The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 6 of 6)

The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 6 of 6)

10. E. variegàtum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6--18´ long), usually simple from a branched base, 5--10-grooved; sheaths green variegated with black above, the 5--10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle.--Shores or river-banks, N. H. (Bellows Falls, Carey) and Niagara to Minn., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

11. E. scirpoìdes, Michx. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform (3--6´ high), flexuous and curving, mostly 6-grooved, with acute ridges; sheaths 3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; central air-cavity wanting.--Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 131. FÍLICES. (FERNS.)

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole (stipe), rising from a (sometimes greatly elongated) rootstock, separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bearing on the under surface or along the margin small reticulated sporangia, which at length split open and discharge the numerous minute spores. Prothallus green, above ground, normally monœcious.

SUBORDER I. Polypodiàceæ. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit-dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular-reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the frond. (Plates 16--19.)

Tribe I. POLYPODIEÆ. Fructification on the back of the frond, in round or roundish fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when separated. Veins free (not reticulated) in our species.

1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows, on each side of the midrib or of the segments of the frond.

Tribe II. GRAMMITIDEÆ. Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, placed on the back of the frond, usually along the veins or near their extremities. Veins free in our species.

2. Notholæna. Sori short, of few rather large sporangia, placed near the tips of the veins; under surface of the frond usually either chaffy, woolly, or powdery.

Tribe III. PTERIDEÆ. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species.

[*] Sporangia at the ends of the veins, on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond.

3. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules marginal or none. Stipe black and polished.

[*][*] Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, connecting the apices of the veins, and covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin.

4. Pteris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light colored.

[*][*][*] Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface of the frond; indusium various.

5. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins; indusium continuous or interrupted. Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly, or pulverulent, rarely smooth.

6. Pellæa. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent submarginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike; stipes dark colored; fronds smooth.

7. Cryptogramme. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first covered by the very broad continuous indusium, at length exposed and confluent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different; stipes light colored; fronds smooth.

Tribe IV. BLECHNEÆ. Sori oblong or linear, borne on a veinlet parallel to the midrib, and covered with a special usually concave or arched indusium attached to the fruiting veinlet, and opening along the inner side.

8. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein. Veins reticulated.

Tribe V. ASPLENIEÆ. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides of oblique veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one side to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated.

9. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side or rarely on both sides of a veinlet. Veins free in all our species.

10. Scolopendrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free.

11. Camptosorus. Sori oblong, variously curved, or some of them in opposite pairs. Veins reticulated.

Tribe VI. ASPIDIEÆ. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of the vein, with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock.

[*] Indusium obsolete or none.

12. Phegopteris. Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species.

[*][*] Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species.

13. Aspidium. Indusium flat or slightly convex, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all round the margin.

14. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, commonly reflexed as the sporangia ripen.

[*][*][*] Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very unlike the sterile ones.

15. Onoclea. Sporangia on an elevated receptacle; divisions of the fertile frond pod-like or berry-like.

Tribe VII. WOODSIEÆ. Sori round, borne on the veins; indusium fixed under the sorus, divided into segments or into slender filaments.

16. Woodsia. Small ferns with free veins. Indusium very delicate.

Tribe VIII. DICKSONIEÆ. Sori roundish, marginal or submarginal. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, the outer portion composed of a reflexed lobule of the frond, or more or less united to it.

17. Dicksonia. Indusium in our species small, membranaceous, nearly globular. Frond elongated, decompound.

SUBORDER II. Hymenophyllàceæ. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped or bivalvular involucre, the ring transverse and complete. Fronds delicately membranaceous.

18. Trichomanes. Involucres funnel-form or cup-shaped.

SUBORDER III. Schizæàceæ. Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (Pl. 19.)

19. Schizæa. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched.

20. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each sporangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium. Fronds leafy, climbing.

SUBORDER IV. Osmundàceæ. Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pedicelled, reticulated, with no ring or mere traces of one near the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at base and almost stipulate! (Pl. 19.)

21. Osmunda. Fertile pinnæ or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free.

1. POLYPÒDIUM, L. POLYPODY. (Pl. 16.)

Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from πολύς, many, and ποῦς, foot, alluding to the branching rootstock.)

1. P. vulgàre, L. (Pl. 16, fig. 1--3.) Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4--10´ high, simple and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked; fruit-dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin.--Rocks; common. July. (Eu.)

2. P. incànum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2--6´ high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse; fruit-dots rather small, near the margin; veins forking, free in the N. American plant!--Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and Ohio to Ill., and southward. Aug.

2. NOTHOLÆ̀NA, R. Brown. CLOAK-FERN.

Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1--4-pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from νόθος, spurious, and λαῖνα, a cloak, the woolly coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.)

1. N. dealbàta, Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 1--3´ long, 3--4-pinnate; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining; ultimate pinnules scarcely a line long, white and powdery on the lower surface.--Clefts of calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestward. July--Aug.

3. ADIÁNTUM, L. MAIDENHAIR. (Pl. 17.)

Fruit-dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins.--Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species), or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from α privative and διαίνω, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1. A. pedàtum, L. (Pl. 17, fig. 1--3.) Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (9--15´ high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender spreading pinnate divisions; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other.--Rich, moist woods. July.--A delicate and most graceful Fern.

2. A. Capíllus-Véneris, L. Fronds with a continuous main rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, 9--18´ long, often pendent, 2--3-pinnate at the base, the upper third or half simply pinnate; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 6--12´´ long, deeply and irregularly incised; veinlets flabellately forking from the base; involucres lunulate or transversely oblong.--Moist rocky places, Va. to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)

4. PTÈRIS, L. BRAKE or BRACKEN. (Pl. 17.)

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins.--Fronds 1--3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from πτερόν, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilìna, L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2--3° wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1--2° high), the widely spreading branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate; the upper undivided; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this species.--Var. CAUDÀTA, with the lobes very narrow and revolute, the terminal ones much elongated, is a southern form, which extends in a modified condition as far north as New Jersey.--Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Eu.)

5. CHEILÁNTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN. (Pl. 17.)

Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule.--Low, mostly with 2--3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed of χεῖλος, a lip, and ἄνθος, flower, from the shape of the indusium.)

[*] Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.

1. C. Alabaménsis, Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (2--8´ long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnæ numerous, oblong-lanceolate; pinnules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed; indusium continuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence.--On rocks, mountains of Va. to Ky., and southward.

2. C. vestìta, Swartz. (Pl. 17, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds (6--15´ high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish prominently articulated rusty hairs, twice pinnate; pinnæ rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong, crowded (2--4´´ long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia.--Clefts of rocks, Manhattan Island (W. W. Denslow) and N. J. to Ill., and southward.

[*][*] Fronds woolly or tomentose.

3. C. tomentòsa, Link. Fronds (12--20´ high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pinnate; primary and secondary pinnæ oblong or ovate-oblong; pinnules distinct, minute (½--1´´ long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat membranaceous indusium.--Mountains of Va. and Ky.; thence west and southward.--Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs.

4. C. lanuginòsa, Nutt. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining; fronds (3--6´ high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnæ (5--6´´ long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (½--1´´ long), the herbaceous margin recurved forming an almost continuous indusium.--In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Ill. to Minn., thence west and southward.

6. PELLÆ̀A, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE. (Pl. 16.)

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns, with 1--3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name from πελλός, dusky, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. grácilis, Hook. (Pl. 16.) Fronds smooth (3--6´ high), delicately membranaceous and slender, of few pinnæ, the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted into 3--5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, entire or sparingly incised; of the sterile ovate or obovate, crenate or incised; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked.--Shaded calcareous rocks, Mass. to Minn., and northward; rare. July.--Rootstock very slender, creeping; stipes polished, brownish, darker and sparingly chaffy at base.

2. P. atropurpùrea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6--15´ high; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked.--Dry calcareous rocks; not common, but of wide range. July.--Rootstock short and stout; stipes clustered.

7. CRYPTOGRÁMME, R. Brown. ROCK-BRAKE.

Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia.--Low ferns, with smooth, 2--3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name from κρυπτός, hidden, and γραμμή, a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.)

1. C. acrostichoìdes, R. Brown. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored; fronds 2--3-pinnate (6--10´ high); fertile segments stalked, linear or linear-oblong (3--5´´ long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Allosorus acrostichoides, Sprengel.)--On rocks, from L. Superior westward and northward.--Very near C. crispa of Eu.

8. WOODWÁRDIA, Smith. CHAIN-FERN. (Pl. 17.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on transverse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond.--Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.)

§ 1. ANCHÍSTEA. Sterile and fertile fronds alike; veins forming only one row of meshes (areoles).

1. W. Virgínica, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 4, 5.) Fronds (2--3° high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnæ; segments oblong; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnæ and of the lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe.--Wet swamps, Maine to Ark., and southward. Rootstocks creeping, often 6--8° long! July.

§ 2. LORINSÈRIA. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes.

2. W. angustifòlia, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 1--3.) Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12--18´ high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots (4--5´´ long) in a single row each side of the secondary midribs; rootstocks creeping.--Wet woods, New Eng., near the coast, to Ark., and southward; rare. Aug., Sept.

9. ASPLÈNIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. (Pl. 18.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely curved, indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein;--in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double, the fertile vein bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name from α- privative and σπλήν, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)

§ 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Indusium straight or slightly curved, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double.

[*] Small evergreen ferns; fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base.

1. A. pinnatífidum, Nutt. Fronds (3--6´ long) lanceolate, pinnatifid, or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, "the apex sometimes rooting"; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate; fruit-dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile.--On cliffs and rocks, Penn. to Mo., and southward; very rare. July.--Resembles the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into the broad pale green midrib.

2. A. ebenoìdes, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4--9´ long) broadly lanceolate pinnatifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions lanceolate from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the frond; fruit-dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the midrib, especially beneath.--Limestone cliffs, Conn. and Penn., and southward; very rare, usually growing with Camptosorus and Asplenium ebeneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley considered it a probable hybrid.

[*][*] Small evergreen ferns; the narrow fronds simply pinnate with numerous pinnæ.

[+] Pinnæ not auricled.

3. A. víride, Hudson. Fronds (2--5´ long) tufted, linear in outline, pale green, softly herbaceous; pinnæ roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-stalked, crenately toothed (2--4´´ long), the midvein indistinct and forking; the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis.--Shaded cliffs; northern New Eng., west and northward; rare. (Eu.)

4. A. Trichómanes, L. Fronds (3--8´ long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnæ roundish-oblong or oval (3--4´´ long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shining.--Shaded cliffs; common. July. (Eu.)

[+][+] Pinnæ more or less auricled.

5. A. párvulum, Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (4--10´ high), narrowly linear-oblanceolate; pinnæ (2--6´´ long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper or both sides; sori rather few, as near the margin as the continuous midvein; stipe and rhachis black and shining.--Mountains of Va. to Mo., and southward.--Nearly intermediate between the last and the next.

6. A. ebèneum, Ait. Fronds upright (9--18´ high), linear-oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller; pinnæ (6--18´´ long) firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining.--Rocky, open woods; rather common.

[*][*][*] Small evergreen ferns; the broader fronds 1--3-pinnate; pinnæ incised.

7. A. Bradlèyi, D. C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 4--7´ long, besides the blackish and somewhat shining stipe, membranaceous, pinnate; pinnæ rather numerous, the lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes.--On rocks, Ky. and southward; rare. A single plant has been gathered near Newburg, N. Y.--Intermediate between A. ebeneum and A. montanum.

8. A. montànum, Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (2--5´ long), subcoriaceous, pinnate; pinnæ ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler; rhachis green, broad and flat; stipe brown at base.--Cliffs and rocks, from Conn. and Penn. to Ky., and southward. July.

9. A. Rùta-murària, L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (1--2½´ long), subcoriaceous, laxly 2--3-pinnate at base, the pinnæ alternate; ultimate segments few, stalked (2--5´´ long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex; veins forking; sori 2--4 on a segment.--Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Mich., and southward; scarce. July. (Eu.)

[*][*][*][*] Tall ferns (2--4° high), not evergreen; fronds pinnate or sub-bipinnate.

10. A. angustifòlium, Michx. Fronds thin, simply pinnate; pinnæ numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate (3--4´ long), those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit-dots linear, 20--40 each side of the midvein; indusia slightly convex.--Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Wisc., and southward along the mountains. Sept.

11. A. thelypteroìdes, Michx. (Pl. 18, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds (2--3° high) pinnate; pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (3--5´ long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3--6 pairs of oblong fruit-dots, some of them double.--Rich woods; not rare. July--Sept.

§ 2. ATHÝRIUM. Indusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and attached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe.

12. A. Filix-fœ́mina, Bernh. Fronds (1--3° high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, numerous; pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent.--Moist woods; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Eu.)

10. SCOLOPÉNDRIUM, Smith. HART'S-TONGUE. (Pl. 18.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. S. vulgàre, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7--18´ long, 1--2´ wide), bright green.--Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs; central N. Y.; also in Canada and Tenn.; very rare. Aug. (Eu.)

11. CAMPTOSÒRUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. (Pl. 18.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence the name, from καμπτός, bent, and σωρός, for fruit-dot.)

1. C. rhizophýllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, sub-coriaceous, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4--12´ long), gradually narrowed from a cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at the end and forms a new plant.--Shaded rocks, especially calcareous rocks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward to Kan. and Ala.--The auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting; in another form they are lacking, as in the thinner leaved C. Sibiricus. July.

12. PHEGÓPTERIS, Fée. BEECH FERN.

Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock.--Our species have free veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of φηγός, an oak or beech, and πτερίς, fern.)

[*] Fronds twice pinnatifid; pinnæ all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis.

1. P. polypodioìdes, Fée. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (4--9´ long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis; fruit-dots all near the margin.--Damp woods; common northward. July.--Rootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer than the fronds. (Eu.)

2. P. hexagonóptera, Fée. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (7--12´ broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinnæ lanceolate; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnæ elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis; fruit-dots near the margin; some also between the sinus and the midrib.--Rather open woods, New Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July.--Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

[*][*] Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled; rhachis wingless.

3. P. Dryópteris, Fée. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4--6´ wide); the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1--2-pinnate; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; fruit-dots near the margin.--Rocky woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)

4. P. calcàrea, Fée. Fronds minutely glandular and somewhat rigid, the lateral divisions ascending; lowest inferior pinnæ of the lateral divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species, which it otherwise closely resembles.--Iowa and Minn.; rare. July. (Eu.)

13. ASPÍDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN. (Pl. 19.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. Indusium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate at the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus, opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the rootstock.--Our species have free veins and 1--3-pinnate fronds. (Name, ἀσπίδιον, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.)

§ 1. DRYÓPTERIS. Indusium reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus.

[*] Veins simple or simply forked and straight; fronds annual, decaying in autumn, the stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked.

1. A. Thelýpteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnæ horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pairs scarcely smaller; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revolute margins; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon confluent) fruit-dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.--Marshes; common. Aug.--Stalk 1° long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the next, and slightly downy. (Eu.)

2. A. Noveboracénse, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, tapering both ways from the middle; pinnæ lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs gradually shorter and deflexed; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and incised; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes; fruit-dots distinct, near the margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous.--Swamps and moist thickets; common. July.--Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.

[*][*] Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branching; fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot; fronds, at least the sterile ones, often evergreen; stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main rhachis also.

[+] Fronds small, pinnate; pinnæ pinnatifid; indusia very large, persistent.

3. A. fràgrans, Swartz. Fronds (4--12´ high) glandular and aromatic, narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnæ; their crowded divisions (2´´ long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged.--On rocks, especially near waterfalls, mountains of northern New Eng., west and northward.--Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis. (Asia, and barely reaching S. E. Eu.)

[+][+] Large (1--2½° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed and incised pinnules; indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous.

4. A. spinulòsum, Swartz. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnæ oblique to the rhachis, elongated-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid with spinulosely-toothed lobes; indusium smooth and without marginal glands.--In damp woods, New Eng. to Ky., and northward. July.--The common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.)

Var. intermèdium, D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with a darker centre; frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate; pinnæ spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands.--Woods, everywhere.

Var. dilatàtum, Hook. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated; indusium (in the North American plant) smooth and naked.--A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5--8´ high, answers to var. dumetorum.--N. New Eng. to Minn., chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.)

5. A. Boòttii, Tuckerman. Scales of the stipe pale-brown; fronds (1--2½° long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base; lowest pinnæ triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate, sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid; indusium minutely glandular. (A. spinulosum, var. Boottii, of last ed. A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, Milde.)--Wet thickets and about ponds, New Eng. to Del. and Minn. July.--Sterile fronds much smaller and simpler than the fertile. (Eu.)

[+][+][+] Large (2--4° high); fronds once pinnate and the pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, or nearly twice pinnate; fruit-dots not very near the margin; the indusium large, thinnish and flat, persistent.

6. A. cristàtum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1--2° long); pinnæ short (2--3´ long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (6--10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed; fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin; indusium round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked.--Swamps, etc.; common. July.--Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

Var. Clintoniànum. Frond in every way much larger (2½--4° long); pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4--6´ long, 1--2´ broad), deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8--16 pairs) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed; veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit-dots near the midvein; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked.--Swampy woods, New Eng. to N. J., N. Y. (G. W. Clinton, etc.), and westward. July.--Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown scales. A showy fern, unlike any European form of A. cristatum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum.

7. A. Goldiànum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong in outline (2--3° long); pinnæ (6--9´ long), oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped (9--15´´ long), serrate with appressed teeth; veins pinnately forking and bearing the fruit-dots very near the midvein; indusium very large, orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands.--Rich and moist woods, from Conn. to Ky., and northward. July.--A stately fern, often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy rootstock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in § Polystichum.

[+][+][+][+] Large (1--3° high); stipes very chaffy at base; fronds twice pinnate, but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed; fruit-dots rather large; indusium convex, without marginal glands, persistent.

8. A. Fílix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (1--3° high); pinnæ linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule.--Rocky woods, N. Mich. to Dak. and Col.--Frond thickish but not surviving the winter. (Eu.)

9. A. marginàle, Swartz. (Pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.) Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (1--2° long); pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, slightly broadest above the base; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenately-toothed; fruit-dots close to the margin.--Rocky hillsides in rich woods; common, especially northward. Aug.

§ 2. POLÝSTICHUM. Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre; fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, etc.; pinnæ or pinnules auricled at base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped.

[*] Fronds simply pinnate.

10. A. acrostichoìdes, Swartz. (CHRISTMAS FERN.) (Pl. 19, fig. 3, 4.) Frond lanceolate (1--2½° high), stalked; pinnæ linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth; the fertile (upper) contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which are confluent with age, covering the surface.--Var. INCÌSUM is a state with cut-lobed pinnæ, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds; sometimes with all the tips fertile.--Common in rocky woods, especially northward. July.

11. A. Lonchìtis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9--20´ high), scarcely stalked, very rigid; pinnæ broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side, and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely spinulose-toothed (1´ or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contiguous and near the margins.--Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Fronds bipinnate.

12. A. aculeàtum, Swartz, var. Braùnii, Koch. Fronds spreading (1½--2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnæ gradually reduced in size and obtuse; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs.--Deep woods, mountains of New Eng., N. Y., and Penn., and northward. (Eu.)

14. CYSTÓPTERIS, Bernhardi. BLADDER FERN. (Pl. 19.)

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away.--Tufted ferns with slender and delicate 2--3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of κύστις, a bladder, and πτερίς, fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbífera, Bernh. (Pl. 19, fig. 1--3.) Frond lanceolate, elongated (1--2° long), 2-pinnate; the pinnæ lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1--2´ long); the rhachis and pinnæ often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid; indusium short, truncate on the free side.--Shaded ravines, not rare from N. Eng. to Ark., commoner on calcareous rocks. July.--Specimens from Tenn. and Ark. have sometimes shorter fronds and few or no bulblets, indicating an approach to the next species.

2. C. frágilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4--8´ long, besides the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2--3-pinnate; the pinnæ and pinnules ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or acute at the free end.--Shaded cliffs and rocky woods; common and greatly varying in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July. (Eu.)

15. ONOCLÈA, L. (Pl. 16 and 19.)

Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia attached to the base of the receptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants. (Name apparently from ὄνος, a vessel, and κλείω, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)

§ 1. ONOCLEA proper. Sterile frond with anastomosing veins.

1. O. sensíbilis, L. (SENSITIVE FERN.) (Pl. 19, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds scattered; the sterile ones long-stalked (2--15´ long), triangular-ovate, pinnatifid into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments; veins reticulated with fine meshes; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate, the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies.--Moist meadows and thickets, very common and variable. July.--Imperfectly fertile fronds sometimes occur, with the still foliaceous pinnæ cut into obovate segments with free veins and abortive sori; the so-called var. OBTUSILOBÀTA.

§ 2. STRUTHIÓPTERIS. Sterile frond with free veins.

2. O. Struthiópteris, Hoffmann. (Pl. 16, fig. 1--5.) Fronds growing in a crown; sterile ones short-stalked (2--10° high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, pinnate with many linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid pinnæ; veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, pinnate with pod-like or somewhat necklace-shaped pinnæ. (Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.)--Alluvial soil, common northward. July.--The rootstock sends out slender underground stolons, which bear fronds the next year. (Eu.)

16. WOÓDSIA, R. Brown. (Pl. 19.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins; the very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes.--Small and tufted pinnately-divided ferns. (Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

[*] Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base; fronds chaffy or smooth, never glandular; indusium divided nearly to the centre into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia.

1. W. Ilvénsis, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2--6´ long by 12--18´´ wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate; the pinnæ crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old.--Exposed rocks; common, especially northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

2. W. hyperbòrea, R. Brown. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (2--6´ long by 8--12´´ wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath, pinnate; the pinnæ triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few and nearly entire; fruit-dots rarely confluent.--Mountain ravines, northern Vt. and N. Y., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

3. W. glabélla, R. Brown. (Pl. 19, fig. 1--3.) Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear and very delicate (2--5´ high), pinnate; pinnæ roundish-ovate, the lower ones rather remote (2--4´´ long), obtuse, crenately lobed; fruit-dots scanty; the hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species.--On moist mossy rocks, mountains of northern New Eng., north and westward. First found at Little Falls, N. Y., by Dr. Vasey. (Eu.)

[*][*] Stalks not articulated; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent.

[+] Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.

4. W. obtùsa, Torr. (Pl. 19, fig. 4, 5.) Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy (6--12´ high), pinnate, or nearly twice pinnate; pinnæ rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (1--2´ long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes; veins forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes; indusium at length splitting into several spreading jagged lobes.--Rocky banks and cliffs; not rare.

[+][+] Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow segments or reduced to minute hairs.

5. W. Oregàna, D. C. Eaton. Smooth, with fronds (2--8´ high, 8--12´´ wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnæ triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed, and in larger fronds incised; fruit-dots near the margin; indusium very small, divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia.--Crevices of rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (Robbins), and westward.

6. W. scopulìna, D. C. Eaton. Much like the last, but the rather larger fronds puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands; indusium deeply cleft into narrow segments ending in jointed hairs.--Rocky places, Minn., southward and westward.

17. DICKSÒNIA, L'Her. (Pl. 17.)

Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein or fork; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.)

1. D. pilosiúscula, Willd. Fronds minutely glandular and hairy (2--3° high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked root-stocks, mostly bipinnate; primary pinnæ lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. punctilobula, Kunze.)--Common in moist and shady places, from New Eng. to Minn.--Frond sweet-scented in drying.

18. TRICHÓMANES, L. FILMY FERN.

Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, sessile on a cylindrical receptacle which is produced from the end of a vein and enclosed in a funnel-form or cup-shaped involucre of the same substance with the frond. Fronds very thin and pellucid, often consisting of a single layer of cells. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.)

1. T. radìcans, Swartz. Fronds very delicate, oblong-lanceolate in outline (4--8´ long, 6--18´´ wide), bipinnatifid; rhachis narrowly winged; pinnæ triangular-ovate, the divisions toothed or again lobed; involucres tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, the mouth truncate; receptacle often much exserted.--On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky., and southward; rare.--Though the fronds are so very delicate, yet they survive for several years; they begin to fruit the second or third year, and thereafter the receptacle continues to grow and to produce new sporangia at its base. (Eu.)

19. SCHIZÆ̀A, Smith. (Pl. 20.)

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft fronds (whence the name, from σχίζω, to split).

1. S. pusílla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (¼´´ wide), but taller (3--4´ high), and bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnæ (each 1--1½´´ long).--Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J.; very local. Sept. (Also in Nova Scotia and Newf.)

20. LYGÒDIUM, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. (Pl. 20.)

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or compound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizæa, but oblique, fixed to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indusium. (Name from λυγώδης, flexible.)

1. L. palmàtum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and twining (1--3° long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate branches or petioles 2-forked; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped palmately 4--7-lobed frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a terminal panicle.--Low moist thickets and open woods, Mass. to Va., Ky., and sparingly southward; rare. Sept.

21. OSMÚNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (Pl. 20.)

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicelled and naked sporangia; these are globular, thin and reticulated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a transverse ring.--Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened rootstocks, once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

[*] Sterile fronds truly bipinnate.

1. O. regàlis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green (2--5° high); sterile pinnules 13--25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate base, sessile or short-stalked (1--2´ long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of the frond.--Swamps and wet woods; common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.)

[*][*] Sterile fronds once pinnate; pinnæ deeply pinnatifid; the lobes entire.

2. O. Claytoniàna, L. (Pl. 20, fig. 1--3.) Clothed with loose wool when young, soon smooth; fertile fronds taller than the sterile (2--4° high); pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions; some (2--5 pairs) of the middle pinnæ fertile, these entirely pinnate; sporangia greenish, turning brown.--Low grounds, common. May.--Fruiting as it unfolds.

3. O. cinnamòmea, L. (CINNAMON FERN.) Clothed with rusty wool when young; sterile fronds tallest (at length 3--5° high), smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnæ pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions; fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon withering (1--2° high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored sporangia.--Var. FRONDÒSA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle.--Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May.

ORDER 132. OPHIOGLOSSÀCEÆ. (ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.)

Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple or branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed from underground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large subcoriaceous bivalvular sporangia formed from the main tissue of the fruiting branches. Prothallus underground, not green, monœcious.--A small order, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc.

1. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.

2. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.

1. BOTRÝCHIUM, Swartz. MOONWORT. (Pl. 20.)

Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of starch, in very minute, irregular granules!); the base of the naked stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond; frond with an anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly 1--3-pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a diminutive of βότρυς, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.)

§ 1. BOTRYCHIUM proper. Base of the stalk containing the bud completely closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy; the cells of the epidermis straight.

[*] Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so at or above the middle of the plant. Plants small.

1. B. Lunària, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the middle of the plant, oblong, simply pinnate with 5--15 lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2--3-pinnate.--N. Eng. to Lake Superior, and northward; rare.--Very fleshy, 4--10´ high. (Eu.)

2. B. símplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2--4´, rarely 5--6´ high), the sterile segment short-petioled from near the middle of the plant, thickish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3--7-lobed; the lobes roundish-obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis; the veins all forking from the base; fertile segment simple or 1--2-pinnate.--Maine to N. Y., Minn., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

3. B. lanceolàtum, Angstroem. Fronds small (3--10´ high); the sterile segment closely sessile at the top of the long and slender common stalk, scarcely fleshy, triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid; the acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein; fertile part 2--3-pinnate.--N. Eng. and N. J. to Ohio and Lake Superior. July--Aug. (Eu.)

4. B. matricariæfòlium, Braun. Fronds small (3--10´ high); the sterile segment nearly sessile at the top of the long and slender common stalk, moderately fleshy, ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to bipinnatifid; the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse; midvein dissipated into forking veinlets; fertile part 2--3-pinnate.--Same range as the last. June, July. (Eu.)

[*][*] Sterile portion of the frond long-stalked; the common stalk short in proportion to the size of the plant. Plants usually larger.

5. B. ternàtum, Swartz. (Pl. 20.) Plant very fleshy (4--16´ high), sparsely hairy; sterile segment long-petioled from near the base of the plant, broadly triangular, ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions; ultimate segments varying from roundish-reniform and sub-entire to ovate-lanceolate and doubly incised; fertile segment erect, 2--4-pinnate.--The following varieties pass into each other:--Var. AUSTRÀLE; frond ample; ultimate segments rhomboid-ovate with a denticulate margin.--Var. INTERMÈDIUM; frond of moderate size; ultimate segments as in var. australe. (B. lunarioides, of last ed.)--Var. RUTÆFÒLIUM; frond small; ultimate segments few, ovate and semicordate.--Var. LUNARIOÌDES; frond small; ultimate segments roundish-reniform.--Var. OBLÌQUUM; frond moderate; ultimate segments obliquely lanceolate, denticulate or toothed.--Var. DISSÉCTUM; segments dissected into innumerable narrow lobes or teeth.--Pastures and hillsides, sometimes in dry woods, rather common, especially vars. intermedium and obliquum.--Var. rutæfolium occurs in Europe.

§ 2. OSMUNDÓPTERIS. Base of the stalk containing the bud open along one side; sterile segment membranaceous; the cells of the epidermis flexuous.

6. B. Virginiànum, Swartz. Fronds tall and ample; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex; veins forking from a midvein; fertile part 2--3-pinnate.--Rich woods; common.--Plant 1--2° high, or often reduced to a few inches, in which case it is B. gracile, Pursh. June, July. (Eu.)

2. OPHIOGLÓSSUM, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (Pl. 20.)

Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the base of the stalk; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium, but the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from ὄφις, a serpent, and γλῶσσα, tongue.)

1. O. vulgàtum, L. Fronds from a slender rootstock (2--12´ high), mostly solitary; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or elliptical (1--3´ long); midvein indistinct or none; veins forming small meshes enclosed in larger ones.--Bogs and pastures; not common. July. (Eu.)

ORDER 133. LYCOPODIÀCEÆ. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1--3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind.--The Order, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus

1. LYCOPÒDIUM, L. CLUB-MOSS. (Pl. 21.)

Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder.--Perennials, with evergreen one-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4--16 ranks. (Name compounded of λύκος, a wolf, and ποῦς, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)

§ 1. Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary (dark green and shining, rigid, lanceolate, about 8-ranked) leaves.

1. L. Selàgo, L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, forming a level-topped cluster (3--6´ high); leaves uniform, crowded, ascending, glossy, pointed, entire or denticulate; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves.--Mountain-tops, Maine to Lake Superior, and northward.--The leaves of this and the next species often bear little gemmæ, with the lower bracts pointed, and the 2--3 uppermost broadly obovate and fleshy, as figured in 1768 by Dillenius. These gemmæ fall to the ground and their axis grows into the stem of a new plant, as specimens collected in 1854 show very plainly. (For their true nature see Sachs' Lehrbuch, Engl. trans., p. 411.)

2. L. lucídulum, Michx. Stems assurgent, less rigid, dichotomous (6--12´ long); leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, arranged, in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils; proliferous gemmæ usually abundant.--Cold, damp woods; common northward. Aug.

§ 2. Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming a spike.

[*] Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches and those of the simple spike nearly alike, many-ranked.

3. L. inundàtum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid; the fertile solitary (1--4´ high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the prostrate stems curving upward.--Var. BIGELÒVII, Tuckerm., has fertile stems 5--7´ high, its leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth-bearing.--Sandy bogs, northward, not common; the var., eastern New Eng. to N. J., and southward. Aug. (Eu.)

4. L. alopecuroìdes, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 6--20´ high; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle; those of the cylindrical spike with long setaceous tips.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug., Sept.--Stems, including the dense leaves, ½´ thick; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, ¾--1´ thick.

[*][*] Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.

[+] Spikes sessile (i.e. branches equally leafy to the top), single.

5. L. annótinum, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creeping (1--4° long); the ascending branches similar (5--8´ high), sparingly forked, the sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; leaves equal, spreading, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green); spike solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick.--Var. PÚNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid pointed erectish leaves.--Woods; common northward; the var. on the White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. L. obscùrum, L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered, erect, tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous spreading branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked, those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones incurved spreading; spikes 1--10, erect, mostly sessile; bracts scarious-margined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate.--Var. DENDROÍDEUM (L. deudroideum, Michx.) has all the leaves alike and incurved spreading.--Moist woods. Aug.--Remarkable for its tree-like appearance.

L. ALPÌNUM, L., or its var. SABINÆFÒLIUM, occurs from Labrador to Washington Territory, and is to be expected in northern Maine and Minn. It has slender branches with rigid nearly appressed leaves.

[+][+] Spikes peduncled, i.e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.

[++] Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked; stems terete.

7. L. clavàtum, L. (COMMON CLUB-MOSS.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches; the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle (4--6´ long), bearing about 2--3 (rarely 1 or 4) linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle.--Dry woods; common, especially northward. July. (Eu.)

[++][++] Leaves of two forms, few-ranked; stems or branches flattened.

8. L. Caroliniànum, L. (Pl. 21.) Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2--4´ high, clothed merely with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindrical spike.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

9. L. complanàtum, L. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems extensively creeping (often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branchlets crowded, flattened, fan-like and spreading, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2--4 cylindrical spikes.--Var. CHAMÆCYPARÍSSUS has narrower, more erect and bushy branches, and the leaves less distinctly dimorphous.--Woods and thickets; common, especially northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 134. SELAGINELLÀCEÆ.

Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; the stems branching or short and corm-like; the leaves small and 4--6-rowed, or subulate and elongated; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins, some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores (microspores). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. In germination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia to be fertilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.

1. Selaginella. Terrestrial; stems slender; leaves small; sporangia minute and axillary.

2. Isoetes. Aquatic or growing in mud; stems corm-like: leaves elongated and rush-like; sporangia very large, enwrapped by the dilated bases of the leaves.

1. SELAGINÉLLA, Beauv. (Pl. 21.)

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore-cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and of mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1--6) much larger globose-angular macrospores; the former usually in the upper and the latter in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds are on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago an ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)

[*] Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated; those of the spike similar.

1. S. spinòsa, Beauv. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slender; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (1--3´ high); leaves lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. selaginoides, Link.)--Wet places, N. H. (Pursh), Mich., Lake Superior, Colorado, and northward; rare.--Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.)

2. S. rupéstris, Spring. (Pl. 21, fig. 1--4.) Much branched in close tufts (1--3´ high); leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped; those of the strongly quadrangular spike rather broader.--Dry and exposed rocks; very common.--Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid Moss. Very variable farther west and south. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like; the lateral larger, 2-ranked.

3. S. àpus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed; those of the short spikes nearly similar; larger spore cases copious at the lower part of the spike.--Low, shady places; not rare, especially southward.--A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia.

2. ISÒETES, L. QUILLWORT. (Pl. 21.)

Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above its 2-lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular leaves, which include four air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the axils of the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin edges of the excavation folding round partly cover them, forming the velum), traversed internally by transverse threads; those of the outer leaves filled with large spherical macrospores, their whitish crustaceous integument marked by one circular, and on the upper surface by three radiating elevated lines (circumscribing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like in germination); those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery grayish microspores; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular.--Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always submerged, others amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their fruit in late summer and early autumn, except n. 7 and some forms of n. 6.

This genus is left essentially as it was elaborated for the 5th edition by the late Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN. The present editor has added to the range of a few species, and given var. robusta of n. 3.

[*] Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out of water; leaves without stomata (except in forms of n. 3) and peripherical bast-bundles.

1. I. lacústris, L. (Pl. 21, fig. 1--5.) Leaves (10--25 in number, 2--6´ long) dark green, rigid; sporangium ovoid or circular, the upper third, or less, covered by the velum, the free part pale and unspotted; both kinds of spores the largest of our species; macrospores (0.32--0.38´´ wide) covered with short and twisted crested ridges, which often anastomose; microspores (0.017--0.020´´ long) smooth.--Mountain lakes, Penn., N. Y., and New Eng. to Lake Superior, and northward, often with n. 3. (Eu.)

2. I. Tuckermàni, Braun. Leaves (10--30, 2--3´ long) very slender, awl shaped, olive-green, the outer recurved; sporangium ovoid or circular, the upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes brownish-spotted; macrospores (0.22--0.28´´ wide) on the upper segments covered with parallel and anastomosing ridges, the lower half reticulated; microspores (0.013--0.015´´ long) smooth or very delicately papillose.--Mystic and other ponds near Boston, together with the next (Tuckerman, W. Boott).

3. I. echinóspora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporangium ovoid or circular; macrospores (0.20--0.25´´ wide) beset all over with small entire and obtuse or slightly forked spinules. (Eu.)--In this European form, the leaves are very slenderly attenuated (3--4´ long), the upper margin of the sporangium only is covered with the narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores are larger (0.015--0.016´´ long).

Var. Braùnii, Engelm. Leaves (15--30 in number, 3--6´ long) dark and often olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the sporangium covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots; macrospores as in the type; microspores smaller (0.013--0.014´´ long), smooth. (I. Braunii, Durieu.)--Ponds and lakes, New Eng. to N. Y., Penn., Mich., and northward, often with the two preceding.--Frequently with a few stomata, especially in Niagara specimens.

Var. robústa, Engelm. Stouter; leaves (25--70, 5--8´ long) with abundant stomata all over their surface; velum covering about one half of the large spotted sporangium; macrospores 0.18--0.27´´ wide.--Lake Champlain, north end of Isle La Motte (Pringle).

Var. muricàta, Engelm. Leaves (15--30, 6--10´ long) straight or flaccid, bright green; about one half of the almost circular sporangium covered by the velum, unspotted; macrospores (0.22--0.27´´ wide) with shorter and blunter spinules; microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, Durieu.)--In some ponds north of Boston (W. Boott).

Var. Boóttii, Engelm. Leaves (12--20, 4--5´ high) awl shaped, stiffly erect, bright green, with stomata; sporangium as in the last; macrospores as in the type, but a little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, Braun, in litt.)--Pond in Woburn, near Boston, partly out of water (W. Boott).

[*][*] Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up or by the receding of the ebb tide; leaves with stomata, and in n. 6 and 7 with four or more peripherical bast-bundles.

4. I. saccharàta, Engelm. Leaves (10--15, 2--3´ long) slender, olive-green, curved; sporangium small, ovoid, only the upper edge covered by the velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0.20--0.22´´ wide) minutely tuberculate; microspores (0.012´´ long) papillose.--On Wicomico and Nanticoke Rivers, eastern shore of Maryland, between high and low tide (Canby).

5. I. ripària, Engelm. Leaves (15--30, 4--8´ long) slender, deep green, erect; sporangium mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size (0.22--0.30´´ wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower hemisphere run together forming a network; microspores larger than in any other species except n. 1 (0.013--0.016´´ long), mostly somewhat tuberculated.--Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadelphia to Wilmington, between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, Lake Saltonstall, Conn. (Setchell), and northward.--Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporangium, the smaller size of the macrospores and their reticulation on the lower half.

6. I. Engelmánni, Braun. Leaves long (25--100, 9--20´ long), light green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporangium mostly oblong, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0.19--0.24´´ wide) covered all over with a coarse honeycomb-like network; microspores (0.012--0.014´´ long) mostly smooth.--Shallow ponds and ditches, from Mass. (near Boston, W. Boott, H. Mann) and Meriden, Conn. (F. W. Hall), to Penn. and Del. and (probably through the Middle States) to Mo.--By far the largest of our species, often mature in July.

Var. grácilis, Engelm. Leaves few (8--12 only, 9--12´ long) and very slender; both kinds of spores nearly as in the type.--Southern New Eng. (Westville, Conn., Setchell) and N. J. (Ennis); entirely submersed!

Var. válida, Engelm. Trunk large and stout (often 1--2´ wide); leaves (50--100, even 200, 18--25´ long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; sporangium oblong or linear-oblong (4--9´´ long), {1/3}--½ or more covered by the velum; spores very small; macrospores 0.16--0.22´´ wide; microspores 0.011--0.013´´ long, spinulose.--Del. (Canby) and Penn. (Porter). Sept.

7. I. melanópoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15--50, 6--10´ long) very slender, keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black shining bases; sporangium mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown or spotted; macrospores very small (0.14--0.18´´ wide), smoothish, or with faint tubercles or ridges; microspores (0.010--0.012´´ long) spinulose.--Shallow ponds, and wet prairies and fields, central and northern Ill. (E. Hall, Vasey), and westward. June, and sometimes again in Nov.--Trunk more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kinds of spores smaller than in any other of our species; leaves disappearing during the summer heat. Closely approaching the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean region.

ORDER 135. MARSILIÀCEÆ.

Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves; the somewhat crustaceous several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores.

1. MARSÌLIA, L. (Pl. 25.)

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, sending up elongated petioles, which bear at the apex a whorl of four nervose-veined leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more ovoid sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit usually have two teeth near the base, and are 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2 valves at maturity. The sporocarps have a ring along the edges of the valves, which at length swells up and bears the sausage-shaped compartments from their places. The compartments contain macrosporangia and microsporangia intermixed. (Named for Aloysius Marsili, an early Italian naturalist.)

1. M. quadrifòlia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; sporocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small, obtuse, or the upper one acute.--In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn., and now introduced in many places. (Eu.)

2. M. vestìta, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire (2--7´´ long and broad); petioles 1--4´ long; peduncles free from the petiole; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled (about 2´´ long), very hairy when young; upper basal tooth of sporocarp longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. (M. mucronata, Braun.)--In swamps which become dry in summer; Iowa and southwestward.

ORDER 136. SALVINIÀCEÆ.

Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves; sporocarps or conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores.

1. AZÓLLA, Lam. (Pl. 21.)

Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Conceptacles in pairs beneath the stem; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few corpuscles of unknown character above it; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores.

1. A. Caroliniàna, Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (4--12´´ broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospores with three attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate; masses of microspores glochidiate.--Floating on quiet waters, from Lake Ontario westward and southward,--appearing like a reddish hepatic moss.

* * * * *

SALVÍNIA NÀTANS, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to occur in Missouri. It has oblong-oval floating leaves 4--6´´ long, closely pinnately-veined, which bear conceptacles and branching plumose fibres on their under surface.

SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES.

Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or archegonia, or both, formed upon the stem or branches of the plant itself, which is developed from the germinating spore usually with the intervention of a filiform or conferva-like prothallus.--Divided into the Musci, or Mosses, and the Hepaticæ.

DIVISION I. HEPÁTICÆ.[1] (LIVERWORTS.)

[Footnote 1: Elaborated for this edition by Prof. L. M. UNDERWOOD, of Syracuse, N. Y.]

Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a thalloid stem, or a leafy axis; leaves when present 2-ranked, with uniform leaf-cells and no midvein; thalloid forms with or without a midvein, smooth or scurfy or scaly beneath and usually with numerous rootlets. Sexual reproduction by antheridia and archegonia, which are immersed in the thallus, or sessile or pedicelled upon it, or borne on a peduncled receptacle. The fertilized archegonium develops into a capsule (sporogonium) closely invested by a calyptra, which ruptures above as the ripened capsule (containing numerous spores and usually elaters) pushes upward. It is also commonly surrounded by a usually double involucre, the inner (often called perianth) more or less tubular, the outer tubular or more often foliaceous, sometimes wholly wanting. Propagation is also effected by offshoots (innovations), runners (flagella), or by gemmæ, which appear at the margin of the leaves or on the surface of the thallus, often in special receptacles.

ORDER 137. JUNGERMANNIÀCEÆ. SCALE-MOSSES.

Plant-body a leafy axis or rarely thallose. Capsule borne on a slender often elongated pedicel, splitting at maturity into 4 valves. Elaters mixed with the spores, mostly bispiral (unispiral in n. 1--3, 32, and 33, 1--3-spiral in n. 5 and 28). Antheridia and archegonia diœcious or monœcious, in the latter case either mingled in the same inflorescence, or separated upon the same branch, with the antheridia naked in the axils of the lower leaves, or on separate parts of the same plant. Leaves 2-ranked, incubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying on the base of the next above), or succubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying under the base of the next above), or sometimes transverse, with frequently a third row of rudimentary leaves beneath the stem.

Artificial Key to the Genera.

§ 1. Plant-body a leafy axis.

[*] Leaves complicate-bilobed (i.e. folded together) or with a small basal lobe.

[+] Lower lobe smaller than the upper.

[++] Root-hairs borne on the stems or underleaves.

1. Frullania. Lower lobe mostly saccate, more or less remote from the stem. Branches intra-axillary, the leaves on either side free.

2. Jubula. Lower lobe saccate; branches lateral, a basal leaf borne partly on the stem, partly on the branch.

3. Lejeunea. Lower lobe incurved, more or less inflated.

5. Porella. Lower lobe ligulate. Perianth triangular, the third or odd angle ventral.

[++][++] Root-hairs rising from the lower lobes.

4. Radula. Perianth compressed. Underleaves none.

[+][+] Upper lobe smaller than the lower, or the two somewhat equal.

[++] Leaves succubous as to their lower lobes.

15. Scapania. Involucral leaves 2; perianth dorsally compressed, the mouth truncate, bilabiate, decurved.

16. Diplophyllum. Involucral leaves few; perianth erect, round, the mouth denticulate.

[++][++] Leaves transverse.

25. Marsupella. Perianth tubular or somewhat compressed. (Compare also Jungermannia § Sphenolobus.)

[*][*] Leaves palmately 3--4- (or many-) cleft.

[+] Divisions numerous, capillary. Plants large, usually in conspicuous mats.

6. Ptilidium. Leaves palmatifid with ciliate margins.

7. Trichocolea. Leaves setaceously multifid.

[+][+] Leaves 3--4-cleft or parted; plants small, mostly inconspicuous.

10. Lepidozia. Leaf-divisions two cells wide or more.

11. Blepharostoma. Leaf-divisions only one cell wide.

[*][*][*] Leaves entire, emarginate, or 2--3-toothed or -lobed.

[+] Leaves closely imbricate on short julaceous stems.

27. Gymnomitrium. Involucre double, the inner shorter.

[+][+] Leaves deeply bilobed.

8. Herberta. Underleaves large. Perianth fusiform on an elongated branch.

12. Cephalozia. Underleaves mostly wanting; perianth mostly triangular on a short branch.

[+][+][+] Leaves incubous, mostly plane or depressed.

9. Bazzania. Leaves mostly 2--3-toothed. Perianth fusiform on a short branch.

14. Kantia. Leaves mostly entire. Perianth fleshy, pendulous, subterranean.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves succubous or transverse.

[++] Underleaves entire or nearly so.

13. Odontoschisma. Involucral leaves numerous, small, incised, those of the stem rounded or retuse.

21. Mylia. Involucral leaves 2, connate at base. Large.

22. Harpanthus. Involucral leaves few, smaller than the semi-vertical emarginate stem-leaves. Small.

24. Jungermannia. Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire or bidentate stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large.

[++][++] Underleaves 2--4-cleft, -parted, or -divided.

17. Geocalyx. Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft.

18. Lophocolea. Fruit terminal on the main stem or a primary branch. Involucral leaves distinct.

19. Chiloscyphus. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves distinct. (See also Jungermannia.)

[++][++][++] Underleaves mostly wanting.

[a.] Leaves entire or barely retuse.

23. Liochlæna. Involucral leaves distinct, like those of the stem; perianth truncate-depressed at the apex.

26. Nardia. Involucral leaves connate at base and adnate to the perianth.

[b.] Leaves bidentate or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed.

12. Cephalozia. Branches all from beneath. Perianth on a short branch, mostly trigonal with the odd angle beneath.

24. Jungermannia. Simple or branching laterally. Perianth terminal, mostly laterally compressed.

[c.] Leaves mostly spinulose or dentate.

20. Plagiochila. Involucral leaves large; perianth laterally compressed.

§ 2. Plant-body pseudo-foliaceous with succubous leaf-like lobes.

28. Fossombronia. Perianth large, campanulate.

§ 3. Plant-body a thallus.

[*] Thallus with a distinct costa.

29. Pallavicinia. Thallus 3--6´´ wide, mostly simple, the margins sinuate or undulate. Perianth tubular, at length dorsal.

30. Blasia. Thallus 3--6´´ wide, lobed, dichotomous, or radiate, the margins pinnatifid-sinuate.

32. Metzgeria. Thallus narrow (1--2´´), ciliate at the margins or on one or both sides.

[*][*] Thallus with an inconspicuous costa or none.

33. Aneura. Thallus rather narrow, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed. Sporogonium rising from the under side near the margin.

31. Pellia. Thallus wider, mostly simple or forked. Sporogonium rising from the upper surface.

1. FRULLÀNIA, Raddi. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, the lower lobe usually inflated, helmet- or club-shaped; underleaves bifid, rarely entire, with basal rootlets. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal on the branches. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, larger than the stem-leaves; perianth 3--4-angled, mucronate. Calyptra pyriform, fleshy. Capsule globose, the lower third solid. Elaters truncate at each end, unispiral, adherent to the valves. Spores large, reddish, minutely muricate. Antheridia most often on a short branch, globose-oblong or cylindric. Archegonia 2--4, long-styled. (Named for Leonardo Frullani, an Italian Minister of State.)

§ 1. TRACHYCÓLEA. Perianth triangular in section, rough with tubercles or scales, or villous; lower leaf-lobe helmet-shaped, truncate at base.

[*] Lower leaf-lobe about three fourths the size of the upper.

1. F. Oakesiàna, Aust. Stems widely branching; fertile branches short; leaves obliquely orbicular, loosely imbricate, the lower lobe rotund, contiguous to the stem; underleaves ovate-rotund or subobovate, little wider than the stem, bifid; involucral leaves more or less connate, equally bilobed, the lobes entire, obtuse; perianth small, subobovate-pyriform, smooth or 1--7-nerved or alate both sides.--White Mts., on stunted spruce and birch trees.

[*][*] Lower leaf-lobe much smaller than the upper.

[+] Underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, ovate, bifid, the divisions entire, acute; perianth 1-carinate or smooth, except in n. 2; stems creeping.

2. F. Virgínica, Lehm. Stems short, irregularly branching; leaves crowded, ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the lower lobes sometimes expanded into a lanceolate lamina; underleaves round-ovate, bifid, twice the width of the stem; perianth compressed-pyriform, tuberculate, 2--4-carinate dorsally, 4-carinate ventrally.--On bark of trees, rarely on rocks; common.

3. F. Eboracénsis, Lehm. Branches clustered; leaves loose, imbricate on the branches, round-ovate, entire; perianth pyriform, slightly compressed and repand, smooth, obscurely carinate beneath and gibbous toward the apex. (F. saxatilis, Lindenb.)--On trees and rocks; common northward.

4. F. Pennsylvánica, Steph. Stems dichotomous; leaves imbricate, flat, ovate, mucronate or rarely obtuse, entire; lower lobe marginal, large, round-cucullate; underleaves broadly ovate, deeply parted, the divisions long-acuminate; diœcious; antheridial spikes on short lateral branches, elongated; lobes of the involucral leaves acuminate, much narrowed at base, and the large underleaves carinate-concave, deeply parted, their apiculate divisions entire or toothed.--Shaded rocks, Stony Creek, Carbon Co., Penn. (Rau). Known only from the original description.

5. F. saxícola, Aust. Stems numerous, widely branching; leaves orbicular, scarcely oblique, flat; lower lobe near the stem, small, or rarely larger and round-galeate; underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, subovate, bifid; perianth broadly oblong, bowl-shaped with very short mouth, papillose, abruptly broad-carinate beneath, 1--many-nerved each side of the keel, 2-angled.--Sloping dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J. (Austin).

[+][+] Underleaves 2--3 times wider than the stem, round or subquadrate, bifid, the divisions blunt or truncate.

[++] Leaves lax, rather distant; lower lobe mostly expanded, ovate-lanceolate.

6. F. æolòtis, Nees. Procumbent, irregularly branched or subpinnate; leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose, obliquely cordate, the lower lobe expanded; underleaves ovate, acutely bifid, the upper margin angular-dentate or entire; sporogonium unknown.--On trees and rocks, chiefly in mountain regions.

[++][++] Leaves close-imbricate; lower lobe galeate, seldom expanded except on terminal leaves.

7. F. squarròsa, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short fertile branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower lobe obovate-cucullate or galeate, subappressed; underleaves cordate or rounded, sinuate-subdentate, slightly bifid; perianth oblong, triquetrous, convex dorsally, strongly keeled ventrally.--On rocks and trees, N. Y. to Ohio, and southward; rather common.

8. F. plàna, Sulliv. Procumbent, widely branching or subpinnate; leaves orbicular, subimbricate; lower lobe very small, as broad as long, close to the stem; underleaves rather large, flat, rounded, slightly bifid; monœcious; perianth oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally sulcate, acutely keeled ventrally; antheridial spikes globose.--Shaded rocks, N. Y. and N. J. to E. Tenn.

9. F. dilatàta, Nees. Loosely and widely pinnate; leaves round, entire, opaque; lower lobe subrounded, cucullate, close to the stem; underleaves subquadrate, toothed at the anterior angles; involucral leaves with 2 or 3 entire lobes; perianth tuberculate, retuse.--Rocks and trunks of trees; rather common. (Eu.)

§ 2. THYOPSIÉLLA. Perianth smooth; leaves semicordate at base (marked by a central moniliform row of cells, or sometimes in n. 12 by a few scattered large cells); lower lobe near the stem (except in n. 11), cylindric-saccate, mostly erect; underleaves round-oval, the margin entire, recurved; diœcious.

[*] Leaves orbicular.

10. F. Asagrayàna, Mont. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, simply pinnate; leaves concave, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe oblong-clavate, emarginate at base; underleaves oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus obtuse; involucral leaves unequally 2-cleft, the dorsal segment oblong, pointed, nearly entire, the ventral subulate; perianth pyriform, 3-sided, obtusely keeled beneath. (F. Grayana of authors.)--Rocks and bark of coniferous trees; frequent.

11. F. Tamarísci, Nees. Bipinnately branching, somewhat rigid; leaves obtuse, mucronately acute or subacuminate, decurved, entire; lower lobe distant from the stem, oval or oblong; underleaves quadrate-ovate or obovate, emarginate, the margin revolute; involucral leaves bifid, serrulate; perianth oblong, sulcate dorsally, obtusely keeled ventrally.--N. Eng. and southward; rare. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves oblong from a narrowed base.

12. F. fragilifòlia, Tayl. Procumbent, subpinnate, the alternate flattened branches subremote; leaves subimbricate, ascending, recurved, entire; lower lobe oblong-galeate; underleaves round-obovate, flat, appressed, bifid, the margins entire or angled; perianth obovate-cordate, concave dorsally, keeled ventrally; involucral leaves subequally lobed, obtusely few-toothed. (F. polysticta, Mont. F. Sullivantiæ, Aust.)--On trees in a cedar swamp, Urbana, Ohio (Sullivant). (Eu.)

2. JÙBULA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)

Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary one at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra turnip-shaped, abruptly globose above. Monœcious, with 2 antheridia in each leaf of a spike-like branch, and the archegonia mostly solitary. (Name from juba, a mane, alluding to the persistent elaters.)

1. J. Hutchínsiæ, Dumort., var. Sullivántii, Spruce. Subdichotomously branching; leaves dark olive-green, subimbricate, obliquely ovate, acute, entire or subrepand; lower lobe saccate, rather remote from the stem, not spurred as in the European form; underleaves roundish, serrate or entire; involucral leaves bifid, serrate; perianth triangular-obpyriform. (Frullania Hutchinsiæ, Nees, in part.)--Wet rocks, N. Eng. to S. C.; more common in the mountains.

3. LEJEÙNEA, Libert. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves decurrent at the folds, the lower lobe incurved and ventricose; underleaves usually present, entire or bifid. Archegonium with a slender persistent style, solitary on a usually very short branch; the perianth free from the involucral leaves, oval or oblong, terete or angular, variously carinate, cristate, or ciliate. Capsule globose, 4-cleft to the middle, the valves recurved. Spores large (40--50 µ broad), globose or oblong, tuberculate. Antheridia at the base of ordinary leaves or in the axils of the leaves of a spike-like branch.--Otherwise as Frullania. (Named for A.-L.-S. Lejeune, a French botanist.)

[*] Underleaves entire.

1. L. clypeàta, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Stems procumbent, somewhat pinnately branched, ¾--1´ long; leaves whitish-green, round-ovate, cellular-crenulate, deflexed; lower lobe flat, oblong-quadrate; underleaves round-quadrate; monœcious; involucral leaves larger than those of the stem, the perianth round-obovate, 2--3-carinate dorsally, 1-carinate ventrally, the keels rough. (L. calyculata, Tayl.)--On rocks and trees; common south and westward.

[*][*] Underleaves bifid; leaves entire.

2. L. serpyllifòlia, Libert, var. Americàna, Lindb. Stems long, somewhat branching, pale, pellucid and fragile; leaves rather remote, flat, opening from a basilar sac, scarcely decurved, obliquely roundish-ovate, obtuse, often slightly repand; underleaves about half as large, round-oval with a broad obtuse sinus and acute lobes; monœcious; the obovate-clavate perianth on a lateral branch. (L. cavifolia, Aust.)--On cedars, etc., Catskill Mts. (Cleve), Belleville, Ont. (Macoun), and southward; rather common.

3. L. lùcens, Tayl. Whitish, filiform, pinnately branched; leaves remote, rarely subimbricate, obliquely ovate-triangular, rounded or obtuse, semi-cordate at base; lower lobe ovoid, acute or apiculate; underleaves ½ as large as the lateral, round-oval, deeply bifid, the lobes broad-subulate; diœcious; involucral leaves rather longer, with lanceolate lobes; perianth scarcely emersed, broadly pyriform, 5-carinate. (L. cucullata, Sulliv.; not Nees.)--Near Cincinnati; moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. and southward (Sullivant). Minute and flaccid.

[*][*][*] Underleaves obsolete; leaves muriculate-denticulate.

4. L. calcàrea, Libert. Very minute; stems slender, loosely branching; leaves ovate, falcate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at base; monœcious; involucral leaves bifid, the divisions entire; perianth on a very short lateral branch, pyriform-clavate, acutely 5-angled, the margin echinate-muriculate. (L. echinata, Tayl.)--On rocks and roots of trees; rather common. (Eu.)

4. RÁDULA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, complicate-bilobed, incubous; lower lobe small, bearing root-hairs; underleaves none. Diœcious, rarely monœcious. Fruit usually terminal. Involucral leaves 2, slightly smaller than the cauline, 2-lobed; perianth tubular, compressed or nearly terete, truncate, entire or crenate. Calyptra pyriform, persistent. Capsule oval-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores large, globose, minutely tuberculate. Antheridia in the ventricose bases of spicate leaves. (Radula, a scraper or spatula, in allusion to the form of the perianth.)

[*] Lower lobe subquadrate, barely incumbent on the stem.

1. R. complanàta, Dumort. Creeping, widely subpinnately branching; leaves imbricate, spreading, rounded, the lower lobe obtuse or acute; monœcious; perianth obconic, compressed, the mouth entire, truncate; antheridia in the bases of 2--3 pairs of strongly imbricate tumid leaves.--On rocks and roots of trees; common. (Eu.)

2. R. obcónica, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Smaller, indeterminately branched; leaves somewhat remote, round-obovate, convex; monœcious; perianth clavate-obconic, obliquely truncate; antheridia axillary on short lateral branches rising near the terminal involucre.--On trees in cedar swamps, N. J. to Ohio.

[*][*] Lower lobe small, rounded, more or less transversely adnate.

3. R. tènax, Lindb. Stems brownish-green, rigid, tenacious; leaves remote, scarcely decurrent, obliquely elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells round and strongly chlorophyllose; diœcious; the antheridial spike lateral below the keel of a leaf, long, linear, somewhat obtuse. (R. pallens, Sulliv.; not Gottsche.)--On rotten trunks, in the Catskill Mts., and southward, especially in the mountains.

5. PORÉLLA, Dill. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, incubous, complicate-bilobed; lower lobe ligulate, suberect; underleaves similar, decurrent at base, the apex entire. Diœcious. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves usually 4, 2-lobed, the margin ciliate or denticulate; perianth somewhat oval, compressed, bilabiate, incised or entire. Calyptra globose, persistent. Capsule globose, reddish, short-stalked. Elaters very numerous, 2--3-spiral, free. Spores large, rough. Antheridia solitary in the saccate bases of leaves, crowded in short spikes. (Name a diminutive of porus, an opening.)

[*] Leaves more or less remote; stems bipinnate.

1. P. pinnàta, L. Stems irregularly pinnate, fastigiate at the ends; leaves scarcely incubous, ovate-oblong, the rounded apex sometimes slightly decurved; lower lobe minute, flat, oblong, obtuse, as long but not half as wide as the flat, entire, ovate-rectangular, scarcely decurrent underleaves. (Madotheca Porella, Nees.)--On rocks and trees subject to inundation; common. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves mostly closely imbricate; stems mostly simply pinnate (or bipinnate in n. 2).

2. P. platyphýlla, Lindb. (Pl. 24.) Yellowish or fuscous-green; stems irregularly pinnate, often fastigiate at the ends; leaves obliquely ovate, more or less concave at base and the rounded upper margin curved upward and undulate, mostly entire; lower lobe obliquely ovate, the margin strongly recurved, with an acute tooth at base; underleaves semicircular, with strongly reflexed margins. (Madotheca platyphylla, Dumort.)--On rocks and trees; common eastward. (Eu.)

3. P. Thùja, Lindb. Fuscous-green or blackish, somewhat regularly pinnate; leaves convex, closely appressed, obliquely round-ovate, the rounded apex decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe oblong, obtuse, with an acute tooth at base, longer but narrower than the quadrate underleaves, both with strongly recurved sparsely denticulate margins. (Madotheca Thuja, Dumort.)--On rocks and trees; more common westward. (Eu.)

4. P. dentàta, Lindb. Mostly fuscous-green, irregularly pinnate or subdichotomous; leaves more remote on the branches, obliquely round-ovate, the rounded summit slightly decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe decurrent, twisted, obliquely ovate, acute, with recurved undulate denticulate margin and a large acute tooth at base; underleaves twice as wide as the lower lobes, quadrate-oval, the undulate reflexed margin dentate, especially near the base. (Madotheca rivularis, Nees.)--Shaded rocks, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Sullivant). (Eu.)

5. P. Sullivántii, Underw. Stems strongly decurved at the ends in drying; leaves suberect, the straight ventral margin strongly involute toward the apex; cells large, punctate-stelliform; perianth broadly keeled beneath, the keel 2-angled. (Madotheca Sullivantii, Aust.)--Alleghany Mts. (Sullivant); rare.

6. PTILÍDIUM, Nees. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, each lobe divided and lacerately ciliate; underleaves 4--5-lobed, ciliate. Diœcious. Fruit terminating short branches. Involucral leaves 2--4, 4-cleft; perianth terete, obovate, the mouth connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform, coriaceous. Capsule ovate. Spores globose. Antheridia in the base of closely imbricated leaves. (Name a diminutive of πτίλον, a feather, from the fringed foliage.)

1. P. ciliàre, Nees. Stems crowded, subpinnate; fringes of the foliage long-setaceous. (Blepharozia ciliaris, Dumort.)--On rotten logs and stumps; common. (Eu.)

7. TRICHOCÓLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves succubous, 4--5-divided, and with the underleaves setaceously fringed. Diœcious. Fruit terminal, or axillary from the growth of innovations. Involucral leaves coalescent into an oblong truncate hairy tube, blended in our species with the calyptra; perianth none. Capsule oblong, its pedicel bulbous at base. Elaters free. Antheridia large, in the axils of leaves on terminal branches. (Name from θρίξ, hair, and κολεός, a sheath, from the hairy involucre.)

1. T. tomentélla, Dumort. Stems pinnately decompound, densely tufted, glaucous, 2--6´ long; leaves nearly uniform; underleaves subquadrate, as wide as the stem.--Among mosses in swamps; common. (Eu.)

T. BIDDLECÒMIÆ, Aust., very imperfectly described from specimens collected in Urbana, Ohio, is said to be simply and rather distantly pinnate.

8. HERBÉRTA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, incubous or nearly transverse, narrow, 3-ranked, the underleaves being scarcely smaller, cleft to or below the middle, the lobes acute. Diœcious. Fruit terminal on a long branch. Involucral leaves numerous, equitant; perianth ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, 3-angled, deeply 6--8-lobed. Calyptra small, obovate, deeply trifid. Capsule large, globose. Elaters free. Spores large, muriculate. Antheridia in the bases of leaves of a short terminal spike. (Named for William Herbert, an English botanist.)

1. H. adúnca, S. F. Gray. Stems long and slender, erect, brownish, nearly simple; leaves and underleaves almost alike, curved and one-sided, the lobes lanceolate. (Sendtnera juniperina, Sulliv.; not Nees.)--On rocks, Greenwood Mts., N. J., Catskill Mts., N. Y., and probably northward. (Eu.)

9. BAZZÀNIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves incubous, oblique, decurved, mostly truncate-tridentate; underleaves wider than the stem, mostly 3--4-toothed or crenate. Diœcious. Fruit on a short branch from the axil of an underleaf. Involucral leaves much imbricate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled. Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule oblong. Antheridial spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for M. Bazzani, an Italian Professor of Anatomy.)

1. B. trilobàta, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, dichotomous, proliferous; leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleaves roundish-quadrangular, spreading, 4--6-toothed above; perianth curved, cylindric, plicate at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees. M. tridenticulatum, Lindenb.)--Ravines, wet woods and swamps; common and variable. (Eu.)

2. B. defléxa, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper margin arcuate, the narrow apex 2--3-toothed or entire; underleaves roundish-quadrate, the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth cylindric, arcuate, plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum deflexum, Nees.)--On rocks in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.)

10. LEPIDÒZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2--4-cleft or -parted; underleaves similar, often smaller. Diœcious or rarely monœcious. Fruit terminal on short branches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves small, appressed, concave, 2--4-cleft; perianth elongated, ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, obtusely triangular above, entire or denticulate. Calyptra included, pyriform or oblong. Capsule oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Antheridia large, pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves. (Name from λεπίς, a scale, and ὄζος, a shoot, for the scale-like foliage.)

1. L. réptans, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, pinnately compound, the branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3--4-cleft; involucral leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed; perianth incurved, dentate.--On the ground and rotten wood, N. J., and common northward. (Eu.)

2. L. setàcea, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2--3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleaves similar; perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, Web.)--On the ground and rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller and brownish. (Eu.)

11. BLEPHARÓSTOMA, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3--4-parted, the divisions capillary; underleaves smaller, mostly 2--3-parted. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate, deeply 4-cleft; perianth exserted, pyriform-cylindric, laciniate. Calyptra short, oblong, bilabiate. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Elaters large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth. Antheridia solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from βλέφαρον, an eyelid, and στόμα, mouth, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the perianth.)

1. B. trichophýllum, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-divisions straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, L.)--On the ground and rotten wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.)

12. CEPHALÒZIA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or subincurved; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting branches. Branches from the under side of the stem. Monœcious or diœcious. Involucral leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually 2-lobed; perianth long, triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth variously dentate. Calyptra small. Capsule somewhat oblong. Elaters free. Spores minute. Antheridia in the base of inflated spicate leaves. (Name from κεφαλή, head, and ὄζος, bud, for the capitate involucre.)

§ 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate; leaf-cells large (mostly 25--50 µ broad); plants mostly medium-sized.

[*] Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches.

1. C. Virginiàna, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale; leaves small, obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells quadrate-hexagonal, opaque; diœcious, rarely monœcious; involucral leaves round-quadrate, with slender acuminate lobes; perianth large, widest above the middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large, long-exserted; antheridial spike long. (C. catenulata of authors; not Huebn.)--On rotten wood or swampy ground, N. Eng. to Va., and southward.

2. C. multiflòra, Spruce. (Pl. 23.) Often subpinnate, without runners, pale green; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length; cells quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; diœcious; inner involucral leaves 3--4 times as long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform, 3-plaited when young, triangular only above when mature, ciliate or toothed, fleshy; calyptra fleshy, oval-globose; capsule rather short-pedicelled; spores cinnamon-color.--On the ground and rotten wood; common. (Eu.)

3. C. pléniceps, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely cespitose, pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, subclasping but not decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length, the acute lobes incurved and strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong, palmately 2--4-cleft, the ventral like the underleaves; perianth large, oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the plicate mouth denticulate. (Jungermannia pleniceps, Aust.)--Among Sphagnum in the White Mts. (Oakes).

4. C. bicuspidàta, Dumort. Prostrate or assurgent, cespitose, usually greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the upper larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes ovate-lanceolate and acute, the lower lobe narrower and acuminate; cells large, pellucid; monœcious; involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the innermost nearly three times as long as the outer, cleft ½ their length; perianth four times as long as the leaves, linear-prismatic or fusiform, thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-oblong; spores purple. (Jungermannia bicuspidata, L.)--On the ground, mountains of N. Eng., N. Y., and N. J. (Eu.)

5. C. curvifòlia, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners, greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending, obovate, concave, semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle, the lobes incurved or hooked; cells small, quadrate; monœcious or diœcious; involucral leaves complicate, the lobes subovate, spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-purple, triquetrous, the wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-globose. (Jungermannia curvifolia, Dicks.)--On rotten logs in swamps, etc.; common. (Eu.)

[*][*] Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate.

6. C. flùitans, Spruce. Stems 2--3´ long, loosely creeping, with short thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the lower lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal; underleaves linear, appressed; diœcious; involucral leaves cleft to the middle; perianth oval-cylindric, nearly entire; calyptra short, pyriform; capsule oblong; spores small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia globose, pedicelled, solitary in the axils.--In bogs, on mosses or partly floating; rare. (Eu.)

§ 2. CEPHALOZIÉLLA. Perianth 3--6-angled; leaf-cells small (14--20 µ broad); plants small, often minute; underleaves present in n. 9.

7. C. divaricàta, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners; leaves very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute; cells pellucid or subopaque; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute, denticulate; perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic, denticulate or subentire; capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted. (Jungermannia divaricata, Smith.)--Dry rocks and sand, pine barrens of N. J., and northward. (Eu.)

8. C. Macoùnii, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or lunate sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate, somewhat pellucid; diœcious; involucral leaves appressed, 2--3-lobed, irregularly spinulose; perianth small, whitish, obovate or ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setulose or ciliate.--Rotten logs, mountains of N. Eng., and northward (Austin, Macoun).

9. C. Sullivántii, Aust. Stems 3--6´´ long, fleshy, rootlets numerous; fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower than the stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and lobes subacute; diœcious; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth broadly oval or subobovate, obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex slightly plicate, the mouth connivent, dentate, sometimes narrowly scarious; capsule oval.--On rotten wood, N. J., Ohio, and Ill.; rare. Our smallest species.

13. ODONTOSCHÍSMA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate; underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Diœcious or sometimes monœcious. Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3--4-cleft; perianth large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra membranous. Capsule cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes on the under side of the stem. (Name from ὀδούς, a tooth, and σχίσμα, a cleft, alluding to the perianth.)

1. O. Sphágni, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Leaves spreading or ascending, ovate, rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly wanting; perianth 3--6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, laciniate or ciliate. (Sphagnœcetis communis, Nees.)--Among mosses, N. J. to Ill., and southward. (Eu.)

2. O. denudàta, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at base, flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire; underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth close-connivent above, at length bursting irregularly.--On rotten wood, Canada to Ohio, and south along the mountains. (Eu.)

14. KÁNTIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves small, roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Diœcious or monœcious. Involucre pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric, fleshy, hairy, attached to the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the valves spirally twisted. Spores minute, roughish. Antheridia solitary in the reduced leaves of short lateral branches. (Name from J. Kant, a physician at The Hague.)

1. K. Trichómanis, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, without ventral runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate, obtuse. (Calypogeia Trichomanis, Corda.)--On the ground and rotten logs; very common. (Eu.)--Var. RIVULÀRIS, Aust. Leaves dusky green or blackish, more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (Austin.)--Var. TÉNUIS, Aust. Very slender, innovate-branching; leaves smaller, especially above, dimidiate-ovate or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern N. J. (Austin).

2. K. Sullivántii, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves flat, subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform; underleaves minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed, the primary lobes round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or subulate. (Calypogeia Sullivantii, Aust.)--Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (Austin).

15. SCAPÀNIA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous; margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Diœcious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed; perianth obovate, dorsally compressed, bilabiate, the mouth truncate, entire or toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to the middle of the valves. Antheridia 3--20, in the axils of small saccate leaves, which are scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal heads. (Name from σκαπάνιον, a shovel, from the form of the perianth.)

[*] Leaf-lobes somewhat equal.

1. S. subalpìna, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin; perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow base, denticulate.--Mountains of N. Eng. (Oakes, Austin); L. Superior (Gillman, Macoun). (Eu.)

2. S. glaucocéphala, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or ascending, subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate, entire, mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes denticulate; perianth small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia glaucocephala, Tayl.; S. Peckii, Aust.)--On rotten wood, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Canada.

[*][*] Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the summit.

[+] Leaves broader than long; upper lobes rounded or blunt.

3. S. undulàta, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Ascending or erect, slightly branched; leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes round-trapezoidal, equal at the summit of the stem; perianth oblong-incurved, nearly entire, twice as long as the outer involucre.--In woods, damp meadows, and rills; common, especially in mountain districts.--Var. PURPÙREA, Nees; a form with long lax stems and rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Eu.)

4. S. irrígua, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper convex with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta, var. irrigua, Aust.)--Wet places, N. J., Catskill Mts., mountains of N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)

[+][+] Leaves longer than broad; upper lobes more or less acute.

5. S. nemoròsa, Dumort. Rather stout, flexuose, creeping at base; leaves rather distant, decurrent on both sides, ciliate-dentate, the lower lobe obovate, obtuse, slightly convex, the upper cordate, acute, concave; perianth densely ciliate; capsule large, roundish-ovate, reddish-brown. (S. breviflora, Tayl.)--On rocks, etc., in swamps and rills; common and variable. (Eu.)

6. S. Oakèsii, Aust. Leaves obovate, somewhat spreading, often deflexed, closely complicate, convex, the lower lobe coarsely dentate, and with deep purple spur-like teeth on the keel, the upper roundish and less dentate; perianth usually dentate.--White Mts. (Oakes, Austin).

[*][*][*] Lower lobes 3--4 times the size of the upper.

7. S. exsécta, Aust. Ascending; leaves subcomplicate, entire, the lower lobe ovate, acute or bidentate, concave, the upper small and tooth-like; involucral leaves 3--5-cleft; perianth oblong, obtuse, plicate. (Jungermannia exsecta, Schmidel.)--High mountains, far northward; rare.--Perhaps better retained in Jungermannia. (Eu.)

8. S. umbròsa, Dumort. Stems short, decumbent, slightly branched; leaf-lobes ovate, acute, serrate; perianth incurved, naked at the mouth.--White Mts.; rare.--The tips of the shoots are frequently covered with a dark mass of gemmæ. (Eu.)

16. DIPLOPHÝLLUM, Dumort. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves rather narrow, complicate-bilobed, the lobes subequal or the upper smaller, the lower succubous; underleaves none. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves few. Perianth cylindrical, scarcely or not at all compressed, pluriplicate, denticulate. (Name from διπλός, double, and φύλλον, leaf, on account of the folded 2-lobed leaves.)

1. D. álbicans, Dumort., var. taxifòlium, Nees. Stems ascending, almost rootless; leaves closely folded, subdenticulate, with a rudimentary pellucid line near the base or none, the lobes obtuse or acutish, the lower oblong-scymitar-shaped, the upper smaller, subovate; perianth ovate, plicate. (Jungermannia albicans and J. obtusifolia of Sulliv.; not of L. and Hook.)--Under rocks in mountain ravines and on the ground. (Eu.)--The typical form occurs in N. Scotia, distinguished by a broad pellucid median line in both lobes.

17. GEÓCALYX, Nees. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft, with linear divisions. Fruit lateral, pendent. Involucre simple, fleshy, saccate, oblong, truncate, attached to the stem by one side of the mouth. Calyptra membranous, partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters free. Antheridia in the axils of small leaves on spike-like lateral branches. (Name from γέα, the earth, and κάλυξ, a cup, from the subterranean involucres.)

1. G. gravèolens, Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed, light green; underleaves oval-lanceolate, cleft to the middle.--On the ground, and rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.)

18. LOPHOCÓLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, obliquely ovate-oblong, broadly truncate or bidentate; underleaves smaller, more or less quadrate, bifid or with 4--8 capillary lobes. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal on the main stem or primary branches. Involucral leaves 2--4, large, often spinulose; perianth triangular-prismatic, 3-lobed, ciliate or laciniate. Calyptra short, obovate, at length lacerate above. Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia mostly solitary in or near the base of ordinary leaves. (Name from λόφος, a crest, and κολεός, a sheath, from the crested perianth.)

[*] Underleaves mostly bifid (or 3--4-cleft in n. 1); divisions mostly entire.

1. L. bidentàta, Dumort. Stems 1--2´ long, procumbent, sparsely branching; leaves pale green, ovate-triangular, acutely 2-toothed, the teeth oblique with a lunulate sinus; monœcious; perianth oblong-triangular, lacinate; antheridia 2--3 in a cluster, axillary.--On rocks in shady rills; not common. (Eu.)

2. L. Austìni, Lindb. Creeping; leaves uniformly deeply lobed, the lobes and usually the sinus acute; underleaves comparatively small, the lobes subulate; cells small; monœcious; antheridia solitary in the upper axils. (L. minor, Aust.; not Nees.)--On roots of trees in woods (Austin). Imperfectly known.

3. L. Macoùnii, Aust. Stems very short, prostrate, ascending at the apex, densely radiculose; leaves suberect, ovate-subquadrate, 2-lobed with obtuse lobes and sinus, or retuse or often entire; underleaves light pink, deeply bifid, the setaceous lobes spreading-incurved; monœcious; involucral leaves somewhat oblong, repandly 2--4-toothed at the apex; perianth subobovate, slightly angled.--On logs, Little Falls, N. Y. (Austin); Ont. (Macoun).

4. L. mìnor, Nees. Diffusely branching; leaves pale green, oval-subquadrate, expanded, convex, slightly rigid, equally and acutely bifid with a lunate sinus; underleaves {1/3} as large, deeply bifid, the lanceolate lobes acuminate; diœcious; involucral leaves like the cauline; perianth obtusely triangular-plicate at the apex. (L. crocata, Aust.; not Nees.)--On the ground and dry rocks in limestone regions (Austin). (Eu.)

[*][*] Divisions of the underleaves more or less dentate.

5. L. heterophýlla, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Stems short, creeping or ascending, much branched; leaves ovate-subquadrate, entire, retuse and bidentate on the same stem; underleaves large, 2--3-cleft; involucral leaves lobed and dentate; perianth terminal, the mouth crested.--On the ground and rotten logs in woods and swamps; very common. (Eu.)

6. L. Hàllii, Aust. Creeping, very slightly rooting; leaves subvertical, oblong, cleft nearly to the middle with obtuse sinus and erect mostly obtuse lobes; lower underleaves small, subequally 2-parted with an obtuse sinus, the upper ones larger, with a single tooth on each side or palmately 3--4-parted, the apical sublanceolate and narrowly bifid.--On the ground, Ill. (Hall).

19. CHILOSCỲPHUS, Corda. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, mostly rounded and entire; underleaves rooting at the base, usually deeply 2-cleft. Fruit terminal on a very short lateral branch. Involucral leaves 2--6, the outer smaller, the inner variously cut; perianth small, obconic or campanulate, 3-angled and 3-lobed only at the apex, the lobes usually spinose. Calyptra fleshy, subglobose or clavate. Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia in the saccate bases of stem-leaves. (Name from χεῖλος, a lip, and σκύφος, a bowl, from the form of the perianth.)

[*] Underleaves 4-parted.

1. C. ascéndens, Hook. & Wils. (Pl. 23.) Prostrate; leaves large, pale green, ascending, roundish-oblong, slightly emarginate; involucral leaves two, 2-cleft; perianth 2--3-lobed, the lobes long and irregularly lacerate-toothed.--On rotten logs; rather common.

[*][*] Underleaves bifid.

2. C. palléscens, Dumort. Procumbent, creeping; leaves flattened, ovate-subquadrate, obtuse or retuse; underleaves ovate, distant, free; involucral leaves two, 2-toothed; perianth deeply trifid, the lobes spinose-dentate, mostly shorter than the conspicuous calyptra.--Mountains of N. Eng. (Oakes).

3. C. polyánthos, Corda. Procumbent, creeping; leaves subascending, ovate-subquadrate, truncate or subretuse; underleaves ovate-oblong, distant, free; involucral leaves 2, slightly 2-toothed; perianth 3-lobed, the short lobes nearly entire, shorter than the calyptra.--Var. RIVULÀRIS, Nees. Larger, more branching, succulent; leaves mostly rounded above; underleaves often divided in halves or wanting.--On the ground among mosses or on rotten logs, common; the variety in shaded rills or still ponds. (Eu.)

20. PLAGIOCHÌLA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, succubous, rounded or truncate above, dentate or spinose or rarely entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; underleaves usually none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal, or axillary by the growth of offshoots. Involucral leaves larger than the cauline; perianth laterally compressed, erect or decurved, obliquely truncate and bilabiate, the lobes entire or ciliate-dentate. Capsule thick, oval. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Antheridia oval, 2--3 in the axils of spicate leaves. (Name from πλάγιος, oblique, and χεῖλος, lip, from the form of the perianth.)

[*] Underleaves 2--3-cleft, fugacious.

1. P. porelloìdes, Lindenb. Branches ascending; leaves subimbricate, convex-gibbous, round-obovate, the uppermost repand-denticulate, the rest entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth terminal, oblong-ovate, the mouth compressed, denticulate.--Among mosses in swamps and river-bottoms; common.

2. P. interrúpta, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Prostrate, horizontally branched, copiously rooting; leaves imbricate, horizontal, oval, entire or slightly repand; underleaves lanceolate; perianth terminal, broadly obconic, the mouth compressed, repand-crenulate. (P. macrostoma, Sulliv.)--Moist banks and decayed logs, N. Eng., Ohio, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Underleaves wanting.

3. P. spinulòsa, Dumort. Creeping, branches ascending; leaves remote, obliquely spreading, obovate-cuneate, the dorsal margin reflexed, entire, the ventral and apex spinulose-toothed; perianth rounded, at length oblong, the mouth spinulose.--Shaded rocks in mountain regions; rare. (Eu.)

4. P. asplenoìdes, Dumort. Branched, creeping or ascending; leaves subimbricate, obliquely spreading, round-obovate, entire or denticulate, the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, oblong, dilated at the truncate or ciliate apex.--In rocky rivulets; common. (Eu.)

21. MÝLIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, circular, or ovate and pointed; underleaves subulate. Diœcious. Fruit terminal or pseudaxillary. Involucral leaves 2, clasping; perianth ovate-oblong, laterally compressed above a subterete base, the apex at length bilabiate, denticulate. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Elaters free. Antheridia 2 in the axils of bracts clustered near the apex of distinct branches. (Name from Mylius, an early botanist.)

1. M. Taylòri, S. F. Gray. Stems erect, nearly simple, radiculose; leaves large, convex, orbicular, entire, purplish; cells large; underleaves lance-subulate, entire or subdentate; perianth terminal, oval; calyptra finally long-exserted. (Jungermannia Taylori, Hook.)--Wet rocks, high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y. (Eu.)

22. HARPÁNTHUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base. Diœcious. Fruit on short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally sublateral. Involucral leaves 2 or 4. Perianth terete, the lower half thickened. Calyptra fleshy, confluent with the perianth for {2/3} its length. Capsule oval. Antheridia 1 or 2 in the axils of bracts terminal on slender branches. (Name from ἅρπη a sickle, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. H. scutàtus, Spruce. Stems filiform, decumbent, usually simple; leaves smaller at the base and apex of the stems, roundish-ovate, concave, sharply bidentate, the apex lunate or acute; underleaves large, acuminate, involucral leaves two, 2--3-cleft, the upper adnate to the perianth; perianth ovate, becoming obovate, obscurely 3--4-plicate, splitting above on one side; capsule deep brown. (Jungermannia scutata, Weber.)--On rotten logs in damp places; common. (Eu.)

H. FLOTOVIÀNUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Stems flexuous, procumbent, mostly unbranched; leaves ovate-orbicular, horizontal, the apex contracted and emarginate with a shallow sinus; underleaves large, ovate or lanceolate, obliquely inserted, entire or more often toothed on one or both sides near the middle; diœcious; perianth subcylindric, slightly sickle-shaped, the mouth pointed at first, notched on one side and finally crenulate; antheridia elliptic, single in the base of swollen leaves. (Pleuranthe olivacea, Tayl.)--"North America" (Drummond), but not collected recently; certainly extralimital.

23. LIOCHLÆ̀NA, Nees. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves succubous, ovate-oblong, entire or slightly retuse; underleaves none. Diœcious or monœcious. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, like the cauline; perianth pyriform, becoming cylindric, incurved, abruptly rounded at the summit, the minute orifice prominently ciliolate. Capsule oblong, long-exserted. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Spores minute, globose. Antheridia in the axils of ordinary leaves. Archegonia 5--12. (Name from ληῖος, smooth, and χλαῖνα, a cloak, referring to the perianth.)

1. L. lanceolàta, Nees. Closely creeping, branched; leaves sometimes decurrent; involucral leaves vertical; perianth at right angles with the stem; monœcious.--On banks and rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.)

24. JUNGERMÁNNIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves succubous, rarely subtransverse, entire, lobed or dentate, the margins never recurved; underleaves present or none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves 4 or fewer, like the cauline or more incised, free; perianth laterally compressed or terete, usually 3--10-carinate, the usually small mouth entire or toothed. Calyptra oval-pyriform. Capsule globose or oblong, rarely cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Archegonia 8--70. (Named for L. Jungermann, a German botanist of the 17th century.)

§ 1. JUNGERMANNIA proper. Leaves orbicular or ovate, entire or barely retuse; underleaves none (very small in n. 1).

1. J. Schràderi, Martius. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, flexuous; leaves round-elliptic, entire, ascending; underleaves broadly subulate, not apparent on old stems; involucral leaves large, elongated, the inner smaller and more or less laciniate; perianth oval-obovate, ascending.--On the ground and rotten logs; common. (Eu.)

2. J. sphærocárpa, Hook. Stems creeping, the tips ascending, subsimple, greenish; leaves semi-vertical, rather rigid, orbicular, obliquely spreading, decurrent dorsally, pale green; involucral leaves separate; perianth exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule globose.--Mountains of N. Eng. (Austin); rare. (Eu.)

3. J. pùmila, With. Stems creeping, the tips somewhat ascending, subsimple, rooting, pale; leaves ascending, ovate, obtuse, concave, entire; involucral leaves like the cauline, erect; perianth terminal, fusiform, plicate above and denticulate; capsule oval.--On shaded rocks along rivulets, Closter, N. J. (Austin). (Eu.)

§ 2. LOPHÒZIA. Leaves roundish or subquadrate, bidentate, bifid, or sometimes 3--5-cleft; underleaves none, or small and mostly 2-parted; perianth usually strongly plicate.

[*] Underleaves present.

[+] Leaves bifid or 2-lobed.

4. J. Gillmàni, Aust. Stems short, densely cespitose, prostrate, strongly radiculose; leaves vertical, round-ovate, subconcave, bifid, the lower leaves with usually acute sinus and lobes, the upper much larger with rounded lobes and obtuse sinus; underleaves entire or the broader bifid; perianth without involucral leaves, dorsal, sessile, obovate, subgibbous, ciliate, at length much incised.--In a sandstone cave, Traine Island, L. Superior (Gillman).

5. J. Wattiàna, Aust. Stems rather thick, 2--4´´ long, fragile, subflexuose, strongly radiculose; leaves subvertical or spreading, subovate, concave, emarginately 2-lobed, the lobes acute or the upper obtuse; underleaves somewhat obsolete, hair-like or subulate, incurved; involucral leaves little larger, less deeply lobed; perianth terminal, small, ovate-gourd-shaped, whitish, ciliate.--On the ground, northern shore of L. Superior (Macoun).

[+][+] Leaves 3--5-cleft.

6. J. barbàta, Schreb. (Pl. 25.) Procumbent, sparingly branched; leaves roundish-quadrate, with obtuse, acute, or mucronulate lobes and obtuse undulate sinuses; underleaves broad, entire or 2-toothed, sometimes obsolete; perianth ovate, plicate-angled toward the apex, denticulate.--On rocks in mountain regions; common. (Eu.)

Var. attenuàta, Martius. Ascending, with numerous offshoots; stem-leaves semi-vertical, obliquely spreading, roundish, acutely 2--4-toothed, those of the shoots closely imbricate, premorsely 2--4-denticulate; involucral leaves two, 3-toothed; perianth oblong.--In similar localities. (Eu.)

7. J. setifórmis, Ehrh. Erect or ascending, dichotomous; leaves toothed at base, 3--4-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, channelled; underleaves ciliate-dentate at base, deeply bifid, the divisions lanceolate, acuminate; involucral leaves more toothed than the cauline; perianth terminal, oval, plicate.--Alpine summits of N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

[*][*] Underleaves wanting.

[+] Leaves 2-toothed; involucral leaves 2--4-cleft.

8. J. alpéstris, Schleich. Stems creeping, crowded, bifid-branching, the ends ascending; leaves semi-vertical, ovate subquadrate, obliquely toothed, the teeth unequal, acute or mucronulate, distant; involucral leaves wider, 2--3-cleft; perianth twice as long, oblong, smooth, the mouth complicate; capsule oval.--Alpine region of N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

9. J. ventricòsa, Dicks. Stems dense, close-creeping, branching from beneath; leaves semi-vertical, subquadrate, mostly flat, broadly and acutely emarginate-bidentate, often bearing globules; involucral leaves larger, round, erect-spreading, 3--4-cleft, subdentate; perianth ovate, inflated, narrowly complicate above; capsule oval.--On the ground and rotten wood in the mountains, and far northward; common. (Eu.)

10. J. Wallrothiàna, Nees. Minute, blackish; stems creeping, strongly rooting, subsimple; leaves clasping, semi-vertical, closely imbricate, ovate-quadrate, concave, obtusely bidentate with an obtuse sinus, or acute in the upper leaves; involucral leaves larger, erect, connate at base, 3-toothed, wavy-plicate; perianth oval-cylindric, plicate and subdentate, pellucid, reddish below.--On coarse sand in the White Mts. (Oakes). (Eu.)

[+][+] Leaves bifid or 2-lobed, the ventral lobe often inflexed or subcomplicate; involucral leaves merely toothed, except in n. 11.

11. J. láxa, Lindb. Widely creeping, mostly simple, usually purplish-black; leaves imbricate, or distant on the erect fertile stems, 2--3-lobed, the lobes obtuse, wavy; cells very large, lax; involucral leaves 2, wide, short, cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; perianth exserted, long-clavate, sub-plicate above, minutely ciliate. (J. polita, Aust.; not Nees.)--Among Sphagnum near Closter, N. J. (Austin).

12. J. excìsa, Dicks. Stems closely creeping, short, subsimple, rather rigid; leaves semi-vertical, erect-spreading, pellucid, roundish, with straight acute lobes and deep obtuse sinus; involucral leaves erect, quadrate, usually 4--5-toothed; perianth erect, oblong, pale, banded and spotted with pink, plicate above, irregularly denticulate.--Sterile grounds in open woods; common. (Eu.)

Var. críspa, Hook. Leaves round-quadrate, closely imbricate, deeply and obtusely 2--3-cleft; involucral leaves 3--4-cleft, connate at base, subserrate. (J. intermedia, Lindenb.)--In crevices of rocks, N. Y. and N. J. (Austin). (Eu.)

13. J. incìsa, Schrad. Stems thick, rooting, closely creeping or ascending; leaves crowded, semi-vertical, complicate, subquadrate, 2--6-cleft, the acute lobes unequal, more or less spinulose-dentate; involucral leaves similar, more plicate and dentate, free; perianth short, oval or obovate, plicate above, denticulate.--On rotten wood in the mountains, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 3. SPHENÓLOBUS. Leaves 2-lobed, subtransverse, complicate-concave; underleaves none; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft. (Verging toward Marsupella on one side and Diplophyllum on the other.)

14. J. Michaùxii, Weber. Stems ascending, flexuous by repeated innovations below the summit; leaves crowded, subvertical, erect-spreading, subsaccate at base, subquadrate, bifid with straight acute lobes and a narrow sinus; involucral leaves similar, the outer serrulate, the inner smaller; perianth ovate-subclavate, obtuse, plicate above, fringed.--Fallen trunks, mountains of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common. (Eu.)

15. J. minùta, Crantz. Rootless; leaves cleft ¼--½ their length, the lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones subdentate; involucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong or subcylindric.--On rocks in high mountain regions, and northward. (Eu.)

16. J. Helleriàna, Nees. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, entangled; leaves spreading, subascending, cleft {1/3}--½ their length, the lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft, spinulose serrate; perianth ovate, the mouth contracted.--On rotten wood, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)

§ 4. GYMNOCÓLEA. Leaves 2-lobed; underleaves none; involucral leaves like the cauline; perianth pedunculate, denticulate.

17. J. inflàta, Huds. (Pl. 25.) Procumbent or ascending, loosely radiculose, branching; leaves semi-vertical, roundish-elliptic, inequilateral, the sinus and unequal lobes obtuse; perianth terminal or at length dorsal, oval or pyriform, smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule oblong.--On sterile ground and rocks, N. J. (Austin), and northward in the mountains. (Eu.)

25. MARSUPÉLLA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Stems dorsally compressed, with rootlets at the base and often producing somewhat leafless runners. Leaves transverse, complicate-bilobed; involucral leaves 2 or 4, connate with the perianth. Perianth tubular or oval, subcompressed parallel to the base of the leaves. Elaters free. Spores round, rufous (in our species). Antheridia mostly terminal. (Name a diminutive of marsupium, a pouch, from the form of the perianth.)

1. M. sphacelàta, Dumort. Stems erect, subflexuous, pale brown; leaves rather distant, concave, obovate to obcordate, somewhat clasping, the sinus narrow; diœcious; involucral leaves larger than the cauline, cordate; perianth free at the apex, with 4--5 broad acute teeth; antheridia 1--3, in short terminal spikes.--Wet rocks, mountains of N. Eng. to N. J., and southward. (Eu.)

2. M. emarginàta, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems simple or innovating at the summit, rigid, somewhat thickened upward; leaves usually broader than long, round-cordate or subquadrate, lobes obtuse or mucronate, sinus acute; diœcious; involucral leaves 4--8, usually larger, more deeply and acutely emarginate; perianth urceolate, the closed apex splitting into 4--5 triangular lobes; antheridia 2--3, oval, axillary in terminal spikes. (Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, Corda.)--On wet rocks, chiefly in mountain rivulets, N. Y. and N. Eng. Floating forms are longer with distant leaves. (Eu.)

3. M. adústa, Spruce. Stems minute, clavate; leaves (5--8 pairs) imbricate, round or broadly ovate from a sheathing base, acutely lobed with angular sinus; monœcious; perianth included, campanulate, crenate becoming irregularly lobed; spores punctate; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, in the axils of the lower involucral leaves. (Gymnomitrium adustum, Nees.)--Alpine region of the White Mts. (Oakes, Austin). (Eu.)

26. NÁRDIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 25)

Stems laterally compressed, usually without runners. Leaves succubous, subconcave or flat, the apex rounded, rarely retuse or bidentate; underleaves none (in our species). Monœcious or diœcious. Involucral leaves 2--4 pairs, connate at base. Perianth subcompressed laterally, connate with the involucral leaves. Antheridia terminal on somewhat spike-like stems. (Named for S. Nardi, an Italian abbot.)

§ 1. EÙCALYX. Perianth connate at base with the inner involucral leaves, somewhat surpassing them, 3--8-carinate, the mouth constricted.

1. N. hyalìna, Carring. Creeping, with ascending tips, the branches dichotomous-fastigiate, with claret-colored rootlets; leaves loosely imbricate, decurrent, roundish, repand-undulate; monœcious or diœcious; involucral leaves broader, appressed, one connate with the lower third of the perianth, which is somewhat exserted, obovate, plicate with acute rough angles, rostellate, at length 4-cleft; capsule round-ovate. (Jungermannia hyalina, Lyell.)--On banks in woods, Closter, N. J. (Austin), Ohio (Lesquereux). (Eu.)

2. N. crenulàta, Lindb. (Pl. 25.) Prostrate, branching; leaves orbicular, entire, larger toward the involucre and with large marginal cells; diœcious; involucral leaves 2, rarely 3, adnate to the base of the perianth, which is flattened or terete, more or less regularly 4--5-plicate, the angles smooth; mouth much contracted, toothed. (Jungermannia crenulata, Smith.)--On the ground in old fields, N. Y. and southward. (Eu.)

3. N. crenulifórmis, Lindb. Densely cespitose; fertile stems creeping, thickened upward, with numerous purple rootlets, the sterile subascending, attenuate upward; leaves subdecurrent, obliquely spreading, orbicular, concave, entire or nearly so; perianth small, subobovate, more or less connate with the involucral leaves, not exserted or slightly so, rooting at base, triquetrous above, becoming 4--7-plicate; calyptra often violet-purple; capsule oval-globose. (Jungermannia crenuliformis, Aust.)--On rocks in rivulets, Closter, N. J. (Austin), Coshocton Co., Ohio (Sullivant).

4. N. bifórmis, Lindb. Densely cespitose, much branched, innovating from beneath; rootlets numerous; leaves scarcely imbricate, alternate, spreading, obliquely semicircular or broadly ovate, retuse or entire, decurrent dorsally; cells large, hyaline; branch-leaves half as large, ovate or obovate, scarcely decurrent; diœcious; antheridia solitary; fruit unknown. (Jungermannia biformis, Aust.)--On steep wet rocks, Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (Austin).

§ 2. CHASCÓSTOMA. Perianth exserted, subcampanulate and open, deeply laciniate, connate with the involucral leaves.

5. N. fossombronioìdes, Lindb. Stems densely cespitose, ascending; rootlets numerous, purple; leaves 2-ranked, subvertical, spreading-subrecurved, rooting, closely imbricate, orbicular, clasping by a slightly cordate base, subventricose, undulate-repand, the apex uniplicate and slightly emarginate; monœcious; perianth very large, 6--10-plicate, the lobes entire; calyptra violet; capsule short-oval. (Jungermannia fossombronioides, Aust.)--On rocks in a rivulet, Closter, N. J. (Austin), and southward.

27. GYMNOMÍTRIUM, Corda. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves closely imbricated, 2-ranked on fascicled ascending julaceous stems, emarginate-bidentate; underleaves none. Diœcious. Involucre double, the inner shorter, of 2 or more dentate and deeply cleft leaves. Calyptra short, campanulate. Capsule globose, the valves at length reflexed. Elaters caducous. Antheridia in the axils of leaves, oval, stipitate. (Name from γυμνός, naked, and μιτρίον, a little cap.)

1. G. concinnàtum, Corda. Stems simple or imbricately branching, thickened at the apex; leaves ovate, bifid, with a narrow scarious margin. (Cesia concinnata, S. F. Gray.)--Alpine regions of the White Mts. (Oakes).--Grayish or silvery-olive. (Eu.)

28. FOSSOMBRÒNIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Stems thalloid, with large subquadrate succubous leaves; underleaves none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal or by innovation dorsal on the main stem. Involucral leaves 5--6 (in our species), small, subulate, adnate. Perianth open-campanulate or obpyramidal, crenate-lobed. Calyptra free, sub-globose. Capsule short-pedicelled, globose, irregularly valved. Elaters very short, 1--3- (mostly 2-) spiral, free. Spores large, very rough. Antheridia 2--3, short-pedicelled, naked. Perfect archegonia 2--3. (Named for V. Fossombroni, an Italian Minister of State.)

[*] Plant large or of medium size; stems mostly simple.

1. F. pusílla, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems 6--10´´ long; leaves retuse, entire or irregularly indented; perianth obconic, dentate; elaters short and thick; spores brown, depressed-globose-tetrahedral, 40 µ broad, crested, the slender crests pellucid, rarely becoming confluent.--On damp ground. Its occurrence in America is doubtful. (Eu.)

2. F. Dumortièri, Lindb. Cespitose, greenish or brownish-yellow; stems 3--6´´ long, 1´´ wide, shortly bifurcate; rootlets copious, purple; leaves numerous, smaller toward each end of the stem; monœcious; perianth large, broadly obpyramidal; calyptra nearly as long; elaters scanty; spores globose-tetrahedral yellowish-brown, regularly pitted.--White Mts. (Farlow), N. J. (Austin), and perhaps elsewhere; confused with n. 1.

3. F. angulòsa, Raddi. Stems narrowly forked at the apex; leaves horizontal, subquadrate, the upper undulate-lobed; diœcious; perianth dilated-conic, crenate; spores brownish-yellow, globose-tetrahedral, not depressed, 30 µ broad, deeply reticulated, the reticulations large, 5--6-angled.--Brackish meadows, common; fruiting in early spring. (Eu.)

[*][*] Plant minute; stems forked or fastigiately divided.

4. F. crístula, Aust. Stems 1--2´´ long; leaves whitish, quadrate or round-obovate, subentire, strongly crisped-undulate; capsule immersed on a short pedicel; elaters short, more or less diverse, with a single narrow annular and spiral fibre; spores pale fuscous, more or less tuberculate.--On moist sand in unfrequented paths, Batsto, N. J. (Austin).

29. PALLAVICÍNIA, S. F. Gray. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus with a distinct costa. Fruit arising from the costa, at first terminal, becoming dorsal. Diœcious. Involucre cup-shaped, short-lacerate. Perianth long-tubular, denticulate. Calyptra irregularly lacerate. Capsule slender-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores minute. Antheridia dorsal, covered with minute fimbriate scales. (Named for L. Pallavicini, Archbishop of Genoa.)

1. P. Lyéllii, S. F. Gray. Thallus thin, 1--4´ long, 3--5´´ wide, simple or bifid, the margin entire, slightly crenate or serrate; cells large, oblong-hexagonal; perianth erect, fleshy (5 cells thick below), the somewhat constricted mouth lobate-ciliolate; pedicel long, exceeding the thallus; capsule cylindric, five times as long as broad. (Steetzia Lyellii, Lehm.)--Among mosses in swamps and on dripping rocks; common, especially southward. (Eu.)

30. BLÀSIA, Micheli. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus simple or forked or stellate, with sinuous margins. Diœcious. Fruit from an oval cavity in the costa. Involucre mostly none. Calyptra obovate. Capsule oval-globose. Antheridia immersed in the thallus, covered with dentate scales. Gemmæ globose, issuing by a slender ascending tube from large flask-shaped receptacles which are immersed in the thallus. (Named for Blasius Biagi, a monk of Valombrosa and companion of Micheli.)

1. B. pusílla, L. Thallus ¾--1½´ long, 2--3´´ wide, narrowly obovate, the margins pinnatifid-sinuous.--Wet banks; common. (Eu.)

31. PÉLLIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus with a broad indeterminate costa. Monœcious or diœcious. Fructification dorsal near the end of the thallus. Involucre short, cup-shaped, lacerate-dentate. Calyptra membranous, oval, longer or shorter than the involucre. Capsule globose. Elaters long, free. Antheridia globose, immersed in the costa. (Named for A. L. Pelli, an Italian botanist.)

[*] Monœcious.

1. P. epiphýlla, Raddi. (Pl. 23.) Thallus oblong, lobed and sinuate, somewhat fleshy, much thickened in the middle; capsule exserted.--On the ground in wet places; not uncommon eastward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Diœcious.

2. P. endiviæfòlia, Dumort. Thallus flat, green or purplish, broadly linear, dichotomous, the margin mostly undulate or crisped.--On the ground and in ditches; common, but often confused with n. 1. (Eu.)

3. P. calycìna, Nees. Thallus dichotomous, proliferous, the early divisions linear-oblong, the margins ascending and remotely sinuate, the later divisions linear-palmatifid, coarsely nerved; cells large, hexagonal; involucre ciliate-fringed or lacerate; calyptra smooth, included.--Wet limestones and shales. (Eu.)

32. METZGÈRIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus linear, dichotomous, with well defined costa. Diœcious. Fructification arising from the under side of the costa. Involucre 1-leaved, scale-like, at length ventricose. Calyptra clavate or pyriform, fleshy. Capsule short-pedicelled. Elaters unispiral, some remaining attached to the tips of the valves. Spores minute, mostly smooth. Antheridia globose, enclosed in a scale on the under surface of the costa. (Named for J. Metzger, a German botanist.)

[*] Densely villous throughout.

1. M. pubéscens, Raddi. Thallus 1--2´ long, 1´´ wide, alternately pinnate or somewhat decompound, the short linear branches of uniform width, flat, the margin undulate; hairs longer beneath, single or in twos and threes near the margin, irregularly curved; midrib nearly without cortical layer, with 6--10 (mostly 8) rows of very uniform peripheral cells; diœcious.--In mountain regions, eastward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Hairy on the margins and midrib beneath, smooth above; diœcious (n. 4 monœcious).

2. M. myriópoda, Lindb. Thallus elongated (2´ long, ½´´ wide), dichotomous, the long linear branches of uniform width, convex above, the reflexed margins not undulate; midrib densely pilose beneath; hairs rather long, straight or nodding, the marginal mostly in clusters of 3--6, some with discoid tips; midrib covered above with 2 rows of enlarged cells, and beneath with 3--7 (usually 4--6) rows of smaller cells, lax and often indistinct. (M. furcata, Sulliv., in part; not Nees.)--Shaded rocks and trees in the Alleghanies (Sullivant), and southward.

3. M. hamàta, Lindb. Like the last; thallus much elongated (4´ long, 1--1½´´ wide); hairs very long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the marginal in twos, rarely with discoid tips; midrib covered above and below with two rows of enlarged lax cells. (M. furcata, Sulliv., in part.)--Alleghany Mts. (Sullivant).

4. M. conjugàta, Lindb. Thallus 1½´ long, ½--1´´ wide, usually dichotomous, the short branches irregular in width, convex above, the margins more or less undulate; hairs rather long, straight, divaricate, the marginal usually in twos, very often disk-bearing; midribs covered above with 2, below with 3--6 rows of enlarged lax cells.--On shaded rocks and trunks of trees, central N. Y., and southward. (Eu.)

33. ANEÙRA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus fleshy, prostrate or assurgent from a creeping base; costa obscure. Diœcious or monœcious. Fructification arising from the under side near the margin. Involucre cup-shaped, short and lacerate, or none. Calyptra large, fleshy, more or less clavate. Capsule large, oblong-cylindric. Elaters unispiral, in part adherent to the tips of the valves. Spores minute, smooth or minutely roughened. Antheridia immersed in the surface of receptacles proceeding from the margin of the thallus. (Name from α- privative, and νεῦρον, a nerve.)

[*] Thallus narrow (about 1´´ wide), palmately divided.

1. A. látifrons, Lindb. Thallus cespitose, ascending or erect, usually dark green, 6--9´´ long, mostly pellucid; branches linear, obtuse and emarginate, plano-convex; cells large, oblong-rhombic; monœcious; archegonia 3--10, short, conic; calyptra white, verrucose, pyriform-clavate; capsule oval, brown; spores 12½--14½ µ broad, globose, minutely and densely papillose; antheridia globose. (A. palmata of authors; not Dumort.)--On rotten logs; common.

[*][*] Thallus narrow (about 1´´ wide), pinnate or bipinnate.

2. A. multífida, Dumort. Thallus prostrate, brownish-green, pinnately divided, the primary portion biconvex, somewhat rigid, the branches horizontal, pectinately pinnate with narrow linear divisions; monœcious; fructification rising from the primary part or from the branches; involucre fleshy; calyptra tuberculate.--Var. MÀJOR, Nees. Primary portion and branches thick, the branches interruptedly pinnate with short obtuse divisions.--On decayed wood and moss in swamps, N. J. (Austin), and south in the mountains. (Eu.)

3. A. pinnatífida, Nees. Thallus pinnately divided or subsimple, flat or somewhat channelled; branches horizontal, the broader pinnatifid or dentate, obtuse; calyptra somewhat smooth.--On dripping rocks, Hokokus, N. J. (Austin), N. Haven, Conn. (Eaton). (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Thallus wider (2´´ or more), simple or irregularly lobed.

4. A. séssilis, Spreng. Thallus decumbent, irregularly lobed, 1--2´ long, 3--5´´ wide; involucre none; pedicel ¾--1´ long, sometimes folded upon itself and remaining within the calyptra, the capsule thus appearing sessile; antheridia on elongated receptacles.--Wooded swamps. Elongated floating forms, 5--6´ long, have been found in the White Mts. (Farlow, Faxon).

5. A. pínguis, Dumort. Thallus 1--2´ long, decumbent or ascending, fleshy, linear-oblong, simple or slightly lobed, the margin sinuate; diœcious; involucre short, lacerate; calyptra cylindric, smooth; capsule brownish, furrowed; antheridia in 2-lobed receptacles.--Wet banks, N. J. to Ohio, and southward. (Eu.)

ORDER 138. ANTHOCEROTÀCEÆ. (HORNED LIVERWORTS.)

Plant-body a thallus, irregularly branching, flaccid, without epidermis or pores, and more or less vesiculose. Involucre single, tubular. Calyptra rupturing early near the base, and borne on the apex of the capsule. Capsule dorsal, pod-like, erect or curved outward, more or less perfectly 2-valved, usually stomatose, tapering into a pedicel or often sessile with a bulbous base. Columella filiform. Elaters with or without spiral fibres. Spores flattish, more or less convex-prismatic, papillose or smooth.

1. Anthoceros. Capsule narrowly linear, exsertly pedicelled, 2-valved. Elaters present.

2. Notothylas. Capsule very short, sessile, not valved below the middle. Elaters not obvious.

1. ANTHÓCEROS, Micheli. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus dark green or blackish, usually depressed, variously lobed, with large chlorophyll-grains, frequently glandular-thickened at the apex or in lines along the middle so as to appear nerved. Monœcious or diœcious. Capsule linear, 2-valved, exsertly pedicelled. Elaters simple or branched, often geniculate, more or less heteromorphous, the fibres wanting or indistinct. (Name from ἄνθος, flower, and κέρας, horn, from the shape of the capsule.)

1. A. læ̀vis, L. (Pl. 22.) Thallus smooth, nearly flat above; diœcious; involucre 1--2´´ long, trumpet-shaped when dry, repand-toothed; capsule pale brown or yellowish, 1--1½´ long; elaters rather short, yellowish; spores yellow, nearly smooth, angular.--Wet clay banks, from Canada south and westward. (Eu.)

2. A. punctàtus, L. Thallus small, depressed, or often cespitose and erect, more or less glandular; monœcious; involucre rather short, oblong-linear, slightly repand, sometimes scarious at the mouth; capsule 1´ high, black; elaters fuscous, flattish, geniculate; spores black, strongly muriculate, sharply angled.--Wet banks, Canada to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)

2. NOTOTHỲLAS, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus orbicular, tender, laciniate and undulate or crisped, papillose-reticulate. Monœcious. Involucre sessile, continuous with the thallus, opening irregularly above. Capsule very short, oblong-globose or ovate-cylindric, pedicelled from a thickened bulb, 2-valved to the middle or rupturing irregularly. Elaters none, or fragmentary and inconspicuous. Spores subglobose, smoothish. Antheridia elliptic-globose, immersed in the thallus. (Name from νῶτος, the back, and θυλάς, a bag, from the shape and position of the involucre.)

1. N. orbiculàris, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.) Thallus 3--8´´ wide; capsules 1--2´´ long, erect or decurved, wholly included or slightly exserted, of thin and loose texture, with a suture on each side; spores light yellowish-brown. (Including N. valvata, Sulliv.)--Wet places, Canada to the Gulf.

2. N. melanóspora, Sulliv. Thallus small, depressed or sometimes cespitose, of lax texture; capsule often without sutures; spores dark brown, a half larger.--Moist ground, Ohio (Sullivant).

ORDER 139. MARCHANTIÀCEÆ. LIVERWORTS.

Plant-body a thallus, dichotomous or subpalmately branching, usually innovating from the apex or beneath it, more or less thickened in the middle, and bearing numerous rootlets beneath and usually colored or imbricating scales. Epidermis usually more or less distinct and strongly porose above. Capsules globose, rarely oval, opening irregularly, pendent from the under side of a peduncled disk-like receptacle (carpocephalum). Elaters present, mostly 2-spiral.

[*] Thallus plainly costate, distinctly porose except in n. 6.

[+] Gemmæ present on sterile stems.

1. Marchantia. Gemmæ in cup-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle 7--11-rayed.

8. Lunularia. Gemmæ in crescent-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle cruciform.

[+][+] Gemmæ wanting.

[++] Receptacle conic-hemispherical, 2--4-lobed; perianth lobed or fringed.

2. Preissia. Receptacle 2--4-lobed, with as many alternate rib-like rays. Perianth 4--5-lobed.

3. Fimbriaria. Receptacle 4-lobed. Perianth conspicuous, split into 8--16 fringe-like segments.

[++][++] Receptacle more or less conical; perianth none.

4. Conocephalus. Thallus very large, strongly areolate. Receptacle conical, membranous.

5. Grimaldia. Thallus small. Peduncle chaffy at base and apex. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, truncately 3--4-lobed.

6. Asterella. Thallus eporose. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, acutely 4- (1--6-) lobed.

[*][*] Thallus thin, ecostate or barely costate.

7. Dumortiera. Receptacle convex, 2--8-lobed. Perianth none.

1. MARCHÁNTIA, Marchant f. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus large, forking, areolate, porose, with broad diffused midrib; gemmæ in a cup-shaped receptacle. Diœcious. Fertile receptacle peduncled from an apical sinus of the thallus, radiately lobed. Involucres alternate with the rays, membranous, lacerate, enclosing 3--6 1-fruited cleft perianths. Calyptra persistent. Capsule globose, exserted, pendulous, dehiscing by several revolute segments. Elaters long, attenuate to each end. Spores smooth. Antheridia immersed in a peduncled disk-like radiate or lobed receptacle. (Named for Nicholas Marchant, a French botanist.)

1. M. polymórpha, L. Thallus 2--5´ long, ½--1½´ wide, numerously porose, venulose; receptacle divided into usually 9 terete rays; peduncles 1--3´ high; antheridial disk crenately or palmately 2--8-lobed, on a peduncle 1´ high or less.--Everywhere common. (Eu.)

2. PREÌSSIA, Nees. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus obcordate, sparingly forked, increasing by joints; pores conspicuous; gemmæ none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fertile receptacle hemispheric, 1--4-lobed, with as many alternating shorter rib-like rays. Outer involucres attached beneath the lobes, 1--3-fruited, opening outward by an irregular line; perianth obconic-campanulate, angular, unequally 4--5-lobed. Calyptra persistent. Capsule large, distinctly pedicelled, dehiscing by 4--8 revolute segments. Elaters short. Spores coarsely tuberculate. (Named for L. Preiss, a German botanist.)

1. P. commutàta, Nees. Thallus 1--2´ long, with conspicuous white pores above, and dark purple scales beneath; usually monœcious; peduncle ½--1´ high; capsules conspicuous, dark purple; antheridia in a peduncled disk-like receptacle. (P. hemisphærica, Cogn.)--On slaty and limestone rocks, from N. J. north and westward. (Eu.)

3. FIMBRIÀRIA, Nees. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus thickened in the middle by a keeled costa, usually conspicuously porose, with dark purple scales beneath; gemmæ none. Monœcious. Receptacle rising from the apex, conic or hemispheric, concave beneath and expanded into usually 4 large campanulate 1-fruited involucres. Perianth oblong-oval or subconic, exserted half its length and cleft into 8--16 fringe-like segments. Calyptra with a long style, fugacious. Capsule nearly sessile, irregularly circumscissile. Elaters rather short, 1--4-spiral. Spores angular, subreticulated. Antheridia immersed in the thallus. (Name from fimbria, a fringe, alluding to the perianth.)

1. F. tenélla, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emarginate divisions about 6--9´´ long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on the margins; peduncle 1´ high or more, usually purple; receptacle obtusely conic; perianth white, 8-cleft.--On damp ground in sandy fields or on rocks, central N. Y. to Mo., and southward.

4. CONOCÉPHALUS, Neck. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus dichotomous, copiously reticulate and porose, with a narrow costa; gemmæ none. Receptacle conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres 5--8, tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the peduncle; perianth none. Calyptra persistent, campanulate, 2--4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pedicelled, oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by 5--8 revolute segments. Elaters short, thick. Spores muriculate. Antheridia imbedded in an oval disk sessile near the apex of the thallus. (Name from κῶνος, a cone, and κεφαλή, a head.)

1. C. cónicus, Dumort. Thallus 2--6´ long, ½--¾´ wide; receptacle conic, striate, crenate. (Fegatella conica, Corda.)--Shady banks; common. (Eu.)

5. GRIMÁLDIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus thick, more or less channelled, dichotomous, innovating from the apex, with thick epidermis, closely areolate and porose-scabrous above, purple and more or less scaly beneath; gemmæ none. Monœcious or diœcious. Receptacle peduncled, hemispherical or conoidal, 3--4-lobed. Involucres as many, 1-fruited, each a distention of the lobe. Capsule filling the involucre, circumscissile in the middle, the calyptra persistent at its base. Antheridia in an oval or obcordate disk immersed in the apex of the thallus. (Named for D. Grimaldi, an Italian botanist.)

1. G. bárbifrons, Bisch. (Pl. 23.) Thallus linear-obcuneate, 3--6´´ long, 1--2´´ wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale green with usually distinct whitish pores, the scales beneath often extending far beyond the margin and becoming whitish; peduncle profusely chaffy at base and apex, sometimes much reduced; antheridial disks obcordate. (Including G. sessilis, Sulliv.)--Thin soil on rocks, Conn. and N. J. to Iowa; rare or local. (Eu.)

2. G. rupéstris, Lindenb. Thallus 3--6´´ long, 1--3´´ wide, with membranous margins; receptacle small, hemispherical, 1--4-fruited, the peduncle about 1´ high, sparingly scaly at base, barbulate at the apex; involucre short, crenulate; spores tuberculate. (Duvalia rupestris, Nees.)--On calcareous or shaly rocks, N. Y. and Ohio. (Eu.)

6. ASTERÉLLA, Beauv. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib broad, strong and distinct. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1--6- (usually 4-) lobed. Monœcious. Involucres coherent with the lobes, 1-fruited, 2-valved. Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule. Capsule greenish, rupturing by irregular narrow teeth or by a fragmentary operculum. Elaters moderately long, mostly 2-spiral. Spores tuberculate. Antheridia in sessile lunate disks. (Diminutive of aster, a star, from the form of the receptacle.)

1. A. hemisphæ̀rica, Beauv. Thallus forking and increasing by joints, pale green, purple beneath; receptacle papillose on the summit (less so at maturity); peduncle bearded at base and apex, ¾--1´ long, often 2--3 times longer after maturity. (Reboulia hemisphærica, Raddi.)--Shaded banks, chiefly along streams; more common southward.--A smaller form or perhaps variety (Reboulia microcephala, Nees; R. Sullivantii, Lehm.) occurs in Penn., Ohio, and southward. (Eu.)

7. DUMORTIÈRA, Nees. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus large, thin, soft, with a slight costa, dichotomous, usually with scattered hair-like rootlets beneath; gemmæ none. Receptacle convex, 2--8-lobed. Involucres 1-fruited, connate with the lobes beneath, horizontal, opening by a vertical terminal slit. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, oblong-globose, dehiscing by 4--6 irregular valves. Elaters 2--3-spiral, parietal, very long, straight, attenuate both ways. Spores muriculate. Antheridia in a short peduncled disk paleaceous beneath. (Named for B. C. Dumortier, a Belgian botanist.)

1. D. hirsùta, Nees. Thallus 2--5´ long, 6--9´´ wide, deep green, becoming blackish, entire on the margins, naked above or with a delicate appressed pubescence; diœcious; receptacle many-fruited, the margin closely hairy; peduncle rather long, chaffy at the apex.--On moist calcareous rocks, Easton, Penn. (Porter), and southward.

8. LUNULÀRIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.)

Thallus oblong with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and porose, with imbricate sublunate scales beneath; gemmæ in crescent-shaped receptacles. Diœcious. Fertile receptacle usually cruciately divided into 4 horizontal segments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically bilabiate and 1-fruited. Calyptra included, persistent. Capsule exserted, 4--8-valved. Elaters short, very slender, mostly free. Spores nearly smooth. Antheridia borne in the apical sinus of the thallus. (Name from lunula, a little moon.)

L. VULGÀRIS, Raddi. Thallus 1--2´ long, forked, innovating from the apex, with a somewhat diffuse costa; peduncle very hairy, 1--1½´ long.--Introduced into greenhouses; always sterile, but easily recognized by the characteristic receptacles. (L. cruciata, Dumort.) (Int. from Eu.)

ORDER 140. RICCIÀCEÆ.

Plant-body a dichotomously branching thallus, terrestrial or aquatic. Capsules short-pedicelled, or sessile on the thallus, or immersed in its substance, free or connate with the calyptra, globose, at length rupturing irregularly. Calyptra crowned with a more or less deciduous point. Elaters none. Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. Antheridia ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped cavities with protruding orifices (ostioles).

1. Riccia. Capsule immersed in the thallus. Involucre none.

2. Sphærocarpus. Capsule sessile on the thallus. Involucre inflated-pyriform.

1. RÍCCIA, Micheli. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus at first radiately divided, the centre often soon decaying; the divisions bifid or di--tri-chotomous, flat or depressed or channelled above, usually convex and naked or squamulose beneath; margins naked or spinulose-ciliate; epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air-cavities evident or wanting. Capsule immersed, sessile. Calyptra with a persistent style. Spores alveolate or muriculate, usually flattened and angular. (Named for P. F. Ricci, an Italian nobleman, patron of Micheli.)

§ 1. LICHENÒDES. Fruit mostly protuberant above; spores about 84 µ broad, issuing through openings in the upper surface of the thallus; terrestrial species (on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground), without air-cavities.

[*] Thallus naked, without cilia or scales.

1. R. Fróstii, Aust. Thallus orbicular, 6--12´´ broad, thinnish, grayish-green, the apex and narrowly membranous margins sometimes purplish, minutely pitted; divisions linear or subspatulate, subtruncate and slightly emarginate; rootlets smooth or obsoletely papillose within; capsules very prominent beneath; spores barely 50 µ broad, nearly round, somewhat margined, with depressed sides when dry, fuscous.--Ohio, Ill., and westward.

[*][*] Thallus with white scales beneath (dark purple in n. 4), the margin naked.

2. R. sorocárpa, Bisch. Thallus 3--8´´ in diameter, pale green becoming whitish, finely reticulate, subradiately or dichotomously divided, the oblong-linear segments subacute, deeply sulcate, with a few inconspicuous scales toward the apex not extending beyond the margin; margins erect when dry; spores issuing through chinks early appearing along the groove above.--Thin rocky soil and cultivated fields, Closter, N. J. (Austin), western N. Y. (Clinton), and Ill. (Hall). (Eu.)

3. R. lamellòsa, Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly reticulated, subradiately divided, the divisions obovate or obcordate, bifid or 2-lobed, 2--5´´ long, channelled at the apex, with membranous ascending margins, and furnished beneath with transverse scales which extend considerably beyond the margin; spores much as in n. 2.--Thin rocky soil, Closter, N. J. (Austin).

4. R. nigrélla, DC. Thallus dichotomously divided, the divisions linear, channelled, with entire narrowly membranous margins, green above, dark purple beneath and furnished with transverse semicircular scales not exceeding the margin.--Rocky ground, N. Y. (Torrey), and Chester, Penn. (Porter). (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Thallus more or less ciliate, naked beneath or obsoletely squamous along the extreme edge.

5. R. arvénsis, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3--9´´ broad, papillose-reticulate, dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the flat margins at length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the linear-elliptic or subspatulate lobes acutish and obsoletely emarginate; cilia whitish, very short and inconspicuous or nearly wanting; capsules aggregated toward the apex; spores 71--84 µ broad, dark fuscous, reticulate, with pellucid margin.--Var. HÍRTA, Aust., decidedly ciliate and with spine-like hairs scattered over the upper surface; divisions broader, more obtuse; spores nearly black, larger (84--101 µ) and smoother.--Cultivated fields and (the var.) rocky places, Closter, N. J. (Austin).

6. R. Lescuriàna, Aust. Stellately or subcruciately divided, the obcordate or cuneate-linear divisions 2--6´´ long, punctate-reticulate, subglaucous or ashy-green both sides or becoming purple beneath, the slightly concave lobes emarginate, closely ciliate with short obtuse spine-like white hairs; capsules scattered, chiefly near the base of the divisions; spores 71--83 µ broad, dark brown, reticulate, not margined.--Cultivated fields and rocky grounds, N. J. to Ill., and southward.

§ 2. SPONGÒDES. Thallus with large air-cavities usually opening by pits through the upper surface, and with slight depressions over the capsules which are prominent beneath; spores 41--51 µ broad, obtusely angular or globose; terrestrial.

7. R. crystállina, L. Orbicular, 6--9´´ broad, the obcordate or cuneate divisions bifid or 2-lobed, flat above and the surface much broken up into pits, the margins subcrenate; capsules scattered; spores issuing through the upper surface.--On mud flats, Ill. (Hall), west and southward. (Eu.)

8. R. lutéscens, Schwein. Orbicular, 1--1½´ in diameter, light green; divisions 6--8, linear, 2--3 times forked, narrowly channelled, obcordate and thickened at the apex, with delicate whitish obliquely ovate appressed scales, rootlets wanting beneath above the middle; fruiting plant unknown.--Dried up pools and ditches, Canada to Mo., and southward. An analogous form has been developed by Lindberg from R. natans.

9. R. ténuis, Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish-green, shining, the 2--4 divisions roundish-obovate, 2--4´´ long, flat, with sinuate margins, green beneath with a slender costa and few rootlets; capsule very delicate, closely adherent to the substance of the thallus, minutely apiculate; spores round or short-oval, conspicuously depressed at one end when dry.--Wet ground in open woods, Closter and Lawrence, N. J. (Austin), and Mo. (Hall).

§ 3. RICCIÉLLA. Thallus linear, dichotomous, floating or rarely terrestrial; capsule protuberant from the lower surface.

10. R. flùitans, L. Thallus often in extended patches, thin, green, radiately expanding, the often imbricate divisions ½--1½´´ wide, parallel-nerved, flat, without rootlets, cavernous only toward the slightly dilated very obtuse or subtruncate apex; capsules present only in some terrestrial forms, very prominent below, rupturing beneath the apex.--Very variable. The most notable form is var. SULLIVÁNTI, Aust., with divisions about ½´´ wide, channelled, cavernous throughout, the margins crisped-crenulate, and rootlets numerous on the costa tumid with abundant capsules, which are tipped with a long funnel-mouthed point; spores obscurely angled, reticulate and margined. (R. Sullivanti, Aust.)--In ponds or ditches or growing in wet places upon the ground; the variety often in cultivated fields. (Eu.)

§ 4. RICCIOCÁRPUS. Thallus obcordate, floating or rarely terrestrial; capsules not protruding, at length exposed by a cleft in the central groove.

11. R. nàtans, L. (Pl. 22.) Divisions obcordate or cuneate, broadly emarginate, 3--6´´ long, purplish, very narrowly channelled, with numerous uniform air-cavities beneath the epidermis, rooting toward the base and at length with dark purple scales beneath the apex; capsules in 1 or 2 rows beneath the groove; spores black, angular, strongly papillose.--Canada to the Gulf. (Eu.)

2. SPHÆROCÁRPUS, Micheli. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus lobed, without costa or epidermis. Involucres sessile, obconic or pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous with the thallus at base. Calyptra closely investing the single globose indehiscent capsule, crowned with a deciduous point. Spores globose, muriculate, remaining united in a coccus. Antheridia borne in follicular bodies on the surface of a separate thallus.--An anomalous genus, perhaps more closely related to the Jungermanniaceæ. (Name from σφαῖρος, a sphere, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. S. terréstris, Smith. Thallus orbicular, 3--6´´ broad, covered by the clustered inflated involucres, which are nearly 1´´ long, 3--4 times the length of the capsule; coccus 102--127 µ wide, indistinctly lobed. (S. Michelii, Bellardi.)--In cultivated fields, mostly southern. (Eu.)

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 59.--ARGEMONE MEXICANA. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white flowers, by A. B. Seymour.

Page 75.--Insert after Cleome integrifolia--

C. SPINÒSA, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3--4° high; a pair of short stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3´ long; stipe of the linear pod about 2´ long. (C. pungens, Willd.)--An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (Schneck), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.)

Page 86.--Arenaria Grœnlandica. Found on Mt. Desert Island, Maine (Rand).

Page 87.--Stellaria borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J.

S. humifusa. This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine, by J. H. Redfield.

Page 91.--Under Talinum teretifolium add the character--style equalling the stamens.--Insert

2. T. calycìnum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, declined.--Central Kan. to W. Tex.

Under Claytonia insert--

3. C. Chamissònis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1--2´ long; inflorescence racemosely 1--9-flowered; petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1--3-seeded.--In a cold ravine, Winona Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.

Page 211.--Hydrocotyle Americana. Add--propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.

Page 230.--Insert after the genus Dipsacus--

2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from scabies, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. AUSTRÀLIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½--3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Page 395.--After OROBANCHE MINOR insert--

O. RAMÒSA, L. Often branched, 6´ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8´´ long.--On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.)

Page 421.--After LAMIUM PURPUREUM insert--

L. INTERMÈDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).--Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague). (Adv. from Eu.)

Page 427.--Insert in the generic key--

5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

Page 430.--Insert after the genus Frœlichia--

5. CLADÓTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from κλάδος, a branch, and θρίξ, hair, for the branching tomentum.)

1. C. lanuginòsa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10´´ long.--Central Kan. (Meehan) and southwestward.

Page 435.--Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co., Iowa (Cratty), at Yankton, Dak. (Bruhin), and in river-bottoms in N. W. Neb. and central Dak.

Page 437.--After Eriogonum annuum insert--

2. E. Allèni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, yellow, the segments elliptical.--Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. (T. F. Allen).

Page 445.--Asarum Canadense. In this species there are rudimentary subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.

Page 463.--Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low river-bottoms of W. Mo. (F. Bush); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. occidentalis.

Page 491.--Under Pinus add--

10. P. ponderòsa, Dougl., var. scopulòrum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6´ long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1´ long; cones subterminal, 2--3´ long, oval, often 3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.

Page 514.--After IRIS CAROLINIANA insert--

2^a. I. hexágona, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender (1--3° high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6--12´´ broad; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with yellow, purple, and white; tube ½´ long; segments about 3´ long, the inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, 6-angled, 2´ long--Prairies, Ky. (Short) to W. Mo. (Bush), and on the coast from S. Car. southward.

Page 515.--Sisyrinchium angustifolium. What appears to be a form of this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. (Bush).

Page 516.--Under Zephyranthes Atamasco insert the synonym (Amaryllis Atamasco, L.).

Page 555.--Sagittaria teres has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. (Farlow).

Page 575.--After Eleocharis Torreyana insert--

13^a. E. álbida, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter; spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1--4´´ long, acutish, with pale obtuse scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with a broadly triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or exceeding the reddish bristles.--Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. (Canby), and south to Fla. and Tex.

Page 653.--Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle, is reported from Roan Mt., N. C. (Scribner), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies northward.

Page 662.--After Melica diffusa insert--

3. M. Pórteri, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the slender branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels flexuous or recurved, pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet; fertile flowers 3--5, the glumes scabrous.--Mountains of Col. and southward; reported from Cass Co., Neb. (J. G. Smith).

Page 663.--Distichlis maritima. On alkaline soil in Neb., and very common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. STRÍCTA, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10--20-) flowered spikelets in a loose panicle.

LIST OF ORDERS,

WITH THE NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES, NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.

ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| DIV. 1. POLYPETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | 1. Ranunculacæ | 19 | 5 | 62 | 14 | 2. Magnoliaceæ | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | 3. Anonaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 4. Menispermaceæ | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | 5. Berberidaceæ | 5 | -- | 5 | 1 | 6. Nymphæaceæ | 5 | -- | 8 | -- | 7. Sarraceniaceæ | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | 8. Papaveraceæ | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9. Fumariaceæ | 3 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 10. Cruciferæ | 15 | 8 | 46 | 25 | 11. Capparidaceæ | 3 | -- | 4 | 1 | 12. Resedaceæ | -- | 1 | -- | 2 | 13. Cistaceæ | 3 | -- | 9 | -- | 14. Violaceæ | 3 | -- | 19 | 1 | 15. Caryophyllaceæ | 6 | 6 | 31 | 22 | 16. Portulacaceæ | 3 | -- | 7 | 1 | 17. Elatinaceæ | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | 18. Hypericaceæ | 3 | -- | 20 | 1 | 19. Ternstrœmiaceæ | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | 20. Malvaceæ | 7 | 4 | 15 | 10 | 21. Tiliaceæ | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | 22. Linaceæ | 1 | -- | 5 | 1 | 23. Geraniaceæ | 4 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 24. Rutaceæ | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | 25. Ilicineæ | 2 | -- | 10 | -- | 26. Celastraceæ | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | 27. Rhamnaceæ | 3 | -- | 6 | 1 | 28. Vitaceæ | 3 | -- | 11 | -- | 29. Sapindaceæ | 5 | -- | 11 | -- | 30. Anacardiaceæ | 1 | -- | 7 | -- | 31. Polygalaceæ | 1 | -- | 15 | -- | 32. Leguminosæ | 41 | 5 | 137 | 19 | 33. Rosaceæ | 17 | 1 | 87 | 8 | 34. Calycanthaceæ | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | 35. Saxifragaceæ | 14 | -- | 43 | 1 | 36. Crassulaceæ | 3 | -- | 8 | 3 | 37. Droseraceæ | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | 38. Hamamelideæ | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | 39. Halorageæ | 4 | -- | 13 | -- | 40. Melastomaceæ | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | 41. Lythraceæ | 6 | -- | 8 | 1 | 42. Onagraceæ | 7 | -- | 43 | 1 | 43. Loasaceæ | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | 44. Passifloraceæ | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | 45. Cucurbitaceæ | 5 | -- | 5 | -- | 46. Cactaceæ | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | 47. Ficoideæ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 48. Umbelliferæ | 26 | 10 | 49 | 13 | 49. Araliaceæ | 1 | -- | 6 | -- | 50. Cornaceæ | 2 | -- | 11 | -- | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 251 | 46 | 777 | 141 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| DIV. 2. GAMOPETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | 51. Caprifoliaceæ | 8 | -- | 31 | -- | 52. Rubiaceæ | 7 | 1 | 25 | 5 | 53. Valerianaceæ | 2 | -- | 7 | 1 | 54. Dipsaceæ | -- | 2 | -- | 3 | 55. Compositæ | 78 | 20 | 356 | 51 | 56. Lobeliaceæ | 1 | -- | 13 | -- | 57. Campanulaceæ | 2 | -- | 6 | 2 | 58. Ericareæ | 26 | -- | 69 | -- | 59. Diapensiaceæ | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | 60. Plumbaginaceæ | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | 61. Primulaceæ | 10 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 62. Sapotaceæ | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | 63. Ebenaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 64. Styraceæ | 3 | -- | 5 | -- | 65. Olcaceæ | 3 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 66. Apocynaceæ | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | 67. Asclepiadaceæ | 5 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 68. Loganiaceæ | 4 | -- | 4 | -- | 69. Gentianaceæ | 9 | 1 | 31 | 3 | 70. Polemoniaceæ | 3 | -- | 14 | -- | 71. Hydrophyllaceæ | 5 | -- | 13 | -- | 72. Borraginaceæ | 8 | 3 | 22 | 11 | 73. Convolvulaceæ | 6 | -- | 20 | 7 | 74. Solanaceæ | 3 | 5 | 14 | 8 | 75. Scrophulariaceæ | 24 | 3 | 65 | 15 | 76. Orobanchaceæ | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 77. Lentibulariaceæ | 2 | -- | 13 | -- | 78. Bignoniaceæ | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | 79. Pedaliaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 80. Acanthaceæ | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | 81. Verbenaceæ | 4 | -- | 11 | 1 | 82. Labiatæ | 20 | 14 | 65 | 33 | 83. Plantaginaceæ | 2 | -- | 11 | 1 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 254 | 53 | 874 | 148 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| DIV. 3. APETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | 84. Nyctaginaceæ | 2 | -- | 41 | -- | 85. Illecebraceæ | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 86. Amarantaceæ | 4 | -- | 9 | 7 | 87. Chenopodiaceæ | 8 | 2 | 17 | 11 | 88. Phytolaccaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 89. Polygonaceæ | 6 | 1 | 33 | 13 | 90. Podostemaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 91. Aristolochiaceæ | 2 | -- | 6 | 1 | 92. Piperaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 93. Lauraceæ | 4 | -- | 5 | -- | 94. Thymelæaceæ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 95. Eæagnaceæ | 2 | -- | 3 | -- | 96. Loranthaceæ | 2 | -- | 2 | -- | 97. Santalaceæ | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | 98. Euphorbiaceæ | 10 | 1 | 34 | 8 | 99. Urticaceæ | 11 | 1 | 16 | 4 | 100. Platanaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 101. Juglandaceæ | 2 | -- | 9 | -- | 102. Myricaceæ | 1 | -- | 3 | -- | 103. Cupuliferæ | 8 | -- | 37 | -- | 104. Salicaceæ | 2 | -- | 25 | 5 | 105. Empetraceæ | 2 | -- | 2 | -- | 106. Ceratophyllaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 76 | 7 | 257 | 51 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | | | | | | | | | | 107. Coniferæ | 10 | -- | 22 | -- | | | | | | ENDOGENS. | | | | | | | | | | 108. Hydrocharidaceæ | 3 | -- | 3 | -- | 109. Burmanniaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 110. Orchidaceæ | 17 | -- | 58 | -- | 111. Bromeliaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 112. Hæmodoraceæ | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | 113. Iridaceæ | 3 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 114. Amaryllidaceæ | 4 | -- | 4 | -- | 115. Dioscoreaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 116. Liliaceæ | 29 | 4 | 74 | 8 | 117. Pontederiaceæ | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | 118. Xyridaceæ | 1 | -- | 4 | -- | 119. Mayaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | 120. Commelinaceæ | 2 | -- | 6 | -- | 121. Juncaceæ | 2 | -- | 32 | -- | 122. Typhaceæ | 2 | -- | 5 | -- | 123. Araceæ | 6 | -- | 8 | -- | 124. Lemnaceæ | 3 | -- | 9 | -- | 125. Alismaceæ | 3 | -- | 11 | -- | 126. Naiadaceæ | 7 | -- | 39 | -- | 127. Eriocauleæ | 3 | -- | 5 | -- | 128. Cyperaceæ | 16 | -- | 237 | 8 | 129. Gramineæ | 60 | 17 | 204 | 46 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 170 | 22 | 721 | 64 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | Genera. | Species. | |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| PTERIDOPHYTES. |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | 130. Equisetaceæ | 1 | -- | 11 | -- | 131. Filices | 21 | -- | 62 | -- | 132. Ophioglossaceæ | 2 | -- | 7 | -- | 133. Lycopodiaceæ | 1 | -- | 9 | -- | 134. Selaginellaceæ | 2 | -- | 10 | -- | 135. Marsiliaceæ | 1 | -- | 2 | -- | 136. Salviniaceæ | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 29 | | 102 | | BRYOPHYTES. |-------+-------+-------+-------| DIV. HEPATICÆ. | | | | | | | | | | 137. Jungermanniaceæ | 32 | 1 | 115 | 1 | 138. Anthocerotaceæ | 2 | -- | 4 | -- | 139. Marchantiaceæ | 8 | -- | 9 | -- | 140. Ricciaceæ | 2 | -- | 12 | -- | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 44 | 1 | 140 | 1 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| Exogens. | | | | | Polypetalous | 251 | 46 | 777 | 141 | Gamopetalous | 254 | 53 | 874 | 148 | Apetalous | 76 | 7 | 257 | 51 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 581 | 106 | 1908 | 340 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | Gymnospermous | 10 | -- | 22 | -- | | | | | | Endogens | 170 | 22 | 721 | 64 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| Total Phænogams | 761 | 128 | 2651 | 404 | | | | | | Cryptogams | 73 | 1 | 242 | 1 | |-------+-------+-------+-------| | 834 | 129 | 2893 | 405 | |-------+-------+-------+-------|

Total of Genera 963 Total of Species 3298

GLOSSARY.

Abnormal. Differing from the normal or usual structure.

Abortion. Imperfect development or non-development of an organ.

Abortive. Defective or barren.

Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so.

Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges against the radicle.

Acerb. Sour and astringent.

Achene. A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit.

Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla.

Acicular. Slender needle-shaped.

Acrogenous. Growing from the apex by a terminal bud or by the apical cell only.

Aculeate. Prickly, beset with prickles.

Aculeolate. Beset with diminutive prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering at the end.

Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well-defined angle.

Æstivation. The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud.

Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one attached for its whole length to the inner or outer face of the filament.

Adventive. Recently or imperfectly naturalized.

Alate. Winged.

Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material accompanying the embryo.

Albuminous. Having albumen.

Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of garlic.

Alternate. Not opposite to each other, as sepals and petals, or as leaves upon a stem.

Alveolate. Honeycombed, having angular depressions separated by thin partitions.

Ament. A catkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual spike.

Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted and straight, with the hilum lateral.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem.

Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network.

Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight, with the micropyle next the hilum and the radicle consequently inferior.

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers.

-androus. In composition, having stamens.

Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp.

Annual. Of only one year's duration. Winter annual, a plant from autumn-sown seed which blooms and fruits in the following spring.

Annular. In the form of a ring.

Anterior. On the front side of a flower and next the bract, remote from the axis of inflorescence, equivalent to inferior and (less properly) exterior.

Anther. The polliniferous part of a stamen.

Antheridium. In Cryptogams, the organ corresponding to an anther.

Antheriferous. Anther-bearing.

Antherizoid. One of the minute organs developed in an antheridium, corresponding to pollen-grains.

Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.

Apetalous. Having no petals.

Apical. Situated at the apex or tip.

Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.

Appressed. Lying close and flat against.

Aquatic. Growing in water.

Arachnoid. Cobwebby, of slender entangled hairs.

Archegonium. The organ corresponding to a pistil in the higher Cryptogams.

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Areolate. Marked out into small spaces, reticulate.

Aril. An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed.

Arillate. Having an aril.

Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint.

Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, or curving upward. Ascending ovule, one that is attached above the base of the ovary and is directed upward.

Assurgent. Ascending.

Attenuate. Slenderly tapering, becoming very narrow.

Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.

Auriculate. Furnished with auricles.

Awl-shaped. Narrowed upward from the base to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.

Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.

Axile. Situated in the axis.

Axillary. Situated in an axil.

Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; a stem, etc.

Baccate. Berry like; pulpy throughout.

Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or short bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of a fish-hook.

Barbellate. Finely barbed.

Barbulate. Finely bearded.

Basal, Basilar. At or pertaining to the base.

Basifixed. Attached by the base.

Beaked. Ending in a beak or prolonged tip.

Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished with long or stiff hairs.

Berry. A fruit the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy.

Bi- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two, twice, or doubly.

Bidentate. Having two teeth.

Biennial. Of two years' duration.

Bifid. Two-cleft.

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.

Bilocellate. Having two secondary cells.

Bilocular. Two-celled.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils.

Bladdery. Thin and inflated.

Blade. The limb or expanded portion of a leaf, etc.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline.

Bracteate. Having bracts.

Bracteolate. Having bractlets.

Bracteose. With numerous or conspicuous bracts.

Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower.

Bristle. A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth.

Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower.

Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy scales or coats.

Bulbiferous. Bearing bulbs.

Bulblet. A small bulb, especially one borne upon the stem.

Bulbous. Having the character of a bulb.

Caducous. Falling off very early.

Calcarate. Produced into or having a spur.

Callus. A hard protuberance or callosity.

Calyculate. Having bracts around the calyx imitating an outer calyx.

Calyptra. The membranous hood or covering of the capsule in Hepaticæ and Mosses.

Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a broad base.

Campylospermous. Having seeds with longitudinally involute margins, as in some Umbelliferæ.

Campylotropous (ovule or seed). So curved as to bring the apex and base nearly together.

Canaliculate. Longitudinally channelled.

Canescent. Hoary with gray pubescence.

Capitate. Shaped like a head; collected into a head or dense cluster.

Capitellate. Collected into a small head.

Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of a capsule.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel; the spore-case of Hepaticæ, etc.

Capsuliferous. Capsule-bearing.

Carinate. Having a keel or a projecting longitudinal medial line on the lower surface.

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil.

Cartilaginous. Of the texture of cartilage; firm and tough.

Caruncle. An excrescence or appendage at or about the hilum of a seed.

Carunculate. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsis. A grain, as of grasses; a seed-like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the contained seed.

Castaneous. Of a chestnut color; brown.

Catkin. An ament.

Caudate. Having a slender tail-like appendage.

Caudex. The persistent base of an otherwise annual herbaceous stem.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem.

Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Cavernous. Hollow; full of air-cavities.

Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which plants are formed. Any structure containing a cavity, as the cells of an anther, ovary, etc.

Cellular (tissue). Composed of short transparent thin-walled cells, in distinction from fibrous or vascular.

Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming mats or turf.

Chaff. A small thin scale or bract, becoming dry and membranous.

Chaffy. Having or resembling chaff.

Channelled. Deeply grooved longitudinally, like a gutter.

Chartaceous. Having the texture of writing-paper.

Chlorophyll. The green grains within the cells of plants.

Chlorophyllose. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cinereous. Ash-color.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as the young frond of a fern.

Circumscissile. Dehiscing by a regular transverse circular line of division.

Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened upward.

Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, without the opening of the flower.

Cleft. Cut about to the middle.

Climbing. Ascending by laying hold of surrounding objects for support.

Cluster. Any assemblage of flowers on a plant.

Clustered. Collected in a bunch of any sort.

Coalescence. The union of parts or organs of the same kind.

Coccus (pl. Cocci). One of the parts into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits.

Cochleate. Spiral, like a snail-shell.

Cohesion. The union of one organ with another.

Columella. The persistent axis of some capsules, spore-cases, etc.

Columnar. Like a column.

Commissure. The surface by which one carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferæ.

Comose. Furnished with a coma or tuft of hairs.

Complicate. Folded upon itself.

Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar parts united into one whole. Compound leaf, one divided into separate leaflets.

Compressed. Flattened laterally.

Conceptacle. In some Cryptogams a case or receptacle containing the organs of fructification.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.

Confluent. Running into each other; blended into one.

Coniferous. Cone-bearing.

Connate. United congenitally.

Connective. The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells of the anther.

Connivent. Coming into contact; converging.

Conoidal. Nearly conical.

Convergent. Approaching each other.

Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.

Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point upward.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals.

Coroniform. Shaped like a crown.

Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, in the stricter use of the word equivalent to a contracted raceme and progressing in its flowering from the margin inward.

Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymb-like.

Cosmopolite. Found in most parts of the globe (of plants).

Costa. A rib; a midrib or mid-nerve.

Costate. Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the embryo as found in the seed.

Crateriform. In the shape of a saucer or cup, hemispherical or more shallow.

Creeping. Running along or under the ground and rooting.

Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much rounded.

Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Crested, Cristate. Bearing an elevated appendage resembling a crest.

Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or to the throat of a corolla.

Cruciate. Cross-shaped.

Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture.

Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped; cowled.

Culm. The peculiar stem of sedges and grasses.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with the acute angle downward.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, or sharp and rigid point.

Cylindraceous. Somewhat or nearly cylindrical.

Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e. with its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest.

Cymose. Bearing cymes or cyme-like.

Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen.

Decompound. More than once compound or divided.

Decumbent. Reclining, but with the summit ascending.

Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion.

Decurved. Curved downward.

Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles, or in threes.

Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty.

Deflexed. Bent or turned abruptly downward.

Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther.

Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter Δ.

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Di-, Dis-. A Greek prefix signifying two or twice.

Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets.

Diandrous. Having two stamens.

Dicarpellary. Composed of two carpels.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.

Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.

Didymous. Twin; found in pairs.

Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of unequal length.

Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.

Digitate. Compound, with the members borne in a whorl at the apex of the support.

Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts in twos.

Dimidiate. In halves, as if one half were wanting.

Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms.

Diœcious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on separate plants.

Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head, in Compositæ, one without ray-flowers.

Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil. In Compositæ, the tubular flowers of the head as distinct from the ray.

Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous segments.

Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or fruit.

Distichous. In two vertical ranks.

Distinct. Separate; not united, evident.

Divaricate. Widely divergent.

Divergent. Inclined away from each other.

Divided. Lobed to the base.

Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or outer surface of an organ.

Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature of a drupe.

Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the pericarp (1-celled and 1-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony.

Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

E- or Ex-. A Latin prefix having often a privative signification, as ebracteate, without bracts.

Echinate. Beset with prickles.

Effuse. Very loosely spreading.

Elater. A usually spirally marked thread found in the capsules of most Hepaticæ.

Ellipsoidal. Nearly elliptical; of solids, elliptical in outline.

Elliptical. In the form of an ellipse, oval.

Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the extremity.

Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed.

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.

Endogenous. Growing throughout the substance of the stem, instead of by superficial layers.

Entire. Without toothing or division.

Ephemeral. Lasting only for one day.

Epidermis. The cuticle or thin membrane covering the outer surface.

Epigynous. Growing on the summit of the ovary, or apparently so.

Epiphyte. A plant growing attached to another plant, but not parasitic; an air-plant.

Eporose. Without pores.

Equitant. Astride, used of conduplicate leaves which enfold each other in two ranks, as in Iris.

Erect. Vertical; upright as respects the plane of the base.

Erose. As if gnawed.

Exalbuminous. Without albumen.

Excurrent. Running out, as a nerve of a leaf projecting beyond the margin.

Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.

Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near the surface; belonging to the Exogens.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla.

Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped, curved and flat, tapering gradually.

Farinaceous. Containing starch, starch-like.

Farinose. Covered with a meal-like powder.

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.

Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together.

Ferruginous. Rust-color.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit, or productive, as a flower having a pistil, or an anther with pollen.

Fibrillose. Furnished or abounding with fine fibres.

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibres. Fibrous tissue, a tissue formed of elongated thick-walled cells.

Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibres and ducts.

Filament. The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any thread-like body.

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Filiferous. Thread-bearing.

Filiform. Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fimbrillate. Having a minute fringe.

Fingered. Digitate.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindrical.

Flaccid. Without rigidity, lax and weak.

Fleshy. Succulent; juicy; of the consistence of flesh.

Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions.

Floccose. Clothed with locks of soft hair or wool.

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance.

foliate. Having leaves.

-foliolate. Having leaflets.

Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single carpel, dehiscing by the ventral suture.

Follicular. Like a follicle.

Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.

Fornicate. Arched over, as the corona of some Borraginaceæ, closing the throat.

Free. Not adnate to other organs.

Friable. Easily crumbled.

Frond. The leaf of Ferns and some other Cryptogams; also in some Phænogams, as in Lemnaceæ, where it serves for stem as well as foliage.

Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggregated, of whatever form.

Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.

Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.

Fuscous. Grayish-brown.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward each end.

Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion of a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconitum, and the upper lip of some bilabiate corollas.

Galeate. Helmet-shaped; having a galea.

Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the corolla more or less united.

Gamophyllous. Composed of coalescent leaves, sepals, or petals.

Gemma. A bud or body analogous to a bud by which a plant propagates itself.

Gemmiparous. Producing gemmæ.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee.

Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one side.

Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent, or hairy.

Gland. A secreting surface or structure; any protuberance or appendage having the appearance of such an organ.

Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.

Globose, Globular. Spherical or nearly so.

Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.

Glomerate. Compactly clustered.

Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling glumes.

Glume. One of the chaffy bracts of the inflorescence of Grasses.

Granular. Composed of small grains.

Gregarious. Growing in groups or clusters.

Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds, without an ovary.

Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne upon the pistil, as in Orchidaceæ.

Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle bearing the ovary.

Habit. The general appearance of a plant.

Halberd-shaped. The same as Hastate.

Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right angles.

Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle.

Heart-shaped. Ovate with a sinus at base.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an herb; leaf-like in color and texture.

Heterocarpous. Producing more than one kind of fruit.

Heterogamous. Bearing two kinds of flowers.

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the seed.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs.

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or with bristles.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence.

Homogamous. Bearing but one kind of flowers.

Hooded. Shaped like a hood or cowl.

Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from it and from the calyx; having the petals and stamens so situated.

Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the æstivation of a calyx or corolla, where at least one piece must be wholly external and one internal.

Immersed. Growing wholly under water; wholly covered by the involucral leaves, as sometimes the capsule in Hepaticæ.

Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more or less deeply.

Included. Not at all protruded from the surrounding envelope.

Incubous (leaf). Having the tip or upper margin overlapping the lower margin of the leaf above.

Incumbent (cotyledons). Lying with the back of one against the radicle.

Indefinite (stamens). Inconstant in number or very numerous.

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc.; remaining persistently closed.

Indigenous. Native and original to the country.

Indurated. Hardened.

Indusium. The proper (often shield-shaped) covering of the sorus or fruit-dot in Ferns.

Inequilateral. Unequal-sided.

Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior. Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the calyx.

Inflated. Bladdery.

Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its arrangement.

Infra-. In composition, below; as infra-axillary, below the axil.

Innovation. An offshoot from the stem.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Inter- or intra-. In composition, between.

Interfoliaceous. Between the leaves of a pair as the stipules of many Rubiaceæ.

Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes.

Intramarginal. Within and near the margin.

Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.

Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of an umbellet in Umbelliferæ.

Involucellate. Having an involucel.

Involucral. Belonging to an involucre.

Involucrate. Having an involucre.

Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower cluster or head, or a single flower.

Involute. Rolled inward.

Irregular (flower). Showing inequality in the size, form, or union of its similar parts.

Julaceous. Resembling a catkin in appearance.

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower.

Kidney-shaped. Crescentic with the ends broad and rounded; reniform.

Labiate. Lipped; belonging to the Labiatæ.

Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.

Laciniate. Slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes.

Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flattened ridge.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex.

Lateral. Belonging to or borne on the side.

Lax. Loose and slender.

Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.

Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosæ, formed of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent by both sutures.

Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to the Leguminosæ.

Lenticular. Lentil-shaped; of the shape of a double-convex lens.

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.

Ligulate. Furnished with a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the ray-flowers of Compositæ; a thin scarious projection from the summit of the sheath in Grasses.

Liliaceous. Lily-like; belonging to the Liliaceæ.

Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla, above the throat; the expanded portion of any petal, or of a leaf.

Linear. Long and narrow, with parallel margins.

Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the peculiar upper petal in Orchids.

Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded.

Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.

-locular. In composition, having cells.

Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a cell through the dorsal suture.

Lunate. Of the shape of a half-moon or crescent.

Lunulate. Diminutive of Lunate.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe, and the lower lobes small.

Macrospore. The larger kind of spore in Selaginellaceæ, etc.

Marcescent. Withering but persistent.

Marginal. Along or near the edge.

Marginate. Furnished with a border peculiar in texture or appearance.

Mealy. Farinaceous.

Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and rather soft and more or less translucent.

Meniscoid. Concavo-convex.

Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of Umbelliferæ.

-merous. In composition, having parts, as 2-merous, having two parts of each kind.

Micropyle. The point upon the seed at which was the orifice of the ovule.

Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in Selaginellaceæ, etc.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Mitriform. Shaped like a mitre or cap.

Monadelphous (stamens). United by their filaments into a tube or column.

Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads; cylindrical with contractions at intervals.

Monocotyledonous. Having but one cotyledon.

Monœcious. With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.

Mucilaginous. Slimy; containing mucilage.

Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip.

Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.

Multifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments.

Muricate. Rough with short hard points.

Muriculate. Very finely muricate.

Naked. Bare; without the usual covering or appendages.

Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar is secreted.

Nectariferous. Producing nectar.

Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or slender rib.

Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.

Nodose. Knotty or knobby.

Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed; the kernel of a seed.

Numerous. Indefinite in number.

Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually resulting from a compound ovary.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut.

Ob-. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the idea of inversion.

Obcompressed. Compressed dorso-ventrally instead of laterally.

Obconically. Inversely conical, having the attachment at the apex.

Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex.

Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.

Oblong. Considerably longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.

Obovate. Inverted ovate.

Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted egg.

Obsolete. Not evident; rudimentary.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Ocrea. A leggin-shaped or tubular stipule.

Ocreate. Having sheathing stipules.

Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white.

Officinal. Of the shops; used in medicine or the arts.

Oospore. The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell of the archegonium in Cryptogams, from which the new plant is directly developed.

Opaque. Dull; not smooth and shining.

Operculate. Furnished with a lid.

Operculum. A lid; the upper portion of a circumscissile capsule.

Orbicular. Circular.

Orthotropous (ovule or seed). Erect, with the orifice or micropyle at the apex.

Oval., Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules.

Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the broader end downward.

Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.

Ovule. The body which after fertilization becomes the seed.

Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Palate. A rounded projection of the lower lip of a personate corolla, closing the throat.

Paleaceous. Chaffy.

Palet. The upper thin chaffy or hyaline bract which with the glume encloses the flower in Grasses.

Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.

Palmately. In a palmate manner.

Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate flowers.

Panicled, Paniculate. Borne in a panicle; resembling a panicle.

Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a standard, wings, and keel, as in the peculiar corolla of many Leguminosæ.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections.

Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Compositæ, forming a crown of very various character at the summit of the achene.

Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nourishment from another plant.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a capsule.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

Partial. Of secondary rank.

Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow closely set segments; comb-like.

Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with the lateral segments 2-cleft.

Pedicel. The support of a single flower.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower.

Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.

Peltate. Shield-formed and attached to the support by the lower surface.

Pendulous. More or less hanging or declined. Pendulous ovule, one that hangs from the side of the cell.

Perennial. Lasting year after year.

Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens.

Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem apparently passing through it.

Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever their form; in Hepaticæ, the inner usually sac-like involucre of the archegonium.

Pericarp. The matured ovary.

Perigynium. The inflated sac which encloses the ovary in Carex.

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and not at its base.

Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.

Personate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat closed by a prominent palate.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.

Phænogamous. Having flowers with stamens and pistils and producing seeds.

Phyllodium. A somewhat dilated petiole having the form of and serving as a leaf-blade.

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.

Pinna (pl. Pinnæ). One of the primary divisions of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate frond or leaf.

Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.

Pinnule. A secondary pinna; one of the pinnately disposed divisions of a pinna.

Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style when present.

Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, without stamens.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits.

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules.

Plane. Flat; with a flat surface or surfaces.

Plicate. Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.

Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather, as the pappus-bristles of Thistles.

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the embryo.

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pointed. Acuminate.

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther.

Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.

Pollinium (pl. Pollinia). A mass of waxy pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as in Asclepias and Orchids.

Polypetalous. Having separate petals.

Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type.

Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side nearest to the axis of inflorescence.

Posticous. On the posterior side; extrorse.

Præmorse. Appearing as if bitten off.

Prickle. A small spine or more or less slender sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.

Prismatic. Of the shape of a prism, angular, with flat sides, and of nearly uniform size throughout.

Procumbent. Lying on the ground.

Proliferous. Producing offshoots.

Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.

Proterogynous. Having the stigma ripe for the pollen before the maturity of the anthers of the same flower.

Prothallus. A cellular usually flat and thallus-like growth, resulting from the germination of a spore, upon which are developed sexual organs or new plants.

Pseudaxillary. Terminal but becoming apparently axillary by the growth of a lateral branch.

Pseudo-costate. False-ribbed, as where a marginal vein or rib is formed by the confluence of the true veins.

Pteridophytes. Fern-plants; Ferns and their allies.

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and downy.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands or colored dots.

Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; acrid.

Putamen. The shell of a nut; the bony part of a stone-fruit.

Quadrate. Nearly square in form.

Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis.

Racemose. In racemes; or resembling a raceme.

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around a common centre; bearing ray-flowers.

Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from the root or base of the stem near the ground.

Radicle. The portion of the embryo below the cotyledons, more properly called the caudicle.

Radiculose. Bearing rootlets.

Rameal. Belonging to a branch.

Ramification. Branching.

Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when distinct from the disk.

Receptacle. The more or less expanded or produced portion of an axis which bears the organs of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers of a head; any similar structure in Cryptogams.

Recurved. Curved downward or backward.

Reflexed. Abruptly bent or turned downward.

Regular. Uniform in shape or structure.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin.

Resiniferous. Producing resin.

Reticulate. In the form of network; net-veined.

Retrorse. Directed back or downward.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.

Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins or apex.

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.

Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which in an anatropous ovule connects the two ends.

Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and becoming erect at the apex. Very variable in character, and including morphologically the tuber, corm, bulb, etc.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal, Somewhat lozenge-shaped; obliquely four-sided.

Rib. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.

Ringent. Gaping, as the mouth of an open bilabiate corolla.

Root. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourishment.

Rootstock. Same as Rhizome.

Rostrate. Having a beak or spur.

Rosulate. In the form of a rosette.

Rotate (corolla). Wheel-shaped; flat and circular in outline.

Rotund. Rounded in outline.

Rudiment. A very partially developed organ; a vestige.

Rudimentary. But slightly developed.

Rufous. Reddish brown.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply incised, with the segments directed backward.

Runner. A filiform or very slender stolon.

Saccate. Sac-shaped.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the basal lobes directed downward.

Salver-shaped (corolla). Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch.

Scalariform (vessels). Having transverse markings like the rounds of a ladder.

Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground, naked or without proper foliage.

Scapose. Bearing or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not green.

Scorpioid (inflorescence). Circinately coiled while in bud.

Scurf. Small bran-like scales on the epidermis.

Scymitar-shaped (leaf). Curved with a flat-triangular section, the straighter edge the thickest.

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats.

Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other like organ that is cleft or divided.

Sepal. A division of a calyx.

Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the partitions and between the cells.

Septum. Any kind of partition.

Serrate. Having teeth pointing forward.

Serrulate. Finely serrate.

Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.

Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Beset with bristles.

Setulose. Having minute bristles.

Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower part of the leaf in Grasses.

Sheathing. Enclosing as by a sheath.

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree.

Silicle. A short silique.

Silique. The peculiar pod of Cruciferæ.

Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft and straight pubescence.

Simple. Of one piece; not compound.

Sinuate. With the outline of the margin strongly wavy.

Sinus. The cleft or recess between two lobes.

Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.

Sorus (pl. Sori). A heap or cluster, applied to the fruit-dots of Ferns.

Spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis.

Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts enclosing an inflorescence.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.

Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a spike.

Spiciform. Spike-like.

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more or less elongated common axis.

Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.

Spindle-shaped. Same as Fusiform.

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.

Spinose. Spine-like, or having spines.

Sporangium. A spore-case.

Spore. The reproductive organ in Cryptogams which corresponds to a seed.

Sporocarp. The fruit-cases of certain Cryptogams containing sporangia or spores.

Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, usually nectariferous.

Squamula. A reduced scale, as the hypogynous scales in Grasses.

Squarrose. Having spreading and projecting processes, such as the tips of involucral scales.

Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing organs of the flower.

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or any structure without anther corresponding to a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate, Stelliform. Star-shaped.

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or stamen without an anther.

Stigma. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is effected.

Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the stigma.

Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil; the leaf-stalk of a Fern.

Stipitate. Having a stipe.

Stipular. Belonging to stipules.

Stipulate. Having stipules.

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its insertion.

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that is disposed to root.

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stoma (pl. Stomata). An orifice in the epidermis of a leaf communicating with internal air-cavities.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.

Strict. Very straight and upright.

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by imbricated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and Pine-cone.

Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of certain seeds.

Style. The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.

Stylopodium. A disk-like expansion at the base of a style, as in Umbelliferæ.

Sub-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying somewhat or slightly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succubous (leaves). Having the upper margin of a leaf covered by the base of the one above.

Succulent. Juicy; fleshy.

Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby.

Suffruticose. Very low and woody; diminutively shrubby.

Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior (ovary). Free from the calyx.

Suspended (ovule). Hanging from the apex of the cell.

Suture. A line of dehiscence.

Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to the number of its parts; having the same number of parts in each circle.

Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Tail. Any slender terminal prolongation.

Terete. Having a circular transverse section.

Terminal. At or belonging to the apex.

Ternary. Consisting of three.

Ternate. In threes.

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two shorter stamens.

Tetragonal. Four-angled.

Thalamiflorous. Having the parts of the flower hypogynous.

Thalloid, Thallose. Resembling a thallus.

Thallus. In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion taking the place of stem and foliage.

Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla or calyx; the part between the proper tube and the limb.

Thyrse. A contracted or ovate and usually compact panicle.

Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrse.

Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted wool.

Tooth. Any small marginal lobe.

Torose. Cylindrical with contractions at intervals.

Torulose. Diminutive of Torose.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower.

Transverse. Across; in a right and left direction.

Tri-. In composition, three or thrice.

Triandrous. Having three stamens.

Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.

Trigonous. Three-angled.

Trimorphous. Occurring under three forms.

Triquetrous. Having three salient angles, the sides concave or channelled.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.

Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean branch, having numerous buds or eyes.

Tubercle. A small tuber or tuber-like body.

Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers.

Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber; tuber-like in appearance.

Tumid. Swollen.

Tunicated. Having concentric coats, as an onion.

Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical.

Twining. Winding spirally about a support.

Umbel. An inflorescence in which a cluster of peduncles or pedicels spring from the same point.

Umbellate. In or like an umbel.

Umbellet. A secondary umbel.

Umbonate. Bearing a stout projection in the centre; bossed.

Underleaves. The small accessory leaves or stipules on the under side of the stem in Hepaticæ.

Undulate. With a wavy surface; repand.

Unguiculate. Contracted at base into a claw.

Uni-. In composition, one.

Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate only.

Urceolate. Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, and contracted at or below the mouth, like an urn.

Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; any small bladder-like body.

Valvate. Opening by valves, as a capsule; in æstivation, meeting by the edges without overlapping.

Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule splits.

Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts.

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, especially those which branch (as distinguished from nerves).

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of an organ; the opposite of dorsal.

Ventricose. Swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud.

Verrucose. Covered with wart-like elevations.

Versatile (anther). Attached near the middle and turning freely on its support.

Vertical. Perpendicular to the horizon; longitudinal.

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl.

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity.

Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or covered with vesicles.

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Virgate. Wand-shaped; slender, straight and erect.

Viscid. Glutinous; sticky.

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in a circle round the stem.

Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ; the lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs.

INDEX.

[SYNONYMS IN ITALICS.]

Abele, 486

Abies, 492, 492

Abronia, 425

Abutilon, 99

Acacia, Rose, 134

Acalypha, 459

ACANTHACEÆ, 399

Acer, 117

Acerates, 339, 343

Achillea, 289

Acnida, 429

Aconitum (Aconite), 46 Winter, 45

Acorus, 551

Actæa, 47

Actinella, 287

Actinomeris, 281, 281

Adam-and-Eve, 499

Adam's Needle, 524

Adder's-mouth, 498

Adder's-tongue, 695 Yellow, 528

Adenocaulon, 269

Adiantum, 680

Adlumia, 60

Adonis, 40

Adoxa, 216

Ægopodium, 208

Æschynomene, 137

Æsculus, 115

Æthusa, 205

Agave, 516

Agrimonia (Agrimony), 161

Agropyrum, 671

Agrostemma, 85

Agrostis, 647

Ailanthus, 107

Aira, 652, 652

Ajuga, 406

Alchemilla, 161

Alder, 472 Black, 109 White, 322

Aletris, 512

Alfalfa, 129

Alisma, 554

ALISMACEÆ, 553

Alligator Pear, 446

Allium, 521, 522

Allosorus, 683

Allspice, Carolina, 167 Wild, 447

Alnus, 472

Aloe, American, 516 False, 516

Alopecurus, 645

Althæa, 97

Alum-root, 171

Alyssum, 68

AMARANTACEÆ, 427

Amarantus (Amaranth), 427

AMARYLLIDACEÆ, 515

Amaryllis, 735

Ambrosia, 273

Amelanchier, 166

Amianthium, 535

Ammannia, 184, 185, 185

Ammophila, 651, 651

Amorpha, 131

Ampelopsis, 115

Amphiachyris, 243

Amphicarpæa, 146

Amphicarpum, 634

Amsonia, 337

ANACARDIACEÆ, 118

Anacharis, 496

Anagallis, 331

Anaphalis, 268

Andromeda, 316

Andropogon, 637, 638

Androsace, 329

Androstephium, 522

Anemone, 36 Rue, 39

Anemonella, 38

Aneura, 725

Angelica, 201

Angelica-tree, 210

ANONACEÆ, 50

Antennaria, 267, 268

Anthemis, 288

Anthoceros, 726

ANTHOCEROTACEÆ, 726

Anthoxanthum, 639

Anthriscus, 206

Antirrhinum, 380

Anychia, 426

Apera, 649

Aphanostephus, 253

Aphyllon, 394

Apiastrum, 209

Apios, 144

Apium, 209

Aplectrum, 499

Aplopappus, 245

APOCYNACEÆ, 337

Apocynum, 338

Apple, 164 Balsam, 195 Crab, 164 May, 53 Thorn, 377

Apple-of-Peru, 376

Aquilegia, 45

Arabis, 65, 71, 72

ARACEÆ, 548

Aralia, 212

ARALIACEÆ, 212

Arbor-vitæ, 493

Arbutus, Trailing, 315

Arceuthobium, 450

Archangelica, 201, 202, 205

Archemora, 202

Arctium, 295

Arctostaphylos, 315

Arenaria, 85, 733

Arethusa, 504

Argemone, 59, 733

Argythamnia, 459

Arisæma, 549

Aristida, 639

Aristolochia, 445

ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ, 444

Arnica, 292

Arrhenatherum, 651

Arrow-grass, 557

Arrowhead, 554

Arrow-wood, 217

Artemisia, 290

Artichoke, Jerusalem, 277

Arum, 550 Arrow, 549 Dragon, 549 Water, 550

Arundinaria, 674

Arundo, 658

Asarabacca, 444

Asarum, 444, 734

ASCLEPIADACEÆ, 338

Asclepias, 339

Asclepiodora, 339

Ascyrum, 92

Ash, 335 Mountain, 164 Prickly, 106

Asparagus, 525

Aspen, 486

Asperugo, 361

Asphodel, Bog, 532 False, 532

Aspidium, 686

Asplenium, 683

Asprella, 674

Aster, 255 acuminatus, 264

Aster æstivus, 262 amethystinus, 260 angustus, 264 anomalus, 258 azureus, 258 carneus, 261 concinnus, 260 concolor, 258 cordifolius, 259 corymbosus, 255 diffusus, 261 Drummondii, 259 dumosus, 260 ericoides, 260 Fendleri, 257 flexuosus, 264 gracilis, 256 grandiflorus, 257 Herveyi, 256 infirmus, 263 junceus, 262 lævis, 259 linariifolius, 263 Lindleyanus, 259 linifolius, 264 longifolius, 262, 262 macrophyllus, 256 miser, 261 modestus, 257 multiflorus, 260 nemoralis, 264 Novæ Angliæ, 257 Novi Belgii, 262 oblongifolius, 257 paludosus, 255 paniculatus, 261 patens, 258 patulus, 262 polyphyllus, 260 prenanthoides, 263 ptarmicoides, 264 puniceus, 263 radula, 256 sagittifolius, 259 salicifolius, 261 sericeus, 257 Shortii, 258 simplex, 261 spectabilis, 256 subulatus, 264 surculosus, 256 tardiflorus, 262 tenuifolius, 261, 264 Tradescanti, 261, 261 turbinelius, 259 umbellatus, 263 undulatus, 258 vimineus, 260 virgatus, 259

Aster, Golden, 244 White-topped, 254

Asterella, 729

Astilbe, 169

Astragalus, 134

Atamasco Lily, 516

Atriplex, 433

Atropis, 668

Avena, 653

Avens, 156

Awlwort, 69

Azalea, 320 Alpine, 322

Azolla, 701

Baccharis, 266

Baked-apple Berry, 154

Baldwinia, 285

Ballota, 420

Balm, 412 Bee, 414 Horse, 406

Balm-of-Gilead, 487

Balsam, 105

Balsam Poplar, 487

Baneberry, 47

Baptisia, 125

Barbarea, 70

Barberry, 52

Barley, 672

Bartonia, 352

Bartsia, 392

Basil, 409, 412

Bass-wood, 101

Bay, Loblolly, 96 Red, 447 Rose, 320

Bayberry, 469

Bazzania, 710

Bean, Indian, 399 Kidney, 144 Sacred, 55 Wild, 144

Bearberry, 315

Beard-tongue, 381

Beckmannia, 628

Bedstraw, 225

Beech, 479 Blue, 474 Water, 474

Beech-drops, 394 False, 326

Beggar-lice, 362

Beggar-ticks, 284

Belamcanda, 515

Bellflower, 308

Bellis, 253

Bellwort, 527

Benjamin-bush, 447

BERBERIDACEÆ, 52

Berberis, 52

Berchemia, 111

Bergamot, Wild, 414

Berlandiera, 271

Berula, 207

Betony, Wood, 392

Betula, 471

Bidens, 284

Bigelovia, 245

Bignonia, 398

BIGNONIACEÆ, 398

Bilberry, 312

Bilsted, 180

Bindweed, 369 Black, 442

Birch, 471

Birthroot, 530

Birthwort, 445

Bishop's-cap, 171

Bishop-weed, Mock, 209

Bitter-nut, 469

Bittersweet, 373 Climbing or Shrubby, 110

Bitter-weed, 273

Blackberry, 155

Bladder Ketmia, 100

Bladdernut, 118

Bladderwort, 395

Blasia, 724

Blazing-star, 242, 532

Blepharostoma, 711

Blepharozia, 709

Blephilia, 415

Bletia, 501

Blite, Coast, 432

Blite, Sea, 435 Strawberry, 432

Blitum, 432, 433

Bloodroot, 58

Bloodwort Family, 512

Bluebell, 364

Blueberry, 312

Bluebottle, 297

Blue-curls, 405

Blue-hearts, 388

Blue-joint, 650, 671

Blue-stem, 671

Blue-tangle, 311

Bluets, 223

Blue-weed, 367

Bœhmeria, 466

Bois d'Arc, 464

Boltonia, 253

Bonamia, 370

Boneset, 241

Borage Family, 360

BORRAGINACEÆ, 360

Borrichia, 277

Botrychium, 693

Bouncing Bet, 83

Bouteloua, 655

Bowman's-root, 154

Boxberry, 316

Box-elder, 118

Boykinia, 170

Brachychæta, 253

Brachyelytrum, 644

Bracken, 681

Brake, 681 Cliff, 682 Rock, 682

Bramble, 154

Brasenia, 55

Brassica, 72

Breweria, 370

Brickellia, 241

Briza, 663

Brizopyrum, 663

BROMELIACEÆ, 511

Bromus, 669

Brooklime, American, 386

Brookweed, 332

Broom, 127

Broom-rape, 395 Naked, 394

Brunella, 418

Brunnichia, 443

Bryanthus, 318

Buchloë, 657

Buchnera, 388

Buckbean, 353

Buckeye, 115

Buckthorn, 111, 332

Buckwheat, 443 Climbing False, 443

Buda, 89

Buffalo-berry, 449

Buffalo-nut, 451

Bugbane, 47 False, 39

Bugleweed, 408

Bugloss, 367

Bugseed, 434

Bulrush, 578

Bumelia, 332

Bunchberry, 214

Bunch-flower, 533

Bupleurum, 206

Burdock, 295

Burmannia, 497

BURMANNIACEÆ, 496

Burnet, 161

Burning-bush, 110

Bur-reed, 547

Butter and eggs, 379

Buttercup, 40

Butterfly-weed, 340

Butternut, 467

Butterweed, 265, 293

Butterwort, 397

Button-bush, 224

Buttonweed, 225

Buttonwood, 464

Cabbage, Skunk, 550

Cabomba, 55

Cacalia, 294

CACTACEÆ, 196

Cactus Family, 196

Cakile, 74

Caladium, 550

Calamagrostis, 649, 651

Calamint, 411

Calamintha, 411

Calamus, 557

Calico-bush, 319

Calla, 550

Callicarpa, 403

Callirrhoë, 98

Callitriche, 182

Calluna, 318

Calophanes, 400

Calopogon, 504

Caltha, 44

CALYCANTHACEÆ, 167

Calycanthus, 167

Calycocarpum, 51

Calypogeia, 713

Calypso, 499

Calystegia, 369, 370

Camassia, 523

Camelina, 69

Camellia Family, 95

Campanula, 308

CAMPANULACEÆ, 307

Campion, 83

Camptosorus, 685

Cancer-root, 394

Cane, 674

Cannabis, 463

Caper Family, 74

CAPPARIDACEÆ, 74

CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, 216

Capsella, 73

Caraway, 208

Cardamine, 64

Cardinal-flower, 305

Carduus, 296

Carex, 587 acutiformis, 598 adusta, 621, 621 æstivalis, 604 alata, 622 alopecoidea, 615 alpina, 598 angustata, 600 aperta, 600 aquatilis, 600 arcta, 619 arctata, 603 arenaria, 616 arida, 620 aristata, 598 atrata, 599 aurea, 610 Backii, 613 Barrattii, 602 Bebbii, 620 Boottiana, 611 bromoides, 619 bullata, 594 Buxbaumii, 599 canescens, 618 capillaris, 603 capitata, 617 Careyana, 608 castanea, 603 cephaloidea, 617 cephalophora, 617 chordorhiza, 614 communis, 612 comosa, 596 conjuncta, 614 conoidea, 607 Crawei, 606 crinita, 601 cristata, 620 Crus-corvi, 614 Davisii, 605 debilis, 604, 604 decomposita, 614 deflexa, 611 Deweyana, 619 digitalis, 608 disticha, 615 eburnea, 610 echinata, 618 Emmonsii, 611 exilis, 617 extensa, 606 filiformis, 597 flaccosperma, 605 flava, 606 flexilis, 603 fœnea, 621, 622 folliculata, 592 formosa, 605 Fraseri, 613 fusca, 599 gigantea, 593 glabra, 604 glaucodea, 605 gracillima, 604 grandis, 593 granularis, 605 gravida, 615 Grayii, 592 grisea, 605 gynandra, 601 gynocrates, 617 hirta, 597 Hitchcockiana, 607 Houghtonii, 597 hystricina, 596 intumescens, 592 irrigua, 602 Jamesii, 613 Knieskernii, 603 lagopodioides, 620 lanuginosa, 597 laxiculmis, 608 laxiflora, 607 lenticularis, 600 leporina, 622 limosa, 602 limula, 599 littoralis, 602 livida, 610 longirostris, 603 lupuliformis, 593 lupulina, 593 lurida, 593, 595 Magellanica, 602 maritima, 601 Meadii, 609 Michauxiana, 592 miliacea, 601 miliaris, 593 mirabilis, 622 monile, 594 Muhlenbergii, 617 muricata, 616 Muskingumensis, 620 nigro-marginata, 613 Norvegica, 619 Novæ-Angiæ, 611, 612 Œderi, 606 oligocarpa, 607 oligosperma, 593 Olneyi, 595 pallescens, 606 paludosa, 598 panicea, 609 pauciflora, 592 pedunculata, 610 Pennsylvanica, 612 picta, 610 pinguis, 621 plantaginea, 609 platyphylla, 608 polymorpha, 609 polytrichoides, 613 præcox, 612 prasina, 601 Pseudo-Cyperus, 596 ptychocarpa, 608 pubescens, 613 pulla, 594 rariflora, 602 retrocurva, 608 retroflexa, 616 retrorsa, 598 Richardsoni, 610 rigida, 599 riparia, 598 rosea, 616 rostrata, 592 rotundata, 593 salina, 601 Saltuensis, 609 Sartwellii, 615 scabrata, 597 Schweinitzii, 595 scirpoidea, 611 scirpoides, 618 scoparia, 620 Shortiana, 596 siccata, 619 silicea, 621 sparganioides, 616 squarrosa, 596 stellulata, 619 stenolepis, 596 stenophylla, 614 Steudelii, 613 stipata, 614 straminea, 621 striata, 597 stricta, 599 subulata, 592 Sullivantii, 605 sychnocephala, 622 tenella, 616 tentaculata, 595 tenuiflora, 619 teretiuscula, 614 tetanica, 609 Torreyi, 606 torta, 600 tribuloides, 620 triceps, 602 trichocarpa, 698 trisperma, 619 Carex Tuckermani, 594 umbellata, 612 utriculata, 594 vaginata, 609 varia, 611, 612 Vaseyi, 594 venusta, 604 vestita, 597 virescens, 602 vitilis, 618 vulgaris, 599 vulpinoidea, 615 Willdenovii, 613 Woodii, 609

Carnation, 83

Carpetweed, 198

Carpinus, 474

Carrion-flower, 520

Carrot, 201

Carum, 208

Carya, 468

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ, 82

Cashew Family, 118

Cassandra, 317

Cassena, 108

Cassia, 147

Cassiope, 318

Castanea, 479

Castelleia, 390

Castor-oil Plant, 460

Catalpa, 399

Cat-brier, 519

Catchfly, 83

Catgut, 133

Catmint, 416

Catnip, 416

Cat-tail Flag, 547

Caucalis, 201

Caulophyllum, 52

Ceanothus, 112

Cedar, Red, 494 White, 493, 494

Cedronella, 416

Celandine, 58

CELASTRACEÆ, 109

Celastrus, 110

Celtis, 463, 734

Cenchrus, 634

Centaurea, 297

Centaury, 347

Centrosema, 145

Centunculus, 332

Cephaianthus, 234

Cephalozia, 711

Cerastium, 88

CERATOPHYLLACEÆ, 488

Ceratophyllum, 488

Cercis, 147

Cesia, 723

Chærophyllum, 206, 209

Chætopappa, 253

Chaffseed, 391

Chaffweed, 332

Chamæcyparis, 493

Chamælirium, 531

Chamæsaracha, 374

Chamomile, 288 Wild, 289

Charlock, 72, 74

Cheat, 670

Checkerberry, 316

Cheilanthes, 681

Chelidonium, 58

Chelone, 381

CHENOPODIACEÆ, 430

Chenopodium, 431

Cherry, 151

Cherry, Ground, 375 Sand, 152

Chervil, 206

Chess, 670

Chestnut, 479 Horse, 115

Chickweed, 86 Forked, 426 Indian, 198 Jagged, 87 Mouse-ear, 88

Chicory, 298

Chiloscyphus, 716

Chimaphila, 322

Chinquapin, 479 Water, 55

Chiogenes, 314

Chionanthus, 337

Chives, 522

Chokeberry, 164

Chondrilla, 303

Chrysanthemum, 289

Chrysogonum, 271

Chrysopogon, 638

Chrysopsis, 244

Chrysosplenium, 172

Cichorium, 298

Cicuta, 208

Cimicifuga, 47

Cinna, 649

Cinquefoil, 158

Circæa, 193

Cirsium, 295, 296

Cissus, 114

CISTACEÆ, 76

Cladium, 586

Cladothrix, 734

Cladrastis, 126

Clary, 413

Claytonia, 91, 733

Clear-weed, 465

Cleavers, 225

Clematis, 35

Cleome, 75, 733

Cleomella, 75

Clethra, 322

Clintonia, 527

Clitoria, 145

Clotbur, 274

Cloudberry, 154

Clover, 128 Bush, 141 Prairie, 132 Sweet, 129

Club-moss, 695, 697

Cnicus, 295, 297

Cocculus, 51

Cochlearia, 70

Cockle, 85

Cocklebur, 274

Cœlopleurum, 205

Coffee, Wild, 219

Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 148

Cohosh, 47, 52

Colic-root, 512

Collinsia, 380

Collinsonia, 406

Collomia, 356

Coltsfoot, 291 Sweet, 292

Columbine, 45

Columbo, American, 352

Comandra, 450

Comfrey, 367 Wild, 362

Commelina, 538

COMMELINACEÆ, 538

Compass-plant, 270

COMPOSITÆ, 230

Comptonia, 470

Cone-flower, 270 Purple, 275

CONIFERÆ, 489

Conioselinum, 202

Conium, 209

Conobea, 383

Conocephalus, 728

Conopholis, 394

Convallaria, 524

CONVOLVULACEÆ, 367

Convolvulus, 369

Coptis, 45

Coral-berry, 220

Coral-root, 500

Corallorhiza, 500

Corema, 488

Coreopsis, 281

Corispermum, 434

CORNACEÆ, 213

Cornel, 214

Corn-salad, 228

Cornus, 214

Coronilla, 138

Corpse-plant, 325

Corydalis, 61

Corylus, 473

Cottonwood, 487

Cowberry, 314

Cowslip, 321 American, 328 Virginian, 364

Cow-wheat, 393

Crab-apple, 164

Cranberry, 312, 314

Cranberry-tree, 217

Cranesbill, 103

Crantzia, 205

CRASSULACEÆ, 170

Cratægus, 165

Cress, Bitter, 64 Mouse-ear, 72 Penny, 73 Rock, 65 Spring, 65 Swine, 74 Water, 69 Winter, 70

Crepis, 300

Cross-vine, 398

Crotalaria, 127

Croton, 457

Crotonopsis, 458

Crowberry, 487 Broom, 488

Crowfoot, 40

Crown-beard, 280

CRUCIFERÆ, 61

Crypsis, 640

Cryptogramme, 682

Cryptotænia, 207

Ctenium, 654

Cuckoo-flower, 65

Cucumber, 194 Bur, 195

Cucumber-root, Indian 529

Cucumber-tree, 49

Cucurbita, 196

CUCURBITACEÆ, 194

Cudweed, 268

Culver's-physic, 386

Culver's-root, 386

Cunila, 409

Cuphea, 186

Cup-plant, 271

Cupressus, 493

Cupseed, 51

CUPULIFERÆ, 470

Currant, 174 Indian, 220

Cuscuta, 369

Custard-apple Family, 50

Cyclanthera, 196

Cycloloma, 431

Cymopterus, 203

Cynodon, 654

Cynoglossum, 362, 363

Cynthia, 298

CYPERACEÆ, 567

Cyperus, 569

Cypress, 493

Cypress-vine, 368

Cypripedium, 510

Cystopteris, 689

Cytisus, 127

Dactylis, 663

Dactyloctenium, 656

Dahoon Holly, 108

Daisy, 253 Ox-eye, 289 White, 289

Dalea, 132

Dalibarda, 156

Dame's-violet, 71

Dandelion, 303 Dwarf, 297 Fall, 299 False, 303

Dangleberry, 311

Danthonia, 654

Daphne, 448

Darnel, 671

Datura, 377

Daucus, 201

Day-flower, 538

Dead-nettle, 420

Decodon, 186

Decumaria, 173

Deerberry, 312

Delphinium, 46

Dentaria, 64

Deschampsia, 652

Desmanthus, 149

Desmodium, 138

Devil's-bit, 531

Dewberry, 155

Deyeuxia, 650

Dianthera, 401

Dianthus, 83

Diapensia, 326

DIAPENSIACEÆ, 326

Diarrhena, 662

Dicentra, 60

Dichondra, 368

Dichromena, 577

Dicksonia, 691

Didiplis, 184

Diervilla, 222

Diodia, 225

Dionæa, 179

Dioscorea, 517

DIOSCOREACEÆ, 517

Diospyros, 333

Diphylleia, 53

Diplachne, 658

Diplopappus, 263

Diplophyllum, 715

DIPSACEÆ, 229

Dipsacus, 229

Dirca, 448

Discopleura, 209

Disporum, 526

Distichus, 663, 735

Dittany, 409

Dock, 437 Prairie, 270 Spatter, 56

Dockmackie, 218

Dodder, 370

Dodecatheon, 328

Dogbane, 338

Dogwood, 214

Draba, 67

Dracocephalum, 416

Dragon-head, 416 False, 419

Dragon-root, 549

Drosera, 178

DROSERACEÆ, 178

Dryas, 157

Duck's-meat, 552

Duckweed, 552

Dulichium, 573

Dumortiera, 729

Dutchman's-breeches, 60

Dutchman's-pipe, 445

Duvalia, 729

Dyer's-weed, 75

Dysodia, 288

Eatonia, 659

EBENACEÆ, 333

Ebony Family, 333

Echinacea, 275

Echinocystis, 195

Echinodorus, 556

Echinospermum, 362

Echium, 367

Eclipta, 274

Eel-grass, 496, 565

Eglantine, 164

ELÆAGNACEÆ, 448

Elæagnus, 448

ELATINACEÆ, 91

Elatine, 91

Elder, 217 Box, 118 Marsh, 272 Wild, 213

Elecampane, 269

Eleocharis, 573, 735

Elephantopus, 237

Elephant's-foot, 237

Eleusine, 656

Ellisia, 358

Elm, 462

Elodea, 495

Elodes, 95

Elymus, 673

EMPETRACEÆ, 487

Empetrum, 487

Enchanter's Nightshade, 193

Engelmannia, 272

Enslenia, 343

Epigæa, 315

Epilobium, 188

Epipactis, 504

Epiphegus, 394

EQUISETACEÆ, 675

Equisetum, 676

Eragrostis, 660

Eranthis, 45

Erechtites, 294

Erianthus, 636

Erica, 318

ERICACEÆ, 309

Erigenia, 210

Erigeron, 264

ERIOCAULEÆ, 566

Eriocaulon, 566

Eriochloa, 629

Eriogonum, 436, 734

Eriophorum, 582

Erodium, 104

Eryngium, 211

Eryngo, 211

Erysimum, 71

Erythræa, 347

Erythronium, 528

Eulophus, 206

Euonymus, 110

Eupatorium, 239

Euphorbia, 452

EUPHORBIACEÆ, 451

Euphrasia, 391

Eustoma, 349

Evax, 267

Evening Primrose Family, 186

Everlasting, 267, 268

Evolvulus, 370

Eyebright, 391

Fagopyrum, 443

Fagus, 479

False-mermaid, 104

Farkleberry, 312

Featherfoil, 328

Fedia, 229

Fegatella, 729

Fennel, 205 Dog, 239

Fennel-flower, 48

Fern, Beech, 686 Bladder, 689 Chain, 683 Christmas, 689 Cinnamon, 693 Climbing, 692 Cloak, 680 Filmy, 692 Flowering, 693 Lip, 681 Sensitive, 690 Shield, 686 Wood, 686

Ferns, 678

Fescue, 668 Sheep's, 669

Festuca, 666, 668

Fever-bush, 447

Feverfew, 289

Feverwort, 219

FICOIDEÆ, 198

Fig, Indian, 197

Figwort, 380

Filago, 267

Filbert, 473

FILICES, 678

Fimbriaria, 728

Fimbristylis, 577

Fiorin, 647

Fir, 492

Fire-weed, 188, 294

Five-finger, 158

Flag, 513 Cat-tail, 547 Sweet, 551

Flax, 101

Fleabane, 264 Marsh, 266

Floating-heart, 353

Flœrkea, 104

Flower-de-luce, 513

Fly-poison, 535

Fœniculum, 205

Fog-fruit, 402

Forestiera, 336

Forget-me-not, 364

Forsteronia, 338

Fossombronia, 723

Fothergilla, 179

Four-o'clock, 425

Foxberry, 314

Foxglove, False, 389 Mullein, 338

Foxtail, 634

Fragaria, 158

Frangula, 112

Frasera, 352

Fraxinus, 335

Fringe-tree, 337

Frœlichia, 430

Frog's-bit, American 496

Frost-weed, 76

Frullania, 704, 706

Fuirena, 583

Fumaria, 61

FUMARIACEÆ, 59

Fumitory, 61 Climbing, 66

Gaillardia, 288

Galactia, 146

Galax, 327

Gale, Sweet, 469

Galeopsis, 421

Galingale, 569

Galinsoga, 234, 286

Galium, 225

Gall-of-the-earth 301

Garget, 436

Garlic, 521

Gaultheria, 315

Gaura, 192

Gaylussacia, 311

Gelsemium, 345

Genisca, 127

Gentian, 349 Horse, 219 Spurred, 352

Gentiana, 349

GENTIANACEÆ, 346

Geocalyx, 715

GERANIACEÆ, 102

Geranium, 103 Feather, 433

Gerardia, 388

Germander, 406

Geum, 156

Gilia, 356

Gillenia, 154

Gill-over-the-ground, 416

Ginger, Wild, 444

Ginseng, 212

Glasswort, 434

Glaucium, 58

Glaux, 331

Gleditschia, 148

Globe-flower, 45

Glyceria, 666, 668

Glycyrrhiza, 137

Gnaphalium, 268

Goat's-beard 153, 298 False, 169

Goat's-rue, 133

Golden-club, 551

Goldenrod, 246 False, 253 Rayless, 245

Goldthread, 45

Gonolobus, 344

Good-King-Henry 432

Goodyera, 503

Gooseberry, 174

Goosefoot, 431

Gordonia, 93

Gourd Family, 194

Gout-weed, 208

GRAMINEÆ, 623

Grape, 113

Grape Hyacinth, 523

Graphephorum, 666

Grass Family, 623

Grass, Barnyard 633 Beak, 584 Bear, 524 Beard 636, 637, 648 Bengal, 634 Bent, 647, 648, 649 Bermuda, 654 Blue, English, 664 Blue, Kentucky, 665 Blue-eyed, 515 Blue-joint, 650, 671 Blue-stem, 671 Bottle, 634 Bottle-brush, 674 Brome, 669 Buffalo, 657 Bur, 634 Canary, 638 Catchfly, 636 Cat's-tail, 644 Cord, 627 Cotton, 582 Couch, 671 Crab, 630, 656 Cut, Rice, 636 Deer, 183 Ditch, 564 Dog's-tail, 656 Drop seed, 643, 645 Eel, 496, 565 Feather, 641 Fescue, 668 Finger, 630 Foxtail, 634, 645 Gama, 635 Goose, 226, 668 Hair, 644, 648, 652 Hedgehog, 634 Herds, 645, 647 Holy, 639 Hungarian, 634 Indian, 638 Joint, 629 June, 665 Lyme, 673 Manna, 666 Marsh, 627 Meadow 663, 665, 667 Melic, 662 Millet, 642 Muskit, 655 Oat, 641, 651, 654 Old-witch, 630 Orange, 95 Orchard, 663 Panic, 629 Pigeon, 634 Porcupine, 641 Quaking, 663 Quick, or Quitch, 671 Rattlesnake, 667 Ray, 671 Redtop, 647, 657, 665 Reed, 627, 649 Rib, 423 Ribbon, 639 Ripple, 423 Rush, 645 Rye, 671, 673 Salt, 627 Sand, 658 Scorpion, 364 Scurvy, 71 Scutch, 654 Seneca, 639 Sesame, 635 Shave, 677 Soft, 652 Spear 663, 665, 668 Spike, 662, 663 Squirrel-tail, 672 Star, 512, 516 Sweet Vernal, 639 Tape, 496 Thin, 648 Timothy, 645 Toothache, 657 Triple-awned, 639 Umbrella, 583 Vanilla, 652 Velvet, 652 Wheat, Awned, 672 White, 336 Whitlow, 67, 68 Wire, 656, 664 Wood, 638 Worm, 346 Yard, 656 Yellow-eyed, 537

Grass of Parnassus, 173

Grass wrack, 565

Gratiola, 384

Greenbrier, 519

Green-dragon, 549

Greenweed, Dyer's, 127

Grimaldia, 729

Grindelia, 244

Gromwell, 365 False, 366

Groundnut, 144, 213

Groundsel, 292

Groundsel tree, 266

Guelder rose, 218

Gum-tree, 215 Sweet, 180

Gutierrezia, 243

Gymnocladus, 148

Gymnomitrium, 721, 722

Gymnopogon, 655

Gymnostichum, 674

Gypsophila, 83

Habenaria, 506, 506

Hackberry, 463

Hackmatack, 493

HÆMODORACEÆ, 512

Halenia, 352

Halesia, 334

HALORAGEÆ, 180

HAMAMELIDEÆ, 179

Hamamelis, 179

Harbinger-of-spring, 210

Hardhack, 153

Harebell, 308

Harpanthus, 717

Hart's-tongue, 685

Haw, 166 Black, 219

Hawkbit, 298

Hawkweed, 299

Hawthorn, 165

Hazel, Witch, 179

Hazelnut, 473

Heal-all, 419

Heart's-ease, 78, 81

Heather, 318

Heath Family, 309

Hedeoma, 412

Hedysarum, 138

Helenium, 237

Heleochloa, 644

Helianthemum, 76

Helianthus, 277

Heliophytum, 362

Heliopsis, 275

Heliotropium (Heliotrope), 361

Hellebore, 45 False, 533

Helleborus, 45

Helonias, 531

Hemerocallis, 523

Hemicarpha, 583

Hemlock, 209, 492 Ground, 494 Water, 208

HEMODORACEÆ, 512

Hemp, 463 Indian, 338 Water, 429

Henbane, 376

Hepatica, 34, 38

HEPATICÆ, 702

Heracleum, 202

Herb-Robert, 103

Herba-impia, 267

Herberta, 709

Hercules' Club, 213

Herpestis, 383

Hesperis, 71

Heteranthera, 536

Heterotheca, 244

Heuchera, 171

Hexalectris, 501

Hibiscus, 100

Hickory, 468

Hieracium, 299

Hierochloë, 639

High-water Shrub, 272

Hippuris, 182

Hobble-bush, 217

Hoffmanseggia, 148

Hogweed, 273

Hoicus, 652

Holly, 107 Dahoon, 108 Mountain, 109

Holosteum, 87

Honewort, 207

Honeysuckle, 220 Bush, 222

Honkenya, 86

Hop, 464

Hop tree, 107

Hordeum, 672

Horehound, 419 Black, 420 Fetid, 420 Water, 408

Hornbeam, 474 Hop, 474

Hornwort, 488

Horse-brier, 520

Horse-chestnut, 115

Horseradish, 70

Horse-sugar, 335

Horsetail, 676

Horse-weed, 265

Hosackia, 130

Hottonia, 328

Hound's-tongue, 362

Houstonia, 222

Huckleberry, 311 Squaw, 312

Hudsonia, 76

Humulus, 464

Huntsman's-cup, 57

Hyacinth, Grape, 523 Wild, 523

Hydrangea, 173

Hydrastis, 48

HYDROCHARIDACEÆ, 495

Hydrocotyle, 210, 733

Hydrolea, 360

HYDROPHYLLACEÆ, 357

Hydrophyllum, 357

Hymenocallis, 516

Hymenopappus, 286

Hyoscyamus, 376

HYPERICACEÆ 92

Hypericum, 92

Hypoxis, 516

Hyssopus (Hyssop) 409 Giant, 415 Hedge, 384

Ilex, 107

ILICINEÆ, 107

ILLECEBRACEÆ 426

Ilysanthes, 385

Impatiens, 105

Indian-physic 154

Indian-pipe 325

Indian-poke 534

Indigo, 133 False, 125, 131 Wild, 125

Indigofera, 133

Inkberry, 109

Innocence, 223

Inula, 269

Ionidium, 81

Ipecac, American 154

Ipomœa, 368

Iresine, 429

IRIDACEÆ, 513

Iris, 513, 735

Ironweed, 238

Iron-wood, 474

Isanthus, 406

Isoetes, 698

Isopyrum, 44

Itea, 174

Iva, 272

Ivy, American, 115 Ground, 416 Poison, 119

Jacob's-ladder, 357

Jamestown-weed, 377

Jatropha, 457

Jeffersonia, 53

Jessamine, Yellow, 345

Jewel-weed, 105

Joe-Pye Weed, 239

Jubula, 706

Judas-tree, 147

JUGLANDACEÆ 467

Juglans, 467

JUNCACEÆ, 539

Juncus, 540

Juneberry, 166

Jungermannia, 710-712, 714, 715, 717, 718, 718, 722

JUNDERMANNIACEÆ, 702

Juniperus (Juniper), 494

JUSSIÆA, 187

Kalmia, 310, 319

Kantia, 713

Ketmia, Bladder, 100

King-nut, 468

Kinnikinnik, 214

Knapweed, 297

Knawel, 427

Knotweed, 439

Knotwort Family, 426

Kochia, 431

Kœleria, 659

Kosteletzkya, 100

Krigia, 297

Krynitzkia, 363

Kuhnia, 241

Kyllinga, 573

LABIATÆ, 403

Lachnanthes, 512

Lachnocaulon, 567

Lactuca, 303

Lady's-mantle, 161

Lady's-slipper, 510

Lady's-thumb, 441

Lady's-tresses, 501

Lambkill, 319

Lamb's-quarters, 432

Lamium, 420, 734

Lampsana, 297

Laportea, 465

Larch, 492

Larix, 492

Larkspur, 46

Lathyrus, 143

LAURACEÆ, 446

Laurel, 319, 321 American, 319 Ground, 315 Mountain, 319

Laurestinus, 217

Lavender, Sea, 327

Lead-plant, 131

Leadwort Family, 327

Leaf-cup, 269

Leather-flower, 36

Leather-leaf, 317

Leatherwood, 448

Leavenworthia, 63

Lechea, 77

Ledum, 321

Leek, Wild, 521

Leersia, 636

LEGUMINOSÆ, 122

Leiophyllum, 322

Lejeunea, 707

Lemna, 552, 552

LEMNACEÆ, 551

LENTIBULARIACEÆ, 395

Leontodon, 298

Leonuras, 420

Lepachys, 277

Lepidium, 73

Lepidozia, 710

Lepigonum, 89

Leptocaulis, 209

Leptochloa, 656, 658

Leptopoda, 287

Lepturus, 655, 672

Lespedeza, 141

Lesquerella, 68

Lettuce, 303 Lamb, 228 White, 301

Leucanthemum, 289

Leucothoë, 317

Lever-wood, 474

Liatris, 242, 243

Ligusticum, 204

Ligustrum, 337

LILIACEAE, 517

Lilium, 529

Lily, 529 Atamasco, 516 Blackberry, 515 Day, 523 Pond, 56 Water, 55

Lily-of-the-valley, 524

Limnanthemum, 353

Limnobium, 496

Limosella, 384

LINACEÆ, 101

Linaria, 379

Linden, 101

Lindera, 447

Ling, 318

Linnæa, 219

Linum, 101

Liochlæna, 718

Lion's-foot, 301

Liparis, 499

Lipocarpha, 584

Lippia, 402

Liquidambar, 179, 180

Liquorice, 137 Wild, 226

Liriodendron, 50

Listera, 501

Lithospermum, 365

Litsea, 447

Littorella, 424

Live-forever, 178

Liver-leaf, 38

Liverworts, 702

Lizard's-tail, 446

LOASACEÆ, 193

Lobelia, 305

LOBELIACEÆ 305

Loblolly-bay, 96

Locust, 134 Honey, 148 Water, 149

LOGANIACEÆ, 345

Loiseleuria, 322

Lolium, 671

Lonicera, 220

Loosestrife, 185, 330 False, 187 Swamp, 186

Lophanthus, 415

Lophiola, 512

Lophocolea, 715

Lopseed, 403

LORANTHACEÆ, 449

Lousewort, 392

Lovage, 202

Lucerne, 129

Ludwigia, 187

Lungwort, 363

Lunularia, 730

Lupinus (Lupine), 128

Luzula, 546

Lychnis, 85

Lycium, 376

Lycopsis, 367

LYCOPODIACEÆ, 695

Lycopodium, 695

Lycopus, 408

Lygodesmia, 302

Lygodium, 692

Lysimachia, 330, 330

LYTHRACEÆ, 184

Lythrum, 185

Maclura, 464

Madder Family, 222

Madotheca, 708, 709

Magnolia, 49

MAGNOLIACEÆ, 49

Maianthemum, 526

Maidenhair, 680

Mallow, 97 False, 98 Glade, 98 Indian, 99 Marsh, 97 Rose, 100

Malva, 97

MALVACEÆ, 96

Malvastrum, 98

Mamillaria, 197

Mandrake, 53

Man-of-the-earth, 369

Maple, 117 Ash-leaved, 118

Marchantia, 727

MARCHANTIACEÆ, 727

Mare's-tail, 182

Marigold, Bur, 284 Fetid, 288 Marsh, 44 Water, 285

Marjoram, Wild, 411

Marrubium, 419

Marshallia, 286

Marsilia, 700

MARSILIACEÆ, 700

Marsupella, 721

Martynia, 399

Marvel-of-Peru, 425

Mastigobryum, 710

Matricaria, 289

Matrimony-vine, 376

Mayaca, 538

MAYACEÆ, 537

May-apple, 53

Mayflower, 315

May-weed, 288

Meadow-beauty, 183

Meadow-sweet, 153

Medeola, 529

Medicago, 129

Medick, 129

Melampyrum, 393

Melanthium, 533

MELASTOMACEÆ, 183

Melica, 662, 735

Melilotus (Melilot), 129

Melissa, 412

Melothria, 196

MENISPERMACEÆ, 51

Menispermum, 51

Mentha, 407

Mentzelia, 193

Menyanthes, 353

Menziesia, 319

Mercury, Three-seeded, 459

Mermaid-weed, 181

Mertensia, 363

Metzgeria, 724

Mezereum, 448

Mieranthemum, 385

Microstylis, 498

Mignonette, 75

Mikania, 239

Milfoil, 289 Water, 181

Milium, 642

Milkweed, 339 Green, 343

Milkwort, 120

Milkwort, Sea 331

Millet, 642

Mimulus, 382

Mint, 407 Cat, 416 Horse, 413 Mountain, 409 Pepper, 407 Spear, 407

Mirabilis, 425

Mist-flower, 241

Mistletoe, 450 False, 449

Mitchella, 224

Mitella, 171

Mitreola, 346

Mitrewort, 171, 346 False, 171

Moccason-flower, 510

Mocker-nut, 468

Modiola, 100

Mollugo, 198

Monarda, 413

Moneses, 323

Moneywort, 331

Monkey-flower, 382

Monkshood, 46

Monotropa, 325

Montelia, 429

Moonseed, 51

Moonwort, 693

Moosewood, 443

Morning-glory, 368

Morus, 464

Moschatel, 216

Moss, Black, or Long, 411 Club, 695, 697 Flowering, 326

Motherwort, 420

Mouse-tail, 40

Mudwort, 384

Mugwort, 291

Muhlenbergia, 643

Mulberry, 464 French, 403

Mulgedium, 304,305

Mullein, 379

Munroa, 659

Muscari, 523

Mustard, 72 Hedge, 71, 72 Tansy, 72 Tower, 66 Treacle, 71 Wormseed, 71

Mylia, 717

Myosotis, 364

Myosurus, 40

Myrica, 469

MYRICACEÆ, 469

Myriophyllum, 181

Myrtle, Sand, 322 Wax, 469

Nabalus, 301, 302

Naiad, 565

NAIADACEÆ, 557

Naias, 565

Napæa, 98

Nardia, 721

Nardosmia, 292

Narthecium, 532

Nasturtium, 69

Neckweed, 387

Negundo, 118

Nelumbium, 55

Nelumbo, 55

Nemastylis, 514

Nemopanthes, 109

Nemophila, 358

Nepeta, 416

Nesæa, 186

Nettle, 464 Dead, 420 False, 466 Hedge, 421 Hemp, 421 Horse, 374 Spurge, 457 Wood, 465

Nettle-tree, 463

Nicandra, 376

Nicotiana, 377

Nigella, 48

Nightshade, 373 Enchanter's, 193

Nimble-Will, 644

Ninebark, 153

Nipplewort, 297

Nonesuch, 130

Notholæna, 680

Nothoscordum, 522

Notothylas, 727

Nuphar, 56

NYCTAGINACEÆ, 54

Nymphæa, 55

NYMPHÆACEÆ, 54

Nyssa, 215

Oak, 475 Jerusalem, 433 Poison, 119

Oakesia, 528

Oat, 653 Sea, 662 Water, 636 Wild, 654

Obolaria, 353

Odontoschisma, 713

Œnothera, 190

Oil-nut, 451

Oldenlandia, 224

OLEACEÆ, 335

Oleaster Family, 448

Olive Family, 335

ONAGRACEÆ, 186

Onion, 521

Onoclea, 690

Onopordon, 297

Onosmodium, 366

OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ, 693

Ophioglossum, 695

Opuntia, 197

Orache, 433

Orange, Mock, 174 Osage, 464

Orange-root, 48

ORCHIDACEÆ, 497

Orchis, 498, 506 Crane, fly, 499 Rein, 506 Showy, 506

Origanum, 411

Ornithogalum, 523

OROBANCHACEÆ, 393

Orobanche, 395, 734

Orontium, 551

Orpine, 177

Orthocarpus, 391

Oryzopsis, 642

Osier, 480

Osmorrhiza, 210

Osmunda, 692

Ostrya, 474

Oxalis, 105

Ox-eye, 275, 289 Sea, 277

Oxybaphus, 425

Oxydendrum, 316

Oxyria, 437

Oxytropis, 137

Oyster-plant, 298

Pachysandra, 456

Pachystima, 110

Pæpalanthus, 567

Painted-cup, 390

Pallavicinia, 723

Pancratium, 516

Panicum, 629

Pansy, 81

Papaver, 59

PAPAVERACEÆ, 57

Papaw, 50

Pappoose root, 53

Pardanthus, 515

Parietaria, 466

Parnassia, 173

Paronychia, 426

Parsley Family, 198

Parsley, Fool's, 205 Hemlock, 202

Parsley-piert, 161

Parsnip, 202 Cow, 202 Meadow, 204 Water, 207

Parthenium, 272

Partridge Berry, 224

Paspalum, 628

Pasque-flower, 37

Passiflora, 194

PASSIFLORACEÆ, 194

Passion flower, 194

Pea, Beach, 143 Butterfly, 145 Everlasting, 143 Hoary, 133 Milk, 146 Partridge, 148

Peanut, Hog, 146

Pear, 164 Alligator, 446 Prickly, 197

Pearlwort, 88

Pecan-nut, 468

PEDALIACEÆ, 399

Pedicularis, 392

Pellæa, 682

Pellia, 724

Pellitory, 466

Peltandra, 549

Pennycress, 73

Pennyroyal, American, 412 Bastard, 405 False, 406 Mock, 412

Pennywort, Water, 210

Penthorum, 176

Pentstemon, 381

Pepper Family, 446

Pepper, Water, 441

Pepper-bush, 322

Peppergrass, 73

Pepperidge, 215

Peppermint, 407

Pepper-root, 64

Pepperwort, 73

Perilla, 407

Periploca, 339

Persea, 446

Persimmon, 333

Petalostemon, 132

Petasites, 292

Petroselinum, 208

Peucedanum, 203

Phacelia, 359

Phalaris, 638

Phaseolus, 144, 145

Pheasant's-eye, 48

Phegopteris, 686

Phelipæa, 395

Philadelphus, 174

Phleum, 644

Phlomis, 420

Phlox, 354

Phoradendron, 449

Phragmites, 658

Phryma, 403

Phyllanthus, 457

Phyllodice, 318

Physalis, 375

Physocarpus, 153

Physostegia, 419

Phytolacca, 436

PHYTOLACCACEÆ, 435

Picea, 491

Pickerel-weed, 536

Picris, 299

Pigeon berry, 436

Pig nut, 469

Pigweed, 428, 431 Winged, 431

Pilea, 465

Pimpernel, 331 False, 385 Water, 332

Pimpinella, 206

Pine, 490 Ground, 697

Pine-apple, Family, 511

Pine-drops, 325

Pine sap, 325

Pine weed, 95

Pinguicula, 397

Pink, 83, 84 Fire, 84

Pink-root, 346

Pinus, 490, 734

Pinweed, 77

Pinxter flower, 320

PIPERACEÆ, 446

Pipe vine, 445

Pipewort, 566 Hairy, 567

Pipsissewa, 322

Pitcher-plant, 57

Plagiochila, 717

Plane-tree Family, 466

Planer-tree, 463

PLANTAGINACEÆ, 422

Plantago, 422

Plantain, 422 Indian, 294 Mud, 536 Rattlesnake, 503 Robin's, 266 Water, 554

PLATANACEÆ, 466

Platanus, 466

Pleuranthe, 718

Pleurisy-root, 340

Pleurogyne, 352

Plucea, 266

Plum, 151 Date, 333

Plum, Ground, 135 Red, 151

PLUMBAGINACEÆ, 327

Poa, 663

Podophyllum, 53

PODOSTEMACEÆ, 444

Podostemon, 444

Pogonia, 505

Pokeweed, 436

Polanisia, 74

POLEMONIACEÆ, 354

Polemonium, 356

Polygala, 120

POLYGALACEÆ, 120

POLYGONACEÆ, 436

Polygonatum, 524

Polygonella, 443

Polygonum, 439, 443

Polymnia, 269

Polypodium, 680

Polypody, 680

Polypogon, 648

Polypremum, 345

Polytænia, 203

Pomme-blanche, 131

Pond spice, 447

Pondweed, 558 Horned, 565

Pontederia, 536

PONTEDERIACEÆ, 535

Poplar, 486 White, 50

Poppy, 59 Celandine, 58 Corn, 59 Horn, 58 Mexican, 59 Prickly, 59

Populus, 486

Porella, 708

Portulaca, 90

PORTULACACEÆ, 90

Potamogeton, 558

Potato vine, Wild, 369

Potentilla, 158

Poterium, 161

Preissia, 728

Prenanthes, 300

Prim, 337

Primrose, 329 Evening, 190

Primula, 329

PRIMULACEÆ, 328

Prince's-feather, 441

Prince's-pine, 323

Prosartes, 527

Psilocarya, 577

Psoralea, 130

Ptelea, 107

Pteris, 681

Pterospora, 325

Ptilidium, 709

Puccinellia, 668

Puccoon, 365 Yellow, 48

Pulse, Family, 122

Purslane, 90 Sea, 198 Water, 184, 188

Putty-root, 499

Pycnanthemum, 409

Pyrola, 323

Pyrrhopappus, 303

Pyrularia, 451

Pyrus, 164

Pyxidanthera, 326

Pyxie, 326

Quamoclit, 368

Queen-of-the-prairie, 153

Quercus, 475

Quillwort, 698

Radish, 74

Radula, 707

Ragged-Robin, 85

Ragweed, 273

Ragwort, 293

Ramsted, 379

RANUNCULACEÆ, 34

Ranunculus, 40

Rape, Broom, 395

Raphanus, 74

Raspberry, 154

Rattlebox, 127

Rattlesnake-master, 211

Rattlesnake-root, 300

Rattlesnake-weed, 299

Reboulia, 729

Redbud, 147

Red-root, 112, 512

Redtop, 647 False, 665 Tall, 667

Reed, 658 Bur, 547

Reseda, 75

RESEDACEÆ, 75

RHAMNACEÆ, 111

Rhamnus, 111

Rheumatism-root, 53

Rhexia, 183

Rhinanthus, 392

Rhododendron, 320

Rhodora, 321

Rhus, 118

Rhynchosia, 147

Rhynchospora, 577, 584

Ribes, 174

Ribgrass, 423

Ribwort, 422

Riccia, 730

RICCIACEÆ, 730

Rice, Indian, 635 Water, 635

Richweed, 407, 465

Ricinus, 460

Riverweed, 444

Robinia, 134

Rocket, 71 Dyer's, 75 Sea, 74 Yellow, 70

Rock-rose, 76

Rosa, 162

ROSACEÆ, 150

Rose, 162 Cotton, 267 Guelder, 218 Rock, 76

Rosebay, 320

Rosemary, Marsh, 327

Rosin-weed, 270

Rotala, 184

Rottbœllia, 636

Roubieva, 433

RUBIACEÆ, 222

Rubus, 154

Rudbeckia, 276

Rue Family, 106

Rue, Meadow, 39

Ruellia, 400

Rumex, 437

Ruppia, 564

Rush, 540

Rush, Bald, 577 Bog, 540 Club, 578 Horned, 586 Nut, 586 Scouring, 676 Spike, 573 Twig, 586 Wood, 546

RUTACEÆ, 106

Rye, Wild, 673

Sabbatia, 347

Sage, 412 Jerusalem, 420 Wood, 406

Sagina, 88

Sagittaria, 554, 735

St. Andrew's-cross, 92

St. John's-wort, 92 Marsh, 95

St. Peter's-wort, 92

SALICACEÆ, 480

Salicornia, 434

Salix, 480

Salmon-berry, 154

Salsify, 298

Salsola, 435, 734

Saltwort, 435

Salvia, 412

Salvinia, 701

SALVINIACEÆ, 701

Sambucus, 217

Samolus, 332

Samphire, 434

Sandal-wood Family, 450

Sandweed, Sea, 651

Sandwort, 85

Sanguinaria, 58

Sanicula (Sanicle), 212

SANTALACEÆ, 450

SAPINDACEÆ, 115

Sapindus, 116

Sapodilla Family, 332

Saponaria, 83

SAPOTACEÆ, 332

Sarcoscyphus, 721

Sarracenia, 57

SARRACENIACEÆ, 57

Sarsaparilla, 212, 213

Sassafras, 447

Satureia, 411

Saururus, 446

Savin, 494

Savory, 411

Saxifraga, 169

SAXIFRAGACEÆ, 168

Saxifrage, 169 Golden, 172

Scabiosa (Scabious), 229, 733

Scale-mosses, 702

Scapania, 713

Schedonnardus, 655

Scheuchzeria, 558

Schizæa, 690

Schollera, 536

Schrankia, 149

Schwalbea, 391

Schweinitzia, 325

Scilla, 523

Scirpus, 576, 578, 582

Scleranthus, 427

Scleria, 586

Sclerolepis, 238

Scolochloa, 666

Scolopendrium, 685

Scrophularia, 380

SCROPHULARIACEÆ, 377

Scutellaria, 416

Sedge, 587

Sedge Family, 567

Sedum, 177

Seed-box, 187

Selaginella, 697

SELAGINELLACEÆ, 697

Selenia, 63

Self-heal, 418

Sendtnera, 710

Senebiera, 74

Senecio, 292

Senna, 147

Sensitive-brier, 149

Sensitive-plant, Wild, 148

Sericocarpus, 254

Service-berry, 166

Sesuvium, 198

Setaria, 634

Seymeria, 388

Shad-bush, 166

Sheep-berry, 219

Shepherdia, 449

Shepherd's-purse, 73

Sherardia, 227

Shin-leaf, 323

Shooting-star, 329

Sibbaldia, 161

Sickle-pod, 66

Sicyos, 195

Sida, 99

Side-saddle Flower, 57

Silene, 83

Silkweed, 339

Silphium, 270

Silver-bell Tree, 334

Silver-berry, 449

Silver-weed, 160

Sinapis, 72

Sisymbrium, 71

Sisyrinchium, 515, 735

Sium, 207, 207

Skullcap, 416

Skunk-cabbage, 550

Sloe, 152

Smartweed, 441

Smilacina, 525, 526

Smilax, 519

Snake-head, 381

Snake-root, 47 Black, 212 Button, 211, 242 Seneca, 120 Virginia, 445 White, 241

Snapdragon, 380

Sneezeweed, 287

Sneezewort, 289

Snowball-tree, 218

Snowberry, 220 Creeping, 314

Snowdrop, 334

Soapberry, 116

Soapwort, 83

SOLANACEÆ, 373

Solanum, 373

Solea, 81

Solidago, 246 altissima, 249 arguta, 250, 250 bicolor, 247 Bigelovii, 247 Boottii, 250 cæsia, 247 Canadensis, 251 Curtisii, 247 Drummondii, 252 Elliottii, 250 elliptica, 250 gigantea, 251 Houghtonii, 252 humilis, 248 juncea, 250 lanceolata, 252 latifolia, 247 Lindheimeriana, 247 linoides, 250 macrophylla, 247 Missouriensis, 251 monticola, 247 Muhlenbergii, 250 neglecta, 250 nemoralis, 251 odora, 249 Ohioensis, 252 patula, 249 petiolaris, 246 pilosa, 249 puberula, 248 radula, 251 Riddellii, 252 rigida, 252 rugosa, 249 rupestris, 251 sempervirens, 248 serotina, 251, 251 Shortii, 251 speciosa, 249 squarrosa, 246 stricta, 248, 249 tenuifolia, 252 thyrsoidea, 248 tortifolia, 249 uliginosa, 249 ulmifolia, 250 virgata, 248 Virgaurea, 248

Solomon's-seal, 524 False, 525

Sonchus, 305

Sophora, 127

Sorrel, 437 Mountain, 437 Wood, 105

Sorrel-tree, 316

Sour-gum, 215

Sour-wood, 316

Spanish-bayonet, 524

Spanish-needles, 285

Sparganium, 547

Spartina, 627

Spatter-dock, 56

Spearmint, 407

Spearwort, 41

Specularia, 308

Speedwell, 386

Spergula, 90

Spergularia, 89

Spermacoce, 225

Sphæralcea, 99

Sphærocarpus, 732

Sphagnœcetis, 713

Spice-bush, 447

Spiderwort, 539

Spigelia, 346

Spikenard, 213 False, 525

Spindle-tree, 110

Spiræa, 153, 153

Spiranthes, 501

Spirodela, 552

Spleenwort, 683

Spoonwood, 319

Sporobolus, 645

Spring-beauty, 91

Spruce, 491

Spurge, 452

Spurrey, 90 Sand, 89

Squaw-root, 394

Squaw-weed, 293

Squirrel-corn, 60

Stachys, 421

Staff-tree, 110

Stagger-bush, 316

Staphylea, 118

Star-flower, 329

Star-grass, 512, 516

Star-of-Bethlehem, 523

Starwort, 86, 255 Water, 182

Statice, 327

Steeple-bush, 153

Steetzia, 724

Steironema, 330

Stellaria, 86, 733

Stenanthium, 534

Stenosiphon, 193

Stickseed, 362

Sticktight, 284

Stillingia, 460

Stipa, 641

Stitchwort, 87

Stonecrop, 177 Ditch, 176

Stone-root, 407

Storax, 333

Storksbill, 104

Stramonium, 377

Strawberry, 158 Barren, 158

Strawberry-bush, 110

Streptopus, 526

Strophostyles, 145

Struthiopteris, 690

Stuartia, 96

Stylophorum, 58

Stylosanthes, 142

STYRACACEÆ, 333

Styrax, 334

Suæda, 434

Subularia, 69

Succory, 298

Sugar-berry, 463

Sullivantia, 171

Sumach, 118

Sundew, 178

Sunflower, 277

Supple-Jack, 111

Sweetbrier, 164

Sweet-cicely, 210

Sweet-flag, 551

Sweet-gale, 469

Sweet-gum, 180

Sweet-leaf, 334

Sweet-scented shrub, 167

Sweet William, 83 Wild, 354

Sycamore, 466

Symphoricarpos, 220

Symphytum, 367

Symplocarpus, 550

Symplocos, 334

Synandra, 419

Synthyris, 386

Syringa, 174

Tacamahac, 487

Talinum, 91, 733

Tamarack, 493

Tanacetum, 290

Tansy, 290

Taraxacum, 303

Tare, 142

Taxodium, 493

Taxus, 494

Tea-berry, 316

Tea Family, 95

Tea, Labrador, 321 Mexican, 433 New, Jersey, 112 Oswego, 414

Tear-thumb, 442

Teasel, 229

Tecoma, 398

Tephrosia, 133

TERNSTRŒMIACEÆ, 95

Tetragonotheca, 274

Tetranthera, 447

Teucrium, 406

Thalictrum, 39, 39

Thaspium, 204, 208

Thelesperma, 285

Thelypodium, 72

Thermopsis, 126

Thimbleberry, 155

Thistle, 295 Canada, 296 Cotton, 297 Plumeless, 296 Scotch, 297 Sow, 305 Star, 297

Thlaspi, 73

Thorn, 165 Black, 152 White, 165

Thoroughwax, 206

Thoroughwort, 239

Thuya, 493

Thyme, 411 Basil, 411 Creeping, 411

THYMELÆACEÆ, 448

Thymus, 411

Tiarella, 171

Tickseed, 281

Tiedemannia, 202

Tilia, 101

TILIACEÆ, 101

Tillæa, 177

Tillandsia, 511

Timothy, 645

Tinker's-weed, 291

Tipularia, 499

Tissa, 89

Toadflax, 379 Bastard, 450

Tobacco, 377 Indian, 307

Tofieldia, 532

Toothache-tree, 106

Toothwort, 64

Touch-me-not, 106

Townsendia, 254

Trachelospermum, 338

Tradescantia, 539

Tragia, 460

Tragopogon, 298

Trantvetteria, 39

Tread-softly, 457

Tree-of-heaven, 107

Trefoil, 128 Shrubby, 107 Tick, 138

Trichocolea, 709

Trichomanes, 692

Trichostema, 405

Tricuspis, 657, 658

Trientalis, 329

Trifolium, 128

Triglochin, 557

Trilisa, 243

Trillium, 530

Triodia, 657

Triosteum, 219

Tripsacum, 636

Trisetum, 653, 735

Triticum, 671, 672

Trollius, 45

Troximon, 302

Trumpet-creeper, 398

Trumpet-flower, 398

Trumpets, 57

Trumpet-weed, 239

Tsuga, 492

Tulip-tree, 50

Tumbleweed, 428

Tupelo, 215

Turnip, Indian, 549

Turnsole, 361

Turtlehead, 381

Tussilago, 291

Twayblade, 499, 501

Twin-flower, 219

Twin-leaf, 53

Twisted-stalk, 526

Typha, 547

TYPHACLÆ, 547

Ulmus, 462

UMBELLIFERÆ, 198

Umbrella-leaf, 53

Umbrella-tree, 49, 50

Unicorn-plant, 399

Uniola, 662

Urtica, 464

URTICACEÆ, 461

Utricularia, 395

Uvularia, 527, 528

Vaccaria, 83

Vaccinium, 312

Valeriana (Valerian), 228 Greek, 356

VALERIANACEÆ, 228

Valerianella, 228

Vallisneria, 496

Vanilla-plant, 243

Velvet-leaf, 99

Venus's Fly-trap, 179 Looking-glass, 308

Veratrum, 533, 533

Verbascum, 379

Verbena, 401

VERBENACEÆ, 401

Verbesina, 280

Vernonia, 238

Veronica, 386

Vervain, 401

Vesicaria, 69

Vetch, 142 Joint, Sensitive, 137 Milk, 134

Vetchling, 143

Viburnum, 217

Vicia, 142

Vilfa, 645, 646

Vincetoxicum, 344

Vine Family, 112

Viola, 78

VIOLACEÆ, 78

Violet, 78

Violet, Dame's, 71 Dog's-tooth, 528 Green, 81 Water, 328

Virginian-creeper, 115

Virgin's-bower, 35

VITACEÆ, 112

Vitis, 113, 114

Waahoo, 110

Wake-robin, 530

Waldsteinia, 157

Walking-leaf, 685

Wallflower, Western, 71

Walnut, 467

Watercress, 69

Waterleaf, 357

Water-nymph, 55

Water-shield, 55

Waterweed, 495

Waterwort, 91

Wax work, 110

Wayfaring-tree, 217

Weigela, 222

Weld, 75

Wheat, Cow, 393 India, 443

Whin, 127

Whiteweed, 289

Whitlow-wort, 426

Wicky, 319

Willow, 480

Willow-herb, 188

Wind-flower, 36, 38

Winterberry, 109

Wintergreen, 315, 323 Aromatic, 315 Chickweed, 329 Creeping, 315 Spotted, 313

Wistaria, 134

Witch hazel, 179

Wolf berry, 220

Wolfsbane, 46

Woodbine, 115, 220

Woodsia, 690

Woodwardia, 683

Wood-waxen, 127

Wormseed, 434

Wormwood, 289 Roman, 273

Xanthium, 274

Xanthorrhiza, 48

Xanthosoma, 550

Xanthoxylum, 106

Xerophyllum, 532

XYRIDACEÆ, 536

Xyris, 537

Yam, 517

Yarrow, 289

Yaupon, 108

Yellow-eyed, Grass, 537

Yellow-rattle, 392

Yellow-root, 48

Yellow-wood, 126

Yew, 494

Yucca, 524

Zannichellia, 565

Zephyranthes, 516, 735

Zizania, 635

Zizia, 206, 207

Zostera, 565

Zygadenus, 534

PLATES

WITH EXPLANATIONS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

CYPERUS.--(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate flower more magnified.--(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an achene, cut in two.--(9) C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with the lower part of one scale, showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-like wings.

DULICHIUM.--(1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum; (2) part of a spikelet somewhat enlarged; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath; (4) magnified flower.

KYLLINGA.--(1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a piece of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open; (4) achene; and (5) section of same magnified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

HEMICARPHA.--(1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged, with its bract; (3) magnified scale of the same; (5) a flower, with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene, magnified.

LIPOCARPHA.--(1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets; (2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the axis of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached; (4) a flower with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified.

FUIRENA.--(1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila; (2) scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower; (5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth; (6) achene, and (7) section of same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

ELEOCHARIS.--(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged; (3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles.--(6) E. quadrangulata, spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and bristles.--(10) E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and bristles.

SCIRPUS.--(1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles.

ERIOPHORUM.--(1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet; (3) a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles.--(6, under Scirpus) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the tortuous bristles; (10) section of the achene.

FIMBRISTYLIS.--(1) Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a spikelet of the same; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the same; (5) achene.--F. autumnalis, (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower; (8) achene, and (9) section of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

DICHROMENA.--(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale from one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower; (5) achene with its tubercle.

PSILOCARYA.--(1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached scale, (4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides.

RHYNCHOSPORA.--(1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana; (2) a spikelet; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at its base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified.

R. (§ CERATOSCHŒNUS).--(1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) detached spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R. macrostachya.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

CLADIUM.--(1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached spikelet; (3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) the nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same.

SCLERIA.--(6) Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis; (7) three spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate; (8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them having lost their anthers; (9) pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the 3-lobed double cup underneath.

CAREX.--(11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium; (15) cross section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) achene on its stalk, style and stigmas.--(17) C. Jamesii, upper part of flowering plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and its scale; (20) pistillate flower in its perigynium; (21) the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the contained achene and style.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

CAREX.--(1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of the perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene.--(6) C. straminea, var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike enlarged; (8) scale of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium and the contained achene cut across; (10) detached achene with persistent style and stigmas.--(11) C. umbellata, whole plant; (12) a perigynium and its scale; (13) cross-section toward the base of perigynium and its contained achene; (14) detached achene with its persistent style and stigmas.--C. bullata; (15) upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate spikes; (16) one of its staminate flowers with the scale; (17) a pistillate scale, and (18) mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the latter, showing the achene and its style, and (20) cross-section of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

LEERSIA.--(1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (2) a branchlet of the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3) an open spikelet in flower, enlarged.

ZIZANIA.--(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulæ or hypogynous scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen.

ALOPECURUS.--(1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower; (2) a few spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) an open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering glume detached.

PHLEUM.--A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified.

HELEOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of H. schœnoides; (2) a separate enlarged spikelet; and (3) the same open, in flower.

SPOROBOLUS.--(1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified; (2) the same, with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit, more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).--(4) An enlarged spikelet of E. vaginæflora; and (5) the same displayed.

AGROSTIS.--(1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

POLYPOGON.--(1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis; (2) an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty glumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without the empty glumes.

CINNA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and the pistil.

MUHLENBERGIA.--(1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica; (2) the same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes.--(3) A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty glumes more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same.

BRACHYELYTRUM.--(1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the same displayed.

CALAMAGROSTIS.--(1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the empty glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the palet.

ORYZOPSIS.--(1) An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) the flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the remarkably long squamulæ or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the glume in length.

STIPA.--Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.

ARISTIDA.--A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

SPARTINA.--(1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displaced, the flower raised above the empty glumes.

CTENIUM.--(1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified; and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated.

BOUTELOUA.--(1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of the natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers raised out of the empty glumes.

GYMNOPOGON.--(1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and (2) a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed.

CYNODON.--(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment.

ELEUSINE.--(1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) the same with the flowers more displayed; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled seed detached.--(1, under Dactyloctenium) Inflorescence of E. Ægyptiaca, of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

DIPLACHNE.--(1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis; (2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of the same.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

TRIODIA.--(1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides; (2) the same displayed and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering glume spread out.

GRAPHEPHORUM.--(1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed; (2) a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same.

DIARRHENA.--(1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged; (2) the grain in its glume and palet.

DACTYLIS.--A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KŒLERIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.

EATONIA.--A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment.

MELICA.--A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one.

GLYCERIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled).

DISTICHLIS--(1) A pistillate spikelet of D. maritima, enlarged; (2) a flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet.

POA.--(1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume cut across and somewhat outspread.

ERAGROSTIS.--(1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have fallen away; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of the same outspread.

BRIZA.--(1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower.

FESTUCA.--(1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower; (3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread.

BROMUS.--(1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate flower, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

UNIOLA.--(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) flower.

PHRAGMITES--(1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens only.

ARUNDINARIA.--(1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.

SCHEDONNARDUS.--(1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged; and (2) a flower, magnified.

LOLIUM.--(1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate flower, magnified.

AGROPYRUM.--(1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified.

HORDEUM.--(1) The three one flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect; (2) this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged.

ELYMUS.--(1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more magnified.

GYMNOSTICHUM.--(1) A spikelet of G. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.

ASPRELLA.--(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

DESCHAMPSIA.--(1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open.

DANTRONIA.--(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) a separate flower from the same.

TRISETUM.--(1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magnified; and (2) a separate open flower.

AVENA.--(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a separate flower.

ARRHENATHERUM.--A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; (1) the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.

HOLCUS.--(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and awned.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

HIEROCHLOA.--(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral ones with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only 2 stamens.

ANTHOXANTHUM--(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned, the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.

PHALARIS.--(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.

MILIUM.--(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed spikelet, magnified; and (3) the same displayed.

AMPHICARPUM.--(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified; (2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile) spikelet, enlarged.

PASPALUM.--(1) Inflorescence of P. læve; (2) a closed spikelet, enlarged; (3) the same with the parts displayed.

PANICUM.--(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its spikelets, magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three lower glumes empty.--(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the same displayed, the three lower glumes empty.--(6) A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified, (7) the same displayed, the lower flower represented by a glume and palet only.--(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified; (9) the same displayed, the lower flower staminate.

SETARIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

CENCHRUS.--(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate).

TRIPSACUM.--(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed; (4) a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed.

ERIANTHUS.--(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.

ANDROPOGON.--(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, displayed.

CHRYSOPOGON.--(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

BECKMANNIA.--(1) Inflorescence of B. erucæformis, var., reduced in size; (2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the flower.

ERIOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened.

ROTTBŒLLIA.--(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced, and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the pedicelled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the fertile spikelet opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.

AMMOPHILA.--(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the base of the palet.

LEPTOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion of rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; and (4) a flower removed.

BUCHLOË.--(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. dactyloides; (3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers removed; (5) a pistil late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of same; and (7) the outer empty glume removed.

MUNROA.--(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower, opened.

SCOLOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.

PUCCINELLIA.--(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

POLYPODIUM.--Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.

ONOCLEA.--(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, magnified, with one side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.

PELLÆA.--Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of the fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

PTERIS.--A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes, enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the veins.

ADIANTUM.--(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium of one fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.

CHEILANTHES.--(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing pinnule, enlarged.

WOODWARDIA.--(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the frond of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

CAMPTOSORUS.--Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond, with fruit dots, enlarged.

SCOLOPENDRIUM.--Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece enlarged, with two fruit-dots.

ASPLENIUM.--(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in fruit, enlarged.

DICKSONIA.--(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, enlarged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.

WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.

ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a small fruiting portion, magnified.

ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.

WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.

ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a small fruiting portion, magnified.

ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

SCHIZÆA.--Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more magnified.

LYGODIUM.--(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a sporangium more magnified.

OSMUNDA.--(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one sporangium more magnified.

BOTRYCHIUM.--Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with six sporangia, magnified.

OPHIOGLOSSUM.--Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting spike enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

EQUISETUM.--(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging the spores; (4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments spreading; and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up.

LYCOPODIUM.--Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.

SELAGINELLA.--Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, enlarged; (2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, containing innumerable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.

ISOETES.--(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores more magnified.

AZOLLA.--(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic one, more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked microsporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another bursting; and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or barbed bristles.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

RICCIA.--Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell; three free spores; and calyptra with style.

ANTHOCEROS.--Plant of A. lævis; portion of the columella and valves of the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.

NOTOTHYLAS.--Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).

ASTERELLA.--Plant of A. hemisphærica; ♀ receptacle viewed from above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra at base; section of ♂ disk; an elater, a portion of same, and spores.

SPHIEROCARPUS.--Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres; involucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three spores.

DUMORTIERA.--Portions of ♂ and ♀ plants of D. hirsuta; ♀ receptacle showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule with calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elater and portion of same; spores.

AITONIA.--Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of ♀ receptacle with three involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing capsule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater, a piece of same, and spores.

CONOCEPHALUS.--Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of C. conicus; section of ♀ receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; capsule with ruptured calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elaters, a portion of one, and spores.

PREISSIA.--Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of P. commutata; section of ♀ receptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule, section of part of ♂ disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

MARCHANTIA.--Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of M. polymorpha; section of receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part of ♂ disk; an elater, part of same, and spores.

FIMBRIARIA--Plant of F. tenella; ♀ receptacle, and section of same; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores.

PALLAVICINIA.--Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre, perianth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

PELLIA.--Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; an elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.

BLASIA.--Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the midrib showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra and protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of elater and two spores; ♂ thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous thallus with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed gemmæ and the protruded orifice.

METZGERIA.--Plants (♂, ♀, and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, and parts of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf and base of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.

ANEURA.--Plants (♂ and ♀) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy calyptra with base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent elaters; elater, part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long deflexed ♂ receptacles, and one cut transversely showing antheridia.

FOSSOMBRONIA.--Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule dehiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two leaves and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.

GEOCALYX.--Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra and base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

GRIMALDIA.--Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of G. barbifrons; section of ♂ disk; ♀ receptacle and section of same; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

CHILOSCYPHUS.--Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth, and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

HARPANTHUS.--Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section showing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

LOPHOCOLEA.--Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves with underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and spores.

CEPHALOZIA.--Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater and spores.

GYMNOMITRIUM.--Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex of stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral leaves; calyptra.

MARSUPELLA.--Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of pedicel; capsule; elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

SCAPANIA.--Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves and perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater and spores.

PLAGIOCHILA.--Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; perianth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.

ODONTOSCHISMA.--Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing gemmæ, the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; a capsule, elaters, and spores.

LEJEUNEA.--Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with ♂ branch; leaves with underleaves; elaters and spores.

FRULLANIA.--Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from above, and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule, elaters, and spores.

PORELLA.--Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves; part of stem with ♂ spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth with involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.

RADULA.--Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule and lateral ♂ branches; a ♂ branch; an antheridium; leaves seen from above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.

PTILIDIUM.--Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.

BAZZANIA.--Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves and ♂ spike; portion of ♂ spike, and antheridium; capsule, elaters, and spores.

TRICHOCOLEA.--Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule; elater and spores.

HERBERTA.--Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves; perianth; capsules; elater and spores.

LEPIDOZIA.--Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves; antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule, elater, and spores.

KANTIA.--Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy involucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; elater and spores.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

JUBULA.--Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiæ, enlarged; two pairs of leaves seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.

BLEPHAROSTOMA.--Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth; portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.

LIOCHLÆNA.--Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth, perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel, with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.

MYLIA.--Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from beneath, a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf (above); perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted dehiscent capsule.

DYPLOPHYLLUM.--Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; a leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral leaf seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally; calyptra.

NARDIA.--Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged; portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and spores.

JUNGERMANNIA.--§ 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged; two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.--§ 2. Plant of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves; perianth with involucre; involucre.--§ 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, enlarged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; involucral leaves, margin of perianth unfolded--§ 4. Plants of J. inflata, natural size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.

LUNULARIA.--Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; section of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of sterile plant, with gemmæ.

MARSILIA.--Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments attached.

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