A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 4 of 10)

A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 4 of 10)

=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

=Cibalæ=, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. Eutropius, bk. 10, ch. 4.――Marcellinus, bk. 30, ch. 24.

=Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

=Cibyra=, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 2.――――Of Caria.

=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. Livy, bks. 41 & 42.

=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Quintilian.――Dio Cassius. ――Appian.――Florus.――Cornelius Nepo, Atticus.――Eutropius. ――Cicero, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plutarch, Cicero. ――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――Plutarch, Cicero. ――Appian.

=Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.

=Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

=Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Varro, Re Rustica, bk. 2, ch. 11.――Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 8.――Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――Justin, bk. 11, ch. 11.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27. ――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.

=Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 91.

=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. Diodorus, bk. 20.――――A town of Æolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 38.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.

=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas.

=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” Dio Cassius, bk. 60. ――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. Plutarch, Cæsar.

=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.

=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.――Plutarch, Caius Marius.

=Cimĭnus=, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. ――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of Cimmerian darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13.――Virgil, Æneid bk. 6.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Cimmĕrium=, now Crim, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Cimōlus=, now Argentiera, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463. ――Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. See: Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. Thucydides, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.――Diodorus, bk. 11. ――Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.――――An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

=Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. See: Cinethon.

=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 4.

=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26. ――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.――Cicero, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 4.――Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1. ――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athenæus.

=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Cinga=, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 21.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Cingŭlum=, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.――Cæsar, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 34.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

=Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia.

=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.

=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. Plutarch, Caius Marius, Pompey, & Sulla.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 822.――Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 1.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――Plutarch, Cæsar.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plutarch, Cæsar.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio Cassius.――Seneca, de Clementia, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

=Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristotle.

=Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 312. ――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 198.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.――Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 94.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 787.

=Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 9.――Plutarch, Parallela minora――Hyginus, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cios=, a river of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 565.

=Circæum=, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called Circeienses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 248.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.――Livy, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. See: Scylla and Picus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 70; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――Hyginus, fable 125.――Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 136, &c. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 956. ――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 636.

=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 408.

=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.

=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 151.

=Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. Plutarch, Caius Marius.

=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.

=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

=Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

=Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria.

=Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

=Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 49.

=Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 155.

=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. Plutarch.

=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. Plutarch, Lysander.

=Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 303.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――Strabo, bk. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.

=Citium=, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt Plutarch, Cimon.――Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 112.

=Cius=, a town of Mysia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 59.

=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. See: ♦Cyzicus.

♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.

=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 379.

=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now Chiana. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strabo, bk. 14.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

=Clastidium=, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strabo, bk. 5. ――Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. Plutarch, Marcellus.

=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 1.

=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――Silius Italicus, bk. 17, li. 34.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 315; ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet Statius. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An inconsiderable town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid, bk. 1, ex Ponto, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

=Claudia lex=, de comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent. ――――Another, de usurâ, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents. ――――Another, de negotiatione, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.

=Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. Eutropius, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

=Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, &c.――Dio Cassius, bk. 60.――Juvenal, satire 6, li. 619. ――Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.――――The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps.――――Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Livy, bk. 27, &c. ――Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――Suetonius, Tiberias.――――The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. Pliny the Younger, bk. 7, ltr. 51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator. Cicero, Brutus. See: Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See: _ Appius. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203. ――Cicero, de Senectute, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. See: Clodius.――――Marcellus. See: Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. Livy, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome. ――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. See: Tiberius. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Livy.

=Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

=Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a key. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 284.

=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.

=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

=Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29. ――Strabo, bk. 14.――Livy, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 85.

=Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence.

=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori.

=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. Strabo, bk. 13. ――Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 4.――Diodorus, bk. 15.――――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288. ――――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. Diodorus, bk. 14.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. Xenophon.

=Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――――Another of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――――A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus.

=Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

=Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Cleŏbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 47.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 31.――Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.

=Cleobūla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo. ――――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――――The mother of Pithus. Hyginus, fables 14, 97, &c.

=Cleobūlīna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Cleobūlus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. ――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――――An historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――One of the Ephori. Thucydides.

=Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Cleodæus=, a son of Hyllus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

=Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus.

=Cleodēmus=, a physician. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.

=Cleodōra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cleogĕnes=, a son of Silenus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Cleolāus=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Cleomăchus=, a boxer of Magnesia.

=Cleomantes=, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Cleombrŏtus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. Diodorus, bk. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.――Xenophon.――――A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.――――A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 34.――Ovid, Ibis, li. 493.

=Cleomēdes=, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.――Plutarch, Romulus.

=Cleomĕnes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

=Cleomĕnes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Cleomĕnes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. Polybius, bk. 6.――Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Justin, bk. 28, ch. 4.

=Cleomĕnes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――――An historian.――――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――――A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A Lacedæmonian general.

=Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c. ――Diodorus, bk. 12.――――A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――――A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――――An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lysander.――――A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.――――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A tyrant of Sicyon.――――A friend of Phocion.

=Cleōnæ= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 4, li. 28.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 417.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 32.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.――――A town of Phocis.

=Cleōne=, a daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Cleonīca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.――Plutarch, Cimon, &c.

=Cleonīcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45.

=Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Cleony̆mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. Strabo, bk. 6.――――A person so cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became proverbial.

=Cleŏpăter=, an officer of Aratus.

=Cleŏpātra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. Diodorus, bk. 16.――Justin, bk. 9, ch. 7.――Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 20.――Justin, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.――――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――――A daughter of Boreas. See: Cleobula.――――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 552.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Justin, bk. 38, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.――――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――――A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ, and De morbis mulierum, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 11.――Appian, bk. 5, Civil Wars.――Plutarch, Pompey & Antonius.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.――Strabo, bk. 17. ――――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

=Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

=Cleophănes=, an orator.

=Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

=Cleŏphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Cleophŏlus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

=Cleŏphon=, a tragic poet of Athens.

=Cleophȳlus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. Plutarch.

=Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――――A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cleoptolĕmus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.

=Cleŏpus=, a son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

=Cleostrătus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.――――An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar.

=Cleoxĕnus=, wrote a history of Persia.

=Clepsy̆dra=, a fountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Cleri=, a people of Attica.

=Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.

=Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Clidēmus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. Vossius, historicis græcis, bk. 3.

=Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Climĕnus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

=Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 23.――――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――――The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plutarch, Aratus.――――A friend of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

=Clinippĭdes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. Diodorus, bk. 12.

=Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, gloria); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 75.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 14.――――One of Cyrene’s nymphs. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered.

=Clisthĕnes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aristotle.――――An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. Plutarch, Aristotle.――Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c. ――――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. Aristotle. ――――An orator. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 7.

=Clitæ=, a people of Cilicia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 55.――――A place near mount Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 11.

=Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――――An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. Apollonius, bk. 1.――Orpheus.

=Cliternia=, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Clitodēmus=, an ancient writer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Clitomăchus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes Laërtius_, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. Ælian, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

=Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

=Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.――――A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.――Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

=Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 146.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 6. ――Plutarch, Alexander.――Curtius, bk. 4, &c.――――A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18. ――――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18. ――――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus.

=Cloacīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the Cloacæ, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 48.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cloanthus=, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. Plutarch, Lucullus.――――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.――――A vestal virgin. See: Claudia.――――Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. Cicero, For Marcus Cælius.――――A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. For Marcus Cælius.

=Clodia lex=, de Cypro, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――――Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors. ――――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――――Another, de Provinciis, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.――――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gratis, as had been given them before at six asses and a triens the bushel.――――Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.――――Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.――――Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.――――Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished.

=Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Publius Clōdius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Plutarch, Cicero.――Appian on Cicero, bk. 2.――Cicero, for Milo & On his House.――Dio Cassius.――――A certain author, quoted by Plutarch.――――Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 22.――――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suetonius, Lives of the Rhetoricians.――Cicero, Philippics.

=Clœlia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 13.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 651.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.――Juvenal, satire 8, li. 265.――――A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Clœliæ fossæ=, a place near Rome. Plutarch, Coriolanus.

=Clœlius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――――Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

=Clonas=, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

=Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Clonius=, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.――――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, to spin). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. See: Parcæ. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 218. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Cluacīna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. See: Cloacina.

=Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.――Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

=Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

=Clŭpea= and =Cly̆pea=, now Aklibia, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 586. ――Strabo, bk. 17.――Livy, bk. 27, ch. 29.――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

=Clusīni fontes=, baths in Etruria. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

=Clusium=, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. Diodorus, bk. 14.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655.

=Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polybius, bk. 2.――――The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 130.

=Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

=Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ch. 7.

=Clymĕne=, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. Hesiod, Theogony.――――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hyginus.――――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. Hyginus, fable 71.――――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 756.――――A Trojan woman. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――The mother of Homer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24. ――――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 267. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.

♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Clymeneĭdes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

=Clymĕnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A son of Phoroneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A king of Elis. Pausanias.――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

=Clysony̆mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See: _ Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.――Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis.――Hyginus, fables 117 & 140.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 19.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.――Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.――――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix. ――――A daughter of Pandarus.

=Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10.――――A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 325.――――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 251. ――――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 744.――――A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 302.

=Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Cnacălis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cnagia=, a surname of Diana.

=Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diodorus, bk. 12.――Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

=Cneus=, or =Cnæus=, a prænomen common to many Romans.

=Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

=Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. Horace, bk. 1, ode 30.――Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 27.

=Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now Zia, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.――Strabo, bk. 14.――Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 23. ――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.――Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 298.

=Coamani=, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Coastræ=, and =Coactræ=, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 246.

=Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Cōcălus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 261. ――Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.――――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――――A nephew of Otho. Plutarch.――――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 72.

=Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape Stilo.

=Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of one eye, as Cocles signifies. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 650.

=Coctiæ= and =Cottiæ=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. Tacitus, Histories.

=Cocȳtus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, _to weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake.

=Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Codomănus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

=Codrĭdæ=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Codropŏlis=, a town of Illyricum.

=Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Justin, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 49.――――A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7. ――――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 203.

=Cœcilus=, a centurion. Cæsar, Civil War.

=Cœla=, a place in the bay of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 47.――――A part of Attica. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Cœlaletæ=, a people of Thrace.

=Cœlesyria= and =Cœlosyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.――――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. Dionysius Periegetes.

=Cœlia=, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus.

=Cœlius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――――Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.――Plutarch, Cicero.――――A general of Carbo.――――An orator. Plutarch, Pompey. ――――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.――――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.――――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121. ――――A hill of Rome. See: Cælius.

=Cœlus=, or =Urānus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. Hesiod, &c.

=Cœnus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Cœrănus=, a stoic philosopher. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 52. ――――A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 157.――――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 610.

=Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. Herodotus, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38.

=Coeus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 135 & 405.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 279.――――A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cogidūnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 14.

=Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

=Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less.

=Colænus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

=Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 48.

=Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis.

=Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiachus, and Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 640.――Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 418.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.――Strabo, bk. 11.――Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 24; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28. ――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Colenda=, a town of Spain.

=Colias=, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 96.

=Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.――Strabo, bk. 3.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 774.

=Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the seven hills of Rome.

=Collīna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 871.――――A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

=Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

=Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Colōnæ=, a place of Troas. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Colōne=, a city of Phocis,――――of Erythræa,――――of Thessaly,――――of Messenia.――――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

=Colōnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne. ――――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon. ――――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Artois. ――――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara.――――Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves.――――Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

=Colōnos=, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies.

=Colŏphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strabo, bk. 14.――Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 20.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 54.――Cicero, For Archias, ch. 8.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.

=Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 9.

=Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000_l._ English money.

=Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 8.――――A disciple of Epictetus.――――A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Plutarch.――――A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Colpe=, a city of Ionia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Colubraria=, now Monte Colubre, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

=Columnæ Hercŭlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.――――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 351.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 262.

=Colūthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

=Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens.

=Comagēna=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. Strabo, bks. 11 & 17.

=Comāna= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 34.――――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 66. ――Flaccus, bk. 7, li. 636.――Strabo, bk. 12.

=Comania=, a country of Asia.

=Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape Comorin in India.

=Comări=, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Comărus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

=Comastus=, a place of Persia.

=Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

=Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 382.

=Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 35.

=Combrēa=, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Combutis=, a general under Brennus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Comētes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 356.――――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 284.――――A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.――――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An adulterer of Ægiale.――――A son of Orestes.

=Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from Comitium, the place where they were convened, quasi a cum eundo. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some consularia, for the election of the consuls; others prætoria, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. Centuriata were not convened in later times. See: Centuria. Another assembly was called Comitia Tributa, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called morbus comitialis. After the custom of giving their votes vivâ voce had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, uti rogas, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, antiquo, which bears the same meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called majores magistratus; to whom one of the minores magistratus was added, the tribune of the people.

=Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Commagēne.= See: Comagena.

=Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian.

=Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Comon=, a general of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 26.

=Compĭtālia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 140.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.

=Compsa=, now Consa, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

=Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Compusa=, a town of Bithynia.

=Comum=, now Como, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called Novo Comum by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.――Livy, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.――Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.――Pliny the Younger, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

=Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. Philostratus, bk. 2, Imagines.――Plutarch, Quæstiones romanæ.

=Concăni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sanlinala, or Cangas de Onis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 463.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 361.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34.

=Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

=Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. Plutarch, Camillus. ――Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 1.――Cicero, On his House.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

=Condate=, a town of Gaul, now Rennes (Rhedonum urbs), in Britany.

=Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. Aristotle, Politics.

=Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now Nantes, in Britany.

=Condochātes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

=Condrūsi=, a people of Belgium, now Condrotz, in Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Condy̆lia=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the insula Conopôn of Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 200.

=Conetōdūnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz.

=Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

=Congēdus=, a river of Spain. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

=Coniăci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Conimbrĭca=, a town of Spain, now Coimbra of Portugal.

=Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Coniscī=, a people of Spain.

=Connīdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called Connideia. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. Plutarch, Theseus.

=Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.――Plutarch, Lysander & Artaxerxes.――_Isocrates. _――――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. Catullus, poem 67.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 40.――――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.――――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name.

=Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word signifies as much as consentientes, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:

_Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._ Varro, de Re Rustica

=Consentia=, now Cosenza, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.――Cicero, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Considius Æquus=, a Roman knight, &c. Tacitus.――――Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Consilinum=, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Constans=, a son of Constantine. See: Constantius.

=Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian.

=Constantīna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――――Another of the imperial family.

=Constantinopŏlis=, now Stamboul, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, Roma nova, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe.

=Constantīnus=, surnamed the Great, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, in hoc vince. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or abarum as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, Constantinopolis. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.――――The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――――A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity. ――――A general of Belisarius.

=Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――――The second son of Constantine the Great. See: Constantinus.――――The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337. ――――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.――――One of the servants of Attila.

=Consuāles Ludi=, or =Consuālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Ausonius, bk. 69, li. 9.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 199.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the prætexta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or prior. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by Marcus Tullius Cicerone & L. Antonio Consulibus, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called ordinarii. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of suffecti. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished.

♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called Opima.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378. } For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or A.U.C. 379. } military tribunes elected, but only for that A.U.C. 380. } time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus A.U.C. 381. } Stolo, tribunes of the people. A.U.C. 382. }

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him.

♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called opima.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones.

♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna.

♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

=Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. See: Consuales ludi. Plutarch, Romulus. ――Ausonius, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, on Roman festivals, li. 19.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 90.

=Contubia=, a town in Spain. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad.

=Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the Ægean sea. See: Co.

=Copæ=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Copais lacus=, now Limne, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.――――A river of India. Dionysius Periegetes.

=Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

=Copillus=, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. Plutarch, Sulla.

=C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 8. ――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Coptus= and =Coptos=, now Kypt, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.――Strabo, bk. 16.――Juvenal, satire 15, li. 28.

=Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 392.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Coracēsium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Coraconāsus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Coraletæ=, a people of Scythia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 81.

=Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37.

=Coranus=, a miser. See: ♦Nascia.

♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced

=Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.

=Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 12; On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 20.――Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――――A king of Sicyon.――――A mountain of Ætolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 30.

=Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 21. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Corbŭlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (Monumentum) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern Groningen. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively Drepane, Scheria, and Phæacia, and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called Corcyrean, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. Ovid, Ibis, li. 512.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5, &c.――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 32.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――Strabo, bk. 6.

=Cordŭba=, now Cordova, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 57.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cordylæ). Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 15. ――Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

=Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia were instituted to her honour in Greece.

=Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 100.

=Corĕsus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Corētas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum.

=Corfinium=, now San Ferino, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. Cæsar, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 478.――Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 522.

=Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. Cicero, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.――――A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.――――Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. Amores, bk. 2, poem 6.

=Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus.

=Corinthiăcus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

=Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corito, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was Ephyre; and it is called Bimaris, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of Corinthium Æs. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of Corinthian war, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 58.――Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 70.――Livy, bk. 45, ch. 28.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 16.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 2.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――Strabo, bk. 8, &c.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 15.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 14; Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 44; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――――An actor at Rome. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 197.

=Coriŏlānus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Coriŏli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Plutarch.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33.

=Corissus=, a town of Ionia.

=Coritus.= See: Corytus.

=Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Cormus=, a river near Assyria. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Cornēlia lex=, de Civitate, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.――――Another, de Judiciis, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.――――Another, de Sumptibus, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals. ――――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.――――Another, de Municipiis, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.――――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.――――Another, de Majestate, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, aquæ et ignis interdictio.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict clam or palam, vivâ voce or by ballot. ――――Another, by the same, which made it aquæ et ignis interdictio to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.――――Another, de pecuniis repetundis, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the aquæ et ignis interdictio.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.――――Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.――――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.――――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people.

=Cornēlia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. Plutarch, Cæsar.――――A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. Plutarch, Pompey. ――――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, Cornelia mater Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are preserved. Plutarch, Gracchus.――Juvenal, satire 6, li. 167.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.――Cicero, Brutus, ch. 58; de Claris Oratoribus, ch. 58.――――A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. Suetonius, Domitian.

=Cornēlii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia. ――――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.――――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.――――Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.――――Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――――Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.――――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 19.――――Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.――――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――――Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――――Gallus, an elegiac poet. See: Gallus.――――Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.――――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. See: Nepos.――――Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――――Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. Quintilian, bk. 10, li. 1.――――Thuscus, a mischievous person. ――――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――――Cnæus and Publius Scipio. See: Scipio.――――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Livy. ――Plutarch.――Valerius Maximus.――Tacitus.――Suetonius. ――Polybius.――Cornelius Nepos, &c.

=Cornicŭlum=, a town of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. Plutarch, Brutus.――――A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cæsar.――――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur.

=Cornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Cornūtus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Persius, bk. 5, li. 36.――――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――――A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. Plutarch, Marius.

=Corœbus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――――A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Corōna=, a town of Messenia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Coronēa=, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.――Diodorus, bk. 12.――――A town of Peloponnesus,――――of Corinth,――――of Cyprus,――――of Ambracia,――――of Phthiotis.

=Corōnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 543.――――One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

=Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Corōnus=, a son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Corrhāgium=, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

=Corsia=, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Corsīca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.――Strabo. ――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 27.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2. ――Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.

=Corsote=, a town of Armenia.

=Corsūra=, an island in the bay of Carthage.

=Cortōna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called Corytum by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.――Livy, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

=Corvīnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――――An orator. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.――――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 108.

=Tiberius Coruncānius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.――――The family of the Coruncanii was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. Cicero, On his House.

=Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 37.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 16.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

=Cory̆bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diodorus, bk. 5.――――A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Corybassa=, a city of Mysia.

=Cory̆bus=, a promontory of Crete.

=Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cōry̆cĭdes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 320.

=Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word Corycius implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy.

=Cory̆cus=, now Curco, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. Horace, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 809.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Cicero, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.――Strabo, bk. 14.――――Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――――Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7. ――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Cory̆don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

=Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia.

=Cory̆na=, a town of Ionia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Corymbĭfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 393.

=Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.

=Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Corythus=, a king of Corinth. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cortona, near which Dardanus was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

=Cos=, an island. See: Co.

=Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =Cŏsæ=, a town of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 168.――Livy, bk. 22, ch. 11.――Cicero, bk. 9, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 6.――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Cosconius=, a Latin writer. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.――――A wretched epigram writer. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

=Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

=Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. Juvenal, satire 8.

=Cossea=, a part of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――――A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 317. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841.

=Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

=Costobœi=, robbers in Galatia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Cosȳra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 567.

=Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania.

=Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. Servius on Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 431.――Diodorus, bk. 3.

=Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. Hyginus, fable 147.

=Cŏtĭso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 63.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

=Cotōnis=, an island near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plutarch, Lucullus.――――An orator, greatly commended by Cicero, On Oratory.――――A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diodorus, bk. 2.――――A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus.――――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul. ――――A poet mentioned by ♦Ovid, Epistulæ ex Ponto.

♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

=Cottiæ Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 37; Nero, ch. 18.

=Cottus=, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 147.――――A man among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Cotyæum=, a town of Galatia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――Of Phrygia.

=Cotyæus=, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Cotys=, the father of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia. ――――A king of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.――――Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 54.――――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 64.――Ovid, bk. 2, Epistulæ ex Ponto, ltr. 9.――――A king of the Odrysæ. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 29.――――A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bks. 11 & 13.――――Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. Athenæus, bk. 12.

=Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. Horace, epode 17, li. 58.――Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.

♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

=Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

=Crambūsa=, a town of Lycia.

=Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. Herodotus.

=Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A city of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Crane=, a nymph. See: ♦Cara.――――A town of Arcadia.

♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

=Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

=Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 361.

=Crassĭpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 5.――Livy, bk. 38, ch. 42.

=Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 18.

=Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――――Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. Plutarch has written his life. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plutarch, Crassus.――――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book On Oratory as the principal speaker.――――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

=Crastīnus=, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 124.

=Cratæus=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. Aristotle.

=Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

=Cratĕrus=, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes, ch. 2.――Justin, bks. 12 & 13.――Curtius, bk. 3.――Arrian.――Plutarch, Alexander.――――A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.――Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――――A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――――A famous sculptor.

=Crates=, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetonius.――――A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 17, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――――An Athenian comic poet.

=Cratesiclēa=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

=Cratesipŏlis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 58.

=Cratesippĭdas=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

=Cratēvas=, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Crateus=, a son of Minos.

=Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strabo, bk. 8.――――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 315.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.――Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cratīnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.――Quintilian.――――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.――――A river of Asia. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

=Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plutarch, Pompey.――Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 1. ――――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Craty̆les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

=Crausiæ=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

=Crausis=, the father of Philopœmen.

=Crauxĭdas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Crĕmĕra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 205. ――Juvenal, satire 2, li. 155.

=Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Cremma=, a town of Lycia.

=Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 435.

=Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Cremōna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 56.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

=Cremōnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.――Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 35; Tiberius, ch. 60, Caligula, ch. 16.

=Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 313.

=Creon=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――Euripides, Medea. ――Hyginus, fable 25.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――――A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [See: Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. See: Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――Statius, Thebiad.――Sophocles, Antigone.――Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.――Hyginus, fables 67 & 76.――Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――――The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Creontiădes=, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

=Creŏphĭlus=, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.――――An historian. Athenæus, bk. 8.

=Creperius Pollio=, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 6.

=Cres=, an inhabitant of Crete.――――The first king of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cresa= and =Cressa=, a town of Caria.

=Cresius=, a hill of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

=Cressius=, belonging to Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

=Creston=, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Cresus= and =Ephesus=, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Crēta=, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 444; Epistles, bk. 10, li. 106.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 184.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 104.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cretæus=, a poet mentioned by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

=Crete=, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Deucalion. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cretea=, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Cretes=, inhabitants of Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Creteus=, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 774. ――――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 538.

=Cretheis=, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar, Nemean, ch. 4.

=Cretheus=, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

♦ ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’ ♥ ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’

=Crethon=, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 540.

♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

=Cretĭcus=, a certain orator. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 67.――――A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

=Cressas=, a famous boxer. Pausanias, bk. 2.

=Creūsa=, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 335. ――――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9. ――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Creusis=, a naval station of the Thespians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Criăsus=, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Crinippus=, a general of Dionysius the elder.

=Crinis=, a stoic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A priest of Apollo.

=Crinīsus= and =Crimīsus=, now Caltabellota, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. See: Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Crino=, a daughter of Antenor. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

=Crison=, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Crispīna=, a Roman matron, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, ch. 47.

=Crispīnus=, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 26.――――A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

=Crispus Sallustius.= See: Sallustius.――――Virio, a famous orator. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The second husband of Agrippina. ――――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

=Crissæus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salona. It received its name from Crissa, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

=Critāla=, a town of Cappadocia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Crithēis=, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Herodotus, Life of Homer.

=Crithōte=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cornelius Nepos.

=Critias=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.――――A philosopher.――――A man who wrote on republics. ――――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

=Crito=, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.――――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――――A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

=Critobūlus=, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20.――――A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Crito.

=Critodēmus=, an ancient historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 76.

=Critognātus=, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Critolāus=, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. Cicero, de Natura Deorum.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory. ――――An historian who wrote about Epirus.

=Crius=, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――A man of Ægina, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 50.――――A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.

=Crobialus=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Crobyzi=, a people of Thrace.

=Crŏcăle=, one of Diana’s attendants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

=Croceæ=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Crocodilopŏ1is=, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 69.――Strabo, bk. 17.

=Crocus=, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

=Crœsus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c. ――Plutarch, Solon, bk. 8, ch. 24.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Cromi=, a people of Arcadia.

=Cromītis=, a country of Arcadia.

=Crommyon= and =Cromyon=, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.――Xenophon.――――A town near Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cromna=, a town of Bithyna.

=Cromus=, a son of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Lycaon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Cronia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

=Cronium=, a town of Elis,――――of Sicily.

=Crophi=, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Crossæa=, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Crotălus=, a navigable river of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Croton=, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Crŏtōna=, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 47.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 96.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.――Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.

=Crotoniatæ=, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Crotoniatis=, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 35.

=Crotopiădes=, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

=Crotōpias=, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

=Crotōpus=, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

=Crotus=, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Crunos=, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Crusis=, a place near Olynthos.

=Crustŭmĕrium= and =Crustumeria=, a town of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.

=Crustūmīnum=, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustumia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 88.

=Crustŭmium=, =Crustunus=, and =Crusturnenius=, now Conca, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Crynis=, a river of Bithynia.

=Crypta=, a passage through mount Pausilypus. See: Pausilypus.

=Cteătus=, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Ctemene=, a town of Thessaly.

=Ctenos=, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

=Ctesias=, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 1.――Athenæus, bk. 12. ――Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――――A sycophant of Athens.――――An historian of Ephesus.

=Ctesibius=, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B. C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsydra, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 9, ch. 9.――――A cynic philosopher.――――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

=Ctesĭcle=, a general of Zacynthos.

=Ctesidēmus=, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Ctesilŏchus=, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Ctesĭphon=, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. Demosthenes & Æschines, On the Crown.――――A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――――An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. Athenæus, bk. 13.――――A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦Plutarch, Theseus.――――A large village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. Strabo, bk. 15.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Ctesippus=, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. Plutarch, Phocion.――――A man who wrote a history of Scythia. ――――One of the descendants of Hercules.

=Ctimĕne=, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 334.

=Cularo=, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Grenoble. Cicero, Letters to his Friends.

=Cuma= and =Cumæ=, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called Cumani. Strabo, bk. 13.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumæi and Cumani. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumæan Sibyl. See: Sibyllæ.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 712; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 158; Ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.――Cicero, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 441.――Livy, bk. 4.――Ptolemy, bk. 3.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Cumānum=, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――――Another of Varro. Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Cunaxa=, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113, 000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――Ctesias.

=Cuneus=, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Capāvo=, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cupentus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 539.

=Cupīdo=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 693, &c. ――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 10.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 121, &c.――Oppian, Halieutica, bk. 4.――Cynegetica, bk. 2.――Bion, Idylls, bk. 3. ――Moschus.――Euripides, Hippolytus.――Theocritus, Idylls, poems 3, 11, &c.

=Cupiennius=, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

=Cures=, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

=Curētes=, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 151.――Strabo, bk. 10. ――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 282; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 210.

=Curētis=, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 136.

=Curia=, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――――The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius: Curia Pompeii, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.――――A town of the Rhœti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.

=Curia lex=, de Comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comitia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

=Curias.= See: Curium.

=Curiatii=, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5. ――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦=Caius Curio=, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 21, ch. 7.――Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 49.――Cicero, Brutus.――――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar, ch. 49.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 1.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 268.

♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Curiosolitæ=, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Curium=, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of Curias. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 113.

=Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius=, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” Plutarch, Marcus Cato.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦ Book number omitted in text.

=Curtia=, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

=Curtīllus=, a celebrated epicure, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

=Marcus Curtius=, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 6.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――Quintus Rufus. See: Quintus.――――Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.――――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――――Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. See: Marcus Curtius.――――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Curūlis magistratus=, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called curules magistratus. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of notii, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles.

=Cussæi=, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Cusus=, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag.

=Cutilium=, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.――Seneca, Naturales quaestiones, bk. 3, ch. 25.――Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

=Cyamosōrus=, a river of Sicily.

=Cyăne=, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. Plutarch, Parallela minora――――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Syracuse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 112.――――A town of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――An inn-keeper, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 162.

=Cyăneæ=, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called Symplegades and Planetæ. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 12.――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.――Apollonius, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.――Lycophron, li. 1285.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 3.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

=Cyanee= and =Cyanea=, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.

=Cyaneus=, a large river of Colchis.

=Cyanippe=, a daughter of Adrastus.

=Cyanippus=, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

=Cyaraxes=, or =Cyaxares=, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. Diodorus, bk. 2.――Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.――――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 1.

=Cybēbe=, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness.

♦ ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’

=Cybĕle=, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. See: Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. Augustine, City of God, &c.――Lactantius.――Lucian, De Syria Dea. ――Diodorus, bk. 3.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 566.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.――Plutarch, de Garrulitate.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus.――Cælius, Rhodiginus, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’

=Cybĕle= and =Cybela=, a town of Phrygia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cybĕlus=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

=Cy̆bĭra=, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.

=Cybistria=, a town of Cappadocia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15.

=Cycesium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

=Cychreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.――Plutarch, Theseus.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Cyclădes=, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, circulus). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 2.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Dionysius Periegeta. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 64.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.――Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 247.

=Cyclōpes=, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, circulus, ὠψ, oculus). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. See: Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――Homer, Odyssey, bks. 1 & 9.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 140.――Theocritus, Idylls, poem 1, &c.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 170; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――――A people of Asia.

=Cycnus=, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hyginus, fables 31 & 261.――Hesiod, Shield of Heracles. ――――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3.――――A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.――――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 367.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 189.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A horse’s name. Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad li. 524.

=Cydas=, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. Cicero, Philippics, speeches 5 & 8.

=Cydias=, an Athenian of great valour, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 21. ――――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. Pliny, bk. 34.

=Cydippe=, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 165. ――――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. See: Cleobis.――――A girl beloved by Acontius. See: Acontius.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 329.

=Cydnus=, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Justin, bk. 11, ch. 8.

=Cydon=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 335.

=Cydon= and =Cydonia=, now Canea, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 22.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 858.――Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 109.――Livy, bk. 37, ch. 60.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 229.

=Cydonia=, an island opposite Lesbos. Pliny, bks. 2 & 4.

=Cydrara=, a city of Phrygia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 30.

=Cydrolāus=, a man who led a colony to Samos. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Cygnus.= See: Cycnus.

=Cylabus=, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

♦ ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Cylbiani=, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cylices=, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. Athenæus.

=Cylindus=, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

=Cyllabaris=, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Pausanias, Corinthia.

=Cyllabărus=, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

=Cyllărus=, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 408.――――A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 90.

=Cyllen=, a son of Elatus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Cyllēne=, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 23.――――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of Cylleneius, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 663.――Horace, epode 13, li. 13.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 17.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 139.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 146; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Cyllēnēius=, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene.

=Cyllyrii=, certain slaves at Syracuse. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 155.

=Cylon=, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 71.

=Cyma=, or =Cymæ=, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also Phriconis, and Phricontis, and Cumæ. See: Cumæ. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 11.――Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 20.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

=Cymodŏce=, =Cyme=, and =Cymo=, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 255.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 388.

=Cymōlus= and =Cimōlus=, an island of the Cretan sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.

=Cymŏthoe=, one of the Nereides, represented by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

=Cynara=, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

=Cynægīrus=, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 114.――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Cynæthium=, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Cynāne=, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Cynāpes=, a river falling into the Euxine. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Cynaxa.= See: Cunaxa.

=Cyneas.= See: Cineas.

=Cynesii= and =Cynetæ=, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33.

=Cynethussa=, an island in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cynia=, a lake of Acarcania. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Cynĭci=, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name à caninâ mordacitate, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. Cicero, bk. 1, De Officiis, chs. 35 & 41.

=Cynisca=, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cyno=, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 110.

=Cynocephăle=, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 7.

=Cynocephăli=, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Cynophontis=, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, killing dogs, because they used to kill all the dogs they met.

=Cynortas=, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cynortion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Cynos=, a town of Locris.――――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

=Cynosargres=, a surname of Hercules.――――A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cynossēma= (a dog’s tomb), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid, bk. 13, Metamorphoses, li. 569.

=Cynosūra=, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the Ursa Minor. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Cynthia=, a beautiful woman who was mistress to Propertius.――――A surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.

=Cynthius=, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.

=Cynthus=, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to them. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 36.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 304; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 346.

=Cynūrenses=, a people of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Cynus=, a naval station of Opus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Cypărissi= and =Cyparissia=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 31.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Cypărissus=, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 680.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 121.――――A town near Delphi. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cyphăra=, a fortified place of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Cypriānus=, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents, became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, De Dei gratiâ, De virginum habitu, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell, folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.

=Cyprus=, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa. ――――A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called Acamantis, Amathusia, Aspelia, Cerastis, Colonia or Colinia, Macaria, and Spechia. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus surnamed Cypris, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. Strabo, bk. 16.――Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 14.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.――Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 26.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cypsĕlĭdes=, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II.

♦=Cypsĕsus=, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος, a coffer, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 37. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.――Aristotle, Politics.――――The father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 35.

♦ ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’

=Cyraunis=, an island of Libya. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 195.

=Cyrbiāna=, a province of the Elymæans.

=Cyre=, a fountain near Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭca=, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. See: Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭci=, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

=Cyrēne=, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 321.――Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7. ――Pindar, Pythian, li. 9.――――A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it became the capital of the country, which was called Pentapolis, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 4.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5. ――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Cyriades=, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.

=Cyrillus=, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 catecheses, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio, Oxford, 1703.――――A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.

=Cyrne=, a place of Eubœa.

=Cyrnus=, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 342.――――A man of Argos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. Diodorus, bk. 5.――――A river that falls into the Caspian sea. Plutarch, Pompey.――――An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of Hercules. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Cyrræi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Cyrrhadæ=, an Indian nation.

=Cyrrhes=, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.

=Cyrrhestĭca=, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital was called Cyrrhum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.――Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 18.

=Cyrrhus= and =Cyrus=, a river of Iberia in Asia.

=Cyrsīlus=, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. Demosthenes, de Coronâ.――Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 11.

=Cyrus=, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the apprehensions of Astyages. See: Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, Satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The Cyropædia, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. Diodorus, bk. 1. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.――Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7. ――――The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――Diodorus, bk. 14.――Justin, bk. 5, ch. 11.――――A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.――――A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius.

=Cyrus= and =Cyropŏlis=, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate.

=Cyrus=, a river of Persia, now Kur.

=Cyta=, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 693. ――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.

=Cytæis=, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.

=Cythēra=, now Cesigo, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed Cytheræa, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10, li. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 33.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 15.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 29.

=Cythĕræa=, a surname of Venus.

=Cythēris=, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Antony.

=Cythēron.= See: Cithæron.

=Cythērun=, a place of Attica.

=Cytherus=, a river of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Cythnos=, now Thermia, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called Ophiousa and Dryopis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 252.

=Cytineum=, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. Strabo, bk. 9.――Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Cytissorus=, a son of Phryxus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 197.

=Cytōrus=, now Kudros, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. Catullus, poem 4, li. 13.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 311.――Strabo, bk. 11.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 437.

=Cyzĭcum=, or =Cyzicus=, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Cyzĭcus=, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Flaccus. ――Apollonius.――Orpheus.――――The chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C. 410. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――Strabo.――Apollonius, bk. 1. ――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 22.――Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 636.

D

=Daæ=, =Dahæ=, or =Dai=, now the Dahistan, a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 764.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 420.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 728.

=Daci= and =Dacæ=, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube, whose country, called Dacia, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the country to Mœsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube, considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of Walachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 53.

=Dacĭcus=, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over the Dacians. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 204.

=Dacty̆li=, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from δακτυλος, finger, because they were 10, the same number as the fingers of the hands. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dadicæ=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 91.

=Dædăla=, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Dædalus was buried according to Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A name given to Circe, from her being cunning (δαιδαλος), and like Dædalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 282.――――Two festivals in Bœotia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Platæans, in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made called Dædala, in honour of Dædalus.――――The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every 60 years by all the cities of Bœotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues, called Dædala, were distributed by lot among the Platæans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Chæroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Platæans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of mount Cithæron, by many of the Bœotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Bœotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this: When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Cithæron king of Platæa, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithæron advised him to dress a statue in woman’s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Platæa the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband’s future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. Pausanias & Plutarch.

=Dædălion=, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 295.

=Dædălus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. Pausanias, bks. 1, 7 & 9.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 3; Heroides, poem 4; De Ars Amatoria, bk. 2; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4.――Hyginus, fable 40.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 14.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――There were two statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithynia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 14.――Arrian.

=Dæmon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities, received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and statues erected to a Genio loci, Genio Augusti, Junonibus, &c. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.――Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

=Dahæ.= See: Daæ.

=Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.

=Daĭdis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried at the celebration; whence the name.

=Daimăchus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. Polyænus, bk. 1.

=Daimĕnes=, a general of the Achæans. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――An officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Daĭphron=, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Daīra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Daldia=, a town of Lydia.

=Dalmatius=, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died A.D. 337.

=Dalmătia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called Dalmatæ, were conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar garment called Dalmatica, afterwards introduced at Rome. Horace, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.――Lampridus, Commodus, ch. 8.――Strabo, bk. 7.――Ptolemy, bk. 2.

=Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in marriage, B.C. 670. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 24.

=Damălis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 13.

=Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Damascēna=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.

=Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly esteemed according to Photius.

=Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of Damascene in Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern Damas, or Sham, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 215.――Justin, bk. 36, ch. 2.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Damasia=, a town called also Augusta, now ♦Augsburg, in Swabia, on the Leck.

♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’

=Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Damasippus=, a captain in Philip’s army.――――A senator who accompanied Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2. ――――A great enemy of Sylla. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――An orator. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 185.――――A merchant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3.――――One of Niobe’s sons.

=Damasistrătus=, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 98.――――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 87.

=Damastes=, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of Herodotus, &c. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A famous robber. See: Procrustes.

=Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 416.

=Damia=, a surname of Cybele.――――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 9.

=Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. Polyænus.

=Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning over the Messenians. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain.

=Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.

=Damnōrix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c.

=Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father, devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s commands. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

=Damŏcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to such fears and dangers. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Damocrătes=, a hero, &c. Plutarch, Aristotle.

=Damocrĭta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

=Damocrĭtus=, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the Jews.――――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.

=Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.――――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 15, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Pericles. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their confidence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A man of Cheronæa, who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens. Plutarch, Cimon.――――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. Plutarch, Philopœmen.

=Damophĭla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were taught the various powers of music and poetry. Philostratus.

=Damophĭlus=, an historian. Diodorus.――――A Rhodian general against the fleet of Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 20.

=Damŏphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Damostrătus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 21.

=Damoxĕnus=, a comic writer of Athens. Athenæus, bk. 3.――――A boxer of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. Plutarch, Timoleon.

=Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia.

=Danăce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to convey the dead over the Styx. Suidas.

=Dănae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city called Ardea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 611; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 415; Amores, bk. 2, poem 19, li. 27.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 16.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 319. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 1, li. 255.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 410.――――A daughter of Leontium, mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――――A daughter of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered violence.

=Dănai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks, from Danaus their king. Virgil, & Ovid, passim.

=Dănaĭdes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter; but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus; Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia, Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had been committed. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 11.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.――Hyginus, fable 168, &c.

=Danăla=, a castle of Galatia.

=Danapris=, now the Nieper, a name given in the middle ages to the Borysthenes, as Danaster the Neister, was applied to the Tyras.

=Dănaus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death, reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt. Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne, and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Inaehidæ was extinguished, and the Belides began to reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. See: Danaides. Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called Armais, and was the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.――Hyginus, fable 168, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.

=Dandări= and =Dandarĭdæ=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports, lived 500 years.

=Dānŭbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it Ister; but the Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the Danube, from its source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths they called it Ister, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks, to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black sea. Dionysius Periegetes.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4, ch. 48, &c.――Strabo, bk. 4.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Ammianus, bk. 23.

=Daŏchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

=Daphnæ=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Daphnæus=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. Polyænus, bk. 5.

=Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed by the companions of Diana. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ, ch. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts, has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A famous grove near Antioch, consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.

=Daphnēphŏria=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the Bœotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65 in number, represented the sun’s annual revolutions. This bough was carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore on his feet shoes called Iphicratidæ, from Iphicrates, an Athenian who first invented them. He was called δαφνηφορος, laurel-bearer, and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following circumstance: When an oracle advised the Ætolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s festivals was near, both nations, who religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates the general of the ♦Bœotian army saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Bœotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Bœotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the Bœotians. Pausanias, Bœotia, &c.

♦ ‘Bœtian’ replaced with ‘Bœotian’

=Daphnis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of Daphnis has been appropriated by the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending of flocks. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 18.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――――There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 275.――――A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.――――A grammarian. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians. ――――A son of Paris and Œnone.

=Daphnus=, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.――――A physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed that the moon assisted digestion. Athenæus, bk. 7.

=Darăba=, a town of Arabia.

=Darantasia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also Forum Claudii, and now Motier.

=Daraps=, a king of the Gangaridæ, &c. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Dardăni=, the inhabitants of Dardania.――――Also a people of Mœsia, very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dardănia=, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were called Dardani and Dardanidæ. There is also a country of the same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to Samothrace. Virgil & Ovid, passim.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Dardănĭdes=, a name given to Æneas, as descended from Dardanus. The word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid.

=Dardanium=, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of Dardanus, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave the name of Dardanelles to the place. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Dardănus=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 167.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――Hyginus, fables 155 & 275.――Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 20.――――A Trojan killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 460.

=Dardării=, a nation near the Palus Mæotis. Plutarch, Lucullus.

=Dares=, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of Ælian; the Latin translation, now extant, is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, lis. 10 & 27.――――One of the companions of Æneas, descended from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector, where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363.

=Darētis=, a country of Macedonia.

=Darīa=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Dariaves=, the name of Darius in Persian. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Dariobrigum=, a town of Gaul, now Vennes in Britany.

=Darītæ=, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 92.

=Darīus=, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master’s horse to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together, the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolution was made among them, that the king’s wives and concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege of being admitted into the king’s presence without previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order, repeated these words: “Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians.” Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 1.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Plutarch, Aristotle.――Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.――――The second king of Persia, of that name, was also called Ochus or Nothus, because he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire, that he might imitate him? “The dictates of justice and of religion,” replied the expiring monarch. Justin, bk. 5, ch. 11.――Diodorus, bk. 12.――――The third of that name was the last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him, when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military courage of its soldiers; and Athenæus mentions that the camp of Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army, and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians; and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, “It is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.” These words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded by Cyrus the Great. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Plutarch, Alexander. ――Justin, bks. 10, 11, &c.――Curtius.――――A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 108.――Diodorus, bk. 11.――――A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired against his father’s life, and was capitally punished. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

=Dascon=, a man who founded Camarina. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dascylitis=, a province of Persia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 129.

=Dascy̆lus=, the father of Gyges. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dasea=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Dasius=, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 38.

=Dassarĕtæ=, =Dassarītæ=, =Dassarēni=, or =Dassariti=, a people of Illyricum, or Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

=Datămes=, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

=Dataphernes=, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus into Alexander’s hands. He also revolted from the conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dahæ. Curtius, bk. 7, chs. 5 & 8.

=Datis=, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades, and some time after put to death by the Spartans. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.

=Datos=, or =Daton=, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word Datos to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he called it Philippi, after his own name. Appian, Civil Wars.

=Davara=, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.

=Daulis=, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Anacris, received its name. It was there that Philomela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called Daulias avis. Ovid, ltr. 15, li. 154.――Strabo, bk. 9. ――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Livy, bk. 32, ch. 18.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Dauni=, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom they received their name.

=Daunia=, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there, and is now called Capitanata. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 146. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.――――Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called Daunia, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785.

=Daunus=, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 5.――――A river of Apulia, now Carapelle. Horace, bk. 3, ode 30.

=Daurĭfer= and =Daurises=, a brave general of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c.

=Davus=, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 40.

=Debæ=, a nation of Arabia. Diodorus, bk. 3.

=Decapŏlis=, a district of Judæa, from its 10 cities. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Decebălus=, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s successor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 103. Dio Cassius, bk. 68.

=Deceleum= (or ea), now Biala Castro, a small village of Attica, north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war has occasionally been called Decelean, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Decĕlus=, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnæ. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 73.

=Decemvĭri=, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that 10 new magistrates, called decemviri, should be elected from the senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute; all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius, Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the 12 tables, leges duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate, to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the state.――――There were other officers in Rome, called decemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called subhastationes, because a spear, hasta, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called decemviri litibus judicandis. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were originally two in number, called duumviri, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to 15, called quindecemvirs.

=Decetia=, a town of Gaul. Cæsar.

=Decia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the fleets.

=Lucius Decidius Saxa=, a Celtiberian in Cæsar’s camp. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1.

=Decineus=, a celebrated soothsayer. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Decius Mus=, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. Livy, bks. 8, 9, &c.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Polybius, bk. 2.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Brutus, conducted Cæsar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered. ――Cnæus Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mœsia. Instead of obeying his master’s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years. This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the title of Optimus, which a servile senate had lavished upon him.

=Decurio=, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a decuria, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of a turma, or the thirtieth part of a legio of horse, which was composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, and each had a deputy called optio. There were certain magistrates in the provinces called decuriones municipales, who formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was called curia decurionum, and minor senatus; and their decrees, called decreta decurionum, were marked with two D. D. at the top. They generally styled themselves civitatum patres curiales, and honorati municipiorum senatores. They were elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election happened on the calends of March.

=Decumates agri=, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 29.

=Deditamĕnes=, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Degis=, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of Domitian. Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 3.

=Dējănīra=, a daughter of Œneus king of Ætolia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors. Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present; and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his death. See: Hercules. Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 8 & 9.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Seneca, Hercules.――Hyginus, fable 34.

=Deicoon=, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with Æneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 534.――――A son of Hercules and Megara. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēĭdămīa=, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father’s court in woman’s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 9.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. Polyænus.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia.

=Deilēon=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 115.

=Deilŏchus=, a son of Hercules.

=Deimăchus=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――The father of Enarette. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Deiŏces=, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.――Polyænus.

=Deiŏchus=, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 341.

=Dēīŏne=, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called Deionides, on account of his mother. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 442.

=Dēīŏneus=, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. Hyginus, fables 48 & 241.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Dēĭŏpēia=, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to Æolus the god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of Æneas, which was sailing for Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 76.――――One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 343.

=Deiotărus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. Strabo, bk. 12.――Lucan, bk. 5, li. 55.

=Deĭphĭla.= See: Deipyle.

=Dēĭphŏbe=, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that she led Æneas to the infernal regions. See: Sibyllæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Dēĭphŏbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war, especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 495. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.――――A son of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Deĭphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal; and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.――――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus king of Argos. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēiphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A general of the Dorians, &c. Polyænus.

=Dēipy̆le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dēipy̆lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

=Dēipy̆rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

=Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.

=Dēlia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions, the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――――There was also another festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed in this annual procession were called Deliastæ and Theori. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully preserved by the Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias. When the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made all over the city. The Theori were crowned with laurel, and before them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival, it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. Xenophon, Memorabilia & Symposium.――♦Plato, Phædo.――Seneca, ltr. 70.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dēlia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 67.

=Dēliădes=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple. Homer, Hymn to Apollo.

=Dēlium=, a temple of Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.

=Dēlius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――――Quintus, an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness. Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. Plutarch, Antonius.

=Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.

=Delmĭnium=, a town of Dalmatia. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Dēlos=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its appearance on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum. See: Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions, were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands. An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called Ortygia ab ὀρτυξ, a quail. The people of Delos are described by Cicero, Academica, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous for rearing hens. Strabo, bks. 8 & 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Plutarch, de Sollertia Animalium, &c.――Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 73.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Callimachus, Hymn to Delos.――Claudian, Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti, bk. 4.

=Delphi=, now Castri, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called Pytho, because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the name of Delphi, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also called it Parnassia Nape, the valley of Parnassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation. The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats, and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner, that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration. The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis, and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona. The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called Pythia. See: Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most ♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the middle of the earth; and on that account it was called terræ umbilicus. This, according to mythology, was first found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi was built. Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 706.――Diodorus, bk. 16. ――Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 168.――Strabo, bk. 9.

♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’

=Delphĭcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi.

=Delphīnia=, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.

=Delphīnium=, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa.

=Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 43.

=Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of Bacchus. Hyginus, fable 161.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Delphȳne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams. It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient tradition. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 27.――Strabo, bks. 15 & 17.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Demădes=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator, and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One of his orations is extant. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 17.――Plutarch, Demosthenes.

=Demænetus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon, ch. 5.

=Demagŏras=, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――――An historian, who wrote concerning the foundation of Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

=Demarāta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 22.

=Demarātus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the hostilities which hung over their head. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 75, &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.

=Demarēta=, the wife of Gelon. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon.

=Dēmātria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned from a battle without glory. Plutarch, Instituta Laconica.

=Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks Demeter. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

=Dēmētrias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.

=Dēmētrius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of towns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a ♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between him and his son. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Diodorus, bk. 17. ――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――――A prince who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 2.――Polybius, bk. 2.――――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B.C. 180. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 20.――Justin, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A Magnesian.――――A servant of Cassius.――――A son of Demetrius of Cyrene.――――A freedman of Pompey.――――A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender.――――A prince surnamed Soter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. Strabo, bk. 16. ――Appian.――Justin, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The Second, surnamed Nicanor, or Conqueror, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews, and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians. Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, B.C. 127. Justin, bk. 36, &c.――Appian, Syrian Wars.――Josephus. ――――The Third, surnamed Eucerus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the Parthians, and died in captivity. Josephus, bk. 1.――――Phalereus, a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him, and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down, after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――Cicero, Brutus & de Officiis, bk. 1.――Plutarch, De Exilio.――――A Cynic philosopher, disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that nature had brought him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world. Seneca.――Philostratus, Apollonius.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets. ――――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the Thebans. Polyænus.――――A writer who published a history of the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――――A philological writer in the age of Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――――A stage player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.――――Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 174.――――A geographer surnamed the Calatian. Strabo, bk. 1.

♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’

=Demo=, a sibyl of Cumæ.

=Demoanassa=, the mother of Ægialeus.

=Democēdes=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona, where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 18.――Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.

=Dēmŏchăres=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience, and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment? Seneca, de Irâ, bk. 3.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 3, 7, 8, 12.――Cicero, Brutus, ch. 3; On Oratory, bk. 2.――――A poet of Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plutarch, Demetrius.――――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount Athos. Vitruvius.――――A general of Pompey the younger, who died B.C. 36.

=Dēmŏcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. Plutarch, Demetrius.

=Demŏcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.

=Dēmŏcrătes=, an architect of Alexandria.――――A wrestler. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――An Athenian, who fought on the side of Darius against the Macedonians. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dēmŏcrĭtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one of his compositions called Diacosmus. It was received with such uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind, who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours; he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. Eusebius, bk. 14, ch. 27.――Diogenes Laërtius, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 20.――Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 15.――――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on Diana’s temple, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A powerful man of Naxos. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 46.

=Dēmŏdĭce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Dēmŏdŏchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, li. 44.――Plutarch, de Musica.――――A Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 413.――――An historian. Plutarch, de Fluviis.

Dēmŏleon, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 356.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 395.

♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’

=Dēmŏleus=, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 260.

=Dēmon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent to bring him back.

=Dēmonassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Dēmōnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry, he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year.――――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the government of Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 161.

=Dēmŏnīca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

=Dēmŏphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 49.

=Demophĭle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. Varro, cited by Lactantius, [Divine Institutes], bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Dēmŏphĭlus=, an Athenian archon.――――An officer of Agathocles. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Dēmŏphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Dēmŏphoon=, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182 and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. Ovid, Heroides, poem 2.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.

=Dēmŏpŏlis=, a son of Themistocles. Plutarch, Themistocles.

=Dēmos=, a place of Ithaca.

=Dēmosthĕnes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning, he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public, he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy; and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however, were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes, with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:

_Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset, Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero._

Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720, &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of Demosthenes have been published separately. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Diodorus, bk. 16.――Cicero, Orator, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――――An Athenian general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by the Syracusans, B.C. 413. Plutarch, Nicias.――Thucydides, bk. 4, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 12.――――The father of the orator Demosthenes. He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the business of a sword-cutler. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――――A governor of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors.

=Dēmostrătus=, an Athenian orator.

=Demūchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 457.

=Dēmy̆lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. Plutarch, de Stoicorum Repugnantiis.

=Denseletæ=, a people of Thrace. Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 34.

=Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now Miranda de Ebro.

=Deodătus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.

=Dēōis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits, with the word δηεις, invenies; a δηω, invenio. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 114.

=Deræ=, a place of Messenia.

=Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now Alah-Dag.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 73.

=Derbĭces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death. Strabo.

=Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly cold.

=Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 850.

=Dercĕto= and =Dercĕtis=, a goddess of Syria, called also Atergatis, whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended, made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. Lucian, de Deâ Syria.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 13.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 44.――Diodorus, bk. 2.

=Dercyllĭdas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. Diodorus, bk. 14. ――Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 1, &c.

=Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. Cornelius Nepos, Phocion, ch. 2.

=Dercy̆nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Dersæi=, a people of Thrace.

=Derthona=, now Tortona, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 2.

=Dertose=, now Tortosa, a town of Spain near the Iberus.

=Derusiæi=, a people of Persia.

=Dēsudăba=, a town of Media. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 26.

=Deva=, a town of Britain, now Chester on the Dee.

=Deucălion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation, Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus, or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women. According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month. During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion. The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple; and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother of Æthlius by Jupiter. Pindar, poem 9, Olympian.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 8; Heroides, ♦poem 15, li. 167. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 8.――Juvenal, satire 1, li. 81.――Hyginus, fable 153. ――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Lucian, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 62.――――One of the Argonauts.――――A son of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Abas.

♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’

=Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. Diodorus, bk. 11.

=Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.

=Dexamĕne=, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

=Dexamĕnus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his daughter’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Olenus in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

=Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

=Dīa=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――――An island in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos. See: Naxos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 157.――――Another on the coast of Crete, now Standia.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Eubœa, ――――Peloponnesus,――――Lusitania,――――Italy, near the Alps,――――Scythia, near the Phasis,――――Caria,――――Bithynia,――――and Thessaly.

=Diactorĭdes=, one of Agarista’s suitors. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 127. ――――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 71.

=Diæus=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself when his affairs became desperate. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Diadumeniānus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar during his father’s lifetime, &c.

=Diăgon= and =Diăgum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Diăgŏras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus. From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites promised one talent to him who brought his head before their tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――An athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.――Plutarch, Pelopidas. ――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diālis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 15.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2. ――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable occurrences of his age.

=Diamastigōsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, from whipping, because boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition, which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.

=Diāna=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours. She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places where her worship was established, and from the functions over which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ.

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. See: Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele. Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. See: Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 155; Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 156; bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3. ――Horace, bk. 3, ode 22.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 302; Æneid, bk. 1, li. 505.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.――Catullus.――Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 57.――Apollodorus bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.

=Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

=Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape Martin, where Diana was worshipped.

=Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, from Jupiter and misfortune, because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.

=Dibio=, a town of France, now Dijon in Burgundy.

=Dicæa= and =Dicæarchea=, a town of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 385.

=Dicæus=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of the Persians in Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 65.

=Dice=, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. Apollonius, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and instruction of youth.

=Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.

=Dicomas=, a king of the Getæ. Plutarch, Antonius.

=Dictæ= and =Dictæus mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often known by the name of Dictæa arva. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 171.――――Jupiter was called Dictæus, because worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 536.――Ovid. Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 43.――Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 17.――Strabo, bk. 10.

=Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called dictamnus chiefly grows. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 412. ――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 50.

=Dictātor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority. This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established, he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because dictus, named by the consul, or quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, vivâ voce, and his election was confirmed by the auguries, though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the fasces: during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic. But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the comitia, or to celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, magister equitum. This officer was respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 3. ――Dio Cassius.――Plutarch, Fabius Maximus.――Appian, bk. 3. ――Polybius, bk. 3.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 28.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called Dictynnia. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A city of Crete.

=Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――――A king of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. See: Polydectes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 334.

♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’

=Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his father Philip. Livy, bk. 40.

=Didia lex=, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws.

=Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. Plutarch, Sertorius.――――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s eldest son. Plutarch.――――A governor of Britain under Claudius. ――――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D. 192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death, after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.

=Dīdo=, called also Elissa, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [See: Byrsa], and in the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, valiant woman, instead of Elissa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace,

Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge.

While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was honoured as a deity by her subjects. Justin, bk. 18, ch. 4, &c.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――Virgil, Æneid.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 2; Heroides, poem 6.――Appian, Punic Wars.――Orosius, bk. 4.――Herodian.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Dĭdy̆ma=, a place of Miletus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――An island in the Sicilian sea. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Dĭdy̆mæus=, a surname of Apollo.

=Dĭdy̆māon=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 359.

=Dĭdy̆me=, one of the Cyclades. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 469. ――――A city of Sicily. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 476.――――One of the Lipari isles, now Saline.――――A place near Miletus, where the Branchidæ had their famous oracle.

=Dĭdy̆mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor.

=Dĭdy̆mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 24.――――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius, 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.

=Diēnĕces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 226.

=Diespĭter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.

=Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country of the Sabines. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.

=Digma=, a part of the Piræus at Athens.

=Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude, or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation, and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries. This immense number of deities have been divided into classes, according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the dii majorum gentium, or dii consulentes, and the dii minorum gentium. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females. See: Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides these, there were some called dii selecti, sometimes classed with the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is, who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus, Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called topici, whose worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also, all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous, and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of their emperors.

=Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.

=Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions, and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 53.――――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death by Polyperchon. Plutarch, Phocion.――――A native of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Dindy̆mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place that Cybele was called Dindymene, as her worship was established there by Jason. Strabo, bk. 12.――Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 9.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617.

=Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 5.――――A town of Gaul, now Digne in Provence.

=Dinias=, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.――――A man of Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. Polyænus, bk. 2. ――――A man who wrote a history of Argos. Plutarch, Aratus.

=Dinĭche=, the wife of Archidamus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Dinŏchăres=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been burnt by Erostratus.

=Dinŏcrătes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand, and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work which would have been the admiration of future ages. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 40.――Plutarch, Alexander. ――――A general of Agathocles.――――A Messenian, who behaved with great effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to death, B.C. 183. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

=Dinŏdŏchus=, a swift runner. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Dinolŏchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. Ælian, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52.

=Dinŏmĕnes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 42.

=Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. Polyænus, bk. 4. ――――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by Cornelius Nepos, Conon.――Plutarch, Alexander.――Diogenes Laërtius.

♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’

=Dinosthĕnes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Dinostrătus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.

=Diŏclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles, who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus has described them in his Idylls, bk. 12, li. 27.――――A town on the coast of Dalmatia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A comic poet of Athens.――――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of Romulus. Plutarch, Romulus.――――One of the four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6. ――――A rich man of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A general of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 13.

=Diocletianopŏlis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of Diocletian.

=Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general, and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called Cæsars, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth. He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power; a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles V. of Germany.

=Diŏdōrus=, an historian, surnamed Siculus, because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1746.――――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――A comic poet.――――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6.――――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of Anaximander. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An orator of Sardis, in the time of the Mithridatic war.――――A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. Cicero, Brutus.――――A general of Demetrius.――――A writer, surnamed Periegetes, who wrote a description of the earth. Plutarch, Themistocles.――――An African, &c. Plutarch.

=Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2.

=Dīŏgēnes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence, whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained, from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not bear too close an examination. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――――A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of his treatises. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――Athenæus, bk. 5, ch. 11.――Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 51. ――――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――Laërtius, an epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222. The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――――A Macedonian, who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――There was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march, &c.

=Diogĕnia=, a daughter of Celeus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. Apollodorus.

=Diogĕnus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing dialogues.

=Diŏmēda=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 661.――――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

=Diŏmēdes=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 10.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.――Hyginus, fables 97, 112, & 113.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had fed so barbarously. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18. ――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A friend of Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――――A grammarian.

=Diŏmēdon=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at Arginusæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 19.――――A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Artaxerxes. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

=Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him, together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius. He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. Diodorus, bk. 16.――Cornelius Nepos, Life of Dion.――――A town of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.――――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――――A famous christian writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &c.

=Diōnæa=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and Done.

=Diōne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however, gives Venus a different origin. See: Venus. Venus is herself sometimes called Dione. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 19.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 381.――Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 86.

=Dionȳsia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games. At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets, and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι, who carried the λικνον or musical van of Bacchus; without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι, venerable. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――――The greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as being celebrated within the city, were the most famous. They were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――――The less Dionysia, sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated in the country, or ληναια, from ληνος, a wine-press, were, to all appearance, a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in autumn.――――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at Brauron in Attica, were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――――The Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done during the celebration.――――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια, because human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests imitated the eating of raw flesh, were celebrated with much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned insanity.――――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――――All these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity, called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not with such licentiousness as before. Euripides, Bacchæ. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 737.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

=Diŏnȳsiădes=, two small islands near Crete.――――Festivals in honour of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Diŏnȳsias=, a fountain. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Diŏnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

=Diŏnȳsiodōrus=, a famous geometer. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 109.――――A Bœotian historian. Diodorus, bk. 15.――――A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

=Dionȳsion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Dionȳsipŏlis=, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Dionȳsius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose that the tyrant invented the catapulta, an engine which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts and stones in the time of a siege. Diodorus, bks. 13, 15, &c. ――Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.――Xenophon, Hellenica.――Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.――Plutarch, Diodorus.――――The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. See: Dion. Dionysius retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son, “because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” Justin, bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 15, &c.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 8.――Quintilian, bk. 8, ch. 6.――Cornelius Nepos, Dion.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 2. ――――An historian of Halicarnassus, who left his country and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived much information from their company and conversation. After an unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian, he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen-regent.――――A surname of Bacchus.――――A disciple of Chæremon. ――――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or the origin of cities.――――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the 81st year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius.――――An epic poet of Mitylene.――――A sophist of Pergamus. Strabo, bk. 13.――――A writer in the Augustan age, called Periegetes. He wrote a very valuable geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――――A christian writer, A.D. 492, called Areopagita. The best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――――The music master of Epaminondas. Cornelius Nepos.――――A celebrated critic. See: Longinus.――――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――――A Messenian madman, &c. Plutarch, Alexander.――――A native of Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B.C. 64. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A painter of Colophon.

=Diŏphănes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.

=Diŏphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 16.――――A Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. Cicero, Brutus.――――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.

=Diopœnus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Diopŏlis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Diōres=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

=Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω), to make Leucadia an island. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dioscorĭdes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――――A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――――A nephew of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A disciple of Isocrates.――――An astrologer sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 109.

=Dioscorĭdis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance of the Arabic gulf, and now called Socotra.

=Dioscūri=, or sons of Jupiter, a name given to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always made a part.

=Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Diospăge=, a town of Mesopotamia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Diospŏlis=, or =Thebæ=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. See: Thebæ.

=Diotīme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

=Diotīmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

=Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 75.

=Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. Ælian.――――An Athenian boxer, &c. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Dipæa=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Diphĭlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenian faction there. Diodorus, bk. 14.――――A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――――An historian.

=Dīphĭlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――――An architect so slow in finishing his works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. Cicero, Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.――――A tragic writer.

=Diphorĭdas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

=Dipœnæ=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Dipŏlis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and Myrina.

=Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 255.――――(adis), a profligate and incontinent woman mentioned by Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A kind of serpent. Lucan, bk. 9.

=Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens.

=Diræ=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven. They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most excruciating punishments. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8, li. 701.

=Dirce=, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of the cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. See: Amphion, Antiope. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 57.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.

=Dircenna=, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 17.

=Dirphyia=, a surname of Juno, from Dirphya, a mountain of Bœotia, where the goddess had a temple.

=Dis=, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 84.

=Discordia=, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of detur pulchriori. This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. See: Paris. She is represented with a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars, and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 702.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 225. ――Petronius.

=Dithyrambus=, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his honour were called Dithyrambics. Horace, bk. 4, ode 2.

=Dittani=, a people of Spain.

=Divi=, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and other domestic gods.

=Divitiăcus=, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. Cicero bk. 1, de Divinatione.

=Dium=, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.――――A promontory of Crete.――――A town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 7.

=Divodurum=, a town of Gaul, now Metz in Lorrain.

=Divus Fidius=, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

=Diyllus=, an Athenian historian. Diodorus, bk. 16.――――A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Doberes=, a people of Pæonia. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Docĭlis=, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

=Docĭmus=, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. Polyænus, bk. 4.――――An officer of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19. ――――An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Dōdōna=, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies old women. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but afterwards by women. See: Dodonides. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103. ――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 57.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14; Iliad.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 427.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.

=Dōdōnæus=, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.

=Dōdōne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――――A fountain in the forest of Dodona. See: Dodona.

=Dōdōnĭdes=, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons which Strabo, bk. 9, fully explains.

=Doii=, a people of Arabia Felix.

=Dolabella Publius Cornelius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius Cæsar, he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared an enemy to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――――A proconsul of Africa. ――――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the lake of Vadimonis, B. C. 283.――――The family of the Dolabellæ distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius, conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.

=Dolichaon=, the father of the Hebrus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Dolīche=, an island in the Ægean sea. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――A town of Syria,――――of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Dolius=, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 675.

=Dolomēna=, a country of Assyria. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Dŏlon=, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes, and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10, li. 314.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 349, &c. ――――A poet. See: Susarion.

=Dōlonci=, a people of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.

=Dŏlŏpes=, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 7.――Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 10.――Livy, bk. 36, ch. 33.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Plutarch, Cimon.

=Dŏlŏpia=, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed.

=Dŏlops=, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 525.

=Domidūcus=, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called Domiduca, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.

=Domīnĭca=, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens.

♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’

=Domitĭa lex=, de Religione, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from the college to the people.

=Domĭtia Longīna=, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She was the wife of the emperor Domitian.

=Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the emperor, “Nobody, not even a fly.” In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for his love of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches, and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who, in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.――Eutropius, bk. 7.

=Domĭtilla Flavia=, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――――A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.

=Domĭtius Domitiănus=, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death. ――――Lucius. See: Ænobarbus.――――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――――A grammarian in the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his melancholy disposition.――――A Roman who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――――The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. Suetonius, Nero.――――A tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. Plutarch. ――――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with Alexander king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――A consul under Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――――A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for little besides their indelicacy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 5.――――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59.

=Ælius Donātus=, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――――A bishop of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――――A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.

=Donilāus=, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against Julius Cæsar.

=Donūca=, a mountain of Thrace. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 57.

=Dŏnȳsa=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is found. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 125.

=Doracte=, an island in the Persian gulf.

=Dōres=, the inhabitants of Doris. See: Doris.

=Dori= and =Dorica=, a part of Achaia near Athens.

=Dorĭcus=, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 27.

=Dorienses=, a people of Crete,――――of Cyrene.

=Dorieus=, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16, &c.――――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Dorilas=, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 4.

=Dorilaus=, a general of the great Mithridates.

=Dorion=, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged the muses to a trial of skill. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 182. ――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 352.

=Dōris=, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a settlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained. To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established Ægimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their native country. The most famous of these is Doris in Asia Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strabo, bk. 9, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 27.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――Apollodorus, bk. 2.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――――A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 240.――――A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.――――One of the 50 Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 45.

=Doriscus=, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 59.

=Dorium=, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

=Dorius=, a mountain of Asia Minor. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Dorsennus=, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 13.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.

=Dorso Caius Fabius=, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 46.

=Dōrus=, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Doryasus=, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.

=Dŏrȳclus=, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――――A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.

=Dŏrȳlæum= and =Dorylæus=, a city of Phrygia, now Eski Shehr. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 17.

=Dory̆las=, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 180.

=Dory̆lāus=, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Doryssus=, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Dosci=, a people near the Euxine.

=Dosiadas=, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar (βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated.

=Dosiades=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Doson=, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never performed.

=Dossēnus=, or =Dorsennus=. See: Dorsennus.

=Dotădas=, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Doto=, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 102.

=Dotus=, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Doxander=, a man mentioned by Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5.

=Dracānus=, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh. Theocritus.

=Draco=, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. Plutarch, Solon.――――A man who instructed Plato in music. Plutarch, de Musica.

=Dracontides=, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦Plato [Comicus], The Sophists.

♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dracus=, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius.

=Drances=, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the eloquence of Cicero under this name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 122.

=Drangina=, a province of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Drapes=, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 30.

=Drapus=, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.

=Drĕpăna= and =Drĕpănum=, now Trapani, a town of ♦Sicily near mount Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, falx). Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 707.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 57.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 474.――――A promontory of Peloponnesus.

♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Drilo=, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.

=Drimăchus=, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god. Athenæus, bk. 13.

=Drinus=, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.

=Driŏpĭdes=, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with Alexander had been violated. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Drios=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Droi=, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 101.

=Dromæus=, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

=Dropĭci=, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Dropion=, a king of Pæonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Druentius= and =Druentia=, now Durance, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 468.――Strabo, bk. 4.

=Drugĕri=, a people of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Druĭdæ=, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands, they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace at their option. Their power was extended not only over private families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation. They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour, however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or 20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς, an oak, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places of their residence. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.――Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 44.――Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Druna=, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

=Drusilla Livia=, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother Caligula, who survived her for some time.――――A daughter of Agrippa king of Judæa, &c.

=Drūso=, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.

=Drūsus=, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D. 23.――――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after his confinement, A.D. 33.――――A son of the emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――――An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the battle of Philippi. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 71.――――Marcus Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C. 190. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ♦ch. 22.――――Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Caius, an historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards the sun.――――Marcus, a pretor, &c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that family.

♦ ‘12’ replaced with ‘22’

=Dryădes=, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they were supposed to preside. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 11.

=Dryantiădes=, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 345.

=Dryas=, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 355.――――A son of Mars, who went to the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rhœtus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 296.――――A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, that she never appeared in public.――――A son of Lycurgus, killed by his own father in a fury. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A son of Ægyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Drymæa=, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 33.

=Drymo=, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 536.

=Drymus=, a town between Attica and Bœotia.

=Dryŏpe=, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of the island to murder the men. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 174.――――A virgin of Œchalia, whom Andræmon married after she had been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 331.――――A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 551.――――A nymph of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, according to Homer, Hymn 19 to Pan.

=Dryŏpeia=, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops the son of Apollo.

♦=Dryŏpes=, a people of Greece, near mount Œta. They afterwards passed into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the people of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town by the name of their ancient habitation Asine. Some of their descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with the Ionians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.――Strabo, bks. 7, 8, 13.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

♦ ‘Drpŏpes’ replaced with ‘Dryŏpes’

=Dryŏpis= and =Dryŏpĭda=, a small country at the foot of mount Œta in Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histiæotis by the Cadmeans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Dryops=, a son of Priam.――――A son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Clausus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 346.

=Drypĕtis=, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to Hephæstion by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Dubis=, or =Alduadubis=, the Daux, a river of Gaul, falling into the Saone.

=Dubris=, a town of Britain, supposed to be Dover.

=Ducetius=, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440.

=Duillia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304. It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 55.――――Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what interest ought to be paid for money lent.

=C. Duillius Nepos=, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the enemy’s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense, every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at Rome which was erected on the occasion. Cicero, de Senectute. ――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Dulĭchium=, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 4, li. 67; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 226; Remedia Amoris, li. 272. ――Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 76.

=Dumnōrix=, a powerful chief among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Dunax=, a mountain of Thrace.

=Duratius Picto=, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with the Roman people. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=Duris=, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of Macedonia, &c. Strabo, bk. 1.

=Durius=, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the Douro, which falls into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course of nearly 300 miles. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 234.

=Durocasses=, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now Dreux. Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Duronia=, a town of the Samnites.

=Dusii=, some deities among the Gauls. Augustine, The City of God, bk. 15, ch. 23.

=Duumvĭri=, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an invasion, or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their original institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was proposed by the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen promiscuously from patrician and plebeian families. They were from their number called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased them to 15, known by the name of Quindecemviri.――――There were also certain magistrates at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones sive capitales. They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as were accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason.――――Some of the commanders of the Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there were two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.――――There were also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates called Duumviri municipales. They were chosen from the centurions, and their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their magistracy continued for five years, on which account they have been called Quinquennales magistratus.

=Dyagondas=, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Dyardenses=, a river in the extremities of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.

=Dy̆mæ=, a town of Achaia. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22. ――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Dy̆mæi=, a people of Ætolia. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Dy̆mas=, a Trojan, who joined himself to Æneas when Troy was taken, and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the Greeks whom he had slain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 340 & 428. ――――The father of Hecuba. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761.

=Dymnus=, one of Alexander’s officers. He conspired with many of his fellow-soldiers against his master’s life. The conspiracy was discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought before the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Dȳnămĕne=, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 43.

=Dynaste=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Dyras=, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount Œta, and falls into the bay of Malia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 198.

=Dyraspes=, a river of Scythia. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 54.

=Dyris=, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that neighbourhood.

=Dyrrhăchium=, now Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623. It was anciently called Epidammus, which the Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, changed ♦into Dyrrhachium. Cicero met with a ♥favourable reception there during his exile. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――Plutarch.――Cicero, bk. 3, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 22.

♦ ‘intlo’ replaced with ‘into’ ♥ ‘favourabe’ replaced with ‘favourable’

=Dysaules=, a brother of Celeus, who instituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celeæ. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Dyscinētus=, an Athenian archon. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Dysōrum=, a mountain of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Dyspontii=, a people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

E

=Eanes=, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Eānus=, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins.

=Eărĭnus=, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 4.

=Easium=, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Ebdŏme=, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.――――There was also another of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day after the birth of every child.

=Ebon=, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Ebora=, a town of Portugal, now Evora.

=Eborăcum=, York in England.

=Ebūdæ=, the western isles of Britain, now Hebrides.

=Eburōnes=, a people of Belgium, now the country of Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.――――The Eburovices Aulerci were the people of Evreux in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Ebŭsus=, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and figs. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A man engaged in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 299.

=Ecbatăna= (ōrum), now Hamedan, the capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours. The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander’s orders; and Hephæstion died there also, and received a most magnificent burial.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 98. ――Strabo, bk. 21.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. Herodotus, bk. 3.――Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 2.――Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Ecechiria=, the wife of Iphitus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Ecetra=, a town of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Echecrătes=, a Thessalian who offered violence to Phœbas the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of priestess before the age of 50. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Echedamia=, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Echelătus=, a man who led a colony to Africa. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Echelta=, a fortified town in Sicily.

=Echĕlus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.――――Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 20.

=Echembrŏtus=, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Echĕmon=, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 160.

=Echĕmus=, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5. ――――A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans.

=Echenēus=, a Phæacian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.

=Echĕphron=, one of Nestor’s sons. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. Apollodorus.――――A son of Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Echepŏlis=, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 458.

=Echestrătus=, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1058. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Echevethenses=, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Echidna=, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 108. ――Hesiod, Theogony.――Apollodorus, bk. 2.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 18.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 158.

=Echidorus=, a river of Thrace. Ptolemy, bk. 3.

=Echīnădes=, or =Echinæ=, five small islands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters carry down, and now bear the name of Curzolari. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 85.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 10.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 588.――Strabo, bk. 2.

=Echīnon=, a city of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Echīnus=, an island in the Ægean.――――A town of Acarnania,――――of Phthiotis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33.

=Echinussa=, an island near Eubœa, called afterwards Cimolus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Echīon=, one of those men who sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance Thebes has been called Echioniæ, and the inhabitants Echionidæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311; Tristia, bk. 5, poem 5, li. 53.――――A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 400.――――A man who often obtained a prize in running. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 292.――――A musician at Rome, in Domitian’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 76. ――――A statuary.――――A painter.

=Echionides=, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as ♦descended from Echion. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

♦‘deseended’ replaced with ‘descended’

=Echionius=, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 515.

=Echo=, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno’s attendants, and became the confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power of voice. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 358.

=Ecnŏmos=, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata.

=Edessa= and =Edesa=, a town of Syria.

=Edessæ portus=, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Edeta=, or =Leria=, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.――Livy, bk. 28, ch. 24.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 371.

=Edissa= and =Ædessa=, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called Ægæ, or Ægeas. See: Ædessa.

=Edon=, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace is often called Edonia which lies between the Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 325.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

=Edoni=, or =Edones=, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Edonĭdes=, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 69.

=Edylius=, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of Cheronæa. Plutarch, Sulla.

=Eetion=, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or descendants. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.――――The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Egĕlĭdus=, a river of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 610.

=Egĕria=, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 19.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 547. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 775.――Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 6, li. 16.

=Egesarētus=, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil wars. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War, ch. 35.

=Egesīnus=, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Egesta=, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Crinisus.――――A town of Sicily. See: Ægesta.

=Egnātia Maximilla=, a woman who accompanied her husband into banishment under Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――A town. See: Gnatia.

=Proculus Egnātius=, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eion=, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Eiones=, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast.

=Eioneus=, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.――――A Thracian, father to Rhesus. Iliad, bk. 10.

=Elabontas=, a river near Antioch. Strabo.

=Elæa=, a town of Æolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 43. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An island in the Propontis.

=Elæus=, a part of Epirus.――――A surname of Jupiter.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9.

=Elagabālus=, the surname of the sun at Emessa.

=Elāites=, a grove near Canopus in Egypt.

=Elaius=, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Elaphiæa=, a surname of Diana in Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Elăphus=, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.

=Elaphebŏlia=, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, ἐλαφος, and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year, March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance.

=Elaptonius=, a youth who conspired against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Elāra=, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Elatēa=, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Elatia=, a town of Phocis. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Elātus=, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. Plutarch, Lycurgus.――――The father of Ceneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 497.――――A mountain of Asia,――――of Zacynthus.――――The father of Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――――The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A king in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6. ――――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Eumeus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 267.

=Elaver=, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the Allier.

=Elea=, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic sect. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 42; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――Of Æolia.

=Electra=, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 31.――――A daughter of Atlas and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited her brother Orestes to revenge his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon. Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. Hyginus, fable 122.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.――――A sister of Cadmus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A city and river of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of Helen’s female attendants. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 25.

=Electræ=, a gate of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Electrĭdes=, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name from the quantity of amber (electrum) which they produced. They were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt their existence. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 37, ch. 2.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Electryon=, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was brother to Alcæus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his son-in-law. See: Amphitryon, Alcmena. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――Pausanias.

=Elēi=, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called Epei. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence. Their horses were in great repute, hence Elei equi and Elea palma. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.――Pausanias, bk. 5. ――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 293.

=Elēlēus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the word ἐλελευ, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses were in consequence called Eleleis, ides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.

=Eleon=, a village of Bœotia.――――Another in Phocis.

=Eleontum=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Elephantis=, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 43.――――A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, which is often called Elephantina by some authors. Strabo, bk. 17.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.

=Elephantophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Elphēnor=, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 47.

=Elepōrus=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Eleuchia=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Eleus=, a city of Thrace.――――A river of Media.――――A king of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Eleusīnia=, a great festival observed every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians, Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by way of eminence, μυστηρια, the mysteries. It was so superstitiously observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine; everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by the name of ἀχθεια, from the sorrow and grief (ἀχθος) which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction, he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life, but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on account of his great power and the services which he had done to the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, Jupiter’s skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, water, which was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι, the initiated. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them, from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, inspectors. The institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called μυϛικος σηκος, the mystical temple, a vast and stupendous building. As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of two stones, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest, called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered with gloomy darkness and ♦horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια, intuition. After this the initiated were dismissed with the barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore, they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called Ἱεροφαντης, the revealer of sacred things. He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, torch-bearer, and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, a cryer; the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took particular care that everything was performed according to custom. The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, curators, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they offered sacrifices. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd. During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος, assembly, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, to the sea, you that are initiated, because they were commanded to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the καλαθιον, holy basket of Ceres, was carried about in a consecrated cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, Hail, Ceres! After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who carried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, the torch day, because on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called Ἱερα ὁδος, the sacred way; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a fig tree which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place called μυστικη εἰσοδος, the mystical entrance. On the seventh day were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival was called Πλημοχοαι, earthen vessels, because it was usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theodosius the Great. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 24.――Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 14.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 31, &c.――Plutarch.

♦ ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’

=Eleusis=, or =Eleusin=, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. See: Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. Ovid, bk. 4, Fasti, ♦li. 507.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

♦ extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed

=Eleuther=, a son of Apollo.――――One of the Curetes, from whom a town of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.

=Eleuthĕræ=, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Eleuthĕria=, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, festivals of liberty. The Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine, saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutheria.

=Eleutho=, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the delivery of pregnant women. Pindar, Olympian, bk. 6.

=Eleutherocilĭces=, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 4; bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20.

=Eleuthĕros=, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Elĭcius=, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 328.

=Eliensis= and =Eliăca=, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by Alcibiades. Diogenes Laërtius.――Strabo.

=Elimēa=, or =Elimiotis=, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum according to others. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.

=Elis=, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the country called Elis, now Belvidere, became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. Strabo, bk. 8.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 5.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 494.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 26; de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 12.――Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.

=Eliphasii=, a people of Peloponnesus. Polybius, bk. 11.

=Elissa=, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido. See: Dido.

=Elissus=, a river of Elis.

=Ellopia=, a town of Eubœa.――――An ancient name of that island.

=Elōrus=, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 145.

=Elos=, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of the same name.

=Elotæ.= See: Helotæ.

=Elpēnor=, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 252.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.

=Elpinīce=, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. Cornelius Nepos, Cimon.

=Eluīna=, a surname of Ceres.

=Elyces=, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.

=Elymāis=, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the Romans. None of their kings are named in history. Strabo.

=Ely̆mi=, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Elymus=, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73.

=Elyrus=, a town of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.

=Ely̆sium= and =Elysii Campi=, a place or island in the infernal regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 638.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.――Pindar.――Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.――Lucian. ――Plutarch, ♦de Consul.

♦ Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’

=Emăthia=, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 314.

=Emăthion=, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The country was called Emathia, from his name. Some suppose that he was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 313.――Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 100.

=Emăthion=, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.

=Embătum=, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.

=Embolīma=, a town of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Emerĭta=, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 41.

=Emessa= and =Emissa=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Emoda=, a mountain of India.

=Empĕdŏcles=, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 50, &c.――Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

=Emperāmus=, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Empōclus=, an historian.

=Empŏria Punĭca=, certain places near the Syrtes.

=Emporiæ=, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now Ampurias. Livy, bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.

=Encĕlădus=, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 578, &c.――――A son of Ægyptus.

=Enchĕleæ=, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 189.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Endeis=, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Endēra=, a place of Æthiopia.

=Endy̆mion=, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of Endymionis somnum dormire, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus, and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 25. ――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.――Juvenal, satire 10. ――Theocritus, poem 3.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Enĕti=, or =Henĕti=, a people near Paphlagonia.

=Engȳum=, now Gangi, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.

=Enienses=, a people of Greece.

=Eniopeus=, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 120.

=Enīpeus=, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 373.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 5.――Strabo.

=Enispe=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Enna=, now Castro Janni, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 104.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 522.――Livy, bk. 24, ch. 37.

=Ennia=, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Quintus Ennius=, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:

_Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam! Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum. Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm._

Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 424.――Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 18.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 117, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, Cato.

=Ennŏmus=, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.

=Ennosigæus=, terræ concussor, a surname of Neptune. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 182.

=Enŏpe=, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Enops=, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer, Iliad, bk. 14.――――The father of Thestos.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Iliad, bk. 16.

=Enos=, a maritime town of Thrace.

=Enosichthon=, a surname of Neptune.

=Enotocœtæ=, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to their heels. Strabo.

=Entella=, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43.

=Entellus=, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.

=Enyalius=, a surname of Mars.

=Enȳo=, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 203.

=Eone=, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

=Eordæa=, a district at the west of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39; bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Eos=, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 406; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.

=Eōus=, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 153, &c.

=Epāgris=, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle Hydrussa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Epaminondas=, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. Plutarch, Parallela minora. ――Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.――Xenophon, Hellenica. ――Diodorus, bk. 15.――Polybius, bk. 1.

=Epantelii=, a people of Italy.

=Epaphrodītus=, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. Suetonius, Nero.――――A freedman of Augustus, sent as a spy to Cleopatra. Plutarch.――――A name assumed by Sylla.

=Epăphus=, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 153.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 699, &c.

=Epasnactus=, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Epebŏlus=, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sovereignty. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.

=Epēi= and =Elēi=, a people of Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Epetium=, now Viscio, a town of Illyricum.

=Epēus=, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 264.――Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Ephĕsus=, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings. Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense, and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that Alexander was born [See: Erostratus], and soon after it rose from its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name of Ajasalouc to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The words literæ Ephesiæ are applied to letters containing magical powers. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.――Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.――Plutarch, Alexander. ――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis. ――Ptolemy, bk. 5.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.

=Ephĕtæ=, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of 51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their behaviour austere and full of gravity.

=Ephialtes=, or =Ephialtus=, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. See: Aloeus.――――An Athenian, famous for his courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander, and was killed at Halicarnassus. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A Trachinian who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 213.

=Ephŏri=, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money, and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000 Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages. Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, ch. 3.――Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ephŏrus=, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years. It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Ephy̆ra=, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph of the same name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 264. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 239.――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 17. ――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 59.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 181.――――A city of Threspotia in Epirus.――――Another in Elis. ――――Ætolia.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 343.

=Epicaste=, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Ægeus, mother of Thestalus by Hercules.

=Epicerides=, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. Demosthenes.

=Epichăris=, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the greatest torments, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Epicharmus=, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily, who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.――Diogenes Laërtius, bks. 3 & 8. ――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

=Epicles=, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 378.

=Epiclīdes=, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Epicrătes=, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.――――A poet of Ambracia. Ælian.――――The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme authority. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 3, ltr. 3.

=Epictētus=, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage to his country. There are several good editions of the works of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to, 1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.

=Epĭcūrus=, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,

Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c.,

In the beginning of things the Chaos was created,

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius; and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago had said, without showing anything which might be called originality. The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country; his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers. But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition, the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the world. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 49; De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Epicydes=, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.

=Epidamnus=, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called Dyrrachium, considering the ancient name (ad damnum) ominous. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 23.――Plautus, Menæchmi, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.

=Epidaphne=, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of Drusus died there. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Epidauria=, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.――――A country of Peloponnesus.

=Epidaurus=, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne. It is now called Pidaura. Strabo, bk. 8.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 44.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――――A town of Dalmatia, now Ragusi Vecchio,――――of Laconia.

=Epidium=, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre, according to some. Ptolemy.

=Epidius=, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 25.

=Epidotæ=, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of Dii Averrunci. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.

=Epigĕnes=, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Epigeus=, a Greek killed by Hector.

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