Chapter XII

Chapter XII

LANGUAGES OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, AND THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEN.

THE CARIB AN IMPORTED LANGUAGE -- THE MOSQUITO LANGUAGE -- THE POYA, TOWKA, SECO, VALIENTE, RAMA, COOKRA, WOOLWA, AND OTHER LANGUAGES IN HONDURAS -- THE CHONTAL -- MOSQUITO GRAMMAR -- LOVE SONG IN THE MOSQUITO LANGUAGE -- COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF HONDURAS TONGUES -- THE CORIBICI, CHOROTEGA, CHONTAL AND OROTIÑA IN NICARAGUA -- GRAMMAR OF THE OROTIÑA OR NAGRADAN -- COMPARISON BETWEEN THE OROTIÑA AND CHOROTEGA -- THE CHIRIQUÍ, GUATUSO, TIRIBI, AND OTHERS IN COSTA RICA -- TALAMANCA VOCABULARY -- DIVERSITY OF SPEECH ON THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEN -- ENUMERATION OF LANGUAGES -- COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

In Honduras there is a long list of tribal names, to each of which is attributed a distinct tongue. Vocabularies have been taken of three or four only, and one, spoken on the Mosquito coast, has had its grammatical structure reduced to writing. It is therefore impossible to make comparisons and therefrom to determine how far their number might be reduced by classification. The first which I introduce is generally conceded to have been imported. It is the Carib, spoken on the shores of the bay of Honduras and on the adjacent islands, and has been proven to be almost identically the same as the one spoken on the West India Islands. From Cape Honduras to the Rio San Juan, and extending inland as far as Black River, the Mosquito language is in general use. Of it I shall insert a few grammatical remarks. In the Poya Mountains a like-named tongue is spoken; on the headwaters of the Patook River is the Towka, and on the Rio Secos, the Seco. Further in the mountains, near the boundary of Nicaragua, and extending into that state are the Valiente and Rama, said to be both separate tongues; and in the interior of the state there are the Cookra and Woolwa, the latter spoken in the province of Chontales. Others mentioned are the Tonglas, the Lenca, the Smoo, the Teguaca, the Albatuina, the Jara, the Taa, the Gaula, the Motuca, the Fantasma, and the Sambo. Of these nothing but the names can be given. The oldest authorities mention, as a principal language the Chontal, the name of a people and language met in many variations in almost every state from Mexico to Nicaragua. As there are no specimens of this language existing, it is impossible to say whether one people and language extended through all this territory or whether certain wild tribes were designated by this general name, as, according to Molina's Mexican dictionary, chontalli means stranger or foreigner; and popoluca, which seems to be also used like chontalli, is defined as barbarian, or man of another nation and language. I am therefore of the opinion that no such nations as Chontals or Popolucas exist, but that these names were employed by the more civilized nations to designate people speaking other and barbarous tongues.[XII'-1]

[Sidenote: MOSQUITO ADJECTIVES AND DECLENSIONS.]

Of the Mosquito language, which is understood throughout the whole Mosquito Coast, and of which I here give a few grammatical remarks, Mr Squier remarks that "it is not deficient in euphony, although defective in grammatical power."[XII'-2] There is but one article, the numeral adjective kumi, one, used also for a and an. The adjectives are few in number, having no uniform termination, and are discovered only by their signification, except when participles, when they always terminate in ra or n. Adjectives form the comparative by adding kara to the positive and the superlative by adding poli except in two words, uia and silpe, which have distinct words for each degree of comparison, thus;--silpe, small; uria, smaller; katara, smallest; uia, much; kara, more; poli, most. Comparison is usually formed in the manner following;--yamne, good; yamne kara, better; yamne poli, best; konra, strong; konra kara, stronger; konra poli, strongest.

In composition, to express excess or diminution, comparison is sometimes formed in this manner;--Jan almuk, Samuel almuk apia: John is old, Samuel is not old.

ADJECTIVES.

Old almuk Bad saura Every bane Green sane Tight, close bitne Black sixa Spotted bulne Small silpe Greedy slabla Transparent slilong Dull dimdim Slippery swokswaka Circular iwit Sour swane Less kausa Damp tauske More kara Great tara Hot lapta Thin, flat tanta Rich lela-kera Thick twotne Round marbra Poor umpira Sharp mata Much uia White pine Smaller uria Red paune Weary wet Most, very poli Heavy wira Grey, light popotne Chief wita blue etc. New raiaka Good yamne

THE PERFECT TENSE USED AS AN ADJECTIVE.

Dry lawan Angry palan, or luan Lazy shringwan Fearful sibrin Slack, loose langwan Sore latwan Wet buswan Sick, troubled warban Dirty klaklan Dead pruan Generous kupia-pine

The gender is commonly marked by adding waikna for the male and mairen for the female, or, for beasts, wainatka for the male, and mairen, as before, for the female. Thus;--lupia waikna, a son; lupia mairen, a daughter; bip wainatka, a bull; bip mairen, a cow. In nouns relating to the human species the plural is formed by adding nani to the singular; as;--waikna, a man; waikna nani, men; yapte, mother; yapte nani, mothers. Other nouns have the plural the same as the singular, although sometimes a plural is formed by adding ra to the singular;--inska, a fish; inskara, fishes.

There are four cases, distinguished by their terminations, the nominative, dative, accusative, and ablative.

DECLENSION OF THE WORD AIZE, FATHER.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. Father aize | Fathers aize-nani Dat. To father aizera | To fathers aize-nanira Acc. Father aize | Fathers aize-nani Abl. With father aize-ne | With fathers aize-ne-nani

WITH AFFIX KE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. My father aize-ke | My fathers aizeke-nani Dat. To my father aizekra | To my fathers aizeke-nanira Acc. My father aizeke | My fathers aizeke-nani Abl. With my father aize-ke-ne | With my fathers aizeke ne nani

WITH AFFIX KAM.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. Thy father aizekam | Thy fathers aizekam-nani Dat. To thy father aizekamra | To thy fathers aizekam-nanira Acc. Thy father aizekam | Thy fathers aizekam-nani Abl. With thy father aizekam-ne | With thy fathers aizekam ne nani

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. His people ai upla | Their people ai upla-nani Dat. To his people ai uplara | To their people ai upla-nanira Acc. His people ai upla | Their people ai upla-nani Abl. With his people ai uplane | With their people ai uplane-nani

To form the possessive case of nouns, the word dukia, signifying 'belonging', is added. The word, being subject to a declension peculiar to itself, is on that account not put as an affix in the usual declension of nouns.

DECLENSION OF THE WORD DUKIA, BELONGING, POSSESSION.

Belonging, possession dukia Belonging to him, to them ai dukiara Belonging to thee, to you ai dukiamra In my possession, belonging to me dukia-ne

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Of me, mine yung dukia | Of us, ours yung-nani dukia Of thee, thine man dukia | Of you, yours man-nani dukia Of him, his, hers, its wetin dukia | Of them, theirs wetin nani dukia

There are twelve pronouns, mostly declinable. Six of them are personal.

I yung | Self bui Thou man | Our wan He wetin | He, his, her, hers, I, me, etc. ai

Three are relative, and three adjective.

ADJECTIVE. RELATIVE.

This baha | What naki That naha | Which ansa Other wala | Who dia

The first three are declined alike; thus

DECLENSION OF THE WORD YUNG, I.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. I yung | We yung-nani Dat. To me yungra | To us yung-nanira, Acc. Me yung | Us yung-nani Abl. In me yung-ne | With us yung-nani kera

DECLENSION OF THE WORD MAN, THOU.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. Thou man | You man nani Dat. To thee manra | To you man-nanira Acc. Thee man | You man-nani Abl. In thee man-ne | With you man-nani-kera

DECLENSION OF THE WORD WETIN, HE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom. He wetin | They wetin-nani Dat. To him wetinra | To them wetin-nanira Acc. Him wetin | Them wetin nani Abl. In him wetin-ne | With them wetin-nani kera

Affixes are also joined to pronouns to increase, vary, or change their signification, such as sa, ne, ra, am, and others, as well as prepositions and adverbs.

There are but three interjections: alai! alas! kais! lo! and alakai! O dear!

[Sidenote: MOSQUITO ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.]

Adverbs are numerous, and admit of certain variations in their signification by the use of affixes, thus;--nara, here; narasa, here it is; lama, near; lamara, nearer.

Quickly ane Never tara When ankia Where ansera Every bane Together aika-aika Yesterday, the There bara other day eua-wala There it is barasa Presently kanara Yonder bukra When kanka Near lama Again kli Nearer, close lamara Soon mit Further liwara To-day naiua Here nara Next, by and by naika Here it is narasa Already put No more yulakane Immediately tiske Yes au To-morrow yunka Anything deradera After to-morrow yawanka Sweetly dumdum No, not apia Exactly kut Only baman Strangely pale For nothing barke Very, truly poli Not, never para Enough sipse Not sip Truly kosak It is not sipsa

There are twenty-eight prepositions. Some of them are also used as conjunctions; and some, like the adverb, admit of a variation.

At, near, about baila For mata To, there bara Beneath maira In bela Below monunta Into, within belara Under monuntara Against dara Behind ninara Beyond kau After ninka With kera Without, destitute para Through krauan Over, upon pura With, together kuki Upon, above purara In front lalma Before, anterior pus Opposite, before lalmara Without, exterior skera Unto, close lama Among tilara Without, outside latara With wal Between, centre lilapos From, out of wina

CONJUNCTIONS.

Then baha Until kut Since baha-wina Now mek Like bako How naki Because, for bamna Next naika So thus bun But sekuna So it is bunsa Lest sia If kaka And, also sin Yet kau And wal Still kause

CONJUGATION OF THE VEEB KAIA, TO BE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I am, yung ne | The same, only placing nani after Thou art, man kam | the pronouns. He is, wetin |

PERFECT. FUTURE.

I have been, kare | I shall be, kamne Thou hast been, karum | Thou wilt be, kama He has been, | He will be, kabia

IMPERATIVE.

Be thou, kama | Let us be, kape Let him be, kabia | Be ye, man-nani-kama | Let them be, wetin nani kabia

OTHER FORMS.

I have not been, kerus Thou hast not been, kerum He has not been, keruiskan I shall not be, kamue-apia Thou wilt not be, kama-apia He shall not be, kabia-apia We shall not be, yung-nani kamne-apia Ye shall not be, man-nani kama-apia They shall not be, wetin-nani kabia-apia Shall I not be? kamne-apiake Wilt thou not be? kama-apiake Shall he not be? kabia-apiake

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB DAUKAIA, TO MAKE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I make, daukisne | We make, yung-nani daukisne Thou makest, daukisma | You make, man-nani daukisma He makes, daukisa, or danki | They make, wetin-nani dauki, or dankisa

IMPERFECT.

I did make, daukatne Thou didst make, daukatma He did make, daukata

In the same way every tense forms the plural, having no difference in the terminations.

PERFECT. FUTURE.

I have made, dankre | I shall make, daukamne Thou hast made, daukrum | Thou wilt make, daukama He has made, daukan | He will make, daukbia

IMPERATIVE.

Make, daux | Let us make, daukpe Let him make, daukbia, or | Make ye, man nani daux dautbiasika | Let them make, wetin nani daukbia | or daukbiasika

OTHER FORMS.

I make not, daukrusne I did not make, daukruskatne I have not made, yung daukrus I shall not make, daukamme-apia Make not, daukparama, or man daukpara Let him not make, daukiera, or wetin daukbiera Let us not make, yung nani daukbiera Make ye not, man nani daukpara, or daukparama Let them not make, wetin nani daukbiera I may or can make, yung shep daukisne I should make, daukaiakatne I may have made, yung shep daukre I might have made, yung daukatnekrane I shall have made, daukaiakamne Do I make? daukisneke Do I not make? daukrusneke Dost thou not make, or makest thou not? daukrusmake Does he not make? daukruske Shall I not make? daukamne apiake If I make, yung daukikaka If I had not made, yung daukruskaka[XII'-3]

[Sidenote: MOSQUITO LOVE SONG.]

As a specimen of this language I have the following love song:

Keker miren náne, warwar páser yamne krouekan. Coope nárer mi koolkun I doukser. Dear máne kuker cle wol proue. I sabbeáne wal moonter moppara. Keker misére yapte winegan. Koker sombolo barnar lippun, lippun, lippunke. Koolunker punater bin biwegan. Coope nárer tánes I doukser. Coope nárer mi koolkun I doukser.

* * * * *

Of this the translation is given as follows:

Dear girl, I am going far from thee. When shall we meet again to wander together on the sea-side? I feel the sweet sea-breeze blow its welcome on my cheek. I hear the distant rolling of the mournful thunder. I see the lightning flashing on the mountain's top, and illuminating all things below, but thou art not near me. My heart is sad and sorrowful; farewell! dear girl, without thee I am desolate.[XII'-4]

Following is a comparative vocabulary of some of the other languages.[XII'-5]

LENCA.

+-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+---------+----- |GUAJI- |OPATORO.|INTIBU-|SIMILA-| WOOLWA. | XICAQUE.| CARIB. | QUERO.| | CAT. | TION. | | | +-------+--------+-------+-------+---------+---------+------- Man | |taho |amaske | |all |jomé | Woman | |move |napu |mab |yall |pitmé | Head |toro |tohoro |cagasí |toro |tunni |laipuco |waichie Face |amptiga|amptiga |tije | | | | Ear |yang |yan |yangaga|yoan |fora | | Eye |saing |saringla|saring |saarim |miniktaka|non | Nose |napse |napseh |nepton |nepse |nágnitak |meguin | House |tahü |taoo |tahu | |u |chef | Sun |gasi |gashi |gashi | |maa |behapoy |wello Fire |uga |ua |yuga |yuca |cukh |iqueamoos|wat Water |guass |uash |guash |güas |uass |sur |dunna Stone |caa |coa |tupan | | |pai | Dog |shui |shui |shushu |sui |sulo |soyo | White |shogo |shogo |shogo | | |sae | Black |sihiri |sihiri |seriga | | |tiltique | To eat |coorta |gorkin |gormal |ulanta |tecuting | | To drink|supatch|talgui |talmal | | | | One |ita |ita |itaska |eta |alaslach |pani |abama Two |naa | | |pé |muyebu |matis |biama Three |lagua | | |lágua |muyebas |contis |irwa Four |aria | | |eslea |muyarunca|urupau |biamburi Five |saihe |saihe | |sai |muyesinca|casanpani|abanawajap Ten |isis |siis | |isis |muyhasluy|camaspus |sunwajp

[Sidenote: OROTIÑA CONJUGATIONS.]

Besides the Aztec, which I have already spoken of in a previous chapter, there were four distinct languages spoken in Nicaragua:--The Coribici, Chorotega, Chontal, and Orotiña.[XII'-6] Of the Orotiña, which Mr Squier calls the Nagrandan, I have the following grammatical notes.

Neither articles nor prepositions are expressed. The plural is formed by the affix nu;--ruscu, bird; ruscunu, birds. Comparatives and superlatives are expressed by mah, better or more, and pooru or puru, best or most;--meheña, good; ma-meheña, better; puru-meheña, best. Diminutives, or deficiency, are expressed by ai or mai;--ai-meheña or mai-meheña, bad or lacking good.

PRONOUNS.

I icu We, masc. hechelu We, fem. hecheri Thou ica You, m. hechela You, f. hechelai He icau She icagui They, m. icanu They, f. icagunu That cagui Those caguinu This, m. cala This, f. hala These, m. cadchinulu These, f. cadchici Mine, m. cugani Mine, f. icagani Yours, m. cutani Yours, f. icatani His cagani

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB SA, TO BE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I am, sá | We are, so Thou art, sá | You are, soa He is, sá | They are, sula

IMPERFECT.

I was, caná | We were, cananá Thou wast, caná | You were, cananoá He was, caná | They were, lacananá

PERFECT.

I have been, sá cá | We have been, sá cuá Thou hast been, sachu | You have been, sá cnahi He has been, sacá | They have been, sa gahu

PLUPERFECT.

I had been, mucasini | Plural the same Thou hadst been, mucanasini | He had been, mucanasadini |

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall be, lamanambi | We shall be, lamananna

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have been, malamana | We shall have been, lamana

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AIHA, TIHA, AHIHA, TO COME.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I come, icunaha | We come, hechelunagubi

IMPERFECT.

I came, incunahalu | We came, hechelunagubalú

PERFECT.

I have come, icusanaha | We have come, hechelusagualalu

PLUPERFECT.

I had come, icuschisalu | We had come, hechelunigualalu

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall come, icugaha | We shall come, hecheluguha

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have come, icuvihiluniha | We shall have come, hechehivihiluingualalu

IMPERATIVE.

Come, ahiyaica | Let us come, ahiyohecheu

I should come, icugahalu | We should come, hechelugualalu

If I had come, icumahaluvihilu | If we had come, hechelumainueamaguíha[XII'-7]

[Sidenote: NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA VOCABULARIES.]

Of the Orotiña and Chorotega I also insert a short vocabulary.

OROTIÑA. CHOROTEGA. OROTIÑA. CHOROTEGA.

Man rahpa nuho Water eeia nimbu Woman rapaku nahseyomo Stone esee, or esenu nugo Head a'cu, or edi goochemo Wood bara nanguima Face enu grote To drink mahuia boprima Ear nau nuhme To go aiyu, or icu paya Eye setu nahte Dead ganganu gagame Nose ta'co mungoo White mesha andirume Arm pa'pu deno I icu saho House gua nahngu Thou, he ica sumusheta Sun ahca numbu We hechelu semehmu Fire ahku nahu [XII'-8]

More scanty still is the information regarding the tongues of Costa Rica. Only one vocabulary is at hand of the languages spoken by the Blancos, Valientes, and Talamancas, who inhabit the east coast between the Rio Zent and the Boca del Toro. Besides these there are mentioned, as speaking separate tongues, the Chiripos, Guatusos, and Tiribis. Of the language of the Talamancas I give a few words.

Man signa-kirinema Water dí-tzítá Woman signa-arágre Stone ák Head sa-za-kú Wood u-ruk Face sa-kar-kú Dog tschi-tschi Ear su-kú-ke Good buisi Eye su-wu-ákétéi Bad be-so-i Nose su-tshu-ko-tó I be-hé Hand sa-fra-tzin-sek Thou tschi-si House suhú He se-dé Sun kan-hué We sa-ta-war-ke Moon tu-lu You se-hetsch-te Fire tschú-ko They be-zo[XII'-9]

[Sidenote: CHOLO, TULE, AND DARIEN LANGUAGES.]

On the isthmus of Darien there is nothing to be mentioned but the names of tongues said to have been spoken there, and of specimens nothing but a few scanty vocabularies exist. Oviedo, speaking of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the ancient province of Tierra Firme, thinks there were as many as seventy-two distinct tongues spoken in that region. He specially mentions the Coiba, the Burica, and the Paris.[XII'-10] Andagoya speaks of a distinct language in the province of Acla; another called the Cueva as spoken in the provinces of Comogre and Biruqueta, on Pearl Island, about the gulf of San Miguel, and in the province of Coiba; at Nombre de Dios the Chuchura; to each of the provinces of Tobreytrota, Nata, Chiru, Chame, Paris, Escoria, Chicacotra, Sangana, and Guarara, a distinct language is assigned.[XII'-11] Another tongue spoken of by an old writer is that of the Simerones.[XII'-12] To the different surveying and exploring expeditions of later years we are indebted for a few notes on the languages spoken in Darien at this day. The Tules, Dariens, Cholos, Dorachos, Savanerics, Cunas, and Bayamos, are new names not mentioned by any of the older writers; of some of them vocabularies have been taken, but otherwise we are left in darkness.[XII'-13]

CHOLO. TULE. WAFER'S DARIEN VOCAB.

Water payto tee doola Fire tuboor cho Sun pesea ipé Moon hedecho nee nee Tree pachru chowala (pl.) House dhé neka Man mochina mastola Woman wuèna pundola poonah Thunder pá marra Dog achu Ear uwa Eye ibia Nose an uchuu Mouth kagya Father tautah Mother naunah Brother roopah Go chaunah Sleep cotchah Fine mamaubah One quenchaqua hean Two pocoa dìv Three pagwa tree Four pakegua caher Five aptali cooig Ten ambe deh[XII'-14]

Although from a perusal of what has here been gathered we might wish to know more of the weird imaginings that floated through the minds of these peoples, and to follow further the interminable intermixture of tongues and dialects, spoken, grunted, and gestured between the Arctic Ocean and the Atrato River, we must content ourselves with what we have. I have gathered and given in this volume all that I have been able to find; and from the readiness with which the Americans were wont to adopt the dogmas and creeds of Europeans, supernatural conceptions supposedly superior to their own, and insist upon their being aboriginal, and from the rapid and bewildering changes that so quickly mar and destroy the original purity of tongues, there is little hope of our learning further from living lips, or of our ever being able to study these things from the scattered and degraded remnants of the people themselves.

[Sidenote: CONCLUSION.]

He who carefully examines the Myths and Languages of the aboriginal nations inhabiting the Pacific States, cannot fail to be impressed with the similarity between them and the beliefs and tongues of mankind elsewhere. Here is the same insatiate thirst to know the unknowable, here are the same audacious attempts to tear asunder the veil, the same fashioning and peopling of worlds, laying out and circumscribing of celestial regions, and manufacturing, and setting up, spiritually and materially, of creators, man and animal makers and rulers, everywhere manifest. Here is apparent what would seem to be the same inherent necessity for worship, for propitiation, for purification, or a cleansing from sin, for atonement and sacrifice, with all the symbols and paraphernalia of natural and artificial religion. In their speech the same grammatical constructions are seen with the usual variations in form and scope, in poverty and richness, which are found in nations, rude or cultivated, everywhere. Little as we know of the beginning and end of things, we can but feel, as fresh facts are brought to light and new comparisons made between the races and ages of the earth, that humanity, of whatsoever origin it may be or howsoever circumstanced, is formed on one model, and unfolds under the influence of one inspiration.

FOOTNOTES:

[XII'-1] A classification has been made by Mr Squier, but in the absence of reliable data on which to base it, it cannot be accepted without reserve. He says: 'it appears that Honduras was anciently occupied by at least four distinct families or groups.' These he names: the Chorti or Sesenti, belonging to the Maya family, the Lenca, under the various names of Chontals and perhaps Xicaques and Poyas;--in the third he includes the various tribes intervening between the Lencas proper and the inhabitants of Cariay, or what is now called the Mosquito shore, such as the Toacas, Tonglas, Ramas, etc., and lastly in the fourth, the savages who dwelt on the Mosquito shore from near Carataska Lagoon southward to the Rio San Juan. Cent. Amer., pp. 252-3. See also Squier, in Palacio, Carta, note iii., pp. 100-5; Froebel, Aus Amerika, tom. i., pp. 399-403; Id., Cent. Amer., pp. 133-36; Boyle's Ride, vol. i., p. 287; Squier, in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1858, tom. clx., pp. 134-5; Palacio, Carta, p. 20. 'Variis et diversis linguis utebantur, Chontalium tamen maxime erat inter eos communis.' Laet, Novus Orbis, p. 337. 'Tenian diferencias de lenguas, y la mas general es la de los Chontales.' Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.; Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 62; Galindo, Notice of the Caribs, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 290-1; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 20. 'Die Karaiben bedienen sich noch gegenwärtig ihrer ganz eigenthümlichen Sprache, welche bedeutend von allen übrigen abweicht, und von den anderen Indianerstämmen nicht verstanden wird.' Mosquitoland, Bericht, pp. 19-20, 140; Bell's Remarks on Mosquito Ter., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxii., pp. 258-9; Wells' Explor. Hond., pp. 552-3.

[XII'-2] Bard's Waikna, p. 363. 'Die Sprache ... der Sambos oder eigentlichen Mosquitos, am meisten ausgebildet, allgemein verbreitet und wird im ganzen Lande von allen Stämmen verstanden und gesprochen. Sie ist wohlklingend, ohne besondere Kehllaute aber ziemlich arm und unbeholfen.' Mosquitoland, Bericht, p. 140.

[XII'-3] Mosquitoland, Bericht, pp. 241-68; Alex. Henderson's Grammar, Moskito Lang., N. York, 1846.

[XII'-4] Young's Narrative, pp. 77-8.

[XII'-5] Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 253-6; Id., in Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1858, clx., p. 135; Froebel, Aus Amerika, tom. i., pp. 400-1.

[XII'-6] 'Ay en Nicaragua cinco lenguajes muy diferentes: Coribici, que loan mucho, Chorotega, que es la natural, y antigua: y assi estan en los que lo hablan los heredamientos, y el Cacao, que es la moneda, y riqueza dela tierra.... Chondal es grossero, y serrano. Orotiña, que dize mama, por lo que no otros (nosotros). Mexicano, que es la principal.' Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 264. 'A quatro ó çinco lenguas distintas é diverssas las unas de las otras. La prinçipal es la que llaman de Nicaragua, y es la mesma que hablan en México ó en Nueva España. La otra es la lengua que llaman de Chorotega, é la terçera es Chondal.... Otra hay ques del golpho de Orotiñaruba háçia la parte del Nordeste, ó otras lenguas hay adelante la tierra adentro.' Oviedo, Hist. Gen., tom. iv., pp. 35, 37. Herrera, who has copied from Gomara almost literally, has made a very important mistake; he speaks of five languages and only mentions four. As Herrera mentions a place Chuloteca, some writers, and among them Mr Squier, have applied this name to a language, but seemingly without authority. Herrera's copy reads: 'Hablauan en Nicaragua, çinco lenguas diferentes, Coribizi, que lo hablan mucho en Chuloteca, que es la natural, y antigua, y ansi estauan en los que la hablauan.... Los de Chondal son grosseros, y serranos, la quarta es Orotina, Mexicana es la quinta.' Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. iv., cap. vii. Purchas has copied Gomara more closely, and cites the five like him. Pilgrimes, vol. v., p. 887. Mr Squier makes the following division: Dirian, Nagrandan, Choluteca, Orotina, and Chondal. Those speaking the Aztec dialect he names Niquirans and also counts the Choluteca as a dialect of the same. Nicaragua, vol. ii., p. 310-12; Buschmann, Ortsnamen, p. 132; Froebel, Cent. Amer., p. 59, et seq.; Boyle's Ride, vol. i., p. 267, vol. ii., pp. 286-7; Hassel, Mex. Guat., p. 397; Palacio, Carta, p. 20.

[XII'-7] Squier's Nicaragua, vol. ii., pp. 315-319.

[XII'-8] Id., pp. 320-23.

[XII'-9] Wagner and Scherzer, Costa Rica, p. 562; Scherzer, Vocab., in Sitzungsberichte der Akad. der Wissensch., Wien, vol. xv., no. i., 1855, pp. 28-35.

[XII'-10] 'Pienso yo que son apartados del número de las septenta y dos.' Oviedo, Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., cap. xliii. 'En tierra firme ... ai mui diversas, i apartadas Lenguas.' Oviedo, Proemio, in Barcia, Historiadores, tom. i., p. 12. 'Ai entre ellos lenguas diferentes.' Fernando Colon, in Barcia, Historiadores, tom. i., fol. 106. 'Son trà lor diuerse lingue.' Colombo, Hist. Ammeraglio, p. 405.

[XII'-11] Andagoya, Relacion, in Navarrete, Col., tom. iii., p. 393, et seq.; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iv., lib. i., cap. xi.

[XII'-12] Baptista Antonio, Relation, in Hakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., fol. 554.

[XII'-13] Vater, Mithridates, tom. iii., pt ii., p. 707; Cullen's Darien, p. 65; Fitzroy, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xx., p. 164; Latham, in Id., pp. 189-90; Seemann's Voy. Herald, vol. i., p. 312; Bidwell's Isthmus, pp. 33-38; De Puydt, Explor., in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxxviii., p. 91.

[XII'-14] Cullen's Darien, pp. 99-102; Latham, in Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xx., p. 190; Wafer's New Voy., pp. 185-188.

END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.