A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 3 of 10)

A classical dictionary containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table (part 3 of 10)

=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his father. Pausanias.――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. Diodorus, bk. 16. ――Xenophon.――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered the Helots, after a violent earthquake. Diodorus, bk. 11.――――A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians. B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. Pausanias.

=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.

=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. Plutarch, de Exilio.

=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. See: Galli.

=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books on fevers. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 235.

=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses. He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen. He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated. Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, Archilochia edicta. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 12.――Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 79.――Athenæus, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th olympiad.

=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him, and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio, de lineis spiralibus, de quadraturâ paraboles, de numero arenæ, &c.; the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris, 1615. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 25; De Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 34.――Livy, bk. 24, ch. 34.――Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 10.――Vitruvius, bk. 9, ch. 3.――Polybius, bk. 7. ――Plutarch, Marcellus.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made himself absolute. Polyænus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of Athens.

=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.

=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of Archippe received its name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens. ――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.

=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them was called Archon. The year took its denomination from him; he determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour was punished with death. The second of the archons was called Basileus. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them without his crown. The Polemarch was another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called Thesmothetæ, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826; Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. Aristophanes, The Clouds & The Birds.――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 1.――Demosthenes.――Pollux.――Lysias.

=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diogenes Laërtius.――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum, was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley. A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. Horace, bk. 1, ode 28.――Cicero, bk. 3, On Oratory.――Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a bow, with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 75.

=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters. ――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother, who were made constellations. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1.――Aratus. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. Horace, bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος ursus, οὐρα cauda. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella, on the 5th of September.

=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been called Ardalides and Ardalīotides. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. Strabo.

=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. Polybius.

=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird, called by the Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous. Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son ravished Lucretia. A road called Ardeatina branched from the Appian road to Ardea. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 14.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 412.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 573.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.

=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 411.

=Arduenna=, now Ardenne, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Nervii. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 8, ch. 42.――Cæsar, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.

=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. Polybius, bk. 3.

=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης) erected by Orestes. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 28.

=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. Polybius.

=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. Justin, bk. 24, ch. 1.

=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. Orpheus, Argonautica.

=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. Strabo, bk. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.――――A miser in Horace.

=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called Britany. Pliny, bk. 4.

=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, the hill of Mars, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated, and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life. The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries. They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power. From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice; and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.

=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. See: Areopagitæ.

=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.

=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed by his mother. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 584.

=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown into the sea. Plutarch, Dion.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 377.

=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 8.――Apollodorus, bk. 1.

=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave, Leiden, folio, 1735.

=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a private station. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes. ――Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. Plutarch.

=Arēte.= See: Areta.

=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia; so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. See: Alpheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 10.――Athenæus, bk. 7.――Pausanias.――――One of the Hesperides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas by Neptune. Hyginus, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. Hyginus, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.

=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 123.

=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3, li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Plutarch.――――A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Suetonius.――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator mentioned by Quintilian.

=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom of Macedonia. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which is the capital of the country called Maxara. Claudian.――――A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Pausanias, bk. 1.――――A son of Licymnius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in despair. Parthenius, Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus, ch. 36.

=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 396.

=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. Hyginus, fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. Hesiod.――――A daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Apollodorus, bk. 1.

=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.

=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.

=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.

=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Argi= (plural, masculine). See: Argos.

=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death by killing Creon. Hyginus, fables 69 & 72.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12. See: Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the Oceanides. Hyginus, preface.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother of Io. Hyginus, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus. Hyginus, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.

=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen generally kept their shops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 355. ――Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 4.

=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius Nepos_, Pausanias.

=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.

=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 103.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 115.

=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon the Athenian. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon the son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Argus, by order of Jupiter.

=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 547.

=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all the inhabitants of Greece.

=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 49.

=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which signifies swift. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. Hyginus, fable 14; Poetica astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 37. ――Catullus, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis.――Valerius Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――Phædras, bk. 4, fable 6.――Seneca, Medea. ――Apollonius, Argonautica.――Apollodorus.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.――Marcus Manilius, bk. 1.

=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.

=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours, under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurped [See: Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. See: Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure, they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades [See: Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country, being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [See: Argo] gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus, Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus, Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus, Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot.

=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea, on the bay called Argolicus sinus. Juno was the chief deity of the place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years, it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The nine first kings of Argos were called Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called Belides. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and, 80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called Argivi and Argolici; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks without distinction. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 7.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 15.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in Epirus, called Amphilochium.

=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor, whence he is often called Arestorides. He married Ismene the daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus, Idyl.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fables 12 & 13.――Propertius, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. Hyginus, fable 145. ――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Hyginus, fable 14. ――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the daughter of Strymon. Hyginus, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. Hyginus, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. Hyginus, fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. Hyginus, fable 14.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. Apollodorus.――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after an absence of 20 years. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 300.

=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.

=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from Argynnus, a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.

=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their affections. See: Selimnus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.

=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from their silver helmets. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called by Polybius Argipana. Only ruins remain to show where it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 246.

=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua, a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who followed her example. Pliny, bk. 7.

=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement. After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant, and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus. According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were found in an earthen urn. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 320, says that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. Plutarch, Theseus.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 2; Heroides, poem 10; De Ars Amatoria, bk. 2; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 462.――Catullus, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis; poem 61.――Hyginus, fables 14, 43, 270. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. Xenophon.

=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 714.

=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his subjects to present him with an arrow. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 81.

=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.

=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called Philopater, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war, B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king, who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old, was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna; but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B.C. 36. Diodorus, bk. 18.――Justin, bks. 13 & 29.――Strabo, bk. 12.

=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 29.

=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her called Virbius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 544.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now Riccia, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called Rex, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor, and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor. The Arician forest, frequently called nemorensis or nemoralis sylva, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount Albanus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 263. ――Lucan, bk. 6, li. 74.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.

=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. See: Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. Cicero, bk. 3, Philippics, ch. 6.

=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the surviving Greeks in their return. Diodorus.――――An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. Justin, bk. 9, ch. 8.――Diodorus.

=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian, bk. 4.

=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. Pliny, bk. 6.――――Of Scythia. Herodotus.――――Of Germany. Tacitus.

=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed under the ground. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.

=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that collected the gold of the river. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.――Herodotus, bks. 3 & 4.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 13.

=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. Orpheus, Argonautica.

=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with his friends and relations. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.

=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. Strabo.

=Arīmĭnum= (now Rimini), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 231.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their innocence and mildness. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. Varro.

=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided. Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 29.――Horace, ltr. 6, li. 38.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Curtius, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ. ――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.

=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the Persians. Plutarch, Cimon.

=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went against Greece. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.

=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession. Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified at their return. Hyginus, fable 194.――Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 13, ch. 45. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 11.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17. ――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――――A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.――Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 37.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4.

=Aris=, a river of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 264.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.

=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god. Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 317.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 363.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 18.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17. ――Hyginus, fables 161, 180, 247.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4. ――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa. He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.

=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C. 499. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. Herodotus, bk. 4.

=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.――Pliny, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian, who wrote on agriculture.

=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. Strabo, bk. 4.

=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons. He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were called Aristarchi. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year, B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupidity. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 499. ――Ovid, bk. 3, ex Ponto, ltr. 9, li. 24.――Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltr. 11; Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 14. ――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Suidas.――――A physician to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. Polyænus, bk. 8.――――An orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo, 1688.

=Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by Longinus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Strabo, bk. 14.――_Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician, intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of Crœsus.

♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’

=Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen the Argives. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 68.

=Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.

=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

=Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great temperance and virtue procured him the surname of Just. He was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10 years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters, on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great, for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. Pliny, bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford, 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a weasel. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture.

=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300 years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets.

=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla. Livy, bks. 81, 82.

=Aristippus=, the elder, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried, as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by Diogenes Laërtius, in his life. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His grandson of the same name, called the younger, was a warm defender of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.

=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. See: Fuscus.――――A satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.

=Aristo.= See: Ariston.

=Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.

=Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings of Judæa, &c. Josephus.――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.

=Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes, and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after. Plutarch, Amatoriæ Narrationes.

=Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. Strabo, bk. 4.――――A musician. Athenæus, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. Polyænus.――――This name is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.

=Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.

=Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. Pausanias, ibid.――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. Diodorus, bk. 15.――――An Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.

=Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.

=Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam.

=Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He, with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum, though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war, which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses on both sides. Pausanias, Messenia.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c. ――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa, B.C. 68.

=Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.

=Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not to betray the trust reposed in her. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 55.――Plutarch, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed Canis, from his impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. Pausanias.

=Aristolāus=, a painter. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 11.

=Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――――A daughter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation of wine. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of them. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus, called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 3, ch. 15.――Herodotus, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 8.

=Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the Macedonians. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years. He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta, the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired the surname of Just, from his equity, to which he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. Diodorus, bk. 15. ――Pausanias, Messenia.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. Polyænus, bk. 2.

=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the impudence to call not his own. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was taken and put to death. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old age he was much given to sensuality. Diogenes Laërtius.――――A lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny, ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the course of the Nile. Strabo.――――A wrestler of Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.

=Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. Pausanias, bk. 2.

=Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C., invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strangled in prison. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 4.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.

=Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. Athenæus.――――One of Alexander’s musicians. Plutarch, Alexander.

=Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C. 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice. As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play called Nubes is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio, Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect did it contain the valuable scholia. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 16.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1. ――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of Attica. Diogenes Laërtius, Plutarch & Epicurus.――Athenæus, bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by Plutarch, de Herodoti Malignitate.――――A writer on agriculture.

=Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 3.

=Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――Athenæus, bk. 13.――Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.

=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.

=Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 624.

=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander.

=Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master. He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients, the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals; and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment: Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei. The letter which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794, is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered important services to their city. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.――Plutarch, Alexander & de Alexandri Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute, &c.――Cicero, Academica Quæstiones, bk. 4; On Oratory, bk. 3; de Finibus, bk. 5.――Quintilian, bks. 1, 2, 5, 10.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4.――Justin, bk. 12. ――Justin Martyr.――Augustine, City of God, bk. 8.――Pliny, bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――Athenæus.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens. ――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian. Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle.

=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history, &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A philosopher of Cyrene. Athenæus.――――A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of Alexander’s expedition. Strabo, bk. 14.――Arrian, bk. 7.

=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. Aristophanes.――――An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C.

=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph. Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. Athanasius.

=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 1.

=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1. ――Strabo, bks. 1 & 11.――Mela, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 4, &c.――Lucan, bk. 2.

=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.

=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 53.

=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A.U.C. 543. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.――Livy, bk. 27, ch. 37.

=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. Dio Cassius, bk. 56.――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, &c.

=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici. Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany and Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself into a bull to enjoy her company. Strabo, bks. 1 & 2.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.

=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.

=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. Livy, bk. 6.

=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise Adversus Gentes is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.

=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 2.

=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7.

=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.

=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.

=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war. Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 28.

=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words Arpinæ chartæ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s works. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――Juvenal, satire 8, li. 237. ――Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, speech 3.――――A town of Magna Græcia.

=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. Pliny.

=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly distressed Archelaus. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics, ch. 10.

=Arria=. See: Aria.

=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the emperors. Tacitus, bk. 15, ch. 19.

=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas, four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s Expeditio Alexandri, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the 8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.

=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast Horace describes, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the emperor, &c.

=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of the place. Plutarch, Antonius.

=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6.

=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. Polyænus.

=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his name, Arsacidæ. Justin, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――Strabo, bks. 11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. Justin, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name, and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his subjects. Justin, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. Marcellinus.――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.

=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Persia. Justin, bk. 41.

=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.

=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.

=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same sort. Strabo.

=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign of three years. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans and the Veientes. Plutarch, Poplicola.――――A small river between Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy, flowing through Campania.

=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.

=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine honours after death at Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmæon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, Messenia.――――The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones, in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its being perfected. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to Samothrace. Justin, bk. 17, ch. 1, &c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 4.――Appian.――――The wife of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. Pausanias.――――A town of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the labyrinth. Strabo.――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria, ――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.

=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death. Diodorus, bk. 11.――Justin, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the appellation of Great. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs. Dio Cassius.――Herodian.

=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference to Xerxes. Justin.

=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. Herodotus, bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince, he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. Curtius, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12; bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called Finisterre. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 362.

=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted.

=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.

=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 14.――Procopius, The Persian War, bk. 1, ch. 25.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.

=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.

=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61.

=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. Strabo.

=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.――Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. Strabo, bk. 11. ――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.

=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. See: Datis. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.――Herodotus.

=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19.

=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. Strabo, bk. 11. ――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the throne of Armenia a person of the same name. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2.

=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Artaxăta= (orum), now Ardesh, a strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it Neronea, in honour of Nero. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.――Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――――The second of that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――Cornelius Nepos, Kings.――Justin, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c. ――Diodorus, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt, which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues, was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of Darius III. Justin, bk. 10, ch. 3.――Diodorus, bk. 17. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom. Herodian, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by his cruelties.

=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 31. ――――A general of Antiochus. See: Artaxa.

=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. Herodotus, bks. 7 & 9.

=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.

=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.

=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great. Herodotus, bks. 1 & 9.

=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus, who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to, 1604, to which is annexed Achmetis oneirocritica.――――A man of Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome, and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no material consequence. Plutarch, Cæsar.

=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting and diversions. Athenæus, bk. 7.

=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c. ――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she called Mausoleum, a name which has been given from that time to all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband that she died through grief two years after. Vitruvius.――Strabo, bk. 14.――Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Artemisia.= See: Artemis.

=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Artemis, whence the name.

=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the mouth of the Achelous. Strabo.

=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented the battering ram, the testudo, and other equally valuable military engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen, after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death, she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. See: Antiochus.

=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 59.

=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. Herodotus, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.

=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of Darius. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 73.

=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 43.

=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. Pausanias, Bœotia.

=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure Augustus of victory. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I., cruelly put to death by Parysatis.

=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 29.

=Artynes=, a king of Media.

=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.

=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 88.

=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief officers of Darius. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of corn, and a white fillet. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4. See: Ambarvalia.

=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.

=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now Auvergne, near the Ligeris, who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as well as the Romans. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.――Strabo, bk. 14.

=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 127.

=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 5.

=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. Cæsar, Gallic War.

=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him and threw him down from his horse. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted so dishonourably to her virtue. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――A man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1.――Seneca, ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. Seneca, de Beneficiis, bk. 6. ――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first experiment upon the body of the donor. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age of Domitian.

=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 110.

=Aruspex.= See: Haruspex.

=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and wished to make himself immortal. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 166.

=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by pirates. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the Molossi, who reigned 10 years.

=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the Macedonians.

=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that account, Asbystius. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 170.――Ptolemy, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Asbŏlus= (black hair), one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

=Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts, and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately turned him into an owl. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 8.

=Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its onions. Josephus, The Jewish War, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by Ascanius.

=Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia. Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high priest, which remained a long while in his family. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――――According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 270.

=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no shadow. Pliny, bk. 2.

=Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a different name.

=Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of Alexander. Arrian.――――A disciple of Plato. ――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter, and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria. Plutarch.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a great favourite of the emperor’s court.

=Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince. Pliny, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.

=Asclepius.= See: Æsculapius.

=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body. Suetonius, Domitian, ch. 15.

=Asclus=, a town of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and these images they called Oscilla. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 384.――Pollux, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s orations.

=Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, whence he is often called the Ascrean poet, and whatever poem treats on agricultural subjects Ascræum carmen. The town received its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. Strabo, bk. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.――Paterculus, bk. 1.

=Ascŭlum=, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus.

=Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed in hunting. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 165.――Appian, Wars in Spain.――Polybius, bk. 2.――Livy, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been defeated by the governor of Sardinia. Livy, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c. ――Polybius.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general, surnamed Calvus, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. Livy.――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He died B.C. 206. Livy.――――Another, who advised his countrymen to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the Carthaginian senate. Livy.――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal. Livy, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors.

=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. Strabo. ――Mela.――Justin.――Pliny.――Tacitus, &c.――――One of the Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the three divisions of the ancient globe. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2. ――――One of the Nereides. Hyginus.――――A mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 701.

=Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their conquests or campaigns in Asia.

=Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan officer. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 9, 10, &c.

=Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.

=Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.

=Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and Messenia.

=Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily.

=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania, after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former. Tacitus bks. 1 & 5, Annals.――Dio Cassius, bk. 58.――Pliny, bk. 7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. Tacitus, bk. 14, Annals. ――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,” said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. Quintilian. ――Suetonius, Cæsar, chs. 30 & 55.――Dio Cassius, bks. 37, 49, 55.――Seneca, de Tranquilitate Animi & ltr. 100.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30.――Tacitus, bk. 6.――Paterculus, bk. 2.――Plutarch, Cæsar.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey. ――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.

=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.

=Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.

=Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of Asopus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 484.

=Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother of Mentor. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the north of Thermopylæ. Strabo, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated the country of the Thebans and Platæans. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 4. ――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia, flowing near Heraclea. Strabo, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and Ismene. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, the capital of the Persian empire.

=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. Ctesias.

=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Aspăsia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she passed to Darius. She was called Milto, vermilion, on account of the beauty of her complexion. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 1.――Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. Plutarch, Pericles.――Quintilian, bk. 11.――――The wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpretation given by some to Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――――A sophist, who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.

=Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in the east. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Aspathīnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――――A son of Prexaspes. Herodotus, bk. 7.

=Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus.

=Asphaltītes=, a lake. See: Mare Mortuum.

=Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.――――A city and mountain of Africa.――――One of the Cyclades.――――A city of Macedonia.

=Asplēdon=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 18.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Asporēnus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was worshipped, and called Asporena. Strabo, bk. 13.

=Assa=, a town near mount Athos.

=Assabīnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians.

=Assărăcus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called the descendants of Assaracus, Gens Assaraci. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1.――――Two friends of Æneas in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.

=Asserīni=, a people of Sicily.

=Assōrus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.

=Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.

=Assy̆ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059, according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years. Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now called Curdistan. See: Syria. Strabo, bk. 16.――Herodotus, bks. 1 & 2.――Justin, bk. 1.――Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.――Ptolemy, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Asta=, a city in Spain.

=Astacœni=, a people of India near the Indus. Strabo, bk. 15.

=Astăcus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia, which was then lately built. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 12.――Arrian. ――Strabo, bk. 17.――――A city of Acarnania. Pliny, bk. 5.

=Astăpa=, a town of Hispania Bætica. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 20.

=Astăpus=, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile.

=Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. Lucian, de Deâ Syriâ.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. Lucian, Quomodo historia conscribenda sit.

=Astĕria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called Ortyx by the Greeks; whence the name of Ortygia, given to that island in the Archipelago, where she retired. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.――Hyginus, fable 58.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c. ――――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 782.――――One of the daughters of Danaus, who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――One of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. Hyginus, fable 250.――――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes to comfort her during her lover’s absence.

=Astĕrion= and =Astĕrius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters, Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts. Apollonius, bk. 1.――――A statuary, son of Æschylus. Pausanias. ――――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. Diodorus, bk. 4. ――Apollodorus, bk. 3.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Asterŏpe= and =Asteropēa=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after death.――――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. Apollodorus, bk. 1.――――The wife of Æsacus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.

=Asteropæus=, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, &c.

=Asterūsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.――――A town of Arabia Felix.

=Astinŏme=, the wife of Hipponous.

=Astiŏchus=, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411.

=Astræa=, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called Justice, of which virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance, holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other. Seneca, Octavia.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 149. ――Aratus, bk. 1, Phænomena, li. 98.――Hesiod, Theogony.

=Astræus=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――――A river of Macedonia, near Thermæ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 15, ch. 1.

=Astu=, a Greek word which signifies city, generally applied, by way of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece. The word urbs is applied with the same meaning of superiority to Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy.

=Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 180.

=Astŭra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers cut off Cicero’s head.

=Astŭres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their lives in digging for mines of ore. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 298.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231.

=Astyăge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.

=Astyăges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus, to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most undisturbed friendship together. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c. ――Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――――A grammarian who wrote a commentary on Callimachus.――――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s head. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 6.

=Astyălus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

=Astyănax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him, and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 415. ――――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――A son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A writer in the age of Gallienus.

=Astycratia=, a daughter of Æolus. Homer, Iliad.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

=Astydămas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――――A Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine persons. Athenæus, bk. 10.――――Two tragic writers bore the same name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Astydămīa=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――Pindar, Nemean, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 9, li. 50.

=Asty̆lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 338.――――A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. Pausanias.

=Astymedūsa=, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.

=Astynŏme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――――A daughter of Amphion,――――of Talaus. Hyginus.

=Astynous=, a Trojan prince. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 144.

=Astyŏche= and =Astyochīa=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 20.――――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. Hyginus, fables 97, 162. ――――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.

=Astypalæa=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 14.

=Astyphĭlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity. Plutarch, Cimon.

=Astȳron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum. Strabo.

=Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a magnificent pyramid. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 136.

=Asȳlas=, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.

=Asyllus=, a gladiator. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 266.

=Atābŭlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 78.

=Atabȳris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed Atabyris. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Atăce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective Atacinus.

=Atalanta=, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error, and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name, though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy; but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other. While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions. Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. See: Meleager. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.――Hyginus, fables 99, 174, 185, 270. ――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.――Euripides, Phœnician Women.――――An island near Eubœa and Locris. Pausanias.

=Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes. There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet water upon it. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 184.

=Atarbĕchis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus had a temple.

=Atargătis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the Assyrians under the name of Astarte. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the neighbourhood of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35.

=Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have run 75 miles between noon and the evening. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 19. ――Pliny, bk. 7.

=Atax=, now Aude, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2.

=Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. Homer, Iliad, bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.

=Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ. Juvenal, satire 6.

=Atenomārus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

=Athamānes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they would set wood on fire. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 311. ――Strabo, bk. 7.――Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Athămas=, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. See: Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew. Hyginus, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; Fasti, bk. 6, li. 419.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.――――A servant of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――――A stage dancer. Cicero, Piso, ch. 36.――――A tragic poet. Cicero, Piso, ch. 20.――――One of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 263.

=Athamantiădes=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 319; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 903.

=Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings, and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity, the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.

=Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. Athenæus, bk. 3.

=Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had furnished him with an army. Justin, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Athēna=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess into Greece. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Athēnæ=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called Cecropia from its founder, and afterwards Athenæ in honour of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in preference to Neptune. See: Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings in the following order:――After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II., 1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136; Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. See: Archontes. Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant, and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus [See: Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era, by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities. They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps, not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character of the inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship, the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the same earth which they inhabited, γηγενες sons of the earth, and τεττιγες grasshoppers. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and of the abilities of the architect. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, Against Verres, &c.――Thucydides, bk. 1, &c.――Justin, bk. 2, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 13, &c.――Ælian, Varia Historia.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.――Xenophon, Memorabilia.――Plutarch, in vitis, &c.――Strabo, bk. 9, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 1, &c.――Valerius Maximus.――Livy, bk. 31, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, &c.――Polybius.――Paterculus.

=Athenæa=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called ♦Panathenæa, and the other Chalcea; for an account of which see those words.

♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’

=Athenæum=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a public building for the same laudable purposes.――――A promontory of Italy.――――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.

=Athenæus=, a Greek cosmographer.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of Augustus. Strabo.――――A Spartan sent by his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian war.――――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and miscellaneous work, called ♦Deipnosophistæ, replete with very curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last, are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――――An historian, who wrote an account of Semiramis. Diodorus.――――A brother of king Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――――A Roman historian, in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on military engines.――――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four commonly received.

♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’

=Athenagŏras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the government of Chios, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A writer on agriculture. Varro.――――A christian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.

=Athenāis=, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. Strabo. ――――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.

=Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――――A general of the Sicilian slaves.――――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.

=Athenŏcles=, a general, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6.――――A turner of Mitylene. Pliny, bk. 34.

=Athenodōrus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much lamented by his countrymen. Suetonius.――――A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander. ――――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――――A marble sculptor.――――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself absolute.

=Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the existence of a deity. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Athĕsis=, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 680.

=Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference, projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87 miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 672.――Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon.

=Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. Strabo.

=Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Atia=, a city of Campania.――――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――――The mother of Augustus. See: Accia.

=Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560. ――――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ. The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 62.

=Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 56.

=Atīna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began hostilities against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 630.

=Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 869.

=Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in the senate.

=Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat scorched and tormented them. Herodotus.

=Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 639.

=Atlantĭdes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom, on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the number of their gods. Diodorus, bk. 3.――――The daughters of Atlas, were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis. They were made constellations after death. See: Pleiades.

=Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some writers.

=Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius. His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. See: Atlantides. He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind, as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter, refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father, the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of Mercury. Virgil,, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 17.――Diodorus, bk. 3. ――Lucan, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.――Valerius Flaccus, bk. 5. ――Hyginus, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.――Aratus, Astronomia. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 508, &c.――――A river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by some to be the Vashti of scripture. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.

=Atrăces=, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia.

=Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia.

=Atrăpes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of the provinces, received Media. Diodorus, bk. 18.

=Atrax=, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus. He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word Atracias has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. Propertius, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 25.――Statius, bk. 1, Thebiad, li. 106.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 209.――――A city of Thessaly, whence the epithet of Atracius.――――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the Ionian sea.

=Atrebātæ=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.

=Atrĕbātes=, now Artois, a people of Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered, and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account of the services of Comius. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, &c.

=Atrēni=, a people of Armenia.

=Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself. This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons, who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and brought them up as his own. See: Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children. This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother, who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished, the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report, to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause, and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. See: Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. Hyginus, fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.――Euripides, Orestes; _Iphigeneia in Taurus_.――Plutarch, Parallela minora.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――Seneca on Atreus.

=Atrīdæ=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of their grandfather. See: Plisthenes.

=Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10.

=Atropatia=, a part of Media. Strabo.

=Atrŏpos=, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the derivation of her name (a non, τρεπω muto), she is inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with a pair of scissors in her hand. See: Parcæ.

=T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet. His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.

=Attălia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. Strabo.

=Attalĭcus.= See: Attalus III.

=Attălus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus. The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. Livy, bks. 26, 27, 28, &c.――Polybius, bk. 5.――Strabo, bk. 13.――――The second of that name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III., who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has received the name of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities. He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138. He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation for 20 years. Strabo, bk. 13.――Polybius, bk. 5.――――The third succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II., and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed Philopater. He left the cares of government to cultivate his garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words Populus Romanus meorum hæres esto, which the Romans interpreted as themselves, and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always called by the epithet Attalicus. Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court. Livy, bk. 24, &c.――Pliny, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.――Justin, bk. 39.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 1.――――An officer in Alexander’s army. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another very inimical to Alexander. He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the murder. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A philosopher, preceptor to Seneca. Seneca ltr. 108.――――An astronomer of Rhodes.

=Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 6.

=Atteius Capĭto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a senator. See: ♦Ateius.

♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found.

=Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Attĭca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who settled there; and also Acte, which signifies shore, and Cecropia, from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of Attici. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some of which were considerable towns. See: Athenæ.

=Attĭcus=, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1.――――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was surnamed Atticus; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable character of peacemaker among his friends. Cornelius Nepos, one of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, &c.――――Herodes, an Athenian in the age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as they were magnificent. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, bk. 2, p. 548.――Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticæ.――――A consul in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

=Attĭla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian, with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the appellation of the scourge of God, died A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive kings in his train. Jornandes, Getica.

=Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. See: Regulus. ――――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet. ――――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language procured him the appellation of Ferreus.――――Regulus, a Roman censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 23, &c.――――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans, and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life, however, is not famous for any illustrious event.

=Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8.

=Attius Pelignus=, an officer of Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1. ――――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished from Rome. Livy.――――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which he alienated from Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, bk. 1, Civil War.――――A poet. See: Accius.――――The family of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which Virgil has adopted, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 568.

=Atūrus=, a river of Gaul, now the Adour, which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 420.

=Atyădæ=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.

=Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed. Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch were realized. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. See: Adrastus.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 568.――――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 598.――――A son of Limniace the daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning log of wood. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 47.――――A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. This account is the most general and most approved. Others say that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias relates, in Achaia, ch. 17, that Atys was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes. This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury, that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle. Ovid says, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. Catullus, the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele].――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 3; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 223, &c. ――Lucian, Deâ Syriâ.――――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’

=Avarīcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges, the capital of Berry. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.

=Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been called avellinæ. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, ♦bk. 7, li. 740.

♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference

=Aventīnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 657.――――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 51.――――One of the seven hills on which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived, according to some, ab avibus, because birds were fond of the place. Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent temples built upon it. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 235.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, avibus carens. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Diodorus, bk. 4.――Aristotle, on Admethics [Ethics].

=Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster.

=Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by Ancus Martius.

=Aufidēna=, now Alfidena, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called Aufidenates, were among the Sabines. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Aufĭdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692. It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance, he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.

=Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 25. ――――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――――A Roman senator, famous for his blindness and abilities. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 5.――――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. Pliny, bk. 10. ――――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.

=Aufĭdus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name of the field of blood. Horace, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4, ode 9.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 405.

=Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra, was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia, who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror, and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with him to Tegea. Pausanias says, that Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――Hyginus, fables 99 & 100.

=Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. Dio Cassius.――――A king of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of friendship and support. Dio Cassius, bk. 78.

=Augeæ=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.――――Another of Locris.

=Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says, bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of Augean stable is now applied to an impossibility. Hyginus, fables 14, 30, 157. ――Pliny, bk. 17, ch. 9.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Augĭlæ=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. Mela, bk. 1.

=Augīnus=, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 2.

=Augŭres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events, whence their name, ab avium garritu. They were first created by Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a particular college, and the chief amongst them was called Magister collegii. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called Dira, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words sinister and lævus, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. Cicero, de Divinatione.――Livy, bk. 1, &c.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus. ――Ovid, Fasti.

♦=Augurīnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c. Tacitus, ♠Annals, bk. 15, ch. 70.

♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’ Placed in correct alphebetical order. ♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’

=Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus Cæsar.――――London, as capital of the country of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――――Messalina, famous for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 118.

=Augustālia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the different parts of the empire.

=Augustīnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works, which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.

=Augustodūnum=, now Autun, a town of Gaul, the capital of the ancient Ædui.

=Augustŭlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered by Odoacer king of the Heruli.

=Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people, and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of boy, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled; their united forces were successfully directed against the younger Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said, that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honourable appellation of Augustus. He has been accused of licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character of Æneas. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.――Horace.――Virgil. ――Pausanias.――Tacitus.――Paterculus.――Dio Cassius.――Ovid. ――――The name of Augustus was afterwards given to the successors of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of Cæsar as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who was considered as presumptive heir.

♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’

=Avĭdiēnus=, a rich and sordid man, whom Horace styles happy, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 55.

=Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. Diodorus.

=Rufus Festus Aviēnus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo, 1731.

=Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14.――――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books on original sin, &c.

=Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.

=Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 290.

=Aulētes=, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 207.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.

=Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. Pausanias, Bœotia.――――A town of Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon. To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared by substituting a ram. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 426.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 303.

=Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, according to Horace bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior to that of Falernum. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 125.――Strabo, bk. 6. ――――A place of Messenia. Pausanias.

=Aulonius=, a surname of Æsculapius.

=Aulus=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Gellius. See: Gellius.

=Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――――Another, A.U.C. 678. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.

=Aurelia=, a town of Hispania Bætica.――――The mother of Julius Cæsar. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 74.――――A fishwoman. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 98.

=Aureliānus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January 29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death, for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts.――――A physician of the fourth century.

=Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. See: Antoninus Bassianus.――――A painter in the age of Augustus. Pliny, bk. 35.――――Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant――an account of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733, and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――――Antoninus, an emperor. See: Antoninus.

=Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.

=Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 8.

=Aurōra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname of Pallantias. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter. See: Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8; Odyssey, bk. 10; Hymn to Aphrodite.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 3, 9, 15.――Apollodorus, bks. 1, 3.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 535.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, &c.――Hesiod, Theogony.――Hyginus, preface to fables.

=Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of Ulysses by Calypso. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.

=Auschīsæ=, a people of Libya. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Ausci=, a people of Gaul.

=Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.

=Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives unusual honour, &c. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 180.

=Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are descended.

=Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 171.

=Decimius Magnus Ausōnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian, and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the consular fasti of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil, what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.

=Auspĭces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs. See: Augures.

=Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 58. See: Venti.

=Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony into an island which, from him, was called Thera. Herodotus, bk. 4. ――Pausanias.

=Autobūlus=, a painter. Pliny, bk. 35.

=Autochthŏnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were as old as the country which they inhabited. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.――Tacitus, Germania.――Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Autŏcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander of Pheræ.

=Autocrătes=, an historian mentioned by Athenæus, bks. 9 & 11.

=Autolŏlæ=, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They excelled all their neighbours in running. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 677.

=Autŏly̆cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes. See: Sisyphus, Laertes. Hyginus, fable 200, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 8.――Apollodorus, bk. 1.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14.――――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hyginus, fable 14.

=Automăte=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. Pliny, bks. 2, 6, 37.――――A daughter of Danaus.

=Automĕdon=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10 ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer, Iliad, bks. 9, 16, &c.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 477.

=Automedūsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

=Automĕnes=, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C. 779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son Periander made themselves absolute.

=Automŏli=, a nation of Æthiopia. Herodotus, bk. 2.

=Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she had Actæon, often called Autoneius heros. The death of her son [See: Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia to Megara, where she soon after died. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44. ――Hyginus, fable 179.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 720. ――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――――One of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony.――――A female servant of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 18.

=Autophradātes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. Diodorus.

=Autūra=, the Eure, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.

=Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene, where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at Trœzene. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 82.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Axĕnus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which was highly applicable to the manners of the ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid, bk. 4; Tristia, poem 4, li. 56.

=Axiŏchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise concerning death.

=Axīon=, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband, because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. See: Alcmæon and Alphesibœa.

=Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the lectures of Plato.

=Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Axis=, a town of Umbria. Propertius, poem 4.

=Axius=, a river of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.

=Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.

=Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. Apollodus.

=Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――――A son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called Clitorius, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Azīris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built a town. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 157.

=Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. Pliny, bk. 30.

=Azorus=, one of the Argonauts.

=Azōtus=, now Asdod, a large town of Syria on the borders of the Mediterranean. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 15.

B

=Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. Pliny, preface to ch. 19.

=Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death. His advice was faithfully followed. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 36.

=Baby̆lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which bears his name.――――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards established there under the Seleucidæ. See: Syria. Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early acquainted with astrology. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26. ――Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 3.――Justin, bk. 1, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 7, &c.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 2.――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――――There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.

=Babylōnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards became very powerful.――――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Babylōnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs.

=Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. Strabo, bk. 11.

=Babytăce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Bacchæ=, the priestesses of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Bacchanālia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. See: Dionysia.

=Bacchantes=, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 592.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 25.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 21.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’

=Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. Appian.

=Bacchiădæ=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407. ――Strabo, bk. 8.

=Bacchĭdes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called Bacchidæ, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution by making himself absolute. Strabo, bk. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407.

=Bacchium=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb to express equality: Bithus contra Bacchium. Suetonius, Augustus.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 20.

=Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called Bimater. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place. Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore, is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health, render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. See: Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bks. 2 & 3.――Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49. ――Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.――Diodorus, bks. 1, 3, &c. ――Orpheus, Dionysius.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.――Amores, bk. 3, poem 3.――Fasti, bk. 3, li. 715.――Hyginus, fables 155, 167, &c. ――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.――Lactantius, de falsa religione, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, &c.――Euripides, Bacchæ.――Lucian, de Sacrificiis; Bacchus; Dialogi Deorum.――Oppian, Cynegetica.――Philostratus, bk. 1, Imagines, ch. 50.――Seneca, Chorus of Œdipus.――Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.

=Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. Marcellinus.

=Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 34.――――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. See: Bacchis.――――An athlete of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 6.

=Bactra= (orum), now Balk, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 138.――Strabo, bk. 2.

=Bactri= and =Bactriāni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.――Plutarch, An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficia.――Herodotus, bks. 1 & 3.

=Bactriāna=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. Diodorus, bk. 2.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Bactros=, now Dahesh, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 267.

=Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium.

=Badaca=, a town of Media. Diodorus, bk. 19.

=Badia=, a town of Spain. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 18.

=Baduhennæ=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 73.

=Bæbia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other year. Livy, bk. 40.――――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among the people. Appian, bk. 1.

=Massa Bæbius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plutarch, Numa.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 57.

=Bætis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of Bætica. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that Bætica was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 100.

=Bæton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.

=Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bagōas= and =Bagōsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 17.――――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Plutarch in Alexander.――――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.

=Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Bagophănes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Bagrăda=, now Megerda, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦=Baiæ=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 81.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――Strabo, bk. 5.

♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’

=Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. Justin, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Balanagræ=, a town of Cyrene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Balanea=, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.――Livy, bk. 44, ch. 14.

=Balari=, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 6.

=Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history, under Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Balbīnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.――――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238.

♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’

=Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax.

=Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――――A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.

=Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word is derived from βαλλειν, to throw, because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. Strabo, bk. 14.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Balētus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. Paterculus bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Balius=, a horse of Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 146.

=Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 41.

=Ballonŏti=, a people of European Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 160.

=Balneæ= (baths), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking, exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest, as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment.

♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency

=Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 35.

=Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Bamurūæ=, a people of Libya. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 303.

=Bantia=, now St. Maria de Vanse, a town of Apulia, whence Bantinus. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.

=Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 15.

=Baphy̆rus=, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 6.

=Baptæ=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from βαπτειν, to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.――――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.

=Baræi=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Barăthrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown.――――The word is applied to the infernal regions by Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.

=Barbări=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians.

=Barbăria=, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31.――――A name given to Phrygia and Troy. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.

=Barbătus=, the surname of a Roman family. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 21.

=Barbosthĕnes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 27.

=Barbythăce=, a city of Persia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. Plutarch, Cato the Younger.

=Barcæi=, or =Barcitæ=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 43.

=Barce=, the nurse of Sichæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 632.――――A large country of Africa.――――Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. Strabo, bk. 17.――Ptolemy, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were confined. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 204. ――――A city of Media. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the Barchinian faction, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 2 & 9.

=Bardæi=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius. Plutarch, Marius.

=Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 447.――Strabo, bk. 4.――Marcellinus, bk. 15, ch. 24.

=Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

=Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 116.

=Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203.

=Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 19.

=Bargyliæ=, a town of Caria.

=Barīne=, a prostitute whom Horace accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.

=Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias.

=Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.

=Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.

=Barsīne= and =Barsēne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2. ――Arrian.

=Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 2.

=Basilēa=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. Diodorus, bk. 3.――――An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. Diodorus, bk. 5.――――An island in the Euxine sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Basilīdæ=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Basilīdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 132.――――A family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. Strabo, bk. 14. ――――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 87.――Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 7.

=Basilĭpŏtămos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Basĭlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. Athenæus.――――A city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates. Strabo.――――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio, Paris, 1721.

=Basĭlus=, a general who assisted Antony. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 416. ――――An insignificant lawyer. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 146.――――A pretor who plundered the provinces. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

=Bassæ=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.

=Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bassăreus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called Bassaris, which his priests wore. Horace, bk. 1, ode 18.

=Bassărĭdes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. Persius, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Cæsius, a lyric poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire. Some of his verses are extant.――――Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――――A man spoken of by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as fond of wine and women.

=Bastarnæ= and =Basternæ=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 58.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 198.――Strabo, bk. 7.

=Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. Livy, fragment, bk. 89.

=Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Batāvi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients, Batavorum insula. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 15.――Lucan, bk. 1, li. 431.

=Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. Horace, epode 14, li. 9.――――Mecænas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.――――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s distich, Nocte pluit totâ, &c., bore also the same name.――――A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Lentulus Batiātus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled against him. Plutarch, Crassus.

=Batīa=, a naiad who married Œbalus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Batīna= and =Bantīna=. See: Bantia.

=Bātis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s chariot. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 28.

=Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. Strabo, bk. 12.――――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the fight between frogs and mice, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.

=Battiădes=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 53.――――A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 253.

=Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.

=Battus I.=, a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 155, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.――――The second of that name was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――――A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 702.――――A general of Corinth against Athens. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 43.――――A buffoon of Caesar’s. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 6.

=Batŭlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Batŭlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

=Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.

=Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 7.

=Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.

=Bavius= and =Mævius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.

=Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 155.

=Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c.

=Bazaria=, a country of Asia. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 35. See: Bæbius.

=Bebriăcum=, now Caneto, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 106.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bebry̆ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity to Hypermnestra. See: Danaides.

=Bebry̆ces= and =Bebry̆cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. Apollodorus, bk. 1. ――Strabo, bks. 7 & 12.

=Bebry̆cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strabo, bk. 13.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 373.

=Belemīna=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Belēnus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.

=Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Belĕsis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the government of Babylon, B.C. 826. Diodorus, bk. 2.

=Belgæ=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 1 & 2.

=Belgĭca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.

=Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 2.――Polybius, bk. 2.

=Belĭdes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 463.

=Belīdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. Virgil, Æneid bk. 2, li. 82.

=Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.

=Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story of his begging charity, with date obolum Belisario, is said to be a fabrication of modern times.

=Belistīda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Belitæ=, a nation of Asia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Bellerŏphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have been called letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. See: Chimæra. But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 156, &c. ――Juvenal, satire 10.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1. ――Hyginus, fables 157 & 243; Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 18.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 325.――Horace, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 26.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Bellĕrus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. See: Bellerophon.

=Belliēnus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Bellōna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks Enyo, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the column of war, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 124.――Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 270.――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 703.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.――Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 221.

=Bellōnarii=, the priests of Bellona.

=Bellovăci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Bellovēsus=, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Belon=, a general of Alexander’s. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――A city and river of Hispania Bætica. Strabo, bk. 3.

=Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 10.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 181, &c.――Strabo, bk. 16.――Arrian, bk. 7.――Diodorus, bk. 1, &c. ――――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor. ――――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phœnicia.――――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first invented. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 19.

=Benācus=, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Garda, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 160; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 205.

=Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 41.

=Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern neighbours. Strabo, bk. 9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, were introduced from Thrace into Athens.

=Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its original name was Maleventum, changed into the more auspicious word of Beneventum, when the Romans had a colony there. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bepolitānus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with blood. Plutarch, Mulierum virtutes.

=Berbicæ=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a certain age. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Beræa=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

=Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diodorus, bk. 5.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 782.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 82.

=Berenīce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 43.――Theocritus.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――――The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them. She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough, she was strangled by a eunuch.――――The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great.――――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people.――――A wife of king Attalus.――――Another, daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation. She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. Catullus, poem 67. ――Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 24.――Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――This name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――――A city of Libya. Strabo.――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――Two towns of Arabia. Strabo, bk. 16.――――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.――――Another near the Syrtes, &c. Pliny, bk. 17.

=Berenīcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 523.

=Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones from heaven. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Bergistăni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 16.

=Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A mountain of Armenia.

=Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 138.

=Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 278.――――The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.――――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Berœa=, a town of Thessaly. Cicero, Piso, ch. 36.

=Beronīce.= See: Berenice.

=Berōsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa, and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, Against Appion & Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fabrication.

=Berrhœa=, a town of Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 61.

=Bery̆tus=, now Berut, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Besidlæ=, a town of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Besippo=, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5. ――Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.――――A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. Plutarch.

=Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against his country. Cicero, bk. 2, Philippics.

=Betis=, a river in Spain, See: Bætis.――――A governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror.

=Beturia=, a country in Spain.

=Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Biānor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 60.――――A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 92.――――A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 342.

=Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――――A river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his friends. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.――Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 2.――Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and humour, and other poems now lost. Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――Quintilian, bk. 10.――――A pretor, &c. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married Duillius.

=Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 662.

=Biblina=, a country of Thrace.

=Biblus=, a city of Phœnicia. Curtius, bk. 4.

=Bibracte=, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often wintered. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.

=Bibŭlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 20:

_Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est; Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._

――――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 86.

=Bices=, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 68.

=Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Bicornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.

=Biformīs= (two forms), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.

=Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with two faces among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 180.

=Bilbĭlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50.――――A river of Spain. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Bimāter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had two mothers, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 12.

=Bingium=, a town of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――――A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748. ――――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13. ――――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――――A native of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately.――――A man of Soli, who composed a history of Æthiopia.――――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence Bionei sermones mentioned by Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60. ――Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.

=Birrhus.= See: Cœlius.

=Bisaltæ=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 29. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had the golden ram. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li.117.――Hyginus, fable 18.

♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’

=Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 137.

=Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called Bistones. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 110.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.――Lucan, bk. 7, li. 569.

=Bistŏnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Bithus.= See: Bacchius.

=Bithyæ=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as Pliny reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some time.

=Bithȳnia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. Strabo, bk. 12.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 75. ――Mela, bks. 1 & 2. According to Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.

=Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and the Trojans were introduced to the queen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 742.

=Biton.= See: Cleobis.

=Bituītus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of Romans, &c.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 6.――Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Bituntum=, a town of Spain. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 55.

=Bitŭrĭges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Biturĭcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ. Strabo, bk. 4.

=Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there.

=Blæna=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Blæsii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priesthood. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.

=Junius Blæsus=, a governor of Gaul. Tacitus.

=Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 15, Letters to his brother Quintus.

=Blandŭsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. Horace, bk. 3, ode 13.

=Blastophœnīces=, a people of Lusitania. Appian.

=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Boadicea.= See: Boudicea.

=Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.

=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

=Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. Sallust, Jugurthine War.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. Dio Cassius, bk. 60.

=Boea.= See: Boæ.

=Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 5. ――――A lake of Crete. Strabo, bk. 9.

=Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 176.

=Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another, A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του βοηδρομειν, coming to help. Plutarch in Theseus mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

=Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 43.

=Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia, from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, a bove, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 10.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7, ch. 11.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Justin, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 4.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――Diodorus, bk. 19.――Livy, bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

=Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the strictness of his discipline. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise De consolatione philosophiæ, in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to, 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the notis variorum.

=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strabo, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly called Bætis. See: Bætis.

=Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ.

=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athenians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 107.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 59.

=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. Strabo, bk. 8.

=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 158.

=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Bolānus.= See: Bollanus.

=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 58.

=Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucrautis was built near it. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. Livy, bk. 67.

=Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he had received all his dignity. Diodorus, bk. 26.――Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

=Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.――Plutarch, Lycurgus.

=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 313.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 637.

=Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine, or Rheno, which falls into the Po. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 599.

=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in Gaul.

=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1. ――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Boosūra= (bovis cauda), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple. Strabo.

=Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 405.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserved by shepherds. Hyginus, fable 186.

=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. Cicero, bk. 16, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 4.

=Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 2.

=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus [See: Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 222. ――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 379.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 189.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 700.

=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. Pausanias, Attica & Arcadia.

=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 40.

=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 7.

=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants ate bats. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 177.

=Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the Dnieper, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called Olba Salvia. Mela, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured with a monument. Diodorus.

=Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa; and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, bovis meatus, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49. ――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Strabo, bk. 12.――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. Suetonius, Claudius.

=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called Bottiæi. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c. ――Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 99.

=Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 31.

=Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from Beneventum. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 28.

=Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 607.――――Another in Campania.

=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. Strabo, bk. 15.――Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo.

=Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. Strabo, bk. 11.――Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.

=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. Strabo, bk. 15.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 479.――Lucian, de Domo.

=Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.――Thucydides, bks. 4 & 5.――Diodorus, bk. 3.――――A man of Cos. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 7.

=Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined.

=Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. Theocritus, poem 7.

=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the Edoni. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 107.

=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from δεκα, decem; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves bore the name of ἀρκτοι, bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 46. ――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. Horace, bk. 4, ode 14.

=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――Plutarch, Camillus.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. Pausanias, bk. 10, chs. 22 & 23.――Justin, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

=Brettii=, a people of Italy. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to some accounts. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 148.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 403.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.

=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 196.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Brīmo= (terror), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

=Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 2, &c.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 3; De Ars Amatoria, bks. 2 & 3.――Propertius, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22. ――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 24.――Horace, bk. 2, ode 4.

=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was called Briseis, from him.

=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. Persius, bk. 1, li. 76.

=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. See: Britannia.――――A man in Gallia Belgica. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Cæsar conquered it. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33.――Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10. ――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 17.

=Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. Tacitus, Annals. ――Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana.

=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 124.

=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now Brescia. Justin, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

=Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s fire. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 459.

=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Brontēs= (thunder), one of the Cyclops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the wife of Pythagoras. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ.

=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, Ibis, li. 517.

=Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of Holland. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

=Brundusium=, now Brundisi, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance, against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2. ――Strabo, bk. 5.――Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 24.――Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 82.

=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 9.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 4 & 5.――Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 8.――Eutropius on Tarquin.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 818.――Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.――――Marcus Junius, father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cicero, On Oratory, ch. 55.――Plutarch, Brutus.――――His son of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica. The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals when she heard the fate of her husband. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus. ――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 48.――Plutarch, Brutus, &c.; Cæsar, ch. 1.――Florus, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the first tribunes of the people. Plutarch.――――One of Carbo’s generals.

=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20. ――――A general in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. Strabo, bk. 7.

=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. Curtius, bk. 5.

=Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent with an army. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 13.

=Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.

=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59, 137, & 154.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 690.

=Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence Bubasides applied to the natives. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 643.

=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.――Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, bovis caput). Alexander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built a city which he called after his name. Plutarch, Alexander. ――Curtius.――Arrian, bk. 5, ch. 3.――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, ch. 14.

=Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

=Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5. ――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

=Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

=Budii=, a nation of Media. Herodotus.

=Budīni=, a people of Scythia. Herodotus.

=Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. Cicero, Against Verres.

=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea, above the bay of Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1, ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.

=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

=Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. See: Anthermus.

=Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his gluttony.

=Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 24.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. Homer.

=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or Buris, once a flourishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.――Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.――Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura. ――――A river of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. Strabo, bk. 12.

=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannæ. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Busæ=, a nation of Media. Herodotus, bk. 1.

=Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of them built a town called Busiris, ♦in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous temple. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61. ――Strabo, bk. 17.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 132; Heroides, poem 9, li. 69.――Plutarch, Theseus.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 5.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed

=Buta=, a town of Achaia. Diodorus, bk. 20.

=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A Roman orator. Seneca.

=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan slain by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A son of Boreas who built Naxos. Diodorus, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia daughter of Erechtheus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 647; bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athenian.

=Buthrōtum=, now Butrinto, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 293.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.

=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Butus=, a son of Pandion.

=Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted him to be carried to Athens. Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 174.

=Byblia=, a name of Venus.

=Byblii=, a people of Syria. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed into a fountain of the same name. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 284; Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.――Hyginus, fable 243. ――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean.

=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strabo, bk. 16.

=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.

=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.

=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa (Βυρσα, a hide). Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 371.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 15.――Livy, bk. 34, ch. 62.

=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.

=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of Byzantine historians, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange. They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French. Strabo, bk. 1.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 15.――Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, Alcibiades, & Timotheus.――Justin, bk. 9, ch. 1. ――Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said Byzantium receives its name. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionysius Periegetes.――Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 153.

=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

C

=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.

=Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Cabāles=, a people of Africa. Herodotus.

=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. Herodotus.

=Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also Hippocrene, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. Persius.

=Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now Chalons, on the Saone. Cæsar, Gallic War, ch. 42.

=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.

=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni.

=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus.

=Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of Paphlagonia.

=Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 51.――Strabo, bk. 10, &c.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.

=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. See: Cabiri.

=Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 3.

=Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. Cæsar.

=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. Lactantius [Placidus], bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 32.

=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 551.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 194.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10.――Juvenal, satire 5, li. 125.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. Arrian, Indica.

=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.

=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. Strabo, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

=Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 601.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.――Hyginus, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 1, &c. ――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 937, &c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the ancient, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. Diodorus, bk. 1.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――Clement of Alexandria, bk. 3.――Strabo, bk. 1.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39.

=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacitus.

=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 242.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 10.

=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. Cæsar.

=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. Plutarch.

=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 159.

=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid, poem 20. Heroides.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 14.

=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.

=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.――――The mother of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.――――A daughter of Atticus.

=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. See: Tanaquil.

=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury.

=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.

=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. See: Metellus.――――Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, Letters to Atticus, calls him Malum Latinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. Suetonius, Nero.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises. ――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. Strabo, bk. 5. ――Horace, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.――――A rich person, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A friend of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law.

=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. Pro Cælio.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.

=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil.

=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.

=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called Cæninenses, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 135.――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half.

=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called Cæneus. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form.

=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. Justin, bk. 32, ch. 3.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium.

=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. Strabo.――――A river.

=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently Agylla, now Cerveteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called Cæretes or Cærites; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence Cærites tabulæ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and Cærites cera appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 8 & 10.――Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Strabo, bk. 5.

=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. Cæsar.

=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an elephant, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick head of hair. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of Cæsar. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: Veni, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.――Dio Cassius.――Appian. ――Orosius.――Diodorus, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 466.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 782.――Marcellinus.――Florus, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.――――Octavianus. See: Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cicero, Brutus. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. See: Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called Saragossa.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania, ――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them.

=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 17, & Cæsar, ch. 52.

=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 50.

=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catullus, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persius.

=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 59.

=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.

=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 103.

=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 370.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 243.

=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 1.

=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. See: Agrippa.

=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 425.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 31; Epodes, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. Pausanias, bk. 6.

=Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Calais= and =Zethes=. See: Zethes.

=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Calămis=, an excellent carver. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

=Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. Herodotus, bk. 9.

=Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20. ――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia.

=Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. Strabo, bk. 15.――Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 23.――Arrian & Plutarch, Alexander.――Ælian, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. Strabo, bk. 7.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

=Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 543.

=Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 38.

=Calavii=, a people of Campania. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27.

=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. Livy, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

=Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 384.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――Strabo, bk. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Calbis=, a river of Caria. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Calce=, a city of Campania. Strabo, bk. 5.

=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. See: Mopsus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.――Aeschylus, Agamemnon.――Euripides, Iphigeneia. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Calchedonia.= See: Chalcedon.

=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 120.

=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.――Juvenal, satire 1, li. 69. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 413.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 728.

=Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to Tacitus, _Life of Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 598.

=Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 14.

=Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. Plutarch, Cæsar.

=Cales.= See: Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. Arrian.

=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 16.

=Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now Pays de Caux, in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 419.

=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 75.

=Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia.

=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 12.

=Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio Cassius.――Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars.――Tacitus, Annals.

=Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

=Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.

=Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. Plutarch, Alcibiades.

=Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now Gallicia, at the north of Spain. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 461.

=Callas=, a general of Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander against Polyperchon. Diodorus, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa.

=Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 32.

=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.

=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.

=Callēni=, a people of Campania.

=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 51.

=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. Diodorus, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. Athenæus, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. Athenæus, bk. 12.――Dionysius.――――An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer. ――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Cimon.――――An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. Xenophon, Hellenica.

=Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia.

=Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated.

=Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――――A statuary of Megara.

=Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

=Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called Calippus by some authors. Cornelius Nepos, Dion. ――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 21.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 72.

=Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. Diodorus, bk. 13.――Xenophon, Hellenica. ――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer.

=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 274.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. See: Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the Roman Callimachus. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.――Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 84.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. Plutarch.――――A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. Plutarch.

=Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace.

=Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. Athenæus.――Strabo, bk. 13.

=Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. Hesiod, Theogony.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.――Horace, Odes.

=Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by Cicero. Academic Questions, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 119.

=Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

=Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

=Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. See: Callicrates. Cornelius Nepos, Dion. ――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, Zeno. ――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.

=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. See: Coresus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.――Statius, bk. 12, Thebiad, li. 629.――――A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. Hesiod.――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. See: Alcmæon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.――――A daughter of Piras and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 145.

=Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards Thera. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva.

=Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diodorus, bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.――Plutarch, Alexander.――Arrian, bk. 4.――Justin, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. Plutarch, Lucullus.

=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Hyginus, fable 176 & 177.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16.

=Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. Diodorus, bk. 15.――――An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. Xenophon.――――A Greek historian praised by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――――A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A secretary of Mithridates. Plutarch, Lucullus.――――A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

=Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed.

=Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. Diodorus, bk. 13.

=Calon=, a statuary. Quintilian, bk. 12, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Calor=, now Calore, a river in Italy near Beneventum. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 14.

=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. Suetonius, Julius.

=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 2. ――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130.

=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦Plutarch, Numa.

♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cicero, _De Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――――A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife of Julius Cæsar. See: Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. Tacitus.

=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.――――An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 35.

♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.

=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. Cicero, Letters.――Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

=Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 17.――――The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 419.

=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.

=Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of Athenæus, bk. 14. ――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hyginus, fable 157.

=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.

=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near Tenedos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 205.

=Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. See: Meleager and Atalanta. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.――Strabo, bk. 8. ――Homer, ♦Iliad, bk. 9, li. 577.――Hyginus, fable 174.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

♦ Book reference omitted in text.

=Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 4.

=Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 81.

=Calynda=, a town of Caria. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay, he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 5.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 360.――Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 18; Amores, bk. 2, poem 17.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15.

=Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or Colchester.

=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of the sea prevents it being drained. The words Camarinam movere are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 701.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134.

=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 154.

=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 53.

=Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, &c.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Camelāni=, a people of Italy.

=Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Camera=, a field of Calabria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 582.

♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabitants were called Camertes. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

=Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon’s laws. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 90.

=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus. Plutarch, Romulus.

=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 562. See: Camerinum.

=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from Aruns. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

=Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods.

=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. Plutarch, Lives of the Roman Emperors.――Livy, bk. 5.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Diodorus, bk. 14.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero.

=Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 30.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 20, li. 66.

=Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 163.

=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs, à cantu amæno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

=Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called Campana urbs. Strabo, bk. 5.――Cicero, _On the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 500. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus Anadyomene. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. Strabo, bk. 5.――Livy, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his military abilities. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 57.

=Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

=Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. Apollodorus, bk. 1.――Hyginus, fables 238 & 242.――Ovid, Heroides, poem 11; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 384.

=Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs.

=Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia.

=Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called Fortunate by the ancients, and are now known by the name of the Canaries. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 38.

=Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 22.――Dio Cassius, bk. 54.――Strabo, bk. 17.

=Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 331.

=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and ascended the throne. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

=Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

=Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

=Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia.

=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 9.

=Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received the name of Canephoræ, whence statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same appellation. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

=Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia.

=Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. Marcus Manilius.

=Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. Horace, Epodes.

=Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Plutarch, Pompey.

=Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 33.――Plutarch, Cæsar.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

=Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 20.

=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 14.

=Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 44.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

=Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of Pellæus, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 433. ――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31. ――Virgil, Georgics bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now called Biscay. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 326.――Horace, bk. 2, odes 6 & 11.

=Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 8.

=Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. Cæsar, Gallic War bk. 5.

=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. Plutarch.――――A law. See: Canuleius.

=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. Plutarch, _Parallela minora_.

=Canŭsium=, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called bilingues, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. Plutarch.

=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman actor. Plutarch, Brutus.

=Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius restored him to life. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 404.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, &c.――Hyginus, fables 68 & 70.――Euripides, Phœnician Women & Suppliants.――Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.

=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 155.

=Capēna=, a gate of Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 192.

=Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 13, li. 85.

=Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.――Livy, bks. 5, 22, &c.

=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.

=Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 260.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 481. ――Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

=Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. Plutarch, ♦de Pat. Am.

♦ reference unknown

=Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely punished by the senate. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote on illustrious men.

=Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

=Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. Plutarch, Marcellus.――――Julius, an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

=Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 72.――Plutarch, Publicola.――Livy, bks. 1, 10, &c.――Pliny, bk. 33, &c.――Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 40.

=Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

When they were offered their freedom and independence by the Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.――Curtius, bks. 3 & 4.――Strabo, bks. 11 & 16.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 73; bk. 5, ch. 49.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Caprăria=, now Cabrera, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Căpreæ=, now Capri, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 709.――Suetonius, Tiberius.――Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 3, li. 5.

=Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared. Plutarch, Romulus.――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 491.

=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. Marcus Manilius, bks. 2 & 4. ――Horace, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――Hyginus, fable 196; Poetica Astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Caprīma=, a town of Caria.

=Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet.

=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 66.

=Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno, at which women only officiated. See: Philotis. Varro, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.

=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.

=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Sallust, Jugurthine War.

=Capsăge=, a town of Syria. Curtius, bk. 10.

=Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.――Livy, bks. 4, 7, 8, &c.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.――Cicero, Philippics, bk. 12, ch. 3.――Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33.

=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 768.

=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 39 & 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the Mæander. Caria received its name from him. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 171.

=Carabactra=, a place in India.

=Carabis=, a town of Spain.

=Carăcalla.= See: Antonius.

=Caracates=, a people of Germany.

=Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. Tacitus, Annals, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

=Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp.

=Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria.

=Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Carambis=, now Kerempi, a promontory of Paphlagonia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A general of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia.

=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. Cicero, Brutus. ――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient military discipline. Cicero, Brutus.

=Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage.

=Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. Diodorus, bk. 5. ――――Another of Athens.――――Another of Naupactum.――――A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. Diodorus, bk. 19.――――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. Diodorus, bk. 12.

=Carcĭnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 536.

=Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. Strabo, bk. 15.

=Cardămy̆le=, a town of Argos.

=Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cardŭchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Cāres=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.――Strabo, bk. 13.――Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 3.――Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725.

=Caresa=, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

=Caressus=, a river of Troas.

=Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned Juvenal, satire 2, li. 69.

=Cāria=, now Aidinelli, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia, because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. See: Cares.――――A poet of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.――――A general. See: Laches.

=Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

=Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

=Carīna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Carinæ=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey’s house was built. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 361.――Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

=Carīne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 42.

=Carīnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

=Carisiăcum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

=Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 56.

=Caristum=, a town of Liguria.

=Carmānia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. Arrian. ――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Carmānor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carmēlus=, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Judæa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 78. ――Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 5.

♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

=Carmenta= and =Carmentīs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was Nicostrata, and she received that of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.――Plutarch, Romulus.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 339.――Livy, bk. 5, ch. 47.

=Carmentāles=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and their labours easy. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Carmentālis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the Capitol. It was afterwards called Scelerata, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they perished. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 338.

=Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges, as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She was originally a nymph called Grane, whom Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

=Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Carneădes=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B.C. 128. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30.――Lactantius, bk. 5, ch. 14.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed Carneus. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients.

=Carnion=, a town of Laconia.――――A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called Carneus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Carnūtes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus.

=Carpăthus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, thence called the Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 45.――Diodorus, bk. 5.――Strabo, bk. 10.

=Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Carpis=, a river of Mysia. Herodotus.

=Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Carpophŏra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Carpophŏrus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. Martial. ――Juvenal, satire 6, li. 198.

=Carræ= and =Carrhæ=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 105.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Carrīnātes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who banished him. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 205.

=Carrūca=, a town of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 27.

=Carseŏli=, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 683.

=Cartalias=, a town of Spain.

=Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe.

=Cartēna=, a town of Mauritania, now Tenez, on the shores of the Mediterranean.

=Carthæa=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 368.

=Carthāgĭnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. See: Carthago.

=Carthāgo=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [See: Punicum bellum], in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb Punica fides is well known. Strabo, bk. 17. ――Virgil, Æneid bk. 1, &c.――Mela, bk. 1, &c.――Ptolemy bk. 4.――Justin.――Livy, bk. 4, &c.――Paterculus, bks. 1 & 2. ――Plutarch, Life of Hannibal, &c.――Cicero.――――Nŏva, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of Carthagena. Polybius, bk. 10.――Livy, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.――Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――――A daughter of Hercules.

=Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Carthea=, a town of Cos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22. ――――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. Eutropius.――――One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Carya=, a town of Arcadia.――――A city of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος, a neatherd. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. Statius, bk. 4, Thebiad, li. 225.

=Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

=Caryātæ=, a people of Arcadia.

=Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

=Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence, famous for its marble. Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 93. ――Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

=Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Casca=, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow. Plutarch, Cæsar.

=Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 371.

=Casilīnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 19.――Strabo, bk. 5.――Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Casīna= and =Casīnum=, a town of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 227.

=Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.――――Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed Casius, had a temple there. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 858. ――――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.――Mela, bks. 1 & 3.

=Casmenæ=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 543.

=Caspĕria=, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A town of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Caspĕrŭla=, a town of the Sabines. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 416.

=Caspiæ portæ=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. Diodorus, bk. 1. ――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Caspiana=, a country of Armenia.

=Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were remarkable for their fierceness. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.――Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 8.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 798.

=Caspium mare=, or =Hyrcānum=, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern parts are more particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and the western the Caspian. It is now called the sea of Sala or Baku. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish, and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7, ch. 3.――Strabo, bk. 11.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6. ――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 13.――Dionysius Periegetes, li. 50.

=Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia, at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

=Cassandāne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 15.――Diodorus, bk. 19.――Justin, bks. 12, 13, &c.

=Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. See: Agamemnon. Aeschylus, Agamemnon.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 363; Odyssey, bk. 4.――Hyginus, fable 117. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.――Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 13, li. 421.――Euripides, Trojan Women. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidæa. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter the senate house.――――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians. ――――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon tablets. Cicero, de Amicitia.――――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman people and half to the Latins.――――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed over Macedonia. Livy.

=Cassiodōrus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.――His works were edited by Chandler, 8vo, London, 1722.

=Cassiŏpe= and =Cassiŏpea=, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured, Perseus delivered her. See: Andromeda. Cassiope was made a southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 43.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 738.――Hyginus, fable 64.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.――Marcus Manilius, bk. 1. ――――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of Corcyra. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――The wife of Epaphus. Statius, Sylvæ.

=Cassitĕrĭdes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found, supposed to be the Scilly islands, the Land’s End, and Lizard Point, of the moderns. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.

=Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through, and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to tyranny.” Seutonius, Cæsar & Augustus.――Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.――Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 46.――Dio Cassius, bk. 40. ――――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence of his raising commotions in the state. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with Cicero for the consulship.――――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――――A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. Diodorus, bk. 11.――Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death.――――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain, much disliked. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 48.――――A consul, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. Seutonius, Galba, ch. 57.――――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 37.――――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608.――――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the law has rendered the words Cassiani judices applicable to rigid judges. Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of Ameria, ch. 30.――――Longinus, a critic. See: Longinus.――――Lucius, a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones. Appian, Gallic History.――――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon valour in Cæsar’s army. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――An officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three months after.――――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals.――――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. See: Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

=Cassōtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus.

=Castălia=, a town near Phocis.――――A daughter of the Achelous.

=Castălius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of Castalides from this fountain. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 293.――Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

=Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the nuces Castaneæ received their name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Castellum menapiōrum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now Kessel. ――――Morinorum, now mount Cassel, in Flanders.――――Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel.

=Casthĕnes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

=Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

=Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of Anaces or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of Gemini, which never appear together, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honours after death, and were generally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expressions of Ædepol and Æcastor. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 109; Fasti, bk. 5, li. 701; Amores, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.――Hyginus, fables 77 & 78.――Homer, Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri.――Euripides, Helen.――Plutarch, Theseus.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 121.――Marcus Manilius, Astronomica, bk. 2.――Livy, bk. 2. ――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 6.――Justin, bk. 20, ch. 3. ――Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 12. ――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Apollonius, bk. 1. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11. ――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――――An ancient physician.――――A swift runner.――――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied him into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.――――An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile.――――A gladiator. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

=Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now Rocella.――――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crœsus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Julia, a town of Spain.――――Posthumania, a place of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 8.

=Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 3.――――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――――Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Castŭlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. Plutarch, Sertorius.――Livy, bk. 24, ch. 41.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

=Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. Sallust, Jugurthine War, chs. 17 & 19. ――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Catadūpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. Cicero, Somnium Scipionis, ch. 5.

=Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. See: Anagogia.

=Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Catăna=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.――Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.――Strabo, bk. 6.――Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, Datames, ch. 4.

=Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites.

=Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now Dodensoui.

=Catĕnes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 43.

=Cathæa=, a country of India.

=Cathări=, certain gods of the Arcadians.――――An Indian nation, where the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt with them. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 95.

=Catiēna=, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 133.

=Catiēnus=, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

=Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an account of the conspiracy. Cicero, Against Catiline.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 668.

=Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 225.

=Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.――Horace, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

=Catīna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. See: Catana. ――――Another of Arcadia.

=M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the summum bonum, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 4. ――Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Vestinus, a military tribune in Marcus Antony’s army. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ch. 23.

=Catizi=, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from their country by cranes. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censorius, from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called Origines, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the Origines remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s treatise, De Re Rusticâ, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp, Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 14. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos have written an account of his life. Cicero, Academica & De Senectute, &c.――――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. Plutarch, Cato.――――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. Plutarch, Cato. ――――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid, bk. 2, Tristia, poem 1, li. 436.――――Marcus, surnamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar, Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has written an account of his life. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 128, &c. ――Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 10.――Horace, bk. 3, ode 21. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――――A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. Plutarch, Cato Minor.

=Catrea=, a town of Crete. Pausanias.

=Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. Suetonius, Vitellius, ch. 14.

=Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, li. 57.

=Catuliāna=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 427.――――A man surnamed Urbicarius, was a mimographer. Juvenal, satire 13, li. 111.

=Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus=, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put an end to the war.――――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 174.――Plutarch, Caius Marius.――――A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. Livy, bk. 27.

=Caturĭges=, a people of Gaul, now Chorges, near the source of the Durance. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of Comtat in Provence.

=Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army. Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished by his subjects. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 54.

=Caucăsus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors. The passes near this mountain, called Caucasiæ portæ, bear now the name of Derbent, and it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 11.――Strabo, bk. 11. ――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.――Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, ch. 2, li. 440; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 366.――Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 155.

=Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a settlement near Dymæ in Elis. Herodotus, bk. 1, &c.――Strabo, bk. 8, &c.

=Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a place called Caudinæ Furculæ, the Roman army under Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――Lucan, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 553.

=Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

=Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or, according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where he built a city called by his own name. See: Byblis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.――――A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (qui Cauneas clamitabat), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (cave ne eas) against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 4.――Strabo, bk. 14.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 176.

=Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 356.

=Caus=, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Caȳci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland and Groningen. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 463.

=Caȳcus=, a river of Mysia. See: Caicus.

=Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now Kitcheck-Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.――Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 54.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 461.――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 384.

=Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. See: Co.

=Ceădes=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

=Ceba=, now Ceva, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 42.

=Ceballīnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 8.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same, but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

=Cebren=, the father of Asterope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Cebrēnia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called after the river Cebrenus, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 769.――Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, bk. 5, li. 21.

=Cebriŏnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――――An illegitimate son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad.

=Cebrus=, now Zebris, a river falling in a southern direction into the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

=Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

=Cecilius.= See: Cæcilius.

=Cecīna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 24.――Cicero, bk. 15, ltr. 66; Orator, ch. 29.――――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. Cicero, bk. 16, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――A consular man suspected of conspiracy and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. Suetonius, Titus, ch. 6.

=Cecrŏpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the Athenians are often called Cecropidæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671; Fasti, bk. 2, li. 81.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 306.――Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.――Catullus, poems 62, 79.――Juvenal, satire 6, li. 186.

=Cecrŏpĭdæ=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671.

=Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded. He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. See: Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.――Strabo, bk. 9. ――Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.――Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 561.――Hyginus, fable 166.――――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B.C. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Cecyphalæ=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Cedreātis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her images were hung on lofty cedars.

=Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the Spartans. Diodorus, bk. 15.

=Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Ceglŭsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

=Celădon=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 144.――――A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 133.

=Celădus=, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――An island of the Adriatic sea. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Celænæ=, or =Celēne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. Strabo, bk. 12.――Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.――Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 206.

=Celæno=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 173.――――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 245.――――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. Hyginus.――――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Celeæ=, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Celelates=, a people of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Celendræ=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 259.

=Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 406.

=Celenna=, or =Celæna=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Celer=, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burning of Rome. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 42.――――A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 837. ――Plutarch, Romulus.――――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a poem.

♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

=Celĕres=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the earth. See: Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb. The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is attributed to him. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269. ――Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 165.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A king of Cephallenia.

=Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 281.

=Celonæ=, a place of Mesopotamia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

=Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen. ――――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus de medicinâ are the 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot, 1772.――――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved. ――――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――――Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after.

=Celtæ=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned by Plutarch, Caius Marius. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called la Seine and la Garonne. The Celtæ seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of Celticum is now called Cape Finisterre. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c. ――Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Celtĭbēri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called Celtiberia, is now known by the name of Arragon. Diodorus, bk. 6.――Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.――Strabo, bk. 4.――Lucan, bk. 4, li. 10.――Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 339.

=Celtĭca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

=Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is now Cape Finisterre.

=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. Plutarch.

=Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. Strabo, bk. 10.

=Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strabo.

=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 358.

=Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. See: Genabum.

=Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter Cæneus had an altar raised by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136. ――Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Cenchreæ=, now Kenkri, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 9.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of Assyria. Hyginus, fable 58.

=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 61.

=Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. Polybius.

=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. Strabo.

=Cenneus.= See: Cænis.

=Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.

=Cenīna.= See: Cænina.

=Cenon=, a town of Italy. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first established a census, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a lustrum, and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same, but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

=Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular friend, Horace addressed his bk. 4, ode 8. ――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, De Die Natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors; à censeo, to value. See: Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Consus.

=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, goading bulls, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3, says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c.; and Pausanias in Elis says it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 4.――Tzetzes, Historiarum variarum Chiliades, bk. 9, ch. 237.――Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.――Homer, Iliad & Odyssey.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.――Strabo, bk. 9.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 11, ch. 2.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 286.――Hyginus, fables 33 & 62.――Pindar, Pythian, li. 2.

♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a Centaur. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. Flaccus.

=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. See: Centuripa.

=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.

=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of Tarantaise in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38. ――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 86.

♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now Civita Vecchia, and belongs to the pope. Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.

=Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called Hastæ judicium: their sentences were very impartial, and without appeal. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 38.――Quintilian, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 33.

=Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries, or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by way of eminence, Classici, and their inferiors infra classem. They were to be worth 1,100,000 asses, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._ English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class, 75,000 asses, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about 80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth 11,000 asses, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called Proletarii, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were also called capite censi, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was called comitia centuriata. In these public assemblies, which were never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was called proponere legem, and explaining it, promulgare legem. He who merely proposed it, was called lator legis; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called auctor legis. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes vivâ voce, till the year of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called centurion, and he was distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried in his hand.

=Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now Centorlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.――Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. See: Co.

=Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major. Strabo.

=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same. ――Strabo, bk. 10.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.――Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 19.

=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now Cephalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 253.――Cicero, bk. 2, Against Verres, ch. 51.

=Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 26.――Hyginus, fable 189.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 16.――Plutarch, Timoleon.――――A king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned by Demosthenes.

♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

=Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 193.

=Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 1.

=Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12. ――Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

=Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of proverbs. Athenæus, bk. 2.

=Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. Strabo, bk. 9.――Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 29.――Lucan, bk. 3, li. 175.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 388.

=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at last in prison.

=Cepion=, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Ceramīcus=, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

=Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.

=Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

=Cerăsus= (untis), now Keresoun, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 13.――Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17, ch. 14.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Cerata=, a place near Megara.

=Cerātus=, a river of Crete.

=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.

=Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. See: Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from his boldness. Cornelius Nepos, Kings, ch. 3.

=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 622.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 312.――Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

=Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diodorus, bk. 5.

=Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 355.

=Cercēne=, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 2.

=Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. Athenæus, bk. 10.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.

=Cercii=, a people of Italy.

=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 53.――Strabo, bk. 17.――Livy, bk. 33, ch. 48. ――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

=Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 91.

=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s throne by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 439. ――Hyginus, fable 187.――Plutarch, Theseus.――Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.

=Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. See: Thesmophoria.

=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. See: Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected, and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, which was become the most desolate country in the world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the earth. See: Triptolemus. Her beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days; and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. See: Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. See: Arion. The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished with death. Ceres is metaphorically called bread and corn, as the word Bacchus is frequently used to signify wine. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.――Hesiod, Theogony. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 417; Metamorphoses, fables 7, 8, &c.――Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ.――Cicero, _Against Verres_.――Callimachus, Hymn to Demeter.――Livy, bks. 29 & 31.――Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12.――Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 33.――Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2.

=Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 14.

=Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete.

=Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 74.

=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.

=Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now Cirella, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. Strabo, bk. 6.

=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.――Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 580.

=Cerinthus=, now Zero, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 45.――Strabo, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. Horace, bk. 1, Statius, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early heretics from christianity.

=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plutarch, Romulus.

=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. Strabo, bk. 1.――Pliny, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.

=Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to Augustus.

=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.

=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the smallest pyramid.

=Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi. Plutarch, Solon.

=Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of Macedonia. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 31.

=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50.

=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, speech 5, ch. 44.

=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. Diodorus.

=Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at Rome. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 135.

=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling the public money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome.

=Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii. ――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. Cicero, Brutus. ――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. Plutarch, Cicero, &c.――――A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.

=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia.

=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 237. ――Lucian, bk. 9, li. 646.

=Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 135. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 354.

=Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. See: Alcyone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 587. ――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons.

=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Diodorus, bk. 3.

=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.

=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.――Diodorus, bk. 16.――Plutarch, Phocion.

=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

=Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c.

=Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.

=Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests.

=Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

=Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

=Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

=Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 96.

=Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. Plutarch, Sulla.

=Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.――Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.――Strabo, bk. 9.

=Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia.

=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia.

=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――――A festival at Athens. See: Panathenæa.

=Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strabo, bk. 7.――Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis.

=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria.

=Chalcidĭcus= (of Chalcis), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 17.

=Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

=Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. See: Phryxus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.――Hyginus, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chalcis=, now Egripo, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Strabo, bk. 10.――Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.――Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. Polyænus.

=Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――Diodorus, bk. 2.――Strabo, bk. 2.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Chalonītis=, a country of Media.

=Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 421.――Strabo, bk. 12, &c.――Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 375.――Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4, &c.――Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.――Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Chalybon=, now supposed to be Aleppo, a town of Syria, which gave the name of Chalybonitis to the neighbouring country.

=Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other.

=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes.

=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea.

=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. See: Chaonia.

=Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus.

=Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (Chaoniæ aves) were said to deliver oracles. The words Chaonius victus are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 426.――Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 3, li. 47. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 335.――Propertius, bk. 1, poem 9. ――Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1.

=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.

=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 510.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1.

=Charădra=, a town of Phocis. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 46.

=Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 60.

=Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 86.

=Charandæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books.

=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 117.――Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

=Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Chares=, an Athenian general.――――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.――――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.――――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A river of Peloponnesus. Plutarch, Aratus.

=Charĭcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenophon, Memorabilia, bk. 1.――Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A famous physician under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

=Chariclīdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. Diodorus, bk. 16.

=Charĭclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 635.

=Charidēmus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 44.――――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

=Charĭla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

=Charilāus= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 131.

=Charīni= and =Carīni=, a people of Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 382.

=Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.――――A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

=Charisius=, an orator at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 83.

=Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2.

=Charĭtes= and =Gratiæ=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number――Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces.

=Charĭton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

=Charmădas=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

=Charmides=, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A boxer. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

=Charmīnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. Plutarch, Antonius.

=Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 1.

=Charmosy̆na=, a festival in Egypt. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.

=Charmotas=, a part of Arabia.

=Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus.

=Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plutarch, Pelopidas.――――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――――An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.――――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――――A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. See: Acherusia. Diodorus, bk. 1.――Seneca, Hercules Furens, li. 765. ――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

=Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, li. 5.

=Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c.

=Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

=Charops= and =Charŏpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad. ――――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.――――The first decennial archon at Athens. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. Lycophron, Cassandra.――Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12.――Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11.――Silius Italicus, bk. 14.――Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10; Amores, bk. 2, poem 16.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 420.

=Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen.

=Chaula=, a village of Egypt.

=Chauros.= See: Caurus.

=Chelæ=, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.

=Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

=Chelĭdon=, a mistress of Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Chelīdŏnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. Athenæus.――――The wind Favonius was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Chelīdoniæ=, now Kelidoni, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 506.――Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.――Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41.

=Chelĭdŏnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

=Chelidŏnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea.

=Chelŏne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

=Chelōnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.

=Chelonophăgi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.

=Chena=, a town of Laconia.

=Chenæ=, a village on mount Œta. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis.

=Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 124.

=Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 127.

=Cheremocrătes=, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

=Cherisŏphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. Diodorus, bk. 14.

=Cheronæa.= _See:_Chæronea.

=Cherŏphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. Philostratus, Lives.

=Cherronēsus.= See: Chersonesus.

=Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Chersidămas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.

=Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chersonēsus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called Peloponnesus; one called Thracian, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.――Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16.――Cicero, Brutus, ch. 2.――――Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 10.

=Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. Tacitus.――Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Chidnæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Chidōrus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. Cornelius Nepos, Conon.

=Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 9.

=Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 33.――Diogenes Laërtius.――――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

=Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. Polyænus, bk. 8.

=Chimæra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 181.――Hesiod, Theogony, li. 322. ――Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.――Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 903.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 646.――Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 288.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118.

=Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.

=Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

=Chiŏne=, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 8.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A famous prostitute. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

=Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

=Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Chios=, now Scio, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes. ――Horace, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24. ――Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Strabo, bk. 2.

=Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.――Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 676.――Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.――Horace, epode 13.

=Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, herba virens), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

=Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 768.――――Another, &c.

=Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5.――――A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 280.――Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――――A prostitute, &c. Horace, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

=Choarīna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

=Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 585.――――An Indian river. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 188.――Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 40.――Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.――Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Chobus=, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

=Chœrades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 33.―――― Others in the Euxine sea.――――An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 13.

=Chœrĭlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.――――An historian of Samos.――――Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. Plutarch, Alexander.――Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

=Chœreæ=, a place of Bœotia.

=Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Plutarch, Theseus.

=Chonūphis=, an Egyptian prophet. Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

=Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.――――Another. Æneid, bk. 12, li. 298.――――A priest with Æneas. Æneid.

=Chorœbus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. See: Corœbus.――――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341.

=Choromnæi=, a people subdued by Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

=Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

=Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 94.

=Chremĕtes=, a river of Libya.

=Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. See: Aristodemus.

=Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. Columella, bk. 1, de Res Rustica, ch. 1.

=Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.――――A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――――A young shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.――――A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.――――A son of Hercules. Statius, bk. 6, li. 346.

=Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

=Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

=Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 37.――Strabo, bk. 13. ――Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polyænus.

=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.