were known for their agility of body, and their incontinency. Horace, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11. ――Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 183.――Livy, bk. 21, ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――Strabo, bk. 3.――Cicero, for Cornelius Balbus.――Justin, bk. 44, ch. 4.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.――Ptolemy, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Gādītānus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. See: Gades.

=Gæsātæ=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking and plundering Rome under Brennus. Strabo, bk. 5.

=Gætūlia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now called Bildulgerid. Sallust, Jugurthine War.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 287.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 42.――――A poet who wrote some epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though he often indulged in indelicate expressions.

=Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.

=Galăbrii=, a nation near Thrace.

=Galactophăgi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.

=Galæsus.= See: Galesus.

=Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood. This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alcmena. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 2.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.

=Galăta=, a town of Syria.――――An island near Sicily.――――A town of Sicily.――――A mountain of Phocis.

=Gălătæ=, the inhabitants of Galatia. See: Galatia.

=Gălătæa= and =Galathæa=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 789.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 103.――――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were called Galatæ. Ammianus, bk. 15.――――A country girl, &c. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.

=Gălătia=, or =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking of Rome. Strabo, bk. 12.――Justin, bk. 37, ch. 4.――Livy, bk. 38, chs. 12, 40.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 540.――Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 5.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.

=Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks.

=Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――――A king among the Gauls, who made war against Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――――A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 4. ――――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence. He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age, and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.――Tacitus.――――A learned man, grandfather to the emperor of the same name. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 4. ――――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius Scribonius, urged as due to him. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 53; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Galēnus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many, astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited. Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5 vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very incorrect.

=Galeolæ=, certain prophets in Sicily. Cicero.

=Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.――――The wife of Vitellius. Cæsar. ――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 60.――――Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius.

=Gălērius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian. See: Maximianus.

=Gălēsus=, now Galeso, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they bathed in the stream. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 126.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 10.――――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all the enmities between the hostile nations. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 335.

=Galilæa=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.

=Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.

=Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war. They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations, but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the defence of their country. Cæsar, Gallic War.――Strabo, bk. 4. ――Tacitus. See: Gallia.――――The priests of Cybele, who received that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele. See: Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. See: Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 36.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 466.――Lucian, de Deâ Syriâ.

=Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called Galli, Celtiberi, and Celtoscythæ, by themselves Celtæ, by the Greeks Galatæ. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgia was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle of France. Gallia Narbonensis, which contained the provinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c., was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Celtica, or Lugdunensis, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and by Transalpina, that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispadana, and Transpadana, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia Togata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, togæ, were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of Comata is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages. They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. See: Druidæ. They long maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10 years in their country before he could totally subdue them. Cæsar, Gallic War.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.――Strabo, bk. 5, &c.

=Gallicānus mons=, a mountain of Campania.

=Gallĭcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was divided among the Roman citizens. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39, ch. 44.――Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 2.――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.

=Galliēnus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his activity and military character, in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists, and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30 tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A.D. 268.

=Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 307.

=Gallipŏlis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.

=Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of Gallogræci, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in their emigration. Strabo, bk. 2.

=Caius Gallōnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.

=P. Gallōnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined well, because he was never hungry. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.

=Gallus.= See: Alectryon.――――A general of Otho, &c. Plutarch.――――A lieutenant of Sylla.――――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――――Caius, a friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipses. Cicero, de Senectute. ――――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus. ――――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of Augustus. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 8.――Virgil, Eclogues, poems 6 & 10.――Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――――Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――――A Roman who assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne. He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A.D. 253.――――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354. ――――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 361.

=Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting.

=Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as Gamelius was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over marriages.――――A festival privately observed at three different times. The first was the celebration of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion among the Athenians. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Gandarītæ=, an Indian nation.

=Gangama=, a place near the Palus Mæotis.

=Gangrărĭdæ=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.――Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 2.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 27. ――Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east. It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers, it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances. The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of the Rhine. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 230.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 87.――Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 31.

=Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman general, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Găny̆mēde=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Găny̆mēdes=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 24.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 28, li. 231.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 252. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 155.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.

=Garætĭcum=, a town of Africa.

=Gărămantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 334.――Strabo, bk. 2.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.――Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.

=Gărămantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus by Jupiter. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 198.

=Gărămas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupiter.

=Gărătas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Gareătæ=, a people of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Gargānus=, now St. Angelo, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 257.――Lucan, bk. 5, li. 880.

=Gargăphia=, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name, where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 156.

=Gargăris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in vain to destroy. He made him his successor. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 44.

=Gargărus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 103. ――Macrobius, bk. 5, ch. 20.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 16.

=Gargĭlius Martialis=, an historian.――――A celebrated hunter. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.

=Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by Hercules.

=Garĭtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

=Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over valleys. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.

♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’

=Gastron=, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. Polybius, bk. 2.

=Gatheæ=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gaugramēla=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.――Strabo, bks. 2 & 16.

=Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 667.――Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 160.――Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 99.

=Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a siege of two months. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 435.

=Gēdrōsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. Strabo, bk. 2.

=Gegănii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the vestals created by Numa. Plutarch, Numa.

=Gĕla=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a small river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era. After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The inhabitants were called Gelenses, Geloi, and Gelani. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 702.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 46.

=Gelānor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16. See: Danaus.

=Gellia Cornelia lex=, de Civitate, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey should remain in the possession of that liberty.

=Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. Diodorus, bk. 13.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Gellius=, a censor, &c. Plutarch, Pompey.――――A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. Plutarch.

=Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius, about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called Noctes Atticæ, because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.

=Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod. His brother Hiero succeeded him. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 42. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 11.――――A man who attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――――A governor of Bœotia.――――A son of Hiero the younger. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A general of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Geloi=, the inhabitants of Gela. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 701.

=Gĕlōnes= and =Gĕlōni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 15; Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725,――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Claudian, Against Rufinus, bk. 1, li. 315.

=Gelos=, a port of Caira. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Gemĭni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda.

=Gemĭnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation of his affairs at Rome, &c.――――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. Plutarch, Caius Marius.――――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a favourite mistress called Flora. Plutarch.

=Gemĭnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.

=Gemoniæ=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown. Suetonius, Tiberius, chs. 53 & 61.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 74.

=Genābum=, a town of Gaul, now Orleans, on the Loire. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 440.

=Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.

=Gēnēva=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.

=Genīsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 45.

=Genius=, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients, presided over the birth and life of every man. See: Dæmon.

=Gensĕric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa, where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.

=Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.

=Genua=, now Genoa, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 32; bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Genūcius=, a tribune of the people.――――A consul.

=Genŭsus=, now Semno, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 462.

=Genutia lex=, de magistratibus, by Lucius Genutius the tribune, A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one year.

=Georgĭca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans. The word is derived from γεα terra, and ἐργον opus, because it particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas, the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called Works and Days.

=Georgius Pisida.= See: Pisida.

=Gephȳra=, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Gephȳræi=, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia, and from thence into Attica. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 57.

=Geræstus=, a port of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45.

=Gerānia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.

=Geranthræ=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 27.

=Gergithum=, a town near Cumæ in Æolia Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gergōvia=, a town of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 9.

=Gerion=, an ancient augur.

=Germānia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals, who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and, in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher. Tacitus, Germania.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.――Cæsar, Gallic War.――Strabo, bk. 4.

=Germānĭcus Cæsar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina, by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning, humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse. Suetonius.――――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of an army. Domitian applied the name of Germanicus, which he himself had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself. Suetonius, Domitian, ch. 13.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.

=Germanii=, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Geronthræ=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called Geronthræa, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter during the time of the solemnity. Pausanias, Laconia.

♦=Gerrhæ=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 71.

♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’

=Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 56.

=Gēryon= and =Gēryŏnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus, went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 187.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8, li. 202.――Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 277.――Apollodorus, bk. 2. ――Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 28.

=Gessătæ=, a people of Gallia Togata. Plutarch, Marcellus.

=Gessoriăcum=, a town of Gaul, now Boulogne, in Picardy.

=Gessos=, a river of Ionia.

=Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 72.――――Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.

=Getæ= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a savage and warlike nation. The word Geticus is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, ex Ponto; Tristia, poem 5, li. 111.――Strabo, bk. 7.――Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1, li. 17.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.

=Getulia.= See: Gætulia.

=Gĭgantes=, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded, and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or beaten to death with clubs. See: Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion, Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured six cubits in length. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 151.――Plutarch, Sertorius.――Hyginus, fable 28, &c.――Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 10.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 280; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 580.

=Gigartum=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

=Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D. 398.

=Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 40.

=Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 176.

=Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――――Another of Mesopotamia. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.

=Ginge.= See: Gigis.

=Gingūnum=, a mountain of Umbria.

=Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulterous propensities, &c.

=Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.

=Glădiătōrii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood; therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very priests had their Ludi pontificales, and Ludi sacerdotales. It is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience. Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place, number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When they were first brought upon the arena, they walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden files, called rudes or arma lusoria. After this the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called arma decretoria, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together, or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called pollicem premere, and signified the wish of the people to spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, called pollicem vertere, signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm, and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most commonly presented with a pileus and rudis. When one of the combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed habet, and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The secutores were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. These last endeavoured to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon. They wore a trident in their left hand. The Thraces, originally Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The myrmillones, called also Galli, from their Gallic dress, ♦were much the same as the secutores. They were, like them, armed with a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The Hoplomachi were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The Samnites, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The Essedarii generally fought from the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The andabatæ, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback, with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence andabatarum more pugnare, is to fight blindfolded. The meridiani engaged in the afternoon. The postulatitii were men of great skill and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. The fiscales were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury, fiscus. The dimachæri fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities.

♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’

=Glanis=, a river of Cumæ,――――of Iberia,――――of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, in Provence.

=Glaphy̆re= and =Glaphy̆ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――――Her granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her brother-in-law Archelaus.

=Glaphy̆rus=, an infamous adulterer. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 77.

=Glauce=, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. Apollodorus. ――――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――――One of the Nereides.――――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. See: Creusa. ――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

=Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. Cicero, Orator, ch. 3.

=Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

=Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens.

=Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

=Glauconŏme=, one of the Nereides.

=Glaucōpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes. Homer.――Hesiod.

=Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came the proverb of Glauci et Diomedis permutatio, to express a foolish purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 483.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 96. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.――――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia, son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe. See: Scylla. He is represented like the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.――Hyginus, fable 199.――Athenæus, bk. 7.――Apollonius, bk. 1.――Diodorus, bk. 4. ――Aristotle, Constitution of Delos.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22. ――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. He was buried at Potnia. Hyginus, fable 250.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 367.――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――――A son of Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks, would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life. Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed, seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to Æsculapius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Hyginus, fables 136 & 251, &c.――――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Dictys Cretensis, bk. 4.――――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. Athenæus, bk. 7, ch. 12.――――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.――――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned in Ionia.――――An athlete of Eubœa. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――A physician of Cleopatra. Plutarch, Antonius.――――A warrior in the age of Phocion. Plutarch, Phocion.――――A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. Plutarch, Alexander.――――An artist of Chios. Pausanias.――――A Spartan. Pausanias.――――A grove of Bœotia. Pausanias.――――A bay of Caria, now the gulf of Macri. Pausanias.――――An historian of Rhegium in Italy.――――A bay and river of Libya,――――of Peloponnesus,――――of Colchis, falling into the Phasis.

=Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.

=Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 11.

=Glissas=, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=Glycĕra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by Horace, bk. 1, odes 19, 30.――――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some attributed to her the invention of them.――――A famous courtesan, whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.

=Gly̆cĕrium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――――The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria.

=Gly̆con=, a man remarkable for his strength. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 30.――――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron’s wound. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 11.

=Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians. Polybius, bk. 4.

=Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Gnidus.= See: Cnidus.

=Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called Gnossia Stella. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 222.

=Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia tellus is often applied to the whole island. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 23.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Homer, Odyssey.

=Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. See: Darius. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Golgi= (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus Golgia and to Cupid. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the foot of mount Pindus.

=Gonātas=, one of the Antigoni.

=Goniădes=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into Tempe. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.――Strabo, bk. 4.

=Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. Seneca, Troades.

=Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. Pausanias.

=Gordiæi=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scripture.

=Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally lamented by the army and people.――――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――――Marcus Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.

♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’

=Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 7.――Livy, bk. 38, ch. 18.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 7.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Arrian, bk. 1. ――――A tyrant of Corinth. Aristotle.

=Gorgāsus=, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Gorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 38. ――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 542.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides surnamed Leontinus, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his compositions are extant. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――Cicero, Orator, ch. 22, &c.; De Senectute, ch. 15; Brutus, ch. 15. ――Quintilian, bks. 3 & 12.――――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. ――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. Athenæus.――――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――――The name of the ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.

=Gorgŏnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands; and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help of a large army, totally destroyed. Hesiod, Theogony & Shield of Heracles.――Apollonius, bk. 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4, &c.――Homer, Iliad, bks. 5 & 11.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, &c.――Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, act 4.――Pindar, Pythian, odes 7 & 12; Olympian, poem 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 618, &c.――Palæphatus, on the Daughters of Phorcys.

=Gorgŏnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.

=Gorgŏnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Gorgŏphŏne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists mention as having had a second husband. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgŏphŏnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Gorgŏphŏra=, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. Cicero.

=Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19. ――――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――――A man whose knowledge of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.

=Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

=Gortuæ=, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gortȳna=, an inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money, practised an artifice recorded in Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal, ch. 9.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7, li. 214.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 773.

=Gortȳnia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession, as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine. They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.

=Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused such dissensions at Rome. See: Agraria. By the means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Cicero, Catiline, ch. 1.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 796.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――Sempronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared his fate. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 53.――――A general of the Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――――A Roman consul, defeated by Annibal, &c. Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.

=Grādīvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from κραδαινειν, brandishing a spear. Though he had a temple without the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 35.――Homer, Iliad.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.

=Græci=, the inhabitants of Greece. See: Græcia.

=Græcia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean, and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air, the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ, Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities. The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth, particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connected with the military profession, that he was despised by his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country received from its Greek inhabitants the name of Magna Græcia. For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.

♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 64.――Strabo, &c.

=Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. Seneca, de Beneficiis, bk. 2.

=Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name. Aristotle.

=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.

=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 29.

=Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Plutarch, Alexander.――Justin.――Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals, refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself. Plutarch, Cæsar.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. Plutarch. ――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. Cicero, Brutus, chs. 43 & 46; On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 60.

=Gratiæ=, three goddesses. See: Charites.

=Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I. He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed his elevation, A.D. 407.

=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.

=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.

=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon, much commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.

=Gravii=, a people of Spain. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 366.

=Grăviscæ=, now Eremo de St. Augustino, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 184.――Livy, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41, ch. 16.

=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c. Cæsar, Civil War.

=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266, and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the Divine, was bishop of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints; the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1705.

=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace addressed bk. 2, ode 16.

=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. Cæsar, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.

=Grumentum=, now Armento, an inland town of Lucania on the river Aciris. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.

=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. Aristotle. ――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and inactivity of this squalid animal.

=Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called Grynæus. Strabo, bk. 13.――Virgil, Eclogues, bk. 6, li. 72; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 345.

=Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 260.

=Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos. The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 407.

=Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 318.

=Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 18.

=Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis.

=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having 50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband, and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――♦Plato, Dialogues, bk. 10, The Republic.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 1.――Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199. ――Plutarch, Nicias.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans quinquertia. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also cestus. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος, nudus. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped. Pliny, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――Cornelius Nepos, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called Beleares by the Greeks. Plutarch, bk. 5, ch. 8.――Strabo, bk. 2.

=Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4.

=Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who, according to some, placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and their summum malum in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved, whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. See: Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. See: Brachmanes. Strabo, bk. 15, &c.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 240. ――Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.――Dionysius.

=Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas.

=Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Gyndes=, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it hardly reached the knee. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.

=Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called Gytheatæ. Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 11.

H

=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 4.

=Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

=Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. See: Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius, a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for conspiring with the slaves. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

=Hadriatĭcum mare.= See: Adriaticum.

=Hædui.= See: Ædui.

=Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

=Hæmŏnia.= See: Æmonia.

=Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. Strabo, bk. 7, p. 313. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 87. ――――A stage-player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.

=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 191.

=Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. Pausanias.

=Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

=Halcyŏne.= See: Alcyone.

=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

=Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. Columella.

=Halia=, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.――――A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun.

=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 36. ――Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. Livy, bk. 42, chs. 44 & 63.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus.

=Halicarnassus=, now Bodroun, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, &c. Maximus Tyrius, bk. 35.――Vitruvius, _On Architecture_.――Diodorus, bk. 17.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 178. ――Strabo, bk. 14.――Livy, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now Saleme. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 33. ――Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.

=Halimede=, a Nereid.

=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης Mars, and παγος village), and the murderer was acquitted. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return of Ulysses, and their own destruction. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1.

=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 767.

=Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. Apollodorus.

=Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an invasion. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. Pausanias.

=Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 66.

=Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia.

=Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 176.

=Halyattes.= See: Alyattes.

=Halycus=, now Platani, a river at the south of Sicily.

=Halys=, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name ἀπο του ἁλος from salt, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

_If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a great empire._

That empire was his own. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 56. ――Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 11.――Strabo, bk. 12.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 272.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 157.

=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

=Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from ἁμα simul, and δρυς quercus. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 647.

=Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 25.

=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.

=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. See: Amilcar.

=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. See: Ammon.

=Hannibal.= See: Annibal.

=Hanno.= See: Anno.

=Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 406.

=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Harmatris=, a town of Æolia.

=Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 224.

=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. See: Aristogiton. The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 35.――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8. ――Seneca, de Ira, bk. 2.

=Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [See: Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16, &c.

♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

=Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 108.――Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Harpălice.= See: Harpalyce.

=Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 643.

=Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. Plutarch, Phocion.――Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods. Cicero, bk. 3, de Natura Deorum.――――A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C.

=Harpăly̆ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions which she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 321. ――Hyginus, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hyginus, fable 253, &c.――Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Athenæus, bk. 14.

=Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace.

=Harpăsa=, a town of Caria.

=Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. Catullus, poem 75. ――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators. ――――Another, surnamed Caius.

=Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the calamities which attended him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 212; bk. 6, li. 289.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 265.

=Harudes=, a people of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of Aruspex, ab aris aspiciendis, and that of Extispex, ab extis inspiciendis. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. See: Tages. They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his hand the word νεκη, victory, in large characters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals. Cicero, de Divinatione.

=Hasdrubal.= See: Asdrubal.

=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 34.

=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Hebdŏle.= See: Ebdome.

=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juventas. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 400; Fasti, bk. 9, li. 76. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Hebrus=, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra, a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Strabo, bk. 7.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 463. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. Horace, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. Plutarch, Theseus.――――A town of Attica.

=Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c.

=Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 623.

=Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 143. ――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments, and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. Ovid, bk. 7, Metamorphoses, li. 94.――Hesiod, Theogony.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 22.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 511.

=Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the public, &c.

=Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. Cicero, bk. 3, De Officiis, ch. 15.

=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

=Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained.

=Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of its 100 gates. Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――Strabo, bk. 11.――Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

=Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle; which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession of that hero’s remains. The epithet of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 12 & 13.――Dictys Cretensis.――_Dares Phrygius. _――Hyginus, fables 90 & 112.――Pausanias, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18. ――Quintus Smyrnæus, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country. When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was fulfilled. See: Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. See: Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, from that circumstance, called Cyneum. Hecuba had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761; bk. 13, li. 515.――Hyginus, fable 111.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 44.――Juvenal, satire 10, li. 271.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Dictys Cretensis, bks. 4 & 5.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.

=Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos.

=Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Hedui.= See: Ædui.

=Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies sweet music. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 381.

=Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epaminondas. Diodorus, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general who flourished B.C. 128.

=Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia, besides other works. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of Leuctra, &c. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the Trojan war.

=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander. Polyænus, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. Cicero, Orator, chs. 67, 69; Brutus, ch. 83.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Plutarch, Alexander.

=Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171 years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of Macedonia.

=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He flourished B.C. 193.

=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

=Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. Plutarch.

=Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

=Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. Polyænus.

=Helĕna=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. See: Leda. According to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or tied to a tree. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose, with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19, &c.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――Hyginus, fable 77. ――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 112.――Plutarch, Theseus, &c.――Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.――Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1, &c.――Quintus Smyrnæus, chs. 10, 13, &c.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, & Odyssey, bks. 4 & 15.――――A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished. ――――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A daughter of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian.――――The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

=Helĕnia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

=Hĕlēnor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

=Hĕlĕnus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. See: Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 295, &c. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――――A Rutulian killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.

=Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 105.

=Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 16, ltr. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

=Hēliădes=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [See: Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 340.――Hyginus, fable 154.――――The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the sun. The eldest of these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Heliastæ=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. Demosthenes, Against Timocrates.――Diogenes Laërtius, Solon.

=Helicāon=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 123.

=Hĕlĭce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 237.――――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 92. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.――――A daughter of Silenus king of Ægiale. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia.

=Hĕlīcon=, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. Strabo, bk. 8. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 219.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 28, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 641.――――A river of Macedonia near Dium. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Hĕlīcŏniădes=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

=Helĭcōnis=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Heliodōrus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――――A Greek mathematician of Larissa.――――A famous sophist, the best editions of whose entertaining romance, called Æthiopica, are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――――A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.――――A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.――――A poet.――――A geographer.――――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 372.

=Heliogabālus=, a deity among the Phœnicians.――――Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites, and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people. Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk beneath the water.

=Heliŏpŏlis=, now Matarea, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 26.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Diodorus, bk. 1.――――There was a small village of the same name without the Delta, near Babylon.――――A town of Syria, now Balbeck. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his cruelties.――――The Greek name of the sun, or Apollo.

=Helixus=, a river of Cos.

=Hellanĭce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Hellanĭcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 53.――Aulus Gellius, bk. 15, ch. 23.――――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth.

=Hellanocrătes=, a man of Larissa, &c. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

=Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. See: Phryxus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 13, &c. Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 14.――Pindar, bk. 4, Pythian.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.――Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Hellēnes=, the inhabitants of Greece. See: Hellen.

=Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Hellespontus=, now the Dardanelles, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. See: Helle. It is about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was celebrated for the love and death of Leander [See: Hero], and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strabo, bk. 13. ――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 32.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 34.――_Polybius. _――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 407.――Livy, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33, ch. 33.――――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 24; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 53.――Strabo, bk. 12. ――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Hellopia=, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called Hellopes. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo, bk. 10.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hellōtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference, called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, from a certain pond of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women.

=Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 1.

=Helōris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Helōrum= and =Helōrus=, now Muri Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 698.――Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 270.――――A river of Magna Græcia.

=Helos=, a place of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.――――A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III., of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of Helotæ. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians. Thucydides, bk. 4.――Pollux, bk. 3, ch. 8. ――Strabo, bk. 8.――Plutarch, Lycurgus, &c.――Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2.――Pausanias, Laconia, &c.

=Helōtæ= and =Helōtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. See: Helos.

=Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s reign.

=Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, &c.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

=Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.――――Ricina, a town of Picenum.

=Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family.

=Helvii=, now Viviers, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now Sigillo. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Helvīna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 320.

=Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. Suetonius, Cæsar, bk. 52.――――A poet. See: Cinna.

=Helum=, a river of Scythia.

=Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

=Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.

=Hemĭthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her, after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. See: Tenes. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.――Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Hemon.= See: Hæmon.

=Hemus.= See: Hæmus.――――A Roman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 197.

=Henĕti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of Venetia to their habitation. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Euripides.

=Heniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 21. ――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 40.――Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6, li. 42.

=Henna.= See: Enna.

=Hephæstia=, the capital town of Lemnos.――――A festival in honour of Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

_Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum, Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._

=Hephæstiădes=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

=Hephæstii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 106.

=Hephæstio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled Enchiridion de metris & poemate, the best edition of which is that of Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

=Hephæstion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Curtius.――Arrian, bk. 7, &c.――Plutarch, Alexander.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 7, ch. 8.

=Heptaphōnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re-echoed seven times in it. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Heptapŏlis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

=Heptapy̆los=, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

=Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――A town of Æolia and of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Herăclēa=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently known by the name of Macara, was called from him Minoa. It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over Eryx.――――A town of Macedonia.――――Another in Pontus, celebrated for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return. ――――Another in Crete.――――Another in Parthia.――――Another in Bithynia. ――――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also Trachinea, to distinguish it from others.――――Another in Lucania. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4.――――Another in Syria.――――Another in Chersonesus Taurica.――――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――――There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――――A daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

=Heraclēia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word μηλον signifies both an apple and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the offering of apples. Pollux, bk. 8, ch. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second ἡρακλεια.――――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――――At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites.

♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

=Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.――――A town of Egypt near Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name. Diodorus, bk. 1.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 60.――Strabo, bks. 2 & 17.――――The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

=Heracleōtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the summum bonum in pleasure. He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

=Heraclīdæ=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success, and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 26.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17. ――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 1.――Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 1, &c. ――Aristotle, Politics, bk. 7, ch. 26.

♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

=Herăclīdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the christian era. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5; Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.――Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.――――An historian of Pontus surnamed Lembus, who flourished B.C. 177.――――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.――――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in which Nicias was defeated.――――A son of Agathocles.――――A man placed over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――――A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――――A painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――――An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet. Polyænus.――――A man of Alexandria.

=Heraclītus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual, and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 5.――――A lyric poet.――――A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his style.――――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――――A writer of Sicyon, &c. Plutarch.

=Heraclius=, a river of Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A brother of Constantine, &c.――――A Roman emperor, &c.

=Heræa=, a town of Arcadia.――――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina. There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα, from λεχος, a bed, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess. ――――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her picture to the goddess.――――There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the murderer of her children.――――Another festival of the same name at Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

=Heræi montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Heræum=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ. ――――A town of Thrace.

=Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 265.

♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

=Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid, Ibis, li. 286. ――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 979.

=Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Herculeum iter. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 118.

=Herculāneum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. Seneca, Quæstiones naturales, bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Hercŭles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. See: Alcmena. Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. See: Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity, and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which it paid to Erginus. See: Erginus. Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eurystheus [See: Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. See: Megara. When he recovered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded [See: Hydra], and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [See: ♣Centauri], and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. See: Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. See: Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. See: Hippolyte. In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human flesh. See: Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. See: Hesperides. The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms, but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally great and celebrated. See: Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. See: Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. See: Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to Iole. See: Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all his rivals. See: Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. See: Dejanira. Ceyx king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and epithets, either from the place where his worship was established, or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. See: Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [See: Atlas], and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. See: Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well known. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, &c.――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――Pausanias, bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.――Hesiod, Shield of Heracles, &c.――Hyginus, fables 29, 32, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.; Heroides, poem 9; Amores; Tristia, &c.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, &c.――Theocritus, poem 24.――Euripides, Hercules furens.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294.――Lucan, bks. 3 & 6.――Apollonius, bk. 2.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1. ――Sophocles, Trachiniæ.――♠Plautus, Amphitryon.――Seneca, Hercules Furens & Hercules Œtaeus.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6; bk. 11, &c.――Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 5.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.――Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 6, li. 207, &c.――Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis.――Pindar, Olympian, ode 3.――Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 438.――Statius, bk. 2, Thebiad, li. 564.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Lucian, Dialogi Deorum.――Lactantius, De Falsa Religione.――Strabo, bk. 3, &c. ――Horace, Odes, Satires, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great. ――――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’ ♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’ ♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’ ♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

=Hercŭleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――――Fretum, a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

=Hercŭleus=, one of Agrippina’s murderers. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 8.

=Hercŭleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily.

=Hercŭlis Columnæ=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part of Africa. They were called by the ancients Abyla and Calpe. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionysius Periegetes. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 142.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Monœci Portus, now Monaco, a port town of Genoa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 52. ――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 405.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 830. ――――Labronis vel Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now Leghorn. ――――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Spartivento.――――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western coast.――――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A small island on the coast of Spain, called also Scombraria, from the tunny fish (Scombres) caught there. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Hercy̆na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hercy̆nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar, required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the greatest part of it was made inhabitable. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 24.――Mela.――Livy, bk. 5, ch. 54.――Tacitus, Germania, ch. 30.

=Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 568.

=Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

=Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 6.――Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 18. ――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 2, &c.――――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. Plutarch.――――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator’s head. Plutarch, Cicero.――――Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhetoricâ, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.――――A Samnite general, &c.――――Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

=Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Herĭlus=, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 563.

=Hermăchus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus, B.C. 267.

=Hermæ=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.――Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades. ――――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hermæa=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Hermæum=, a town of Arcadia.――――A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most northern point of all Africa, now cape Bon. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 27.――Strabo, bk. 17.

=Hermagŏras Æolĭdes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus.――――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――――A famous orator and philosopher.

=Hermandica=, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5. ――Polybius, bk. 3.

=Hermandūri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

=Hermanni=, a people of Germany.

=Hermaphrŏdītus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeminate. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 347.――Hyginus, fable 271.

=Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles.

=Hermathēna=, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over the arts and sciences.

=Hermēas=, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B.C. 350.――――A general of Antiochus, &c.

=Hermeias=, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.

=Hermes=, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. See: Mercurius. ――――A famous gladiator. Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 25.――――An Egyptian philosopher. See: Mercurius Trismegistus.

=Hermesiănax=, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured with a statue. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. Plutarch.

=Hermias=, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His irrisio philosophorum gentilium was printed with Justin Martyr’s works, folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700.

=Hermĭnius=, a general of the Hermanni, &c.――――A Roman who defended a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.――――A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 642.

=Hermiŏne=, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. See: Harmonia. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.――Euripides, Andromache & Orestes.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 8.――Propertius, bk. 1.――――A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called Hermionicus sinus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.――Virgil, Ciris, li. 472.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Hermiŏniæ=, a city near the Riphæan mountains. Orpheus, Argonauts.

=Hermiŏnĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione. Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.

=Hermippus=, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.――――A man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which are quoted by Athenæus. Plutarch.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.

=Hermŏcrătes=, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408. ――――Plutarch, Nicias, &c.――――A sophist celebrated for his rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus.――――The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. ――――A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c.――――A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Hermodōrus=, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.――――A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 36. ――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 5.――――A native of Salamis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. Cicero, Orator, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different nations.

=Hermŏgĕnes=, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession. ――――A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose rhetorica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571, and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally lost his memory.――――A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.――――A musician. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.――――A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.

=Hermolāus=, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander. As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him, was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to death. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Hermopŏlis=, two towns of Egypt, now Ashmunein and Demenhur. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Hermotīmus=, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into which it was unlawful for women to enter. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 51, &c.――Lucian.

=Hermundūri=, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, extra. ――Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Hermus=, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets, were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into the Ægean sea. It is now called Kedous or Sarabat. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 137.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 210.――Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 78.――Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 159.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Hernĭci=, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate enmity to the rising power of Rome. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 226.――Juvenal, satire 14, li. 183. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8, ch. 10.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 684.

=Hero=, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea.――Musæus Grammaticus, Leander & Hero. ――Ovid, Heroides, poems 17 & 18.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 258.

=Herōdes=, surnamed the Great and Ascalonita, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. Josephus. ――――Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c. ――――Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.――――This name was common to many of the Jews. Josephus.――――Atticus. See: Atticus.

=Herodiānus=, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708.

=Herodicus=, a physician surnamed Gymnastic, who flourished B.C. 443. ――――A grammarian surnamed Crateleus, B.C. 123.

=Hērŏdŏtus=, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. Cicero, de Legibus, ch. 1; On Oratory, ch. 2.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Plutarch, de Herodoti Malignitate.――――A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each of his meals. Athenæus, bk. 16.――――Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar.

=Heroes=, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.

=Herōis=, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s resurrection.

=Heron=, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the ancient and the other the younger. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of Spiritualium Liber; the only edition of which is that of Baldus, Aug. Vind. 1616.

=Heroopŏlis=, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.

=Herŏphĭla=, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. See: Sibyllæ. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Herophĭlus=, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.――――A Greek physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly commended him.

=Herostrătus.= See: Erostratus.

=Herpa=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Herse=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received divine honours at Athens. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 559, &c.――――A wife of Danaus. Apollodorus.

=Hersephoria=, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more probably of Herse.

=Hersĭlia=, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the name of Ora. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 11.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 832.

=Hertha= and =Herta=, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacitus, Germania.

=Herŭli=, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline.

=Hesænus=, a mountain near Pæonia.

=Hēsiŏdus=, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called The Works and the Days; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Theogony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6, Stromateis, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 18.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Paterculus.――Varro. ――Plutarch, Septem Sapientium Convivium, & De Sollertia Animalium.

=Hēsiŏne=, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 638.――Diodorus, bk. 4. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 212.――――The wife of Nauplius.

♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

=Hespĕria=, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diodorus, bk. 3.――――A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 15.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 258.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 759.

=Hespĕrĭdes=, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [See: Nereus], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an apple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.――Hyginus, fable 30.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 215, &c.

=Hespĕris.= See: Hesperus.――――A town of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides.

=Hesperītis=, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Hespĕrus=, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of Hesperia from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.――――The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Seneca, _de Hippolytus_, li. 749; Medea, li. 71.

=Hestia=, one of the Hesperides. Apollodorus.

=Hestiæa=, a town of Eubœa.

=Hesus=, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445.

=Hesychia=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Hesychius=, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

=Hetricŭlum=, now Latarico, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Hetrūria= and =Etruria=, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Plutarch, Romulus.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Heurippa=, a surname of Diana.

=Hexapy̆lum=, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.――Livy, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

=Hiarbas=, or =Iarbas=, a king of Gætulia. See: Iarbas.

=Hiber=, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. See: Iberus.

=Hibernia= and =Hybernia=, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160. ――Strabo, bk. 4.――Orpheus.――Aristotle.

=Hibrildes=, an Athenian general. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 7.

=Hicetāon=, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.――――The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 133.

=Hicētas=, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――A tyrant of Syracuse. See: Icetas.

=Hiempsal=, a king of Numidia, &c. See: Hyempsal. Plutarch.

=Hiera=, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.――――The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 673.――――One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now Vulcano. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Hierapŏlis=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.――――Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now Bambukkalasi.――――Another of Crete.

=Hiĕrax=, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. Justin, bk. 37, ch. 3. ――――An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

=Hierĭchus= (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Hiĕro I.=, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diodorus, bk. 11.――――The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 4, 8.――Justin, bk. 23, ch. 4.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Livy, bk. 16.――――An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. Plutarch, Nicias.――――A Parthian, &c. Tacitus.

=Hierocæsarea=, a town of Lydia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Hierocepia=, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

=Hierŏcles=, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.――――A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742. ――――A general in the interest of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.――――An officer. See: Heliogabalus.

=Hierodūlum=, a town of Libya.

=Hieronĭca lex=, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily.

=Hierony̆mus=, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――――An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. Plutarch, Demetrius.――――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.――――A christian writer commonly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year.

=Hierophĭlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. See: Agnodice.

=Hierosoly̆ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. Josephus, War of the Jews, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 2.――Flaccus, bk. 28.

=Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16. ――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods.

=Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

=Hilleviōnes=, a people of Scandinavia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Himella=, now Aia, a small river in the country of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Himĕra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Strabo, bk. 6. ――――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now Fiume Salso, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49. ――――The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Polybius.

=Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. Festus Avienius.――――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.

=Hippagŏras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. Athenæus, bk. 14.

=Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts.

=Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini.

=Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. See: Crates. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 6.――Suidas.

=Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 2. ――――One of Antony’s freedmen.――――The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.――――The father of Asclepiades.――――A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.――――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Hipparīnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. Polyænus, bk. 5. ――――The father of Dion.

=Hippărion=, one of Dion’s sons.

=Hippăsus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 352.――――An illegitimate son of Priam. Hyginus, fable 90.

=Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippi=, four small islands near Erythræ.

=Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 82.――――A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 32.――――A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. Herodotus, bk. 6.――Thucydides, bk. 7.

=Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens.

=Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 252. ――――Strabo, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called Regius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Livy, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――――Also a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 30. ――――Of the Brutii.

=Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze.

=Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

=Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. See: Centauri.

=Hippocoon=, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.――Pausanias, Laconia.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 314.――――A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

=Hippocorystes=, a son of Ægyptus,――――of Hippocoon. Apollodorus.

=Hippocrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Hippŏcrătes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of Great, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3.――――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch.――――A mathematician.――――An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――――A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.――――The father of Pisistratus.――――A tyrant of Gela.

=Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

=Hippocrēne=, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, the horse’s fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 256.

=Hippŏdămas=, a son of the Achelous,――――of Priam. Apollodorus.

=Hippŏdăme= and =Hippodamīa=, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 7.――Hyginus, fables 84 & 253. ――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Heroides, poems 8 & 17.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. See: Pirithous. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.――Plutarch, Theseus.――――A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.――――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――――A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 429.

=Hippŏdămus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. Aristotle, bk. 2, Politics. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.――――An Athenian archon.――――A man famous for his voracious appetite.

=Hippŏdĭce=, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

=Hippodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.――――A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. Philostratus.――――A place where horse-races were exhibited. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

=Hippŏla=, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Hippŏlŏchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.――――A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 119.――――A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 122.

=Hippŏly̆te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. See: Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plutarch, Theseus.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 3. ――――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. See: Acastus. ――――A daughter of Cretheus. Apollodorus.

=Hippŏly̆tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 268; Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 469. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――――A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. Plutarch, Numa.――――A giant killed by Mercury.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2. ――――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

=Hippŏmăchus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Hippŏmĕdon=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Hippomedūsa=, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.

=Hippŏmĕnes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, Ibis, li. 459.――――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [See: Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――――The father of Megareus.

=Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, De Aere Aquis et Locis, ♦ch. 18.――Dionysius Periegetes.

♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

=Hĭppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa.

=Hippōna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 157.

=Hippōnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

=Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

=Hipponīum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strabo.

=Hipponous=, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――The first name of Bellerophon.――――A son of Priam.

=Hippopŏdes=, a people of Scythia, who have horses’ feet. Dionysius Periegetes.

=Hippostrătus=, a favourite of Lais.

=Hippŏtădes=, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 674.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 431.

=Hippŏtas=, or =Hippŏtes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. See: Crinisus.――――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 2.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 18, li. 46; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 224.

=Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Pelias. Apollodorus.

=Hippŏthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. Hyginus, fable 187.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon.

=Hippŏthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 17.――――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.――――One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 307.

=Hippŏtion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 14.

=Hippūris=, one of the Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis.

=Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.

=Hirpīni=, a people of the Samnites. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 560.

=Quinctius Hirpīnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

=Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

=Hirtia lex=, de magistratibus, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state.

=Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 10.――――An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name.

=Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 384.

=Hispălis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called Seville. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

=Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into citerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bætica and Lusitania by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Justin, bk. 44.――Strabo, bk. 3.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20.

=Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word Hispaniensis was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. Martial, bk. 12, preface.

=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.

=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 50.

=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Hister=, a river. See: Ister.

=Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 58.

=Histiæa=, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

=Histiæōtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. Strabo.――Herodotus, bk. 4.――――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital.

=Histiæus=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. Herodotus, bk. 5, &c.――――An historian of Miletus.

=Histria.= See: Istria.

=Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war.

=Holŏcron=, a mountain of Macedon.

=Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

=Hŏmērus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines:

_Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ, Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ._

He was called Melesigenes, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple, within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 Stromateis, that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [voce Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols., 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 53.――Theocritus, poem 16. ――Aristotle, Poetics.―― Strabo.―― Dio Chrysostom, bk. 33, Orationes.――Pausanias, bks. 2, 9, 10.――Heliodorus, bk. 3. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.――Quintilian, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Plutarch, Alexander, &c.――――One of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――――There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

=Homŏle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Homŏlea=, a mountain of Magnesia.

=Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. Apollodorus.

=Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 252.

=Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia.

=Honōrius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

=Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius Marcellus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 851.

=Horacitæ=, a people near Illyricum.

=Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His Hieroglyphica, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

=Horæ=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 749.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 11.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 902.

=Horātia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning the death of the Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Hŏrātius Cocles.= See: Cocles.――――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas. Horace was warm in his friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet immediately made every concession which could effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1744. Suetonius, Augustus.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.――――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 26.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 3.――――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――――A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be buried. Livy, bk. 2.

♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

=Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. Polyænus, bk. 4.

=Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now in Scotland. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 38.

=Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

=Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

=Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia.

=Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 716.

=Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19. His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of Dionysia, a celebrated stage-dancer at the time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. Cicero, Brutus; Letters to Atticus; On Oratory, &c.――Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――――A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. Plutarch, Cato.――――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s tomb. Plutarch.――――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. Plutarch.――――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. Plutarch.――――A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

=Hortōna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――――A king of Assyria.

=Hospitālis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of hospitality.

=Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine.

=Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 40. ――Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 12.

=Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A consul.――――A Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. Macrobius, satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

=Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary.

=Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants. Athenæus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 219. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

=Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. See: Hyacinthia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, &c.

=Hyădes=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name (ὑω pluo). Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 165.――Hyginus, fable 182.――Euripides, Ion.

=Hyăgnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. Plutarch, de Musica.

=Hyăla=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Sparta.――――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. Ovid.

=Hyampŏlis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes. Herodotus, bk. 8.

=Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called Hyanthius, because he was king of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Hyantis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

=Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. See: Hyades. Hyginus, fable 192.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 170.

=Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 26.――Statius, bk. 14, li. 201.――――A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

=Hybrēas=, an orator of Caria, &c. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace.

=Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

=Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes.

=Hydara=, a town of Armenia. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, &c. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 6.――Strabo, bk. 11.

=Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 211.――――Another in India, now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――Lucan, bk. 8, li. 227.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.――Strabo, bk. 15.――――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

=Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. Hesiod, Theogony.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 69.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

=Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

=Hydrophŏria=, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν ὑδωρ, from carrying water. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

=Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5. ――Lucan, bk. 5, li. 375.

=Hydrūsa=, a town of Attica. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Hyĕla=, a town of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

=Hyettus=, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. Plutarch, Pericles.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Caius Julius Hygīnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological history, which he called fables, and Poeticon Astronomicon, besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.

=Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 6.――――A colony of Phocis.

=Hylactor=, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, latro). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

=Hylæ=, a small town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Hylæus=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294. ――――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 267.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 378. ――――Another, killed by Bacchus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 530. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 457.――――A fourth, killed by Atalanta. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Hyginus, fables 14, 271.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 20.――――A river of Bithynia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Hylax=, a dog mentioned in Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8.

=Hylias=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

=Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. See: Heraclidæ, Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.――――A river of Lydia, flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 180.

=Hylonŏme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 405.

=Hylophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. Diodorus, bk. 3.

=Hymĕnæus= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud, “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. Ovid, Medeâ; Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 215.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――Catullus, poem 62.

=Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he is called Hymettius. Strabo, bk. 9.――Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 3. ――Horace, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.――Cicero, bk. 2, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ch. 34.

=Hypæpa=, or =Ipepæ=, now Berki, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. Strabo, bk. 13.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 152.

=Hypæsia=, a country of Peloponnesus.

=Hypănis=, a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 52, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 285.――――A river of India.――――Another of Pontus. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 428.

=Hyparīnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father.――――The father of Dion.

=Hypătes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 231.

=Hypătha=, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 25.

=Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

=Hypēnor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 144.

=Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

=Hyperbius=, a son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

=Hy̆perbŏrei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any cold climate. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381. ――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hyperea= and =Hyperīa=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. Strabo, bk. 9.――――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 375.

=Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Hypĕrĭdes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――Cicero, Orator, ch. 1, &c.――Quintilian, bk. 10, &c.

=Hypĕrīon=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod, Theogony.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.――――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. See: Danaides. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.――――A daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus.

=Hyperŏchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Hyphæus=, a mountain of Campania. Plutarch, Sulla.

=Hypsa=, now Belici, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 228.

=Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

=Hypsēnor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

=Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.――――A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Hypsicrătēa=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

=Hypsicrătes=, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek.

=Hypsipĭdes=, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hypsĭpy̆le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader of the Argives. Ovid, Heroides, poem 6.――Apollonius, bk. 1. ――Statius, bk. 5, Thebiad.――Flaccus, bk. 2.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――Hyginus, fables 15, 74, &c. See: Archemorus.

=Hyrcānia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 367.――Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――Strabo, bks. 2 & 11.――――A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.

=Hyrcănum mare=, a large sea, called also Caspian. See: Caspium mare.

=Hyrcānus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. Josephus.

=Hyria=, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 372.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus.

=Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. See: Orion.

=Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Hyrnĭthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Hyrtăcus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 492.

=Hysia=, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――――A village of Argos.――――A city of Arcadia.――――The royal residence of the king of Parthia.

=Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. Silius Italicus, ♦bk. 14, li. 228.

♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

=Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

=Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83. ――Ctesias, Fragments.

=Hystieus.= See: Histiæus.

I [& J]

=Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

=Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, ab ἰαχειν, from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, bk. 1, li. 166.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word Iacchus was frequently repeated. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 65. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Iader=, a river of Dalmatia.

=Ialēmus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. Athenæus, bk. 14.

=Ialmĕnus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 19.

=Iāly̆sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.――Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 6.――Cicero, bk. 2, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.――Plutarch, Demetrius.――Ælian, bk. 12, ch. 5.

=Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called Iambics. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Iamblĭcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

=Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 193.

=Iamĭdæ=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Janĭcŭlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [See: Janus], which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.――Dio Cassius, bk. 47.――Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 246.――Virgil, [Aeneid], bk. 8, li. 358. ――Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

=Ianīra=, one of the Nereides.

=Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. See: Iphis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

=Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.――――One of the Nereides. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 47.

=Jānus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as Consivius, a conserendo, because he presided over generation; Quirinus or Martialis, because he presided over war. He is also called Patuleius and Clausius, because the gates of his temples were open during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed in war. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 65, &c. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 607.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1.――Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 1.――――A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.

=Japetĭdes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 111.

=Japĕtus=, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of Iapetionides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 631.――Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 136 & 508.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Iāpis=, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 475.――――A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 391.

=Iapy̆dia=, a district of Illyricum, now Carniola. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 5.――Tibullus, bk. 4, li. 109.――Cicero, Cornelius Balbus, ch. 14.

=Iāpy̆gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some Messapia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――Strabo, bk. 6.

=Iapyx=, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 458.――――A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

=Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed herself. See: Dido. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 36, &c.――Justin, bk. 18, ch. 6.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 552.

=Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana.

=Iardānus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another in Crete. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

=Iasĭdes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Jasius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 843.――――Also of Jasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 392.

=Iăsion= and =Iăsius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 973.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 168.――Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Iăsis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

=Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.――――A son of Jupiter. See: Iasion.

=Jāson=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. See: Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. See: Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. See: Æson. Pelias the usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea [See: Glauce], who destroyed her children in the presence of their father. See: Medea. After this separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom, and reigned in great security. Euripides, Medea.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 4. ――Pausanias, bks. 2 & 3.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9. ――Strabo, bk. 7.――Apollonius.――Flaccus.――Hyginus, fable 5, &c.――Pindar, bk. 3, Nemean.――Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c. ――Seneca, Medea.――Tzetzes, On Lycophron, li. 195, &c. ――Athenæus, bk. 13.――――A native of Argos, who wrote a history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian.――――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus.――――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. Polyænus, bk. 7.

=Jasonĭdæ=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle.

=Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Argus, father of Agenor. ――――A son of Argus and Ismena.――――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. ――――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called Iasius sinus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28. ――Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Iaxartes=, now Sir or Sihon, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea. Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.――Arrian, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Iazĭges=, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 29.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 191; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

=Ibēria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Antonius, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 36.――Florus, bk. 3.――Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 166. ――Appian, Wars in Spain.――――An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 258.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.

=Ibērus=, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 335. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――――A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Strabo, bk. 3.――――A fabulous king of Spain.

=Ibi=, an Indian nation.

=Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the composition. Suidas.

=Iby̆cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions, αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, there are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 43.――Ælian, Varia Historia.――――The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. Cicero, De Fato, ch. 3.

=Icăria=, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and buried by Hercules. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Strabo, bks. 10 & 14.

=Icăris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of Icarius.

=Icărium mare=, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. See: Icarus.

=Icărius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. Hyginus, fable 130. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16, li. 435.

=Icărus=, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after his name. See: Dædalus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 178, &c.――――A mountain of Attica.

=Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses for military employments.――――One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Icĕlos=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, similis). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Icēni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 31.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Icĕtas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.

=Ichnæ=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnæa. Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.

=Ichnūsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.――Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 358.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ichonūphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Ichthyophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. Diodorus, bk. 3.――Strabo, bks. 2 & 12.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15, ch. 7.

=Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 54.――――A tribune who made a law, A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. Livy bk. 2, ch. 58.――――A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c.

=Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which Cæsar crossed into Britain.

=Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now Koniech. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Icos=, a small island near Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

=Ictumulōrum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in gold mines.

=Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme, on the Charente.

=Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 177.――――The mother of Minos II.――――A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. Strabo, bk. 13.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 283.――Virgil, Æneid, bks. 3, 5, &c.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 79.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 11.――――A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Idæa=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucretius, bk. 2, li. 611.

=Idæus=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 487.――――One of the attendants of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.

=Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 204.

=Idălus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is Idalium, a town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called Idalæa. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 685.――Catullus, poems 37 & 62.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13.

=Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. See: Marpessa. According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.――Hyginus, fables 14, 100, &c.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 700.――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――――A son of Ægyptus.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 575.

=Idea=, or =Idæa=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her by her husband. See: Phineus.――――The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apollodorus.

=Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Idex=, a small river of Italy, now Idice, near Bononia.

=Idistavisus=, a plain, now Hastenbach, where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had predicted the time and manner of his own death. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Orpheus.――――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. Flaccus, bk. 3.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife. See: Danaides.

=Idŏmĕne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

=Idŏmĕneus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 358.――Hyginus, fable 92.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 19. ――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 122. ――――A son of Priam.――――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

=Idŏthea=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. See: Prœtides. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 363.――――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

=Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. Diodorus, bk. 16. ――Polyænus, bk. 7.

=Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Idūme= and =Idūmēa=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going to Egypt. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 216.――Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 600.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 12.

=Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea, &c. Hyginus.――Hesiod.――Cicero, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Jenisus=, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Jera=, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

=Jerĭcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.――Strabo.

=Jerne=, a name of Ireland. Strabo, bk. 1.

=Jerŏmus= and =Jerony̆mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of Alexander.――――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical fragments remain. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

=Jerusalem=, the capital of Judæa. See: Hierosolyma.

=Jetæ=, a place of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 272.

=Igēni=, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, &c.

=Igilium=, now Giglio, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――――A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo, 1708.

=Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now Gubio. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 13.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 460.

=Ilaīra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c.

=Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. See: Ilua. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.

=Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 21.

=Ilerda=, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 13.

=Ilergetes.= See: Ilerda.

=Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some supposed that she married the god of that river. Horace, bk. 1, ode 2.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 277.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 598.――――A wife of Sylla.

=Iliăci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the Trojani ludi and the Actia; and Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after, to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280.

=Iliăcus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Iliădes=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. Ovid.――――A name given to the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 484.

=Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. See: Homerus.――――A surname of Minerva, from a temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

=Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41, chs. 6 & 12.

=Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27. See: Ilium.

=Ilĭone=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 657.

=Iliŏneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 525.――――A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――One of Niobe’s sons. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Ilipa=, a town of Bætica. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 52.

=Ilĭthyīa=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 450.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, ode 19.――Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――Horace, Carmen Sæculare. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 283.

=Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. See: Troja. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 505. ――Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.――Justin, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

=Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy.

=Illice=, now Elche, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, Sinus et Portus Illicitanus, now Alicant. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illipŭla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor.

=Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24, ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Ilorcis=, now Lorca, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illy̆rĭcum=, =Illy̆ris=, and =Illy̆ria=, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strabo, bks. 2 & 7. ――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――Florus, bks. 1, 2, &c.

=Illy̆rīcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum.

=Illy̆rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received its name. Apollodorus.

=Ilua=, now Elba, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 39.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Iluro=, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in France.

=Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess; though he recovered it some time after. Homer, Iliad. ――Strabo, bk. 13.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――――A name of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 272.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 400.

=Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania Bætica, now Ilora. Polybius.

=Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c. ――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

=Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called Intra Imaum, and Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.――Strabo, bk. 1.

=Imbărus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.

=Imbrăsus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, received the surname of Imbrasia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 10 & 12.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 520.

=Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.

=Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. See: Licinius.

=Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.

=Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium.

=Imbros=, now Embro, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. Thucydides, bk. 8.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.――Strabo, bk. 2.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 18.

=Inăchi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Inachus.

=Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――――A festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino’s misfortunes.――――A courtesan in the age of Horace, Epode 12.

=Inăchĭdæ=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos.

=Inăchĭles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 704.――――Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 11.

=Inăchis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 454.

=Inăchium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Inăchus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 151.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A river of Argos.――――Another in Epirus.

=Inamămes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. Polyænus.

=Inarĭme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called Ischia, and is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 716.

=Inărus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians.――――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

=Incitātus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

=Indathyrsus=. See: Idanthyrsus.

=India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India extra Gangem, an India intra Gangem, and an India propria; but these divisions are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations. Diodorus, bk. 1.――Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.――Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Indibĭlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

=Indĭgĕtes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from Inde et geniti, born at the same place where they received their worship. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 498.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 608.

=Indĭgĕti=, a people of Spain.

=Indus=, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 52. ――Strabo, bk. 15.――Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.――Diodorus, bk. 2. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 720.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea.

=Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. See: Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5. ――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 48.――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 5.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.――Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, &c. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Hyginus, fables 12, 14, & 15.

=Inōa=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name of Leucothoe.――――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

=Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 823.

=Inōpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.――Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 105.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Insŭbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans, and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strabo, bk. 5.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 23.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.――Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius, who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. Herodotus, bk. 3.

=Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore. Cicero, ♦Letters to his Friends, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

=Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between two branches of the Nar (interamnes), whence its name. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

=Intercatia=, a town of Spain.

=Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care of the government after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 17.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Inui castrum.= See: Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city.

=Inȳcus=, a city of Sicily. Herodotus.

=Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. See: Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. She is sometimes called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 748.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.――Moschus.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 789.――Hyginus, fable 145.

=Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. See: Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Hyginus, fable 57.

=Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Jocasta=, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes, by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus, without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. See: Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 42.――Seneca & Sophocles, Œdipus. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Hyginus, fable 66, &c.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.

=Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the festival.

=Iŏlas=, or =Iolāus=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. See: Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50 daughters of Thespius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 399. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.――――A compiler of a Phœnician history.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 640. ――――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. Plutarch.

=Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea-shore. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 192.

=Iŏle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements, and Iole was carried away by force. See: Eurytus. It was to extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. See: Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.

=Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. See: Iones and Ionia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1. ――Strabo, bk. 7.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――――A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens, met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. Athenæus, bk. 10, &c.――――A native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with Socrates.

=Iōne=, one of the Nereides.

=Iōnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection, they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

=Iōnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12 states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called Pan Ionium, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of its inhabitants. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28. ――Strabo, bk. 14.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the Ionians.

=Iōnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea of Ionia_, and not the Ionian sea. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strabo, bk. 7, &c. ――Dionysius Periegetes.

=Iōpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 744.

=Iōpe= and =Joppa=, now Jafa, a famous town of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks that lie before it. Strabo, bk. 16, &c.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 28, li. 51.――――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. Plutarch.

=Iŏphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. Lucian, de Macrobii.――――A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Jordānes=, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died A.D. 552.

=Ios=, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mother. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Josēphus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians, yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726. Suetonius, Vespasian, &c.

=Joviānus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. Marcellinus.

=Iphianassa=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. See: Prœtides. ――――The wife of Endymion.

=Iphĭclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Theocritus.――――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother [See: Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11; Iliad, bk. 13. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A son of Thestius king of Pleuron. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Iphicrătes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.――――A sculptor of Athens.――――An Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Iphĭdămus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.

=Iphĭdĕmīa=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

=Iphĭgēnĭa=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to Diana. See: Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [See: Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 31.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, ch. 116. ――Aeschylus.――Euripides.

♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

=Iphĭmĕdīa=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father’s father. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 124. ――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and Heraclidæ. Apollodorus.

=Iphĭmĕdūsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. See: Danaides.

=Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 163.――――One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. See: Prœtides.

=Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. Ovid.

=Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Flaccus, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――――A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 703.――――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.――――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.――――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

=Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 382.

=Iphĭtus=, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 21.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――――A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of her son Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 795.

=Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.

=Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. Plutarch, Demetrius.

=Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Irenæus=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

=Irēne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11. ――――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

=Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 266.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 271 et seq.; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 694.――――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 121.――――A river of Pontus.

=Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, Iro pauperior. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――――A mountain of India.

=Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.――――A small town on the river of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.

=Isădas=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. Plutarch.

=Isæa=, one of the Nereides.

=Isæus=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 74.――Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.――Demosthenes. ――――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness.

=Isamus=, a river of India.

=Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

=Isāpis=, a river of Umbria. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Isar= and =Isara=, the Isore, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 399. ――――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

=Isar= and =Isæus=, a river of Vindelicia. Strabo, bk. 4.

=Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

=Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Strabo.――Cicero, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 2.

=Isaurĭcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 594.――Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.

=Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――――Another in Magna Græcia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia.

=Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. Polyænus.

=Ischomăchus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

=Ischopŏlis=, a town of Pontus.

=Iscia.= See: Œnotrides.

=Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

=Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus.

=Isiacōrum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

=Isidōrus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――――A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――――A christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul, Paris, 1601.

=Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign. See: Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied themselves in cultivating the earth. See: Apis. As Isis was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word Isis, according to some, signifies ancient, and, on that account, the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 1.――Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.――Diodorus, bk. 1. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 59. ――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 831.

=Ismărus= (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is indiscriminately used for Thracian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 9.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 37; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 351.――――A Theban, son of Astacus. ――――A son of Eumolpus. Apollodorus.――――A Lydian who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 139.

=Ismēne=, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. Sophocles, Antigone.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ismēnias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.――――A Theban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.――――A river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called Ismenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 2.――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Ismenĭdes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 31.

=Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus.

=Ismēnus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10. ――――A son of Asopus and Metope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Isŏcrătes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1782. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators, &c. ――Cicero, Orator, ch. 20; De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 126; Brutus, ch. 15; On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Quintilian, bk. 2, &c.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――One of the officers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucydides.――――One of the disciples of Isocrates.――――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

=Issa=, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia.――――A town of Illyricum. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――Marcellinus, bk. 26, ch. 25.

=Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 124.

=Issus=, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was called Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10, 000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194. Plutarch, Alexander.――Justin, bk. 11, ch. 9.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 7.――Arrian.――Diodorus, bk. 17.――Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 20; Letters to his Friends, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

=Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea, called also the Danube. See: Danubius.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

=Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.――Plutarch, Theseus.

=Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. Strabo, bk. 1.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Istiæotis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. See: Histiæotis.

=Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. Strabo, bk. 1.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――Livy, bk. 10, &c.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 19.――Justin, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Istropŏlis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Isus= and =Antĭphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――――A city of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Itălia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared, and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word which signifies an ox, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines, offspring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [See: Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called Superum, and that at the south Inferum. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Justin, bk. 4, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, Dion, Alcibiades, &c.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――Polybius, bk. 2.――Florus, bk. 2.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 16.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 397, &c. ――Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

=Italĭca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――――A town of Spain, now Sevilla la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. Aulus Gellius, bk. 16, ch. 13.――Appian, Wars in Spain.

=Italĭcus=, a poet. See: Silius Italicus.

=Itălus=, a son of Telegonus. Hyginus, fable 127.――――An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when he entered Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 178. ――――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to have married Æneas or Ascanius. Plutarch, Romulus.――――A king of the Cherusci, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Itargris=, a river of Germany.

=Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. Hyginus, fable 170.

=Itemales=, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c. Hyginus, fable 65.

=Ithăca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of Isola del Compare, or Thiachi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 139; Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ithacesiæ=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii. ――――Baiæ was called also Ithacesiæ, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

=Ithobălus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. Josephus.

=Ithōme=, a town of Phthiotis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――――Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon, 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call Ithomates, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 32.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 179.――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river.

=Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. Columella, bk. 10. ――Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy. Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

=Itōnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was worshipped.

=Itōnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the manner of polishing metals. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 402.

=Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

=Itūræa=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. Lucan, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 448.――Strabo, bk. 17.

=Itūrum=, a town of Umbria.

=Ity̆lus=, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. See: Ædon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 462.

=Ityræi=, a people of Palestine. See: Ituræa.

=Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. See: Philomela. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 620; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar. ――Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 35.――Dio Cassius, bk. 41.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Lucan, bk. 3, &c. ――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c., now lost. Strabo, bk. 17.――Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 26. ――Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――Dio Cassius, bk. 51, &c.

=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c.

=Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.――Strabo, bk. 16.――Dio Cassius, bk. 36.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 593.

=Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage. Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 32.

=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust, Jugurthine War.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――Plutarch, Caius Marius & Sulla.――Eutropius, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Julia lex=, prima de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people. ――――Another, de sumptibus, in the age of Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions on the dies profesti, or days appointed for the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two years.――――Another, called also Campana agraria, by the same, A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law. ――――Another, de civitate, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes.――――Another, de judicibus, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be chosen from the richest people in every century, allowing the senators and knights in the number, and excluding the tribuni ærarii.――――Another, de ambitu, by Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the comitia their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, de adulterio & pudicitiâ. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 30, alludes to it.――――Another, called also Papia, or Papia Poppæa, which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, de maritandis ordinibus, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the libertini, or children of those that had been liberti, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex marita.――――Another, de majestate, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with aquæ & ignis interdictio all such as were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, or treason against the state.

=Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a civil war. Plutarch.――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. Plutarch.――――A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata.

=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now Juliers.

=Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called Apostate. After he had made his public entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June, A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude. When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous work, which he called Misopogon, or beard-hater. He imitated the virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his military character. Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64 of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696; and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. Julian. ――Socrates.――Eutropius.――Ammianus Marcellinus.――Libanius, &c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.――――A Roman emperor. See: Didius.――――A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian. ――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

=Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now Angers, in Anjou.

=Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia.

=Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of its ancient splendour. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Jūlius Cæsar.= See: Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. Tacitus, Agricola.――――Obsequens, a Latin writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book de prodigiis is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus, a pretor, &c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus, a writer. See: Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the ape of his age.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220. ――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt. See: Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. Plutarch, Romulus.――Ovid.――――Florus. See: Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. See: Maximinus.

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