The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 3 of 6)

2. R. grácile, Michx. (MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY.) Spines often long, stout and red; peduncles long and slender; flowers white or whitish; filaments capillary, 4--6´´ long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes. (R. rotundifolium, Man., in part.)--Mich. to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

3. R. rotundifòlium, Michx. Spines short; peduncles short; flowers greenish or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, 2--3´´ long, more or less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes.--W. Mass, and N. Y., south in the Alleghanies to N. C.

4. R. oxyacanthoìdes, L. Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or dull purplish; stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong calyx-lobes. (R. hirtellum, Michx.)--Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and westward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, the whitish spines often numerous.

[*][*] Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish.

5. R. lacústre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3--5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant).--Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to N. Eng., west to N. Y., Mich., and Minn.

§ 2. RIBÈSIA. (CURRANT.) Thornless and prickless; racemes few--many-flowered, stamens short.

6. R. prostràtum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5--7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender, calyx flattish; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular-bristly.--Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

7. R. flóridum, L'Her. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3--5-lobed, doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels; flowers large, whitish; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth.--Woods, N. Eng. to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn.

8. R. rùbrum, L., var. subglandulòsum, Maxim. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3--5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping, calyx flat (green or purplish); fruit globose, smooth, red.--Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn.

§ 3. SIPHÓCALYX. Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous.

9. R. aúreum, Pursh. (MISSOURI or BUFFALO CURRANT.) Shrub 5--12° high; leaves 3--5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6´´ long or less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black.--Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common in cultivation.

ORDER 36. CRASSULÀCEÆ. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3--20), and the stamens the same or double their number,--technically different from Saxifrageæ only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded.--Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.

[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

2. Tillæa. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.

3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8--10. Seeds many.

1. PÉNTHORUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded.--Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from πέντε, five, and ὅρος, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoìdes, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.--Open wet places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July--Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLÆ̀A, Mich.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2--many-seeded.--Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. símplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1--2´ high); leaves linear-oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-white) petals and the narrow 8--10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each.--Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July--Sept.

3. SÉDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each.--Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

[*] Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.

[+] Flowers white or purple.

1. S. pulchéllum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4--12´ high); leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple.--Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated in gardens. July.

2. S. Névii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3--5´ high); leaves all alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems linear-spatulate and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered; petals white, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and blossoms smaller.--Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.

3. S. ternàtum, Michx. Stems spreading (3--6´ high); leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy; petals white.--Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.

[+][+] Flowers yellow.

S. ÀCRE, L. (MOSSY STONE-CROP.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick; petals yellow.--Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. S. Torrèyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base (2--4´ high); leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 2--3´´ long; petals rather longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent.--Mo. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.

[+] Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.

5. S. telephioìdes, Michx. Stems ascending (6--12´ high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; follicles tapering into a slender style.--Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to western N. Y. and S. Ind. June.

S. TELÉPHIUM, L. (GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-EVER.) Stems erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate; follicles abruptly pointed with a short style.--Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. REFLÉXUM, L. Glabrous, erect, 1° high; leaves crowded, cylindric, subulate-tipped, spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow, pedicelled.--Coast of Mass.; western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers diœcious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.

6. S. Rhodìola, DC. (ROSEROOT.) Stems erect (5--10´ high); leaves oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish.--Throughout Arctic America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River; also in the western mountains. May, June. (Eu.)

ORDER 37. DROSERÀCEÆ. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentæ.--Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen.--Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants.

1. DRÓSERA, L. SUNDEW.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-) valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole length.--Low perennials or biennials; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from δροσερός, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifòlia, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes.--Peat-bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. intermèdia, Hayne, var. Americàna, DC. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, Gray, Manual.)--Bogs, with the same range but less common. June--Aug.--Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. lineàris, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2--3´ long, scarcely 2´´ wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.--Shore of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.

4. D. filifórmis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (½´ broad).--Wet sand, near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

* * * * *

DIONÆ̀A MUSCÍPULA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP,--so noted for the extraordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch,--is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. It differs in several respects from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

ORDER 38. HAMAMELÍDEÆ. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monœcious; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening.--Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and flat.

[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.

3. Liquidambar. Monœcious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMÈLIS, L. WITCH-HAZEL.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.--Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From ἅμα, at the same time with, and μηλίς, an apple-tree; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. Virginiàna, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.--Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to E. Minn. and La.

2. FOTHERGÍLLA, L.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5--7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.--A low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

1. F. Gardèni, L. (F. alnifolia, L. f.)--Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May.

3. LIQUIDÁMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE.

Flowers usually monœcious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-coat.--Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L. Styracíflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5--7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.--Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. April.--A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

ORDER 39. HALORÀGEÆ. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the inconspicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), which consists of 2--4 more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1--8. Fruit indehiscent, 1--4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monœcious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected.

3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls.

4. Callitriche. Flowers monœcious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite.

1. MYRIOPHÝLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL.

Flowers monœcious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4--8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.--Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from μυρίος, a thousand, and φύλλον, a leaf, i.e., Milfoil.)

[*] Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours.

1. M. spicàtum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike.--Deep water, Newf. to N. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

2. M. verticillàtum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pectinate-pinnatifid; otherwise nearly as n. 1.--Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)

[*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1--2-ridged and roughened on the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophýllum, Michx. Stem stout; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; fruit obscurely roughened.--Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

4. M. scabràtum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back.--Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambíguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) smooth.--Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.--Var. CAPILLÀCEUM, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. LIMÒSUM, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.

6. M. tenéllum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like (3--10´ high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts small, entire; flowers alternate, monœcious; fruit smooth.--Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.

2. PROSERPINÀCA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.--Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3--4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning pertaining to Proserpine.)

1. P. palústris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate when under water; fruit sharply angled.--Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

2. P. pectinàcea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled.--Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla. and La.

3. HIPPÙRIS, L. MARE'S TAIL.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.--Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from ἵππος a horse, and οὐρά, a tail.)

1. H. vulgàris, L. Stems simple (1--2° high); leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1´´ long.--Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

4. CALLÍTRICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT.

Flowers monœcious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen.--Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from καλός, beautiful, and θρίξ, hair, from the often almost capillary stems.)

[*] Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none.

1. C. defléxa, Braun. var. Austìni, Hegelm. Stems ½--1´ high; fruit small ({1/3}´´ broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1--2´´ long. (C. Austini, Engelm)--On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)

[*][*] Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts.

2. C. vérna, L. Fruit (½´´ long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole.--Common in stagnant waters, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

3. C. heterophýlla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole.--Stagnant water, N. Y. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves; flowers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4 C. autumnàlis, L. Stems 3--6´ high; fruit large (1´´ wide or more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2--6´´ long).--W. Mass., Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)

ORDER 40. MELASTOMÀCEÆ. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

Plants with opposite 3--7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the Onagraceæ.--All tropical, except the genus

1. RHÉXIA, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma 1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentæ projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen.--Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3--5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from ῥῆξις, a crevice, from the place of growth.)

[*] Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virgínica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, acute; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petals bright purple.--Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristòsa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous, bright purple.--Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. E. Peters); also Sumter Co., S. C. (J. D. Smith).

3. R. Mariàna, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.--Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*] Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, sessile.

4. R. ciliòsa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.--Md. to Fla. and La.

ORDER 41. LYTHRÀCEÆ. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing but free from the 1--4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4--7 deciduous petals and 4--14 stamens on its throat; the latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed.--Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentæ in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.--Branches usually 4-sided.

[*] Flowers regular or nearly so.

[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.

1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule indehiscent. Small aquatic.

2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septicidal, with 3--4 valves.

3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule bursting irregularly.

[+][+] Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).

4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers cymose-spicate in one species.

5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8--10. Capsule 3--4-valved, loculicidal.

[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

1. DIDÍPLIS, Raf. WATER PURSLANE.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled.--Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. ("Didiplis means two doubling;" from δíς, twice, and διπλóος, double.)

1. D. lineàris, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Ammannia Nuttallii, Gray.)--From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.

2. ROTÀLA, L.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) transversely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.)

1. R. ramòsior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Ammannia humilis, Michx.)--Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex.--With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.

3. AMMÁNNIA, Houston.

Flowers in 3--many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4--8. Capsule globular, 2--4-celled, bursting irregularly.--Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linnæus.)

1. A. coccínea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3´ long), with a broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, Gray, Manual, not L.)--N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. latifolium, L., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.

4. LÝTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5--7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5--7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.--Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from λύθρον, blood; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)

[*] Stamens and petals 5--7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes; plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifòlia, L. Low annual (6--10´ high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; stamens usually 4--6, included.--Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)

2. L. lineàre, L. Stem slender and tall (3--4° high), bushy at top, with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite; petals whitish; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short; ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring.--Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alàtum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches with margined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or rounded base, the upper mostly alternate; calyx 2--4´´ long; petals rather large, deep-purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent.--Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.

[*][*] Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.

L. SALICÀRIA, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) More or less downy and tall; leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; flowers purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style.--Wet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. DÉCODON, Gmel. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5--7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petal 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3--5-celled, loculicidal.--Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from δέκα, ten, and ὀδούς, tooth.)

1. D. verticillàtus, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2--8° long), 4--6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, rose-purple (½´ long); stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesæa verticillata, HBK.)--Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ont., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

6. CÙPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1--2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side.--Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from κυφός, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.)

1. C. viscosíssima, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very viscid-hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the ruptured capsule.--Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La.

ORDER 42. ONAGRÀCEÆ. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2--3- or 5--6-merous) perfect and symmetrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2--4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender; stigma 2--4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.--Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular.

[*] Parts of the flower in fours or more.

[+] Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.

[++] Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent.

1. Jussiæa. Petals 4--6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated.

2. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.

[++][++] Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and deciduous from it. Flowers 4-merous.

3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite.

4. Œnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.

[+][+] Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1--4-seeded. Leaves alternate.

5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.

6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged.

[*][*] Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite.

7. Circæa. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1--2-seeded, bristly.

1. JUSSIÆ̀A, L.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4--6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4--9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule 4--6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.--Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)

1. J. decúrrens, DC. Stem erect (1--2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals; capsule oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled; seeds in several rows in each cell.--Wet places, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La.

2. J. rèpens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled; calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.--In water, Ill. and Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

2. LUDWÍGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4, usually persistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.--Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnæus.)

[*] Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.

[+] Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4--8´´ long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifòlia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.--Swamps, E. Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., E. Kan., and La.

2. L. hirtélla, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (1--2° high); leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

[+][+] Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (1--3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.)

3. L. sphærocárpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate; bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2´´ long).--Water or wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycárpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; bractlets linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped capsule, which is longer than the calyx-lobes.--Wet places, E. Mass. and Conn. to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky.

5. L. lineàris, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; bractlets minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 3´´ long and much longer than the calyx-lobes.--Bogs, pine barrens of N. J., and southward.

6. L. cylíndrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 3´´ long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes.--Swamps, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating.

7. L. palústris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2´´ long).--Ditches, common. (Eu.)

8. L. arcuàta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (3´´ long); capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved ({1/3}´ long).--Swamps, Va. to Fla.

3. EPILÒBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.--Mostly perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. A large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provisional arrangement has been made by Prof. W. TRELEASE, mainly in accordance with Haussknecht's revision of the genus. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and λόβιον, a little pod.)

§ 1. Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted; petals entire; stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes.

1. E. angustifòlium, L. (GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIRE-WEED.) Stem simple, tall (4--7°); leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire.--Low grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled; calyx-limb 5-cleft; petals mostly deeply notched; stamens and style erect.

[*] Stigma 4-parted; stem terete.

E. HIRSÙRUM, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3--5° high); leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme; petals 6´´ long, rose-purple.--Waste grounds, Mass. to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Stigma clavate; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2); leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins.

2. E. lineàre, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary-pubescent, 1--2° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Gray, mainly.)--Bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and northward.

3. E. stríctum, Muhl. Erect, 1--2½° high, densely beset with soft spreading somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse and with evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile; pubescence of the capsule soft and spreading. (E. molle, Torr.)--Bogs, Mass. to Minn., south to Va. and Ill.

[*][*][*] Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2--4 ridges or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves.

[+] Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose.

4. E. coloràtum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, 1--3° high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, narrowed to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding; peduncles shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma cinnamon-color.--Wet places, common.

5. E. adenocaùlon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a merely dingy coma.--Wet places through the Northern States.

6. E. glandulòsum, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.--Canada to the mountains of N. C. (fide Haussknecht). (Asia.)

[+][+] Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10); leaves chiefly opposite, less toothed; flowers few, nodding; seeds appendaged at the apex.

[++] Seeds areolate but not papillose; leaves not revolute.

7. E. anagallidifòlium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles; flowers purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the leaves.--White Mts. and Adirondacks (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

8. E. lactiflòrum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6--12´ high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles; flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds more prominently appendaged.--White Mts., and northward (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

[++][++] Seeds papillose-roughened.

9. E. Hornemánni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8--18´ high; leaves mostly horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only slightly roughened, short and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, Man.)--White Mts., dells of the Wisconsin River (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.)

10. E. palústre, L. Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the internodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slender peduncles; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man., in part.)--Penn. to Minn. and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.)

4. ŒNOTHÈRA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked.--Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.)

§ 1. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat; anthers linear.

[*] Caulescent annuals or biennials; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous; seeds in two rows in each cell.

[+] Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above.

1. Œ. biénnis, L. (COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.) Rather stout, erect (1--5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2--6´ long), acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1--2½´ long, the tips of the sepals contiguous; petals ½--¾´ long; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute.--Throughout the U. S.--Var. CRUCIÀTA, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (?) sport. E. Mass.

Var. grandiflòra, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1--2½´ long).--Same range as the type, but not so common east.

2. Œ. Oakesiàna, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the puberulence mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; otherwise nearly as in the typical form of the last. (Œ. biennis, var. Oakesiana, Gray.)--Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn.

[+][+] Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary; capsules linear.

3. Œ. rhombipétala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx silky-canescent (tube 1½´ long); petals rhombic-ovate (6--10´ long).--Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

4. Œ. humifùsa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (½--2° long); hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate (¼--1´ long), sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule ½--1´ long, silky, curved; seeds smooth.--On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.

5. Œ. sinuàta, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched (1° high or more), more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1--2´ long), sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral similar; capsule 1--1½´ long; seeds strongly pitted.--N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. and Tex. Very variable.

[*][*] Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning rose-color; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single row.

6. Œ. albicaùlis, Nutt. Stems erect (½--4° high), simple or branched, white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate (1--3´ long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods ½--2´ long, often curved or twisted; seeds lance-linear, smooth.--W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward.

[*][*][*] Caulescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11); capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7).

7. Œ. linifòlia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or diffuse (6--15´ high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; radical leaves oblanceolate, cauline linear-filiform ½--1´ long; spikes loosely flowered; corolla 2--3´´ long; stigmas short; capsules obovate to oblong-clavate, 2--3´´ long, not winged, nearly sessile.--Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex.

8. Œ. pùmila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1--2° high; leaves mostly glabrous, entire, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate; flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4--12´´ long; capsule glabrous, oblong-clavate, 3--6´´ long, sessile or on a short pedicel, slightly winged. (Incl. Œ. chrysantha, Michx.)--Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June.

9. Œ. fruticòsa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often tall and stout (1--3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate; raceme corymbed or loose; petals 9--12´´ long; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself, prominently ribbed and strongly winged.--Common and very variable.

Var. lineàris, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; capsule usually shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part. Œ. riparia, Nutt.)--Conn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

Var. humifùsa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part.)--Suffolk Co., L. Island.

10. Œ. glaùca, Michx. Perennial, erect (2--3° high), glabrous and glaucous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (2--4´ long), repand-denticulate; flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 9--15´´ long; capsule glabrous, ovoid-oblong, very broadly winged, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter than itself.--Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan.

11. Œ. speciòsa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; flowers large, white or rose; capsule clavate-obovate, strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled.--Mo. to Kan. and Tex.

[*][*][*][*] Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile.

[+] Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color.

12. Œ. tríloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves 2--10´ long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate and only sinuate-toothed; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2--4´ long); petals 6--12´´ long; capsule ovate, ½--1´ long, strongly winged, net-veined.--Ky. to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific.

Var. (?) parviflòra, Watson. Flowers very small (1--2´ long), fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2´ in diameter and often 2--3´ high.--Plains of Kan. and Neb.

[+][+] Low caulescent perennials; flowers axillary, yellow.

13. Œ. Missouriénsis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting; leaves thick, oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2--5´ long), acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate; calyx-tube 2--5´ long; petals broad, 1--2½´ long; capsules orbicular, very broadly winged (1--3´ long).--Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

14. Œ. Fremóntii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence; leaves linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1--2´ long; petals ½--1´ long; capsule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9´´ long.--Central Kan.

§ 2. Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong-linear; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric; perennial, somewhat woody, with axillary yellow flowers.

15. Œ. Hartwègi, Benth., var. lavandulæfòlia, Watson. Stems numerous from a woody base, 3--6´ high; leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent, mostly linear, ¼--1´ long; calyx-tube 1--2´ long; capsule 8--10´´ long.--Central Kan. to Col. and N. Mex.

16. Œ. serrulàta, Nutt. Slender (3--15´ high), simple or branched, canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1--3´ long), irregularly and sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform (2--4´ long), strongly nerved; petals broadly obovate (3--4´´ long), crenulate; capsule 9--15´´ long.--Wisc. and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex.

5. GAÙRA, L.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3--4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1--4-seeded. Seeds naked.--Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name, from γαῦρος, superb, does not seem appropriate).

[*] Fruit sessile or nearly so.

1. G. biénnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3--8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes wand-like; fruit oval or oblong, acute at both ends; 2--3´´ long, ribbed, downy.--Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. G. parviflòra, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2--5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent; spikes dense; fruit oblong-clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, 3--4´´ long.--Mo. to La. and westward.

3. G. coccínea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate (6--12´ high), very leafy; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet; fruit terete below, 4-sided and broader above, 2--3´´ long.--Minn. to Kan., and westward.

[*][*] Fruit slender-pedicelled.

4. G. fílipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2--4° high); leaves linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very slender, naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit.--Open places, Va. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan., and Ark.

6. STENÓSIPHON, Spach.

Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it also resembles in habit. (From στενός, narrow, and σίφων, a tube.)

1. S. virgàtus, Spach. Slender, 2--4° high, glabrous, leafy, leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, ½´ long; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate, 8-ribbed, small.--E. Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. CIRCÆ̀A, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1--2-celled; cells 1-seeded.--Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.)

1. C. Lutetiàna, L. Taller (1--2° high); leaves ovate, slightly toothed; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly.--Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpìna, L. Low (3--8´ high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled fruit soft and slender.--Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.)

ORDER 43. LOASÀCEÆ. (LOASA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ;--represented here only by the genus

1. MENTZÈLIA, Plumier.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few--many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen.--Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

[*] Seeds few, oblong, not winged; petals 5, not large; filaments all filiform.

1. M. oligospérma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1--3° high), much branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled; flowers yellow (7--10´´ broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9-seeded.--Prairies and plains, Ill. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex.

[*][*] Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined; petals 10, large and showy; outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong; leaves sessile.

2. M. ornàta, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1--2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube leafy-bracteate; petals 2--3´ long, yellowish-white; filaments all filiform or the outer dilated below; capsule 1{½}--2´ long; seeds narrowly margined.--On the plains, W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

3. M. nùda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1--5° high; leaves somewhat lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate; flowers half as large as in the last; calyx not bracteate; outer filaments narrowly dilated, sterile; capsule about 1´ long; seeds plainly winged.--Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

ORDER 44. PASSIFLORÀCEÆ. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placentæ, and as many club-shaped styles.

1. PASSIFLÒRA, L. PASSION-FLOWER.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5; filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved.--Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of flos passionis, a translation of fior della passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. lùtea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1´ broad); fruit ½´ in diameter.--Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and La.

2. P. incarnàta, L. Pubescent; leaves 3--5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2´ broad), nearly white, with a triple purple and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved; fruit as large as a hen's egg.--Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called maypops.

ORDER 45. CUCURBITÀCEÆ. (GOURD FAMILY.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diœcious or monœcious (often gamopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1--3-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2½ stamens (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous.--Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.--Mostly a tropical or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the GOURD (LAGENÀRIA VULGÀRIS), PUMPKIN and SQUASH (species of CUCURBITA), MUSKMELON (CÙCUMIS MÈLO), CUCUMBER (C. SATÌVUS), and WATERMELON (CITRÚLLUS VULGÀRIS).

[*] Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual.

[+] Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.

1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.

[+][+] Ovary 2--3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending.

2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous.

[*][*] Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3--5 parietal placentæ. Perennial.

4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.

5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large.

1. SÍCYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED BUR-CUCUMBER.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.--Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulàtus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy.--River-banks, and a weed in damp yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July--Sept.

2. ECHINOCÝSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat.--Tall climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and κύστις, a bladder, from the prickly fruit.)

1. E. lobàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit oval (2´ long); seeds dark-colored.--Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July--Oct.

3. CYCLANTHÈRA, Schrad.

Flowers monœcious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1--3-) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened.--Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from κύκλος, a circle, and ἀνθήρα, anther.)

1. C. dissécta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3--7-foliolate, the oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed; tendrils simple or bifid; fruit 1´ long, on a short peduncle.--Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

4. MELÒTHRIA, L.

Flowers polygamous or monœcious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campanulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many flat and horizontal seeds.--Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from μήλωθρον, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. péndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval, green, 4--6´´ long.--Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La.

5. CUCÚRBITA, L.

Flowers monœcious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3--5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3--5 parietal placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent.--Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.)

1. C. fœtidíssima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, triangular-cordate; flowers 3--4´ long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2--3´ in diameter. (C. perennis, Gray.)--Central Neb. to Tex., and westward.

ORDER 46. CACTÀCEÆ. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary.--Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentæ.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked; berry succulent.

2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants; the joints flattened or cylindrical.

1. MAMILLÀRIA. Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous.--Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.)

1. M. vivípara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1--5´ high, the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5--8 reddish-brown spines (10´´ long or less), surrounded by 15--20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid; flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval, green; seeds pitted, light brown.--Plains of Dak. to Kan., and westward.

2. M. Missouriénsis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10--20) weaker ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1--2´ broad; berry subglobose, scarlet; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Engelm.)--S. Dak. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

2. OPÚNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination.--Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)

[*] Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.

1. O. vulgàris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly obovate (2--4´ long); leaves minute (2--2½´´ long), ovate-subulate, generally appressed, bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines; flowers pale yellow (about 2´ broad), with about 8 petals; fruit 1´ long.--Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac.

2. O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Prostrate, deep green; joints broadly obovate or orbicular (3--5´ long); leaves (3--4´´ long), spreading; bristles bright red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9--12´´ long) or none; flowers yellow (2½--3½´ broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals 10--12; fruit 1½´ long, with an attenuated base.--Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark.

[*][*] Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly.

3. O. Missouriénsis, DC. Prostrate, joints light green, broadly obovate, flat and tuberculate (2--6´ long), leaves small (1½--2´´ long); their axils armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5--10 slender radiating spines (1--2´ long); flowers light yellow (2--3´ broad), fruit with spines of variable length.--Wisc. to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable.

4. O. frágilis, Haw. Subdecumbent; joints small (1--2´ long or less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly 1´´ long, red; bristles few, larger spines 1--4, cruciate, with 4--6 smaller white radiating ones below; flowers yellow.--Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward.

ORDER 47. FICOÍDEÆ.

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllaceæ and Portulacaceæ by having the ovary and capsule 2--several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceæ (but the latter wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary.

1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5--60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.

2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.

1. SESÙVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5--60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3--5, separate. Pod 3--5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid.--Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)

1. S. pentándrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile, stamens 5. (S. Portulacastrum, Gray, Manual, not L.)--Sea coast, N. J. to Fla.

2. MOLLÙGO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.--Low homely annuals, much branched, the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

M. VERTICILLÀTA, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel, stamens usually 3.--Sandy river-banks, and cultivated grounds. June--Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

ORDER 48. UMBELLÍFERÆ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (carpophore); each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the interstices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittæ), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen.--Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base, rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones are termed umbellets; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general umbel is the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels. The base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called the stylopodium. In many the flowers are dichogamous, i.e. the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop,--an arrangement for cross-fertilization.--A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is consequently difficult for the young student.

I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.

1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.

2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.

II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel).

[*] Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.

[+] Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.

[++] Lateral wings distinct; oil-tubes usually more than one in the intervals.

3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves.

4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound.

[++][++] Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium thick-conical.

5. Tiedemannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles.

6. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.

[+][+] Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers.

7. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.

8. Polytænia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes.

[+][+][+] Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopodium.

9. Peucedanum. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry ground, with thick roots and finely dissected leaves.

[*][*] Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.

[+] Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting.

10. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with pinnately compound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Western.

11. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flowers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary.

[+][+] Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white.

12. Ligusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes numerous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves.

13. Æthusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes solitary. Introduced annual.

14. Cœlopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, adherent to the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial.

[+][+][+] Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary.

15. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.

[*][*][*] Fruit flattened laterally.

[+] Carpels depressed dorsally; fruit short.

[++] Seed-face flat; flowers mostly yellow.

16. Fœniculum. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform-dissected leaves.

17. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with compound leaves.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; flowers white (yellow in n. 20); ribs filiform or obsolete.

18. Eulophus. Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves.

19. Anthriscus. Fruit linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound.

20. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium. Leaves simple, perfoliate.

[+][+] Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally; flowers white (except n. 24).

[++] Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short.

[=] Leaves 3-foliolate; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary.

21. Cryptotænia. Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong.

[=][=] Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials.

22. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.

23. Berula. Fruit nearly globose; ribs inconspicuous; pericarp thick and corky.

[=][=][=] Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). Perennials.

24. Zizia. Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow.

25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments filiform. Roots tuberous.

26. Cicuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaflets, the veins often running to the notches.

27. Ægopodium. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes none; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate.

[=][=][=][=] Leaves finely dissected; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender annuals.

28. Leptocaulis. Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent equal ribs.

29. Discopleura. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no oil-tubes.

30. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound leaves.

[++][++][++] Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.

31. Chærophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes.

32. Osmorrhiza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete.

[+][+][+] Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.

[++] Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face; umbels compound, leafy-bracted.

33. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.

[++][++] Seed straight, not sulcate; umbels simple.

34. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials, in or near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.

[*][*][*][*] Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.

35. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly rigid and more or less spinose.

36. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves palmate.

1. DAÙCUS, Tourn. CARROT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium depressed; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the commissural side; seed-face somewhat concave or almost flat.--Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in compound umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.)

D. CARÒTA, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate and cuspidate; rays numerous.--Naturalized everywhere, from Eu.

2. CAUCÀLIS, L.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; stylopodium conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply sulcate. Otherwise as Daucus.--Our species annual. (The ancient Greek name.)

C. NODÒSA, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1--2° long, retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays.--Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. ANTHRÍSCUS, Hudson, has 1--2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and more regularly compounded umbels.--Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANGÉLICA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; primary ribs very prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or indefinite, 2 to 10 on the commissure.--Stout perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.)

[*] Seed adherent to the pericarp; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals; uppermost leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.

1. A. Curtísii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate (1--3´ broad), sharply and irregularly toothed; fruit glabrous, 1½--3´´ broad; oil-tubes mostly one in the intervals (sometimes 2 or 3).--Along the Alleghanies from Penn. to N. C. Aug.

2. A. hirsùta, Muhl. Pubescent above; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to oblong (5--10´´ broad), serrate; fruit pubescent, 2´´ broad; oil-tubes 3--6 in the intervals. (Archangelica hirsuta, Torr. & Gray.)--Dry ground, Conn. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.

[*][*] Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25--30); upper petioles not so prominent.

3. A. atropurpùrea, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark purple stem; leaves 2--3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5--7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets (1--1½´ broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffm.)--River-banks, Lab. to Del., Ill. and Minn. June.

4. CONIOSELÌNUM, Fisch. HEMLOCK-PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended into broad wings; oil-tubes 1--4 in the intervals, 4--8 on the commissure; seed slightly concave on the inner face.--Tall slender glabrous perennial, with finely 2--3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, involucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compounded of Conium and Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.)

1. C. Canadénse, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2--3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4.--Swamps and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher mountains), Ind., Ill., and Mo. Aug.--Oct.

5. TIEDEMÁNNIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2--6 on the commissure; stylopodium short, thick-conical.--Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifòlia, DC. Stem hollow, 2--6° high; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed nodose petioles; oil-tubes filling the intervals.--Ponds and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept.

2. T. rígida, Coult. & Rose. (COWBANE.) Stem 2--5° high; leaves simply pinnate, with 3--9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, DC.)--Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous.

6. HERACLÈUM, L. COW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle.--Tall stout perennial, with large ternately compound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanàtum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4--8° high; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed.--Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and southward to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June.

7. PASTINÀCA, L. PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2--4 on the commissure; stylopodium depressed.--Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

P. SATÌVA, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed.--Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. POLYTÆ̀NIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes 12--18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp.--A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from πολύς, many, and ταινία, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttàllii, DC. Plant 2--3° high; pedicels and involucels pubescent.--Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

9. PEUCÉDANUM, L.

Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1--4 in the intervals, 2--6 on the commissure.--Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. P. nudicaùle, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3--8´ high; leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of scarious-margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white or pinkish; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, with wings hardly as broad as the body, and indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.--Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.

2. P. fœniculàceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8--12´ long; leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels gamophyllous, 5--7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals.--Minn. to Tex. March--April.

3. P. villòsum, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3--8´ high; leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; involucels of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals.--Minn. to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.

10. CYMÓPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2--8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.--Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root, more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From κῦμα, a wave, and πτερόν, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings.)

1. C. glomeràtus, Raf. Low (3--8´), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5--7-parted bractlet; fruit globose (3--4´´ in diam.); wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals.--Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.

2. C. montànus, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1--6´ high), glaucous and mostly glabrous; rays 3--9´´ long, pedicels very short; involucre and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3--6´´ long); wings thin; oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals.--Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.

11. THÁSPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long.--Perennials (2--5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. aùreum, Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate; flowers deep yellow; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2´´ long, all the ribs equally winged.--Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being

Var. trifoliàtum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately toothed. (T. trifoliatum, Gray, Man., in part.)--Ohio to Ill., westward to Oregon. The common western form.

Var. atropurpùreum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, var. atropurpureum, Gray, Man.)--Same range as the species.

2. T. barbinòde, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels; leaves 1--3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, about 3´´ long and 2´´ broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings.--Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May--June.--Var. ANGUSTIFÒLIUM, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent.--Penn. to Ill.

3. T. pinnatífidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but puberulent on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets 1--2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 1½--2½´´ long and 1--1½´´ broad, all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, Shuttlew. in herb.)--Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

12. LIGÚSTICUM, L. LOVAGE.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes 2--6 in the intervals, 6--10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical.--Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. actæifòlium, Michx. (NONDO. ANGELICO.) Stem stout, branched above (2--6° high); leaves very large, 3--4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong (2--5´ long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2--3´´ long); seed with angled back.--Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.

2. L. Scóticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Stem simple (1--2° high); leaves biternate; leaflets ovate (1--2´ long), coarsely toothed; fruit narrowly oblong (4--5´´ long); seed with round back.--Salt marshes, along the coast from Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ÆTHÙSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.--Poisonous annuals, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels, and white flowers. (Name from αἴθω, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

Æ. CYNÀPIUM, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June--Aug.

14. CŒLOPLEÙRUM, Ledeb.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp.--Stout glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2--3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From κοῖλος, hollow, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

1. C. Gmélini, Ledeb. Stem 1--3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate (2--2½´ long); fruit 2--3½´´ long. (Archangelica Gmelini, DC.)--Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland.

15. CRÁNTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.--Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. lineàta, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1--3´ long, 1--2´´ broad; fruit 1´´ long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.--In brackish marshes along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.

16. FŒNÍCULUM, Adans. FENNEL.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tubes.--Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from fœnum, hay.)

F. OFFICINÀLE, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.

17. PIMPINÉLLA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium.--Glabrous perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed from bipinnula, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)

1. P. integérrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1--3° high, slender, branching; leaves 2--3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2´´ long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, DC.)--Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May.

P. SAXÍFRAGA, L., var. MÀJOR, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1´´ long; stylopodium cushion-like.--Rocky shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. EÙLOPHUS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs; oil-tubes 1--5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.--Glabrous perennials (3--5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from εὖ, well, and λόφος, a crest,--not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. E. Americànus, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, 1--2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; fruit 2--3´´ long.--Ohio to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July.

19. ANTHRÍSCUS, Hoffm. CHERVIL.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, glabrous, without ribs (but beak ribbed); oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical, seed-face sulcate.--Resembling Chærophyllum in vegetative characters. (The ancient Roman name.)

A. CEREFÒLIUM, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chærophyllum sativum, L.)--Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.)

20. BUPLEÙRUM, L. THOROUGH-WAX.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes, depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave.--Smooth annual, with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from βοῦς, an ox, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

B. ROTUNDIFÒLIUM, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground, N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. CRYPTOTÆ̀NIA, DC. HONEWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane.--A glabrous perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from κρυπτός, hidden, and ταινία, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Canadénsis, DC. Plant 1--3° high; leaflets large, ovate (2--4´ long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and unequally few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2--3´´ long, often becoming curved.--N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June--Sept.

22. SÌUM, Tourn. WATER PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals; stylopodium depressed; seed-face plane.--Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From σίον, the Greek name of some marsh plant.)

1. S. cicutæfòlium, Gmelin. Stout, 2--6° high; leaflets 3--8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, 2--5´ long (lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next); fruit 1½´´ long, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare, Michx.)--Throughout N. America.

2. S. Carsònii, Durand. Weak, 1--2° high; leaflets 1--3 pairs, linear, sharply serrate, 1--2´ long; when submersed or floating, very thin, ovate to oblong, usually laciniately toothed or dissected, the leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet; fruit about 1´´ long.--Mass., R. I., Conn., and Penn.

23. BÉRULA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous; carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity; seed terete.--Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and variously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of Celtic origin.)

1. B. angustifòlia, Koch. Erect, ½--3° high, leaflets 5--9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes crenate (½--3´ long); fruit scarcely 1´´ long. (Sium angustifolium, L.)--Throughout the U. S. July, Aug.

24. ZÍZIA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib; stylopodium wanting; seed terete.--Smooth perennials (1--3° high), with mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in early spring in open prairies and upland meadows. (Named for I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)

1. Z. aùrea, Koch. Leaves (except the uppermost) 2--3-ternate the radical very long-petioled; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate; rays 15--25, stout (1--2´ long); fruit oblong, about 2´´ long. (Thaspium aureum, var. apterum, Gray, Manual.)--Atlantic States, west to Minn. and Tex.

Var. Bébbii, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaflets more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays 2--8, slender (2--3´ long); fruit oval, 1--1½´´ long.--W. Va. and Va. to Ga.

2. Z. cordàta, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or sometimes parted; fruit ovate, 1½´´ long. (Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, Gray, Manual.)--Same range as the preceding, but extending farther westward.

25. CÀRUM, L. CARAWAY.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or inconspicuous ribs; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or nearly so.--Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many bracts, and white (or yellowish) flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, Caria.)

C. CÁRUI, L. (CARAWAY.) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform divisions.--Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. PETROSELÌNUM, Benth., the common PARSLEY, from Europe, with 3-pinnate leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is occasionally found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm.)

26. CICÙTA, L. WATER-HEMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest); oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary; stylopodium depressed; seed nearly terete.--Smooth marsh perennials, very poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usually none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. maculàta, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH ROOT. BEAVER-POISON.) Stem stout, 2--6° high, streaked with purple; leaves 2--3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--5´ long), acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the notches; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 1--1½´´ long.--Throughout the U. S. Aug.

2. C. bulbífera, L. Rather slender, 1--3° high; leaves 2--3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate); leaflets linear, sparsely toothed (1--2´ long); upper axils bearing clustered bulblets; fruit (rare) scarcely 1´´ long.--Common in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn. and Iowa.

27. ÆGOPÒDIUM, L. GOUTWEED.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and no oil-tubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly terete.--A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate leaves, sharply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white flowers. (Name from αἴξ, goat, and πόδιον, a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets.)

Æ. PODAGRÀRIA, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, is reported from R. I. to Del. and E. Penn.

28. LEPTOCAÙLIS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit very small, ovate, usually bristly or tuberculate, with somewhat prominent ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or somewhat concave.--Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves (segments filiform or linear), and small white flowers in very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels. (Name from λεπτός, slender, and καυλός, a stem.)

1. L. divaricàtus, DC. Plant 1--2° high, with branches and umbels diffusely spreading, the very slender rays ½--1´ long and the longer pedicels often 3--6´´ long; fruit tuberculate, ½´´ long. (Apium divaricatum, Benth. & Hook.)--N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; reported from Kan. April.

2. L. pàtens, Nutt. Of similar habit, but the umbels shorter and more strict, the rays 3--6´´ long or less and the pedicels short; fruit densely sharp-tuberculate or nearly smooth. (Apiastrum patens, Coult. & Rose.)--Central Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex.

29. DISCOPLEÙRA, DC. MOCK BISHOP-WEED.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, those of the two carpels closely contiguous and forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky band; oil-tubes solitary, stylopodium conical; seed nearly terete.--Smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves, involucre of foliaceous bracts, involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from δίσκος, a disk, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

1. D. capillàcea, DC. Plant 1--2° high (or even 5--6°); leaves dissected into filiform divisions; umbel 5--20-rayed, involucre of filiform bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent, fruit 1--1½´´ long, ovate, acute.--Wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex. June--Oct.

2. D. Nuttàllii, DC. Similar in habit; involucral bracts short and entire; fruit very small (½´´ long), as broad as high, blunt.--Ill. (?) to Ark., La., and Tex.

30. CONÌUM, L. POISON HEMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened at the sides, glabrous, with prominent wavy ribs; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells next the seed, whose face is deeply and narrowly concave.--Poisonous biennial, with spotted stems, large decompound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (Κώνειον, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

C. MACULÀTUM, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places, N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn.

31. CHÆROPHÝLLUM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, seed-face more or less deeply grooved.--Moist ground annuals, with ternately decompound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from χαίρω, to gladden, and φύλλον, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procúmbens, Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading (6--18´ high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (2½--3½´´ long), glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs.--N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss.

Var. Shórtii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit.--Ky. to Ark. and La.

32. OSMORRHÌZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes obsolete; seed-face concave.--Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1--3° high) from thick aromatic roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from ὀσμή, a scent, and ῥίζα, a root.)

1. O. brevístylis, DC. Rather stout, villous-pubescent; leaves 2--3-ternate; leaflets 2--3´ long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenuation) 6´´ long; stylopodium and style ½´´ long.--From N. Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June.

2. O. longístylis, DC. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; like the last, but with the style 1´´ long or more, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly concave.--N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and Dak.

33. ERIGÈNIA, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didymous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1--3) small oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity.--A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2--3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from ἠριγένεια, born in the spring.)

1. E. bulbòsa, Nutt. Stem 3--9´ high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; fruit 1´´ long, 1½´´ broad.--W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wisc., S. E. Minn., and Kan.

34. HYDROCÓTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis.--Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all summer. (Name from ὕδωρ, water, and κοτύλη, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)

[*] Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs; leaves round-peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.

[+] Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky.

1. H. umbellàta, L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes proliferous); pedicels 2--6´´ long; fruit about 1½´´ broad, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse.--Mass. to Minn., south to the Gulf.

2. H. Cánbyi, Coult. & Rose. Umbels 3--9-flowered, generally proliferous; pedicels very short, but distinct; fruit about 2 lines broad; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent; seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? ambigua, Gray, Manual).--N. J. to Md.

[+][+] Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky.

3. H. verticillàta, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 1½--2´´ broad; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, Muhl.)--Mass. to Fla.

[*][*] Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles.

[+] Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre small or none.

4. H. Americàna, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping; leaves thin, round-reniform, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, shining; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile; fruit less than 1´´ broad; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval.--Common. (Addendum) Propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.

5. H. ranunculoìdes, L. f. Usually floating; leaves thicker, round-reniform, 3--7-cleft, the lobes crenate; peduncles 1--3´ long, reflexed in fruit; capitate umbel 5--10-flowered; fruit 1--1½´´ broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-section oblong.--E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward.

[+][+] Fruit larger (2--2½´´ broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticulations; the 2--4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts.

6. H. Asiática, L. Petioles and peduncles (1--2´ long) clustered on creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish; seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, Pers.)--Md. to Fla. and Tex. (Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.)

35. ERÝNGIUM, Tourn. ERYNGO.

Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel.--Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)

[*] Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves.

1. E. yuccæfòlium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT.) Branching above, 1--6° high; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower sometimes 2--3° long), the margins remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose (9´´ long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the head, and similar bractlets.--Dry or damp soil, N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept.

[*][*] Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined.

2. E. Virginiànum, Lam. Slender (1--3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 1° long) fistulous petioles, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (6´´ long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps (the middle one largest).--Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.

3. E. Leavenwórthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1--3° high); lowest stem-leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading pungent segments; heads ovate-oblong (1--1½´ long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3--7-cuspidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts.--Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

[*][*][*] Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads.

4. E. prostràtum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2--4´´ long).--Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.

36. SANÍCULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.--Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sano, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas.)

1. S. Marylándica, L. Stem 1--3° high; leaves 3--7-parted, the divisions mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedicelled; fruit 1½--2´´ long, the styles longer than the prickles.--Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May--Aug.

Var. Canadénsis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, L.)--With the last, but westward only to Minn. and E. Kan.

ORDER 49. ARALIÀCEÆ. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferæ, but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few--several-celled drupe.--Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.

1. ARÀLIA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2--5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Ovary 2--5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute.--Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc., warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.)

§ 1. ARALIA. Flowers monœciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually in corymbs or panicles; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5; stems herbaceous or woody; ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.

[*] Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle; leaves very large, decompound.

1. A. spinòsa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB.) Shrub, or a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale beneath.--River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the Gulf. July, Aug.

2. A. racemòsa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose; styles united.--Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots.

[*][*] Umbels 2--7, corymbed; stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. híspida, Vent. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.) Stem (1--2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate.--Rocky and sandy places, Newf. to Dak., south to the mountains of N. C. June.

4. A. nudicaùlis, L. (WILD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf (1° high) and a shorter naked scape, with 2--7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions.--Moist woodlands; range of n. 3. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla.

§ 2. GÍNSENG. Flowers diœciously polygamous; styles and cells of the red or reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 palmately 3--7-foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle.

5. A. quinquefòlia, Decsne. & Planch. (GINSENG.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked (4--9´ long, aromatic); stem 1° high; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2; fruit bright red.--Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn. to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July.

6. A. trifòlia, Decsne. & Planch. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tuber globular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic); stems 4--8´ high; leaflets 3--5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; fruit yellowish.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Ga. April, May.

ORDER 50. CORNÀCEÆ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the 1--2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single anatropous ovule hanging from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1--2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons.--Including two genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.

1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite.

2. Nyssa. Flowers diœciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate.

1. CÓRNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species diœcious). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4; filaments slender. Style slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone.--Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)

§ 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre; fruit bright red.

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems low and simple (5--7´ high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; leaves of the involucre ovate; fruit globular.--Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and the far north and west. June.

2. C. flórida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Tree 12--40° high; leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre obcordate (1½´ long); fruit oval.--Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Ont. and S. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

§ 2. Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit spherical; leaves all opposite (except in n. 9).

[*] Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.

3. C. circinàta, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Shrub 6--10° high; branches greenish, warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath (2--5´ broad); cymes flat; fruit light blue.--Copses, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to Dak., south to Va. and Mo. June.

4. C. serícea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Shrub 3--10° high; branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; fruit pale blue.--Wet places, Canada to Dak., south to Fla. and La. June.

5. C. asperifòlia, Michx. Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath; calyx-teeth minute; fruit white. (C. Drummondii, Mey.)--Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn. and the Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub.

[*][*] Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none.

6. C. stolonífera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Branches, especially the osier-like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth; fruit white or lead-color.--Wet places; common, especially northward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3--6° high. June.

7. C. strícta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) A shrub 8--15° high; branches brownish or reddish, smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at base, glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish; anthers and fruit pale blue.--Swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May.

8. C. paniculàta, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Shrub 4--8° high, much branched; branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit white, depressed-globose.--Thickets and river-banks. June.

9. C. alternifòlia, L. f. Shrub or tree 8--25° high; branches greenish streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; cymes very broad and open; fruit deep blue on reddish stalks.--Hillsides in copses, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. May, June.

2. NÝSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE.

Flowers diœciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5--12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk; filaments slender; anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary, or 2--8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5--10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone.--Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: "so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.")

1. N. sylvática, Marsh. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous pubescent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2--5´ long); fertile flowers 3--8, at the summit of a slender peduncle; fruit ovoid, acid, bluish-black (about ½´ long). (N. multiflora, Wang.)--Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. April, May. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of its fibres.

2. N. uniflòra, Wang. (LARGE TUPELO.) A large tree; leaves oblong or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4--12´ long); fertile flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fruit oblong, blue (1´ or more in length).--Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. Ill. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April. Wood soft; that of the roots very light and spongy.

DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A]

[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceæ, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositæ and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division; but the artificial analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.]

ORDER 51. CAPRIFOLIÀCEÆ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2--5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one fewer in Linnæa, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube.--Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1--several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3--5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.

[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate.

[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.

2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

Tribe II. LONICEREÆ. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate.

[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile.

5. Linnæa. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.

6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.

7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender.

1. ADÓXA, L. MOSCHATEL.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3--5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4--6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3--5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets.--A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From ἄδοξος, obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschatéllina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1--3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.--N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBÙCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.--Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from σαμβύκη, an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5--10° high); leaflets 5--11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat; fruit black-purple.--Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July.--Pith white.

2. S. racemòsa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2--12° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5--7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.)--Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.--Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3--5 linear-lanceolate 2--3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBÚRNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1--3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.--Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked.

1. V. lantanoìdes, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE.) Leaves (4--8´ across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.--Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

§ 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly.

2. V. Ópulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4--10° high); leaves 3--5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.--Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.--The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names High Cranberry-bush, etc. The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)

3. V. pauciflòrum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter than the corolla.--Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

§ 3. Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.

[*] Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped.

4. V. acerifòlium, L. (DOCKMACKIE. ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub 3--6° high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.--Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.

[*][*] Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled.

[+] Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.

5. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (DOWNY A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.--Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June.

[+][+] Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled.

6. V. dentàtum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth, 5--15° high, with ash-colored bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined; fruit 3´´ long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.--Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June.--The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. mólle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.--Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.

[*][*][*] Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

[+] Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3´´ long, shrubs 5--12° high, in swamps.

8. V. cassinoìdes, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1--3´ long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire; peduncle shorter than the cyme. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray.)--Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

9. V. nùdum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; leaves more veiny, thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (2--4´ long); peduncle usually equalling the cyme.--N. J. to Fla.

[+][+] Compound cymes sessile, 3--5-rayed; drupes oval, 5--7´´ long.

10. V. Lentàgo, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate; petioles long and margined; cyme large; fruit oval, ½´ long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15--30° high.--Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring.

11. V. prunifòlium, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1--2´ long); fruit similar or rather smaller.--Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.--A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovàtum, Walt. Shrub 2--8° high; leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1--1½´ long), shining; cymes small; fruit 5´´ long, black.--River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.

4. TRIÓSTEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.--Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliàtum, L. Softly hairy (2--4° high); leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered; fruit orange-color, ½´ long.--Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called TINKER'S-WEED, WILD COFFEE, etc.

2. T. angustifòlium, L. Smaller, bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils.--Shady grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May.

5. LINNÆ̀A, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules.--A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnæus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. boreàlis, Gronov.--Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. June. (Eu.)

6. SYMPHORICÁRPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4--5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.--Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of συμφορέω, to bear together, and καρπός, fruit; from the clustered berries.)

[*] Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.

1. S. vulgàris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries small.--Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July.

[*][*] Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.

2. S. occidentàlis, Hook. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style protruded.--Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky Mts.--Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

3. S. racemòsus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside; berries large.--Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward; common in cultivation. June--Sept. Berries ripe in autumn.--Var. PAUCIFLÒRUS, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about 1´ long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.--Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Dak., and westward.

7. LONÍCERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2--3-celled. Berry several-seeded.--Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of the 16th century.)

§ 1. XYLÓSTEON. Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one; calyx-teeth not persistent.

[*] Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

1. L. ciliàta, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3--5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, ¾´ long), the lobes nearly equal; berries separate (red).--Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.

2. L. cærùlea, L. (MOUNTAIN F.) Low (1--2° high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry; flowers yellowish.--Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.)

3. L. oblongifòlia, Muhl. (SWAMP F.) Shrub 2--5° high, branches upright; leaves (2--3´ long) oblong, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped (½´ long, yellowish-white); berries (purple) united or nearly distinct.--Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.

[*][*] The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

4. L. involucràta, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches 4-angular; leaves (2--5´ long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6--8´´ long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.--Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.

§ 2. CAPRIFÒLIUM. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted.

5. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2´ long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate.--Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; common in cultivation. May--Oct.--Leaves deciduous at the north.

[*][*] Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed; stamens and style conspicuously exserted.

[+] Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.

6. L. gràta, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant.--Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and southward; also cultivated. May.

[+][+] Corolla hairy within, the tube 6´´ long or less.

7. L. hirsùta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Twining and rather high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.--Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.--A coarse large-leaved species.

8. L. Sullivántii, Gray. At length much whitened with glaucous bloom, 3--6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2--4´ long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow; filaments nearly glabrous. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.)--Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.

9. L. glaùca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes puberulent, 3--5° high; leaves oblong (2--3´ long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1--4 upper pairs connate; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; tube only 3--4´´ long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. (L. parviflóra, Lam., and part of var. Douglásii, Gray.)--Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

8. DIERVÍLLA, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.--Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3--several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trífida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.--Rocks, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. June--Aug.--Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA.

ORDER 52. RUBIÀCEÆ. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2--4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4--5), and inserted on its tube.--Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen.--A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.

I. CINCHONEÆ. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs.

II. COFFEINEÆ. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite.

[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.

3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2--4-seeded.

[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.

4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.

[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.

6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.

III. STELLATÆ. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules.

7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.

8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate.

1. HOUSTÒNIA, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds rather few (4--20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globular-thimble-shaped, pitted.--Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style; in others the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist who collected in Central America.)

[*] Small and delicate, vernal-flowering; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla salver-form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

[+] Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems; peduncles filiform, 1--2´ long.

1. H. cærùlea, L. (BLUETS. INNOCENCE.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly branched from the base (3--5´ high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3--4´´ long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx.--Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers.

2. H. serpyllifòlia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to ovate (2--4´´ long); corolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue.--Along streamlets and on mountain-tops, Va. to Tenn. and S. C.

[+][+] Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much shorter.

3. H. pàtens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes.--Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to Tex. and Ill. (?)

4. H. mínima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous; stems at length much branched and spreading (1--4´ high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (1½´´ long).--Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March--May.

[*][*] Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6--20´ high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flowers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.

5. H. purpùrea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8--15´ high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3--5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod.--Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May--July.--Varying wonderfully, as into--

Var. ciliolàta, Gray. A span high; leaves only ½´ long, thickish; cauline oblong-spatulate; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod.--Rocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn. to Ky.; passing into

Var. longifòlia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6--20´´ long); radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate.--Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo.; also northward.

Var. tenuifòlia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6--12´ high, with loose inflorescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 1´´ wide.--S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn.

Var. calycòsa, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish; calyx-lobes elongated (2--4´´ long), much surpassing the pod.--From Ill. (Hall) to Ark. and N. Ala.

6. H. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside; pod obovoid, acute at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the partition.--Barrens, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla.

2. OLDENLÁNDIA, Plumier.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped; the limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 or none; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular.--Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.)

1. O. glomeràta, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2--12´ high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx.--Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

3. CEPHALÁNTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2--4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into 2--4 closed 1-seeded portions.--Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of κεφαλή, a head, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. C. occidentàlis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.--Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug.

4. MITCHÉLLA, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.--A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3--6-merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnæus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. rèpens, L.--Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferæ, throughout our range and southward. June, July.--Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

5. SPERMACÒCE, Dill. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face.--Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of σπέρμα, seed, and ακωκή, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glàbra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9--20´ long); leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and style hardly any.--River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

6. DIÒDIA, Gronov. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2--5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1--3 in each axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from δίοδος, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1--2° long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white (½´ long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth.--Low grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.

2. D. tères, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading (3--9´ long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; corolla funnel-form (2--3´´ long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided; fruit obovate-turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth.--Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex.

7. GÀLIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.--Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from γάλα, milk, which some species are used to curdle.)

§ 1. Naturalized species; fruit dry.

G. VÈRUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.--Dry fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. MOLLÙGO, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3° long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.--Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. ÁNGLICUM, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1° high, glabrous; leaves 5--7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3´´ long), their margins and the angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate.--Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (Curtiss). (Nat. from Eu.)

G. TRICÓRNE, With. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white; fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous.--Fields, eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Indigenous species; fruit dry.

[*] Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1--3-flowered, axillary; fruit bristly with hooked prickles.

1. G. Aparìne, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1--2´ long); flowers white.--Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward.

[*][*] Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7 and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid (except in n. 6 and 7).

[+] Peduncles loosely 3--several-flowered; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white.

2. G. pilòsum, Ait. Hairy; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1´ long), the lateral nerves obscure; peduncles 2--3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled.--Dry copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.

Var. puncticulòsum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.--Va. to Tex.

3. G. Kamtscháticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1° high); leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (½--1´ long), slightly pilose; flowers slenderly pedicellate; corolla glabrous, yellowish-white, not turning dark, its lobes merely acute. (G. circæzans, var. montanum, Torr. & Gray.)--Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. (Asia.)

4. G. circæ̀zans, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy (1° high); leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate (1--1½´ long); peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

5. G. lanceolàtum, Torr. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Nearly glabrous; leaves (except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2´ long); corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate; otherwise like the last.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.

6. G. latifòlium, Michx. Smooth (1--2° high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute (2´ long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on slender spreading pedicels; fruit smooth, rather fleshy.--Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. G. Arkansànum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to linear (1´ long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.--S. Mo. and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle.

8. G. boreàle, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Smooth (1--2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.--Rocky banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth (flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)

[+] Leaves pointless.

9. G. trífidum, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending (5--20´ high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; peduncles scattered, 1--7-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.--Sphagnous bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable.--Var. PUSÍLLUM, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4's, 3--4´´ long, narrow, in age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.--Var. LATIFÒLIUM, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7´´ long, often 2´´ wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)

10. G. concínnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6--12´ high), with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles 2--3 times forked, diffusely panicled; pedicels short.--Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

11. G. aspréllum, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) Stem much branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3--5° high); leaves in whorls of 6, or 4--5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2--3 times forked.--Alluvial ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.

12. G. triflòrum, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem (1--3° long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1--2´ long); peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.--Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)

§ 3. Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved.

13. G. hispídulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly smooth, 1--2° high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate (3--6´´ long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers white; berry purple, glabrate.--Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.

8. SHERÁRDIA, Dill.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4--5-lobed. Stamens 4--5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.--A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4--6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William Sherard, patron of Dillenius.)

S. ARVÉNSIS, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.

ORDER 53. VALERIANÀCEÆ. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the stamens distinct, 1--3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.--Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1--3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen.--Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)

1. VALERIÀNA, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.--Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly diœcious or dimorphous. (A mediæval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

[*] Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6--12´ long); leaves thickish.

1. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (1--4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3--7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly diœcious; corolla whitish, obconical (2´´ long).--Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, Minn., and westward. June.

[*][*] Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1--3° high.)

2. V. sylvática, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3--11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-flowered; corolla inversely conical (3´´ long, rose-color or white).--Wet ground, Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.

3. V. pauciflòra, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3--7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (½´ long).--Woods and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANÉLLA, Tourn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded.--Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers.--Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

[*] Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.

V. OLITÒRIA, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.--Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.

[+] Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.

1. V. chenopodifòlia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous or pubescent, 2´´ long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray.)--Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

[+][+] Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate.

2. V. radiàta, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a broad shallow groove between them. (Fedia radiata, Michx.)--Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.

3. V. stenocárpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly glabrous; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, Engelm.)--W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

[+][+][+] Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish.

4. V. Woodsiàna, Walp. Fruit 1´´ long or more; fertile cell ovate, tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.--Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.

Var. umbilicàta, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, Sulliv.)--N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellària, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, Sulliv.)--Same range.

ORDER 54. DIPSÀCEÆ. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen.--Represented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea).

1. DÍPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.--Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from διψάω, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVÉSTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.--Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. FULLÒNUM, L., the FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from scabies, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. AUSTRÀLIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½--3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 55. COMPÓSITÆ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).--Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.--An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monœcious or diœcious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous; when only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked.--The largest order of Phænogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.

SERIES I. TUBULIFLORÆ.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3--4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONIACEÆ. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.--Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Elephantopus. Heads 3--5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

2. Vernonia. Heads several--many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.

3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.

[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.

5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems not twining.

[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.

6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.--Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.

11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5--10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2--8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.

[=] Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

[=][=] Pappus simple.

15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western.

16. Bigelovia. Heads 3--4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles.

17. Solidago. Heads few--many-flowered; rays 1--16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal capillary bristles.

18. Brachychæta. Heads 8--10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute bristles shorter than the achene.

[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.

[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.

[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.

19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equal.

20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter.

[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.

21. Chætopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating awns. Western.

22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles and usually 2--4 awns.

[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like.

23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.

[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle flat.

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12--20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.

25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.

[*] 3. Rays none. Heads diœcious (all pistillate or all staminate).

27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.

Tribe IV. INULOIDEÆ. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.

[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.

28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.

[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28.

29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.

30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.

31. Antennaria. Heads diœcious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together.

32. Anaphalis. Heads diœcious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at base.

33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat woolly.

[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.

35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.

Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.

[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.

[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.

36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.

[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).

37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales thick, in several rows.

38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5--12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.

39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2--3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.

40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8--10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.

41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.

[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1--5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none.

[+] Heads with 1--5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.

42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.

[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1--4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.

43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.

44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1--4-celled, 1--4-beaked.

[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales.--Leaves more commonly opposite.

[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.

45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus none.

[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.

46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10--12, in two rows, herbaceous.

[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.

[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.

47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent.

49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.

[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.

51. Borrichia. Achenes 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.

52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.

[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.

53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.

54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.

55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns retrorsely bearded.

[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales.

[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.

58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed.

59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy.

[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.

60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4--5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEÆ. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61).

[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.

61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.

62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.

63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3--5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent.

64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western.

[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.

65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEÆ. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none.--Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate.

[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.

66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.

67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.

[*][*] Receptacle naked.

[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.

68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.

69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.

[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.

70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.

71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

[*] Heads monœcious or subdiœcious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.

72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monœcious.

73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdiœcious. Flowers white or purplish.

[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect.

[+] Leaves opposite.

74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.

[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.

75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.

76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.

77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEÆ. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly.--Leaves alternate.

[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.

[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.

78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.

[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.

79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.

[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.

82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.

SERIES II. LIGULIFLORÆ. Tribe X. CICHORIACEÆ.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.--Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

[*] Pappus none.

83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8--12-flowered.

[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.

85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.

86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.

87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.

88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.

[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.

[++] Achenes not beaked.

[=] Flowers yellow or orange.

89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.

90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.

[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.

91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding.

92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads erect. Western.

[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.

93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4--5-ribbed.

95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring.

96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white.

[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads.

97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.

98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.

The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner.

Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubulifloræ.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).

[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

Pappus composed of bristles:

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2

Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster 1

Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy 78, 79, 80

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 4, 5, 7, 9, 16

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77

Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64

Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71

[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous 82

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 29, 30

Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales 26, 73, 77

Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34

Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71

[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads diœcious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 27, 31, 32, 79

Heads monœcious; the fertile 1--2-flowered and closed. Pappus none 43, 44

§ 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.

[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.

Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute 13, 14

Pappus simple.

Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate 75

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 10, 11, 15, 17, 35

[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).

Ray yellow, awns few (2--8) 12

Ray rose-color 23

[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65

[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60

Heads 8--10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64

[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

[+] Receptacle naked.

Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2--4 awns 22

Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19

Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69

Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical 20, 68

Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns 21

[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.

Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.

Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66

Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all 48, 49, 50, 52, 54

Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the scales or chaff 55, 56

Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achene much flattened laterally, 1--2-awned 53

Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67

Achene 3--4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45

Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 36-41

1. ELEPHÁNTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.

Heads discoid, 2--5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base.--Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of ἔλεφας, elephant, and ποῦς, foot.)

[*] Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal.

1. E. Caroliniànus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin.--Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.

2. E. tomentòsus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-scales attenuate.--Va., Ky., and southward.

3. E. nudàtus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.--Del. and southward.

2. VERNÒNIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Heads discoid, 15--many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

[*] Heads large, 50--70-flowered.

1. V. Arkansàna, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Heads ½´ high or less, 15--40-flowered.

[+] Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire.

2. V. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; scales obtuse or acute.--Plains of Neb. and southward.

[+][+] Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined.

3. V. fasciculàta, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene smooth.--Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altíssima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the ribs.--Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.--Heads variable, 2--4´´ high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. GRANDIFLÒRA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35--40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.--Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or acuminate.--Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwínii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.--Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.

3. SCLERÓLEPIS, Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales.--A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4--6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of σκληρός, hard, and λεπίς, a scale, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillàta, Cass.--In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.

4. MIKÀNIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.--Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. scándens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.--Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July--Sept.

5. EUPATÒRIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads discoid, 3--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles.--Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

§ 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle flat.

[*] Heads cylindrical, 5--15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purpùreum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3--6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.--Varies greatly in size (2--12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc.,--including several nominal species.--Low grounds; common.

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, 3--5-flowered.--Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

[*][*] Heads 3--20-flowered; involucre 8--15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white.

[+] Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3--5-flowered.

2. E. fœniculàceum, Willd. (DOG-FENNEL.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3--10° high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted, filiform.--Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

[+][+] Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12--15-flowered, in compound corymbs.

3. E. serótinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3--7° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3--6´ long); involucre very pubescent.--Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

[+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered.

[=] Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips.

4. E. álbum, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high), leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny; heads clustered in the corymb; involucral scales closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers.--Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvenòsum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1--2´ long, finely toothed and less veiny.--Long Island and N. J.

5. E. leucólepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1--2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both sides; corymb hoary.--Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.

[=][=] Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.

6. E. hyssopifòlium, L. Minutely pubescent (1--2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1--3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base.--Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniàtum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate.--Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserràtum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2--3° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, Ell.)--Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.--Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altíssimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3--7° high), downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers.--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.--Leaves 3--4´ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; heads pubescent.

[=] Heads 5--8-flowered; leaves not clasping.

9. E. teucrifòlium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2--8° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers.--Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. E. rotundifòlium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1--2´ long); corymb large and dense; scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.--Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

Var. ovàtum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5--8-flowered. (E. pubescens, Muhl.)--Mass. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessilifòlium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4--6° high), smooth, branching; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3--6´ long); corymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse.--Copses and banks, Mass. to Ill., and southward along the mountains.

[=][=] Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; heads mostly 10--15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. perfoliàtum, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2--4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5--8´ long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.--Low grounds; common and well-known.--Varies with the heads 30--40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneàtum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.--Mo. and southward.

13. E. resinòsum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2--3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4--6´ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.--Wet pine barrens, N. J.--Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

[*][*][*] Heads 8--30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white.

14. E. ageratoìdes, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3° high); leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled, thin (3--5´ long); corymbs compound.--Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromáticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.--Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.--Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

§ 2. CONOCLÍNIUM. Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated.

16. E. cœlestìnum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat pubescent (1--2° high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium cœlestinum, DC.)--Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept.

6. KÙHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10--25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles.--A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnæus.)

1. K. eupatorioìdes, L. Stems 2--3° high; pubescence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.--Dry soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.--Var. CORYMBULÒSA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather crowded.

7. BRICKÉLLIA, Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (Dr. John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.)

1. B. grandiflòra, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2--3° high; leaves deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4´ long or less; heads about 40-flowered.--Shannon Co., Mo. (Bush), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIÀTRIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.

Head discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15--40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.--Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

[*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (2--3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3--20´ long).--Barren soil, Va. and southward.

[*][*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within.

2. L. squarròsa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, etc.) Often hairy (6´--2° high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1´ long); scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips.--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward.--Var. INTERMÈDIA, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or nearly so.--Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindràcea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6--18´ high); leaves linear; heads few (½--{2/3}´ long); scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate appressed tips.--Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Pappus very plumose; heads 4--6-flowered; scales acuminate; corolla-lobes naked.

4. L. punctàta, Hook. Stout (10--30´ high), from a branching or globose rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually many in a dense spike.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside.

5. L. scariòsa, Willd. Stem stout (2--5° high), pubescent or hoary; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25--40-flowered; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins.--Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Widely variable; heads 1´ or less in diameter.

6. L. pycnostàchya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3--5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike thick and dense (6--20´ long), heads about 5-flowered (½´ long); scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips.--Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.

7. L. spicàta, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2--5° high); leaves linear, the lower 3--5-nerved; heads 8--12-flowered ({1/3}--½´ long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish.--Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.--Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montàna, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large.--Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminifòlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1--3° high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7--12-flowered; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy.--Va. and southward.--Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dùbia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate.--Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRÍLISA, Cass.

Heads discoid, 5--10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.--Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.)

1. T. odoratíssima, Cass. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; heads corymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.)--Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.--Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculàta, Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris paniculata, Willd.)--Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERRÈZIA, Lag.

Heads few--several-flowered, radiate; rays 1--6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.--Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthámiæ, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1--2´ long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.--Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

11. AMPHIÁCHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5--10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.--A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From ἀμφί, around, and ἄχυρον, chaff.)

1. A. dracunculoìdes, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10--20, their pappus of 5--8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.--Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDÈLIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2--8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. Grindel, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarròsa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.--Prairies, Minn., southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.--Var. NÙDA, Gray. Rays wanting. About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolàta, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; awns 2.--Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHÈCA, Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles.--(From ἕτερος, different, and θήκη, case, alluding to the unlike achenes.)

1. H. Lamárckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1--3° high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.--S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSÓPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles.--Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of χρυσός, gold, and ὄψις, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)

[*] Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear.

1. C. graminifòlia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire.--Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July--Oct.

2. C. falcàta, Ell. Stems (4--10´ high) very woolly; leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.--Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.

[*][*] Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened.

3. C. gossýpina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse (1--2´ long); heads larger than in the next.--Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.--Oct.

4. C. Mariàna, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smoothish; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.--Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.--Oct.

5. C. villòsa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate toward the base.--Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July--Sept. Very variable.--Var. HÍSPIDA, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.--Var. CANÉSCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.--Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilòsa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous--Kan. and southward.

15. APLOPÁPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.--Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From ἁπλόος, simple, and πάππος, pappus.)

1. A. ciliàtus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2--5° high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulòsus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricàtus, Gray. Annual, 1--2° high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.--Southern Kan.

16. BIGELÒVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads 3--4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.--Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1--3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudàta, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1--2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.--Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept.

17. SOLIDÀGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few--many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1--16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from solidus and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42

Heads all more or less pedicelled.

Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2

Involucral scales without green tips.

Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37--40

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves 3--7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10--12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29--32

Pubescent or scabrous 33--36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14--17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire 18--20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate 21--28

§ 1. VIRGAÙREA. Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled.

[*] Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarròsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16--24, the rays 12--16.--Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolàris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1--3° high); leaves small (½--2´ long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.--S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.--The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed.

[+] Heads small (3´´ long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.

[++] Achenes pubescent.

3. S. cæ̀sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches.--Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. S. latifòlia, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (1--3° high); leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3--6´ long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3--4.--Moist shaded banks; common northward, and south along the mountains.

5. S. Curtísii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4--7.--Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

[++][++] Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid.

6. S. bícolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; rays (5--14) small, cream-color or nearly white.--Var. CÓNCOLOR, Torr. & Gray, has the rays yellow.--Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. montícola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1--2° high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5--6.--Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward.

[+][+] Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

[++] Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western.

8. S. Bigelòvii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.--S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriàna, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.--S. Kan. and southward.

[++][++] Northern or mountain species, bright green.

10. S. macrophýlla, Pursh. Stem stout (1--4° high), wand-like, pubescent near the summit, simple; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large (lower 3--4´ long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5--6´´ long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2--18´ long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8--10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, E. Mey.)--Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.--Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgaùrea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpìna, Bigel. Dwarf (1--8´ high), with few (1--12) pretty large heads (3--4´´ long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; scales lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays about 12.--Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. S. hùmilis, Pursh. Low (6--12´ high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; scales obtuse; rays 6--8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray.)--Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.--At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1--2° high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmàni, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.--Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.

[+][+][+] Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine.

[++] Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.

[=] 1. Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated.

13. S. sempérvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1--8° high); leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.--Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.--Heads showy; the golden rays 7--10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

[=] 2. Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; leaves nearly entire.

14. S. strícta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-like (2--4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; rays 5--7. (S. virgata, Michx.)--Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. pubérula, Nutt. Stem (1--3° high, simple or branched) and panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed, heads very numerous and crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10.--Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

[=] 3. Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth.

16. S. uliginòsa, Nutt. Smooth nearly throughout; stem simple, strict (2--3° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle; scales linear-oblong; rays 5--6, small. (S. stricta, Ait.)--Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves 6--10´ long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July.

17. S. speciòsa, Nutt. Stem stout (3--6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, large.--Var. ANGUSTÀTA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.--Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.--A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4--6´ long and 2--4´ wide in the larger forms.

[=] 4. Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so.

18. S. odòra, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem slender (2--3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shining, pellucid-dotted; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3--4, rather large.--Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.--The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. S. tortifòlia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2--3° high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very short.--Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilòsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3--7° high), clothed with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7--10, very short.--Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.

[=] 5. Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse.

21. S. pátula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (2--4° high); leaves (4--8´ long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads rather large.--Swamps; common.

22. S. rugòsa, Mill. Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem (1--6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6--9; the disk-flowers 4--7. (S. altissima, Torr. & Gray, not L.)--Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug.--Sept.

23. S. ulmifòlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.--Low copses; common.--Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Ellióttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (1--3° high), very leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2--3´ long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, Torr. & Gray, not Ait.)--Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.--Heads showy, 3´´ long; the rays 8--12.

25. S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2--4° high), less leafy; leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous.--Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.--Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoìdes, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4--8´ long and 4--6´´ wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, one-sided; rays 2--5. (S. linoides, Torr. & Gray.)--Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boòttii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2--5° high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1--5 or none; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. argùta, Ait. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate (entire only on the branches), pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6--7, large; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.)--Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.--Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3´´ long.

28. S. júncea, Ait. Smooth throughout (1--3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8--12, small. (S. arguta, Torr. & Gray.)--Var. SCABRÉLLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).--Copses and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom over 2´´ long, the scales small and pale.

[++][++] Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.

[=] Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves.

[a.] Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal.

29. S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1--3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; achenes nearly glabrous.--Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and westward.--Heads 1½--2´´ long.

30. S. Shórtii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2--4° high), minutely roughish-pubescent above; leaves (the larger 2--3´ long) oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; achenes silky-pubescent.--Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.--A handsome species; heads 3´´ long, narrow.

[b.] Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse.

31. S. serótina, Ait. Stem stout (2--7° high), smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; rays 7--14, rather long. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.)--Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.

Var. gigantèa, Gray. Commonly tall, 5--8° high; leaves more or less pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, Ait.; S. serotina of previous ed.)--Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.

32. S. rupéstris, Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 2--3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or nearly so; panicle narrow; heads very small; rays 4--6, very short.--Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.

[=][=] Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous.

33. S. Canadénsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3--6° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short.--Borders of thickets and fields; very common.--Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;--in var. PRÒCERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCÀBRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. nemoràlis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (½--2½° high); leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 5--9.--Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in Aug.--Var. INCÀNA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.

35. S. rádula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3--6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34.--Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. Kan., and southward.

36. S. Drummóndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (1--3° high) and lower surface of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.--S. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+][+][+] Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.

[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.

37. S. rígida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (2--5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copiously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered; the rays 7--10.--Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.

38. S. Ohioénsis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2--3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; head numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16--20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.--Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc.--Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to 1--2´, with rough margins, like the rest.

[++][++] Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved.

39. S. Riddéllii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2--4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (4--6´ long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; heads very numerous, clustered, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.--Heads larger than in the last, 2--3´´ long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

40. S. Houghtònii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender (1--2° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads few or several, 20--30-flowered; the rays 7--9.--Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug.--Leaves rough-margined, 2--5´ long, 2--4´´ wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly ½´ long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

§ 2. EUTHÀMIA. Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays 6--20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, entire, sessile.

41. S. lanceolàta, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3--5-nerved; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15--20.--River-banks, etc., in moist soil; common.--Stem 2--3° high; leaves 3--5´ long.

42. S. tenuifòlia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; leaves very narrowly linear, mostly 1-nerved, dotted; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6--12.--Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and southward; common near the coast.

18. BRACHYCHÆ̀TA, Torr. & Gray. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.--A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of βραχύς, short, and χίτη, bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordàta, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. Oct.--Plant 2--4° high, slender, more or less pubescent.

19. BÉLLIS, Tourn. DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus.--Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. PERENNIS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.)

1. B. integrifòlia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4´--1° high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.--Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March--June.

20. APHANÓSTEPHUS, DC.

Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.--Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pubescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. (Ἀφανής, inconspicuous, and στέφος, crown; in allusion to the pappus.)

1. A. Arkansànus, Gray. Diffuse, 1° high; leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to purple, ½´ long; pappus mostly 4--5-lobed.--Plains of Kan. and southward.

21. CHÆTOPÁPPA, DC.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless paleæ, alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting.--Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray white or purple. (Χαίτη, a bristle, and πάππος, pappus.)

1. C. asteroìdes, DC. Slender, 2--10´ high, pubescent; involucres narrow, 2´´ long; rays 5--12; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Vernon Co., Mo., and southward.

22. BOLTÒNIA, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually 2--4 longer awns.--Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.)

[*] Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.

1. B. asteroìdes, L'Her. Stems 2--8° high; leaves lanceolate; involucral scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or none. (B. glastifolia, L'Her., the awned form.)--Moist places along streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.--Var. DECÚRRENS, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and branches. Mo. (Eggert).

2. B. latisquàma, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.--W. Mo. and Kan.

[*][*] Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.

3. B. diffùsa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly white; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.--Prairies of S. Ill. (Vasey), and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.

23. TOWNSÉNDIA, Hook.

Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, with thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales.--Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and large heads. (Named for David Townsend, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.)

1. T. serìcea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads sessile, solitary or few, ½--1´ high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.--Dry plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May.

24. SERICOCÁRPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 12--20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, very silky; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.--Perennial tufted herbs (1--2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from σηρικός, silky, and καρπός, fruit.)

[*] Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin.

1. S. conyzoìdes, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4--6´´ long).--Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.

[*][*] Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.

2 S. solidagíneus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3´´ long), in close clusters, few-flowered.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July.

3. S. tortifòlius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, short (½--1´ long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4--5´´ long).--Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug.

25. ÁSTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened; pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5).--Perennial herbs (annual only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name ἀστήρ, a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.)

Conspectus of Groups.

Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54

Pappus double 46--48

Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged 49--52

Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate, serrate 2, 3

Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles rigid, some thickened at top 1

Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. ASTER proper.

Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads few, large 4--8

Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15

Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17--24

Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with cordate-clasping base 16

Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate, mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9--13

Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor silky-canescent.

Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base; leaves firm, usually entire 25--30

Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small, linear, entire 31, 32

Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads many, small 33--35

Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.

Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; involucre lax 42--45

Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base 36--41

§ 1. HELIÁSTRUM. Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal.

1. A. paludòsus, Ait. Stems 1° high; glabrous or nearly so; heads ½´ high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays purple; leaves linear, entire.--Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.

§ 2. BIÒTIA. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6--18 (white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymbs.

2. A. corymbòsus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; rays 6--9.--Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug.--Plant 1--2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

3. A. macrophýllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2--3° high); leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate, abruptly pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4--10´ long, 3--6´ wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 10--15 (white or bluish).--Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.--Involucre ½´ broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 3. ASTER proper. Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid in the first group); achenes flattened. (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.)

[*] 1. Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spreading tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping; heads few, or when several corymbose, large and showy.

[+] Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base.

4. A. Hervèyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1--2° high, the summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose, ½´ high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, ½´ long.--Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the last.

[+][+] Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender.

5. A. spectábilis, Ait. Stems 1--2° high, roughish and glandular-puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few, hemispherical, ½´ high; scales glandular-puberulent and viscid; mostly with the upper half herbaceous and spreading; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1´ long.--sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept.--Nov. One of the handsomest species of the genus.

6. A. surculòsus, Michx. Stems 1° high or less, from long filiform rootstocks; leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate or the upper linear; heads few or solitary, as in the last but generally smaller, the scales hardly glandular.--Moist ground, coast of N. J., and southward.

7. A. grácilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems slender, 1° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (1--2´ long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3--4´´ long, glabrous, not glandular nor viscid, the coriaceous whitish scales with very short deltoid or ovate tips; rays 9--12, 3--6´´ long.--Pine barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.

8. A. rádula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1--3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2--3´ long), nearly equal; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenes smooth.--Bogs and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. STRÍCTUS, Gray) has oblong- to linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.--Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.

[*] 2. Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping; rays showy, violet to purple.

[+] Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western.

9. A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, 1° high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1´ long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3´´ high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.--Central Kan. (Ellis, Dr. L. Watson) and southwestward.

[+][+] Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks.

10. A. grandiflòrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs; stems slender, loosely much branched (1--3° high); leaves very small (¼--1´ long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1´ long); achenes hairy.--Dry open places, Va. and southward.--Heads large and very showy.

11. A. oblongifòlius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1--2° high); leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1--2´ long by 2--5´´ wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.--Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and Kan.--Heads middle-sized or smaller.

Var. rigídulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.

12. A. Nòvæ-Ángliæ, L. Stem stout, hairy (3--8° high), corymbed at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence, 2--5´ long; scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. RÒSEUS rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.--Moist grounds; common.--Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.

13. A. modéstus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple, with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; scales linear-attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.--N. Dak. and westward.

[*] 3. Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays showy, purple-violet.

14. A. serìceus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong, heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets; scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous base; achenes smooth, many-ribbed.--Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. and Minn. to Ky., and southward.--Heads large; rays 20--30.

15. A. cóncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts; heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenes silky.--Dry sandy soil near the coast, R. I., N. J., and southward.--Plant 1--3° high, with the short leaves 1´ or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

[*] 4.Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.

16. A. pàtens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1--3° high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.--Var. PHLOGIFÒLIUS, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much contracted below the middle.--Dry ground; common, Mass. to Minn., and southward. Heads ½´ broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.

[*] 5 Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid pubescence; heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except in n. 16 and 23), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.

[+] Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.

17. A. anómalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems slender (2--4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.--Limestone cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to Ark.--Rays violet-purple.

[+][+] Rays 10--20; involucral scales appressed or erect.

[++] Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays bright-blue.

18. A. azùreus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; leaves rough, the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles; the others lanceolate or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical.--Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. Involucre much as in A. lævis, but smaller and slightly pubescent.

19. A. Shórtii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles; leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles, none clasping; involucre bell-shaped.--Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Ill., and southward.--A pretty species, 2--4° high; leaves 3--5´ long.

20. A. undulàtus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy underneath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the scales less rigid.--Dry copses; common.

[++][++] Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or nearly white.

21. A. cordifòlius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; scales of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or acutish.--Woodlands; very common.--Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.

22. A. sagittifòlius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips.--Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. to Ky., and northward.--Green, but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile.

23. A. Drummóndii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles, the uppermost lanceolate and sessile; scales acute or acutish.--Passing into the last. Open ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.

24. A. Lindleyànus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1--2° high, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or obscurely cordate, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends; heads larger, rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, the linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated; rays pale violet.--Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (C. E. Faxon), and Mt. Desert (Rand).

[*] 6. Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent.

[+] Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of n. 29), and usually pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped; leaves firm, usually entire.

[++] Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves on the branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts.

25. A. turbinéllus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3° high, paniculately branched; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins; involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (½´ long); the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.--Dry hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and southwestward.--Well-marked and handsome.

26. A. læ̀vis, L. Stouter, 2--4° high; heads in a close panicle; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the short-obovoid or hemispherical involucre with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes smooth.--Borders of woodlands; common. A variable and elegant species.

27. A. virgàtus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several racemose or terminal heads, like those of the last; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower usually long and narrow.--S. W. Va., and southward.

28. A. concínnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1--3° high; leaves lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged petioles; heads smaller than in the preceding, numerous, panicled; rays violet.--Rare; Penn. and southward.

[++][++] Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate.

29. A. polyphýllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5´ long; heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4´´ long.--N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier than the next.

30. A. ericoìdes, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1--3° high); the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3´´ high or less; involucral scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips.--Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Var. VILLÒSUS, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States.--Var. PUSÍLLUS, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (Porter), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads.--Var. PRÍNGLEI, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.

[+][+] Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose.

31. A. amethýstinus, Nutt. Tall (2--5° high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3´´ high, the tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.--Moist grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflòrus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2--3´´ long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10--20.--Dry sandy soil; common.

[+][+][+] Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2--3´´ high) and numerous.

[++] Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets.

33. A. dumòsus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1--3° high; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, obtuse, in 4--6 rows.--Thickets; common.--A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

[++][++] Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.

34. A. vimíneus, Lam. Smooth or smoothish, 2--5° high, bushy; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.)--Var. FOLIOLÒSUS, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scattered paniculate heads.--Moist banks; very common.--Heads very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.

35. A. diffùsus, Ait. More or less pubescent, much branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)--Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2--5´); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.--Var. THYRSOÍDEUS, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. to Ill.--Var. HIRSUTICAÙLIS, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.--Var. BÍFRONS, Gray, a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.

[+][+][+][+] Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches.

[++] Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not dilated.

36. A. Tradescánti, L. Stem much branched (2--4° high); the numerous heads (2--3´´ high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2--6´ long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)--Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32--34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculàtus, Lam. Stem (2--8° high) much branched; the branches and scattered heads (about 4´´ high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)--Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3--4´´ long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifòlius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.--Var. SUBÁSPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

[=][=] Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous.

39. A. júnceus, Ait. Slender, 1--3° high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3--5´ long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3´´ high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4--5´´ long. (A. æstivus, previous ed., mainly.)--Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifòlius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1--3° high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (3--7´ long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4--5´´ high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3--4´´ long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.--Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.--Var. VILLICAÙLIS, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (Miss Furbish).

[=][=][=] Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading or squarrose.

41. A. Nòvi-Bélgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; heads 4--5´´ long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.)--N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.--Var. LÆVIGÀTUS, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.--Var. LITÒREUS, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga.--Var. ELÒDES, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

[++][++] Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax.

42. A. pátulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1--4° high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads loosely panicled, about 4´´ high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light purple or white.--N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflòrus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 1--2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corymbose, 4--5´´ high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.--Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

44. A. prenanthoìdes, Muhl. Stem 1--3° high, corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather abruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4´´ high, on short divergent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved spreading; rays light blue.--Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wisc.

45. A. puníceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3--7° high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4--6´´ high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).--Low thickets and swamps, very common.--Var. LÆVICAÙLIS, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1--3° high; leaves serrate.--Var. LUCÍDULUS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

§ 4. DŒLLINGÈRIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny.

46. A. umbellàtus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2--7° high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3--6´ long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. & Gray.)--Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.--Var. PÙBENS, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.--Var. LATIFÒLIUS, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infírmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1--3° high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, Darl.)--Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

§ 5. IÁNTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless.

48. A. linariifòlius, L. Stems 3--20´ high, several from a woody root; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1´ long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, Hook.)--Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

§ 6. ORTHÓMERIS. Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding.

49. A. ptarmicoìdes, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered (6--20´ high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1--3-nerved, with rough margins (2--4´ long); heads small, in a flat corymb; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white (2--4´´ long).--Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.--Var. LUTÉSCENS, Gray; rays small, pale yellow.--N. Ill. to Sask.

50. A. acuminàtus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3--5´´ long); heads few or several; rays 12--18, white, or slightly purple.--Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.--There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleæ.

51. A. nemoràlis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1--2° high); leaves small (1--1½´ long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.--Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifòlius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6´--2° high; heads rather large, terminal; leaves few, long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, Nutt.)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept.

§ 7. OXYTRIPÒLIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves.

53. A. subulàtus, Michx. Stem 6--24´ high; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)--Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.--Oct.

§ 8. CONYZÓPSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads.

54. A. angústus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6--20´ high, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.--Minn. to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)

26. ERÍGERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.--Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from ἦρ, spring, and γέρων, an old man, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

§ 1. CÆNÒTUS. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus; pappus simple; annuals.

1. E. Canadénsis, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like (1--5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled.--Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July--Oct.--Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. E. divaricàtus, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3´--1° high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple; otherwise like n. 1.--Ind. to Minn., and southward.

§ 2. TRIMORPHÆ̀A. Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial.

3. E. àcris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10--20´ high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4--5´´ long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus.--Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. The var. DRŒBACHÉNSIS, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

§ 3. ERIGERON proper. Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows.

[*] Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray.

4. E. ánnuus, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3--5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.--Fields and waste places; a very common weed. June--Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigòsus, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre.--Fields, etc., common. June--Aug.--Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England.

[*][*] Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6).

6. E. glabéllus, Nutt. Stem (6--15´ high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1--7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles.--Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.

7. E. hyssopifòlius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6--12´ high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20--30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.)--Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifòlius, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1--9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple.--Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. E. Philadélphicus, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.--Moist ground; common. June--Aug.

[*][*][*] Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple.

10. E. nudicaùlis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1--2° high), bearing 5--12 small corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, Torr. & Gray).--Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May.

27. BÁCCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, diœcious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.--Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifòlia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.--Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.--Shrub 6--12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflòra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.--Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.

28. PLÙCHEA, Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row.--Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.)

1. P. bífrons, DC. Perennial, 2--3° high; leaves closely sessile or half-clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2--3´ long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.--Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphoràta, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Annual, pale (2--5° high); leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. fœtida, DC.)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)

29. ÈVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.--Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolífera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.--Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILÀGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.--Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from filum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

F. GERMÁNICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on;--hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.--Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNÀRIA, Gaertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, diœcious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.--Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennæ of certain insects.)

1. A. plantaginifòlia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3--18´ high); leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant.--Sterile knolls and banks; common. March--May.

32. ANÁPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritàcea, Benth. & Hook. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect (1--2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.)--Dry hills and woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)

33. GNAPHÀLIUM, L. CUDWEED.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles.--Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from γνάφαλον, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.)

§ 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct.

1. G. polycéphalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual (1--3° high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few.--Old fields and woods; common.

2. G. decúrrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish.--Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.

3. G. uliginòsum, L. (LOW CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, appressed-woolly annual (3--6´ high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.--Low grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

4. G. supìnum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2´ high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.--Alpine summit of Mount Washington; very rare. (Eu.)

§ 2. GAMOCHÆ̀TA. Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together.

5. G. purpùreum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6--20´ high), silvery-canescent with dense white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple.--Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.

34. ADENOCAÙLON, Hook.

Heads 5--10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.--Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from ἀδήν, a gland, and καυλός, a stem).

1. A. bícolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.--Moist woods, shore of Lake Superior, and westward. Stem 1--3° high.

35. ÍNULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4--5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.--Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

I. HELÈNIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE.) Stout perennial (3--5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.--Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.--Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

36. POLÝMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.--Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy, 2--5° high; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3--5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, not striate.--Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward.--Var. RADIÀTA, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3--6´´ long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.

2. P. Uvedàlia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4--10° high); leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rays 10--15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow; achenes strongly striate.--Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.

37. SÍLPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile and stalk-like.--Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. (Σίλφιον, the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnæus to this American genus.)

[*] Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick).

1. S. laciniàtum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Rough-bristly throughout, stem stout (3--12° high), leafy; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (1--2´ broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked summit; scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6´´ long.--Prairies, Mich. to Dak., and southward. July.--Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12--30´ long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south; hence called Compass-Plant.

2. S. terebinthinàceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slender (4--10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large heads, leafless except toward the base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1--2° long, on slender petioles); scales roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.--Var. PINNATÍFIDUM, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form.--Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July--Sept.

[*][*] Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not large), some opposite.

3. S. trifoliàtum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4--7° high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.--Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.

4. S. Asteríscus, L. Stem hispid (2--4° high); leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.--Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.

5. S. integrifòlium, Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout (2--4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3--5´ long); heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

[*][*][*] Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6--15´ long).

6. S. perfoliàtum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above (4--8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.--Rich soil along streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

38. BERLANDIÈRA, DC.

With the characters of Silphium, but the 5--12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.--Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)

1. B. Texàna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2--3° high, very leafy; leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, ½´ broad.--S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.

39. CHRYSÓGONUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2--3-toothed, and wanting on the inner side.--A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of χρυσός, golden, and γόνυ, knee.)

1. C. Virginiànum, L. Usually low (2--15´ high); leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate base; rays ½´ long.--Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May--Aug.--Var. DENTÀTUM, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.--High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

40. ENGELMÁNNIA, Torr. & Gray.

Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8--10. Involucre of about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed.--A coarse hispid perennial, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent botanist, Dr. George Engelmann.)

1. E. pinnatífida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1--2° high; heads ½´ broad, and rays ½´ long.--Central Kan. to La., and westward.

41. PARTHÈNIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.--Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from παρθένος, virgin.)

1. P. integrifòlium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1--3° high); leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3--6´ long) cut-lobed below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.--Dry soil, Md. to Ill., Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

42. ÌVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB.

Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1--5) and marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.--Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

§ 1. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla.

1. I. frutéscens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3--8° high); leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.--Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.

2. I. ciliàta, Willd. Annual (2--6° high), rough and hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3--5.--Moist ground, from Ill. southward.

§ 2. CYCLACHÆ̀NA. Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.

3. I. xanthiifòlia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.--N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.

43. AMBRÒSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1--3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7--12 scales united into a cup, containing 5--20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually with 4--8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.--Coarse homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.

1. A. bidentàta, Michx. Hairy (1--3° high), very leafy; leaves alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak.--Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.

[*] Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trífida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem stout (3--12° high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5--6-ribbed and tubercled.--Var. INTEGRIFÒLIA, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval.--Moist river-banks; common.

[*][*] Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. artemisiæfòlia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BITTER-WEED.) Much branched (1--3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit obovoid or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines.--Waste places everywhere.--Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostàchya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2--5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or with very small ones, pubescent.--Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.

44. XÁNTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.--Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair yellow; from ξανθός, yellow.)

[*] Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base.

X. SPINÒSUM, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2--3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}´ long) pointed with a single short beak.--Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked.

X. STRUMÀRIUM, L. Low (1--2° high); fruit 6--8´´ long, glabrous or puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadénse, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1´ long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var. ECHINÀTUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHÈCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of τετράγωνος, four-angled, and θήκη, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoìdes, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2° high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1´ long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLÍPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. (Name from ἐκλείπω, to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. álba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1--3° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, Michx.)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIÓPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ἥλιος, the sun, and ὄψις, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. læ̀vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scàbra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. lævis, var. scabra, Torr. & Gray.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINÀCEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ἐχῖνος, the hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpùrea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled; the others ovate-lanceolate; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2´ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson.--Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustifòlia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2´ long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug.

49. RUDBÉCKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnæus at Upsal.)

[*] Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniàta, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1--2´ long), drooping.--Low thickets; common. July--Sept.--Var. HÙMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (½´ high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.

[+] Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted.

2. R. tríloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5° high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentòsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4° high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed.

4. R. hírta, L. Biennial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug.

5. R. fúlgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.--Variable, 1--3° high; the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulàta, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8´--3° high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. speciòsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3--5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--1½´) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LÉPACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from λεπίς, a scale, and παχύς, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnàta, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4° high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2´ long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnàris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2° high; leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1´ long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. PULCHÉRRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRÍCHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6´--3° high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward.

52. HELIÁNTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.--Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from ἥλιος, the sun, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

§ 1. Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish.

1. H. ánnuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1´ broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolàris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3° high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3´ long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk ½´ broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

§ 2. Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite.

[*] Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (½´ long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved.

3. H. orgyàlis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifòlius, L. Stem slender (2--6° high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved.

[+] Disk dark.

5. H. atròrubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2--4° high), smooth and naked and forking above; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6´ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rígidus, Desf. Stem stout (2--6° high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] Disk yellow.

7. H. lætiflòrus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2´ long.

8. H. occidentàlis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem slender, simple, naked above (1--3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1--5 small heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[*][*][*] Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark).

[+] Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft.

9. H. móllis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3° high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.

10. H. tomentòsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5--12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12--16, about 1´ long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate.

11. H. grósse-serràtus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6--10° high; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.--Probably runs into the next.

12. H. gigantèus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3--10° high), branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.--Var. AMBÍGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliàni, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1--10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15).

[++] Heads very small (about 4´´ broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth.

14. H. parviflòrus, Bernh. Stem 3--6° high, with numerous slender branches above; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate, petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. lævigàtus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6° high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceolate leaves which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

[++][++] Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks.

[=] Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.

16. H. doronicoìdes, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3--7° high; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate base, serrulate; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8´´ long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gray.)--Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricàtus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1--4° high), smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6´ long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6´´ wide; rays 1´ long.

18. H. hirsùtus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1--4° high), bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumòsus, L. Stem (3--6° high) very smooth below, often glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath; scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MÓLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.

20. H. tracheliifòlius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

[=][=] Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate.

21. H. decapétalus, L. Stem branching (2--5° high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tuberòsus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5--10° high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H. doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.--Var. SUBCANÉSCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo.

53. VERBESÌNA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")

[*] Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect.

1. V. occidentàlis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; flowers yellow; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, Michx.)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virgínica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; flowers white; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] Heads broader, solitary or few.

3. V. helianthoìdes, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3° high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt.)--Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.

4. V. encelioìdes, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2° high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINÓMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from ἀκτίς, a ray, and μερίς, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. squarròsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4--8° high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2--8, irregular.--Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.

55. COREÓPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly.--Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from κόρις, a bug, and ὄψις, resemblance; from the form of the achene.)

§ 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose-color or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none.

1. C. ròsea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6--20´ high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.--Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug.

2. C. cardaminefòlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6´--2° high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yellow with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged.--Kan. to La. and Tex.

3. C. tinctòria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2--3° high; leaves 1--2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.--Minn. to Tex., etc.; common in cultivation.

§ 2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate.

4. C. lanceolàta, L. Smooth or hairy (1--2° high), tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer scales ovate-lanceolate.--Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1´ long.--Var. ANGUSTIFÒLIA, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles.--Var. VILLÒSA, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.

5. C. grandiflòra, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the upper 3--5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2--3-parted lobes; heads as in the last or larger.--S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.

6. C. pubéscens, Ell. More leafy, 1--4° high, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2--4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller.--Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward.

7. C. auriculàta, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1--4° high, branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3--5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes narrowly winged and strongly involute.--Rich woods and banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June--Sept.

§ 3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.

[*] Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled; perennial, 1--3° high.

[+] Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base.

8. C. palmàta, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.

[+][+] Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple.

9. C. senifòlia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent; leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl.--Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July.

Var. stellàta, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower.--Va., Ky., and southward.

10. C. delphinifòlia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 2--5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1--3´´ broad), rather rigid; disk brownish.--Pine woods, Va. and southward. July.

11. C. verticillàta, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 1--2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions.--Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July--Sept.

[*][*] Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3--5-divided; perennial.

12. C. trípteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4--9° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.--Penn. to Wisc., Iowa, and southward. Aug.--Sept.--Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised; disk turning brownish.

[*][*][*] Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or spreading; achenes flat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned (rarely 4-awned); leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3--7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching Bidens.

[+] Rays conspicuous, golden yellow.

[++] Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked; outer scales about 8.

13. C. aùrea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1--3° high; leaves variable, commonly 3--7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed; achenes broadly cuneate, 1--2´´ long, with 2 very short blunt spreading teeth.--Wet ground, Va. to Fl.

14. C. trichospérma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth, branched; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3--7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3--5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled-corymbose; achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, about 4´´ long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth.--Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the coast. Also Buffalo, N. Y., to Ill., where is a var. TENUÍLOBA, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug.--Oct.

[++][++] Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins.

15. C. aristòsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1--2-pinnately 5--7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads panicled-corymbose; outer scales 8--10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself.--Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. MÙTICA has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns.--W. Ill. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spreading or retrorse, hybrids with Bidens frondosa or other species.

16. C. involucràta, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12--20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short acute teeth.--W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Rays none, or rarely rudimentary; outer scales usually 3--5, loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads; achenes narrowly cuneate; plants glabrous, 1--3° high; leaves petiolate.

17. C. bidentoìdes, Nutt. Paniculately branched; leaves undivided, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6--10´´ long; achenes nearly subulate, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns surpassing the corolla (4´´ long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns.--Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with Bidens frondosa.

18. C. discoídea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1--2° high; leaves ternately divided, slender-petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2--3´´ long; achenes linear-wedge-shaped (2--3´´ long), bearing a pair of short and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla.--Wet banks and swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July.

56. BÌDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3--8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish; the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.--Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.)

[*] Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous; annuals.

[+] Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate.

1. B. frondòsa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. STICK-TIGHT.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2--6° high), branching, leaves 3--5-divided; leaflets mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below; achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate (the bristles ascending except near the summit).--Moist waste places; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with Coreopsis aristosa and other species. July--Oct.

2. B. connàta, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (1--2° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined slightly united petioles; the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2--4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate.--E. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Var. COMÒSA, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. Ill., Ky., and westward. Aug.--Oct.--Var. PINNÀTA, Watson; leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5--7 narrow divisions sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. (F. L. Conillard).

[+][+] Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate; leaves sessile, undivided.

3. B. cérnua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5´--3° high), leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July--Sept.--Rays, if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)

4. B. chrysanthemoìdes, Michx. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect, or reclining at the base (6´--2° high); leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow (1´ long) rays; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.--Swamps; common. Aug.--Oct.

[*][*] Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward.

5. B. bipinnàta, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth annual, branched; leaves 1--3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3--4-awned.--Damp soil, R. I. to N. Y., Ill., and southward.

[*][*][*] Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3--6 very long awns smooth below.

6. B. Béckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (½´ long), the stout divergent awns (1´ long) barbed only toward the apex.--Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.--Oct.

57. THELESPÉRMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Coreopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns.--Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From θηλή, a nipple, and σπέρμα, seed, on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. grácile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1--2° high; leaves with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays short or usually none; achenes papillose.--Kan., south and westward.

58. BALDWÍNIA, Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7--9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.--A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2--3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1´ long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.)

1. B. uniflòra, Nutt.--Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHÁLLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.--Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustum Americanum, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifòlia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile.--Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. cæspitòsa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.--Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSÒGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4--5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting).--Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

G. PARVIFLÒRA, Cav. Smoothish (1° high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8--16.--Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPÁPPUS, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6--12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15--20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from ὑμήν, membrane, and πάππος, pappus.)--Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

[*] Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.

1. H. scabiosæ̀us, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1--3° high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.--Sandy barrens, Ill. and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbòsus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener.

3. H. tenuifòlius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1--2° high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

62. ACTINÉLLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.--Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, from ἀκτίς, ray.)

[*] Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire.

1. A. linearifòlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.--S. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acaùlis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.--Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLÀBRA, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, Man.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. SCAPÒSA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

[*][*] Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted.

3. A. odoràta, Gray. Annual, 1--2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1--3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELÈNIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3--5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of 5--8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.--Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflòrum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1--3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. & Gray.)--Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June--Aug.

2. H. autumnàle, L. Nearly smooth, 1--6° high; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6´´ broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow.--Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south and westward. Sept.

64. GAILLÁRDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2--3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5--10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.--Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gaillard de Merentonneau.)

1. G. símplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.--S. Kan. to Tex.

2. G. lanceolàta, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1--2° high, finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.--S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristàta, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.--Dak., west and southward.

65. DYSÒDIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.--Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagètes, the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name δυσωδία, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoìdes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6--18´ high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.--Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.

66. ÁNTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.--Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. (Ἀνθεμίς, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)

A. CÓTULA, DC. (MAY-WEED.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, DC.)--Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. ARVÉNSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1--2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.--Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. NÓBILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.--Established near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLÈA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.--Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)

1. A. Millefòlium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the divisions linear, 3--5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4--5, short, white (sometimes rose-color).--Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. PTÁRMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8--12, much longer than the broader campanulate involucre; flowers white.--Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICÀRIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3--5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none.--Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. INODÒRA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.--(Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. DISCOÍDEA, DC. Low (6--9´ high); leaves 2--3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus obsolete.--Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July--Sept.

69. CHRYSÁNTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus.--Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, χρυσάνθεμον, i.e. golden flower.)

C. LEUCÁNTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.)--Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. PARTHÈNIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron.)--Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

70. TANACÈTUM, L. TANSY.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3--5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown.--Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1--3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

T. VULGÀRE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2--4° high) smooth; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.--Var. CRÍSPUM has the leaves more cut and crisped.--Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. T. Huronénse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1--3° high); lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (½--{2/3}´ wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3--5-cleft; pappus toothed.--St. John's River, Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

71. ARTEMÍSIA, L. WORMWOOD.

Heads discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.--Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1.

[*] Leaves dissected.

1. A. caudàta, Michx. Smooth (2--5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2--3-pinnately divided; the divisions thread-form, diverging; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle; root biennial.--Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.

2. A. Canadénsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1--2° high); lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3--7-divided, the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled racemes.--Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves entire or some 3-cleft.

3. A. dracunculoìdes, Pursh. Tall (2--5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.--Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward.

4. A. glaùca, Pall. Strict, 1--2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads as in the last.--Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)

5. A. filifòlia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1--3° high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.--Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. ABRÓTINUM, L. (the SOUTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves 1--2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. PRÒCERA, L., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.

[*] Tall (1--5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles.

6. A. serràta, Nutt. Very leafy, 6--9° high; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish, oblong, 2´´ long or less.--Ill. to Dak.

7. A. longifòlia, Nutt. Stem 2--5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2--3´´ long--Minn. to Neb., and westward.

8. A. Ludoviciàna, Nutt. (WESTERN MUGWORT.) Whitened woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.--Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very variable.

A. VULGÀRIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) Leaves mostly glabrous and green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open panicles.--Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate.

9. A. Stelleriàna, Bess. Stout, 1--2° high, from a creeping base; leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.--Sandy sea-beaches, E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?

[*][*][*] Less branched (1--3°), biennial or annual, glabrous.

10. A. biénnis, Willd. Strict, 1--3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.--Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc.

A. ÁNNUA, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.--Ind. to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)

§ 3. Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

A. ABSÍNTHIUM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2--3° high), silky-hoary; leaves 2--3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, panicled.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. A. frígida, Willd. Low (6--20´ high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3--5-cleft, the divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.--Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward.

72. TUSSILÀGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary.--A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

T. FÁRFARA, L.--Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. PETASÌTES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat diœcious; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.--Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from πέτασος, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)

[*] Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish.

1. P. palmàta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5--7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, Hook.)--Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May.--Full-grown leaves 6--10´ broad.

2. P. sagittàta, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate.--N. Minn. and westward.

[*][*] Ligules none; flowers purplish.

P. VULGÀRIS, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate.--About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)

74. ÁRNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.--Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.)

1. A. Chamissònis, Less. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (1--2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.)--N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.

2. A. nudicaùlis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1--3° high); leaves thickish, 3--5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the cauline small and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy.--Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

75. SENÈCIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles.--Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

[*] Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so.

[+] Rays none or minute.

S. VULGÀRIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales blackish; rays none.--Waste grounds. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. VISCÒSUS, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.--Waste grounds, coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Heads conspicuously radiate.

1. S. lobàtus, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads small in a naked corymb; rays 6--12, conspicuous.--Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April--July.

2. S. palústris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; stem stout, 6´--2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very long.--Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

[*][*] Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

3. S. aùreus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young (1--3° high); leaves thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; lower stem-leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8--12.--Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly.

Var. obovàtus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray.)--Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.

Var. Balsámitæ, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.--Common.

4. S. tomentòsus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary wool (1--2° high); root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12--15.--Del. and mountains of Penn. (Pursh.), to Fla. and Ark. May.

5. S. cànus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.--N. Minn., Dak., and westward.

6. S. integérrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6´´ high), with green-tipped scales.--Sask. to Minn., and westward.

7. S. lùgens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.--Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa.

[*][*][*] Root perennial; heads large and often solitary.

8. S. Pseùdo-Árnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous; stem stout, 6--12´ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1--4, over an inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.--Grand Manan Island, off Maine (Prof. Verrill), to Lab., and northward.

76. CACÀLIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

Heads 5--many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.--Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

[*] Involucre 25--30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.

1. C. suavèolens, L. Stem grooved (3--5° high); leaves triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.--Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.

[*][*] Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. renifórmis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; stem (4--9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (1--2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.--Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifòlia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3--6° high); leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed, the lower triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.--Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., and southward. Aug.

4. C. tuberòsa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN P.) Stem angled and grooved (2--6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5--7-nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex.--Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.

77. ERECHTÌTES, Raf. FIREWEED.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pistillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.--Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

1. E. hieracifòlia, Raf. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1--6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at base.--Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. July--Sept.

78. ÁRCTIUM, L. BURDOCK.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate and deciduous.--Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from ἄρκτος, a bear, from the rough involucre.)

A. LÁPPA, L. Stout, 1--3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose-tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, All.)--The several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. MÌNUS, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8´´ broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. By roadsides; very common.--Var. MÀJUS, with broader (1´) green and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.--Var. TOMENTÒSUM, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.--July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

79. CNÌCUS, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imperfectly diœcious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous.--Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek κνῆκος.)

[*] Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

C. LANCEOLÀTUS, Hoffm. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)--Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also n. 8); proper scales not prickly.

1. C. horrídulus, Pursh. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (1--3° high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heads (1--1½´ broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale yellow or purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)--Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.

[*][*][*] Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly.

[+] Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pítcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem very leafy; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cirsium, Torr. & Gray.)--Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. undulàtus, Gray. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)--Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size.

4. C. altíssimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3--10° high), leafy quite to the heads; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads 1½--2´ high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)--Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn., and southward.

Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2--6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, Spreng.)--Common; N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

5. C. Virginiànus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (1--3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)--Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward.

[+][+] Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath; heads large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed.

6. C. mùticus, Pursh. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3--8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing single or few rather large heads; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous (sometimes glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)--Swamps and low woods; common.

7. C. pùmilus, Torr. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout (1--2° high), hairy, bearing 1--3 very large heads (1½´ broad), which are often leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales prickly-pointed, the inner very slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2´ long). (Cirsium, Spreng.)--Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast.

[*][*][*][*] Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed; heads imperfectly diœcious, small and numerous.

C. ARVÉNSIS, Hoffm. (CANADA THISTLE.) Perennial, slender, 1--2° high, the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)--Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

80. CÁRDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)

C. NÙTANS, L. (MUSK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.--Fields near Harrisburg, Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

81. ONOPÓRDON, Vaill. COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE.

Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise as Cnicus.--Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.)

O. ACÁNTHIUM, L. Stem (2--4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales linear-awl-shaped.--Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States; rather rare. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

82. CENTAURÈA, L. STAR-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy or none.--Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)

[*] Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones.

C. BENEDÍCTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus benedictus, L.)--Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none.

C. CỲANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined; false rays large; pappus very short; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base; root annual.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July.--Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. NÌGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short; leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial.--Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.--Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. CALCÍTRAPA, L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched; leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual.--Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. JÁCEA, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.--Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

83. LÁMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.

Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; flowers yellow. (The λαμψάνη of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

L. COMMÙNIS, L. Nearly smooth, 1--2° high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

84. KRÍGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.

Heads several--many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles.--Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanical collector in this country.)

§ 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5--7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual.

1. K. Virgínica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1--10´ high), becoming branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid.--New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April--Aug.

§ 2. CÝNTHIA. Achenes more slender; pappus of 10--15 small oblong chaff and 15--20 bristles. Perennial.

2. K. Dandélion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; scapes leafless, 6--18´ high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.)--Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March--July.

3. K. amplexicáulis, Nutt. Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1--3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2--5. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.)--Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward. June.--Stem 1--2° high.

85. CICHÒRIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CHICORY.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8--10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.--Branching perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

C. ÍNTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute.--Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

86. TRAGOPÒGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5--10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.--Stout glabrous biennials or perennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from τράγος, goat, and πώγων, beard.)

T. PORRIFÒLIUS, L. (SALSIFY. OYSTER-PLANT.) Stem 2--3° high; peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and pappus 3´ long.--Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

T. PRATÉNSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.--Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. LEÓNTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.--Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from λέων, a lion, and ὀδούς, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.)--The following belongs to the subgenus OPORÍNIA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L. AUTUMNÀLIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5--15´ high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.--Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June--Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PÍCRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5--10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.--Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from πικρός, bitter.)

P. HIERACIOÌDES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.--Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERÀCIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads 12--many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.--Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from ἱέραξ, a hawk.)

§ 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious.

H. AURANTÌACUM, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.--Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. PRÆÁLTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.--N. New York (Ward). (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal.

H. MURÒRUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.--Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1--3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

§ 3. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

[*] Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate.

2. H. paniculàtum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy only below (1--3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverging pedicels, 12--20-flowered; achenes short.--Open woods; rather common.

3. H. venòsum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape (1--2° high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12--35-flowered; achenes linear.--Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa.

4. H. Mariànum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2--3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny; heads 20--40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid.--Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.--Var. SPATHULÀTUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scàbrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1--3° high), leafy, rough-hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40--50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.--Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] Achenes tapering upward; heads 15--30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle.

6. H. Gronòvii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1--3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenes with a very taper summit.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longípilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2--3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1´ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; achenes narrowed at the apex.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CRÈPIS, L.

Involucre few--many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from κρηπίς, a sandal.)

C. BIÉNNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.--Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. TECTÒRUM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.--In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

91. PRENÁNTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

Heads 5--30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with purple; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the subgenus Nábalus. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name from πρηνής, drooping, and ἄνθη, blossom.)

[*] Heads rather broad, 25--35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. crepidínea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5--9° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6--12´ long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.)--Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.--Flowers cream-color.

[*][*] Heads narrow, 8--15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.

[+] Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12--15-flowered.

2. P. racemòsa, Michx. Stem 2--5° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.)--Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.--Var. PINNATÍFIDA, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.

3. P. áspera, Michx. Stem 2--4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. & Gray.)--Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.

[+][+] Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8--12-flowered; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgàta, Michx. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Slightly glaucous; stem 2--4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (1{½}--2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.)--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

5. P. Mainénsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persistently drooping on slender pedicels.--St. John's River, N. Maine (Pringle). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.

[*][*][*] Heads 5--18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.

[+] Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.

[++] Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish.

6. P. álba, L. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous (2--4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3--5-cleft, the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8--12-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)--Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.

[++][++] Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable.

7. P. serpentària, Pursh. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3--7-lobed, on margined petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (greenish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8--12-flowered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.)--Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward.

Var. nàna, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6--16´ high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.)--Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward.

8. P. altíssima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3--7° high); the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3--5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5--6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)--Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.

[+][+] Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2--3, linear, loose.

9. P. Boòttii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5--6´ high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10--18-flowered, the proper scales 10--15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color.--Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York.

92. LYGODÉSMIA, Don.

Heads and flowers (5--10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; pappus whitish.--Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of λύγος, a pliant twig, and δέσμη, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. júncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves lance-linear, 1--2´ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered.--St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.

93. TRÓXIMON, Nutt.

Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles.--Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from τρώγω, to chew, of no obvious application.)

1. T. cuspidàtum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless.--Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.

2. T. glaùcum, Nutt. Scape 1--2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene long-beaked.--Minn. to Neb. and southwestward.

94. TARÁXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4--5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus.--Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from ταράσσω, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

T. OFFICINÀLE, Weber. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.)--Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. April--Sept.--After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

95. PYRRHOPÁPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION.

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.--Mostly annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of πυῤῥός, flame-colored, and παππός, pappus.)

1. P. Caroliniànus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1--2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping.--Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April--July.

2. P. scapòsus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves all radical, pinnatifid.--Prairies; Kan. to Tex.

96. CHONDRÍLLA, Tourn.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.--Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.)

C. JÚNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1--3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6--8´´ long.--Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

97. LACTÙCA, Tourn. LETTUCE.

Heads several--many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcompressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pappus, its bristles falling separately.--Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)

§ 1. SCARÌOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.

L. SCARÌOLA, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6--12-flowered; achenes striate.--Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Mostly tall (4--9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6--12´ long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3--6´´ long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather longer than the beak.--Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets; common.

2. L. integrifòlia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3--4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.)--N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

3. L. hirsùta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2--3° high, commonly hirsute at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray.)--E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Ludoviciàna, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2--5° high; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.--Minn., Iowa, and southwestward.

§ 2. LACTUCÁSTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak; perennial; flowers blue.

5. L. pulchélla, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1--2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.)--Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains westward.

§ 3. MULGÈDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue.

6. L. acuminàta, Gray. Tall biennial (3--7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.)--Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla.

7. L. Floridàna, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as n. 7.--Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

8. L. leucophæ̀a, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3--12° high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping; heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to cream-color; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, DC.)--Low grounds; rather common.--Var. INTEGRIFÒLIA, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Ill.

98. SÓNCHUS, L. SOW-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.--Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)

[*] Annual (1--5° high); flowers pale yellow.

S. OLERÀCEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.--Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ÁSPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED S.) Stem leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.--With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

S. ARVÉNSIS, L. (FIELD S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.--Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

ORDER 56. LOBELIÀCEÆ. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers.--Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.--Nearly passing into the following order.

1. LOBÈLIA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.--Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to Matthias De l'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

[*] Flowers deep red, large; stem simple.

1. L. cardinàlis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2--4° high), smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.--Low grounds, common.--Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, varying rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also occur.

[*][*] Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

[+] Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5--6´´ long), spicate-racemose; stems leafy, 1--3° high; perennial.

[++] Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. syphilítica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2--6´ long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1´ long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispherical.--Low grounds, common.--Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (1--2´ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts ovate; sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped.--Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.--Corolla bright blue, ½´ long.

4. L. amœ̀na, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous.--S. Atlantic States, in swamps.--Var. GLANDULÍFERA, Gray; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.

[++][++] Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulòsa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla.

[+][+] Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2--3´´ long).

[++] Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.

6. L. leptóstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.--Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga.

7. L. spicàta, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1--4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged.--Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer.--Var. PARVIFLÒRA, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3´´ long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June.--Var. HIRTÉLLA, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.

[++][++] Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose; sinuses of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial.

[=] Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated.

8. L. Cánbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1--2° high), minutely angled; pedicels shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5´´ long), more or less bearded in the throat.--Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kálmii, L. Stem mostly low (4--18´ high), minutely angled; pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla light blue, 4--5´´ long.--Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.

10. L. Nuttàllii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1--2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3´´ long.--Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

[=][=] Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L. inflàta, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1--2° high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.--Dry open fields.--Corolla only 1½--2´´ long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.

[++][++][++] Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. paludòsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1--4° high); leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.--In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmánna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5--12´ high), few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.--Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 57. CAMPANULÀCEÆ. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct.--Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2--several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy.

1. SPECULÀRIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.

Calyx 5- (or 3--4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.--Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common European species.)

1. S. perfoliàta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3--20´ high); leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2--3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below the middle; seeds lenticular.--Sterile open ground; common. May--Aug.

2. S. leptocárpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6--12´ high); leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; capsule nearly cylindrical (6--9´´ long, 1´´ thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong.--W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6--9´´ wide.

2. CAMPÁNULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes.--Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

[*] Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle.

[+] Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; perennial.

C. RAPUNCULOÌDES, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1´ long.--Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.

C. GLOMERÀTA, L. (CLUSTERED B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1´ long.--Roadsides, E. Mass.

[+][+] Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.

1. C. rotundifòlia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5--12´ high), 1--10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6--9´´ long); capsule nodding.--Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains.--A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. árctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla {2/3}--1´ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.)--Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. velutìna, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent.--Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (E. J. Hill).

2. C. aparinoìdes, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8--20´ high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect.--Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricàta, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1--3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3´´ long); style exserted.--Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate.

4. C. Americàna, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3--6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2½--6´ long); spike 1--2° long; corolla light blue, 1´ broad.--Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

ORDER 58. ERICÀCEÆ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4--5-lobed or 4--5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3); style 1; ovary 3--10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.--A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:--

SUBORDER I. Vaccinieæ. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.--Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4--5-celled (or imperfectly 8--10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

SUBORDER II. Ericineæ. (HEATH FAMILY proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.--Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEÆ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5--10-seeded.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDEÆ. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

5. Epigæa. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.

[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.

8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree.

9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4--5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEÆ. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREÆ. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5--10. Leaves evergreen.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

SUBORDER III. Pyroleæ. (PYROLA FAMILY.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREÆ. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.

20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEÆ. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.

21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

SUBORDER IV. Monotropeæ. (INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.) Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.

24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.

[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSÁCIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.--Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)

[*] Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachýcera, Gray. (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1° high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.--Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May.--Leaves resembling those of the Box.

[*][*] Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dumòsa, Torr. & Gray. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1--5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).--Var. HIRTÉLLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.--Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondòsa, Torr. & Gray. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth (3--6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).--Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.

4. G. resinòsa, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1--3° high), leaves oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous, corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white).--Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.--The common Huckleberry of the markets.

2. VACCÍNIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. CRANBERRY.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4--5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4--5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8--10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.--Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODÉNDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled.

1. V. arbòreum, Marshall. (FARKLE-BERRY.) Tall (6--25° high), smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; corolla white; anthers included; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.--Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C.

2. V. stamíneum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Diffusely branched (2--3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded.--Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

§ 2. CYANOCÓCCUS. (BLUEBERRIES.) Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, 5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves.

[*] Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

3. V. virgàtum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.--In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.--Va. to Ark., and southward.

[*][*] Corolla shorter and broader. (BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES.)

4. V. Pennsylvánicum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6--15´ high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous.--Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.--Var. ANGUSTIFÒLIUM, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves.--White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadénse, Kalm. Low (1--2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.--Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

6. V. vacíllans, Solander. (LOW BLUEBERRY.) Low (1--2½° high), glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.--Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo.--Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.

7. V. corymbòsum, L. (COMMON or SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall (5--10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3--4´´ long.--Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. GLÀBRUM, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:--

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.--Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pállidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.--Common in the Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrocóccum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom.--New Eng. to Penn.

§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (BILBERRIES.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4--5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry 4--5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.

[*] Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

8. V. uliginòsum, L. (BOG BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4´--2° high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2--3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.--Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

9. V. cæspitòsum, Michx. Dwarf (3--6´ high), tufted, leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.--Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.--Var. CUNEIFÒLIUM, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.--Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloìdes, Hook. More erect, 1--5° high; branchlets somewhat angled; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; corolla depressed-globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.--Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.--Pedicels 3--6´´ long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

11. V. ovalifòlium, Smith. Straggling, 2--12° high; leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; corolla ovoid; berries blue.--Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.

§ 4. VÌTIS-IDÆ̀A. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy; anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3--6´´ long.

12. V. Vìtis-Idæ̀a, L. (COWBERRY. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. FOXBERRY.) Low (6--10´ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

§ 5. OXYCÓCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

[*] Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.

13. V. erythrocárpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1--4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.--Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

[*][*] Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid.--CRANBERRIES.

14. V. Oxycóccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4--9´ long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2--3´´ long); pedicels 1--4, terminal; filaments fully ½ as long as the anthers.--Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.--Berry 3--4´´ broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocárpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (1--4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4--6´´ long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.--Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. June.--Berry ½--1´ long.

3. CHIÓGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.--A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from χιών, snow, and γένος, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. serpyllifòlia, Salisb. Leaves 3--4´´ long; berries 3´´ broad, bright white. (C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray.)--Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C. May.--Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.

4. ARCTOSTÁPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5--10 seed-like nutlets.--Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ἄρκτος, a bear, and σταφυλή, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Ùva-úrsi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red.--Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpìna, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate; fruit black.--Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.)

5. EPIGÆ̀A, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.--A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and γῆ, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. rèpens, L.--Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.--Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdiœcious. In New England called MAYFLOWER.

6. GAULTHÈRIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry!--Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec.)

1. G. procúmbens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches ascending, leafy at the summit (3--5´ high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding.--Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; also far northward. July.--The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tea-berry. Eastward it is often called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry.

7. ANDRÓMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.--Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnæus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

[*] Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.

1. A. polifòlia, L. Glabrous, 6--18´ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn.--Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribúnda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2--6° high; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath (2´ long); racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back.--Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

[*][*] Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous.

3. A. Mariàna, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Mostly glabrous, 2--4° high; leaves oblong or oval (1--3´ long); fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex.--Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrìna, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3--10° high; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1--2´ long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular.--Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.--Var. PUBÉSCENS, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.--Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDÉNDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages.--A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from ὀξύς, sour, and δένδρον, tree.)

1. O. arbòreum, DC. Tree 15--40° high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach.--Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCÓTHOË, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.--Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

[*] Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillàris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.--April.--Shrub 2--4° high.

2. L. Catesbæ̀i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3--6´ long); sepals ovate-oblong, often acute.--Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.--Shrub 2--4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

[*][*] Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx bibracteolate.

3. L. recúrva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned; pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged.--Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April.--Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racemòsa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each 2-awned; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless.--Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June.--Shrub 4--10° high. Corolla cylindrical.

10. CASSÁNDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded, the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless.--Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyculàta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.--Bogs, Newf. to Minn., and south to Ga.

11. CASSÌOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4--5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4--5-celled, 4--5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentæ many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.--Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoìdes, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1--4´ high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.--Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLÙNA, Salisb. HEATHER. LING.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.--Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from καλλύνω, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgàris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, ERÌCA CINÈREA and E. TÉTRALIX, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYÁNTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.--Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllódoce. (Βρύον, moss, and ἄνθος flower, because growing among mosses.)

1. B. taxifòlius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.)--Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

14. KÁLMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.--Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnæus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.

1. K. latifòlia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.--Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4--8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10--30° high). May, June.

2. K. angustifòlia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub 1--3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit.--Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glaùca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers ½´ broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.--Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.--Straggling, about 1° high.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsùta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4´´ long), becoming glabrous.--Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May--Sept.--Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIÈSIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.--A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. glabélla, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so (1--2´ long); filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end.--Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.

2. M. globulàris, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2--5° high; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above; filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)--In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODÉNDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, etc.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.--Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. (Ῥοδοδενδρον, rose-tree; the ancient name.)

§ 1. AZÀLEA. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined.

[*] Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3--10° high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

[+] Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arboréscens, Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.)--Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscòsum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.)--Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.--Var. GLAÙCUM, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.--Var. NÍTIDUM, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

[+][+] Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflòrum, Torr. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular. (Azalea nudiflora, L.)--Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

4. R. calendulàceum, Torr. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Leaves hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea calendulacea, Michx.)--Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

[*][*] Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.

5. R. Rhodòra, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1--2° high); leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1´ long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)--Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

§ 2. RHODODÉNDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading.

6. R. máximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves 4--10´ long, very thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, 1´ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.--Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.--Shrub or tree 6--35° high.

7. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3--5´ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.--High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3--6° (rarely 20°) high.

8. R. Lappónicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6´ high); leaves (½´ long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5--10.--Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

17. LÈDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5--10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentæ borne on the summit of the columella.--Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Λῆδον, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifòlium, Ait. Erect, 1--3° high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong (1--2´ long), mostly ½´ wide, very obtuse; stamens 5--7; capsule oblong, acutish.--N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods.

L. PALÚSTRE, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)

18. LEIOPHÝLLUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 2--3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.--A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of λεῖος, smooth, and φύλλον, leaf.)

1. L. buxifòlium, Ell. Shrub 6--10´ high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3--6´´ long.--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.

19. LOISELEÙRIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2--3-celled, many-seeded, 2--3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentæ borne on the middle of the columella.--A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2--5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.)

1. L. procúmbens, Desv.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)

20. CLÈTHRA, Gronov. WHITE ALDER.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.--Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (Κλήθρα, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnifòlia, L. (SWEET PEPPERBUSH.) Shrub 3--10° high; leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, racemes upright, panicled; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth.--Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.

2. C. acuminàta, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (3--7´ long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers; filaments and pods hairy.--Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

21. CHIMÁPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly.--Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. (Name from χεῖμα, winter, and φιλέω, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., Wintergreen.)

1. C. umbellàta, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leafy, 4--10´ high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4--7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.--Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)

2. C. maculàta, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1--5-flowered.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Miss. June, July.--Plant 3--6´ high.

22. MONÈSES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed of μόνος, single, and ἧσις, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. grandiflòra, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6--9´´ long) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots; the 1--2-bracted scape (2--4´ high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6´´ wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.)--Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.)

23. PÝROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat.--Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.)

[*] Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the openings.

1. P. mìnor, L. Scape 5--10´ high; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla; style short and included.--Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward.

2. P. secúnda, L. Subcaulescent, 3--6´ high; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; style long, exserted.--Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. pùmila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6´´ or little more in diameter, and 3--8-flowered scape.--High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug.

[*][*] Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.

[+] Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.

3. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8--12´´ long), shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7--8´ high) several-flowered; flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.--Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.

[+][+] Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.

4. P. chlorántha, Swartz. Leaves small (1´ long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5--8´ high); calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck; style little exserted.--Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.

5. P. ellíptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) petals; anther-cells blunt.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.

6. P. rotundifòlia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6--12´ high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly blunt.--Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var. INCARNÀTA, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward.--Var. ASARIFÒLIA, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.--Var. ULIGINÒSA, Gray, with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)

24. PTERÓSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.--A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1--2° high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from πτερόν, a wing, and σπορά, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedèa, Nutt.--Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare.

25. SCHWEINÍTZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.--A low and smooth brownish plant, 3--4´ high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odoràta, Ell.--Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near Baltimore) to N. C. April.

26. MONÓTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.

Calyx of 2--5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4--5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8--10-grooved, 4--5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentæ covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.--Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1--several-flowered; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of μόνος, one, and τρόπος, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2--4 irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick.

1. M. uniflòra, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-white (turning blackish in drying, 3--8´ high); stigma naked.--Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June--Aug. (Asia.)

§ 2. HYPÓPITYS. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3--4-merous; bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Hypópitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Somewhat pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4--12´ high); pod globular or oval; stigma ciliate.--Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to Oregon. June--Aug. (Eu.)

ORDER 59. DIAPENSIÀCEÆ.

Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceæ.--Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Ericaceæ chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSIEÆ. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening transversely.

2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent.

Tribe II. GALACINEÆ. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1--several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.

3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 celled.

1. PYXIDANTHÈRA, Michx.

Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.--Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from πυξίς, a small box, and ἀνθήρα, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulàta, Michx. (FLOWERING MOSS. PYXIE.) Leaves 3´´ long.--Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.

2. DIAPÉNSIA, L.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous; cells few-seeded.--Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (½´ wide). (Said to be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnæus to this plant.)

1. D. Lappónica, L. Leaves 3--5´´ long; peduncle at length 1--2´ long.--Alpine summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)

3. GÀLAX, L.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.--Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2´ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1--2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from γάλα, milk,--of no conceivable application to this plant.)

1. G. aphýlla, L.--Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

ORDER 60. PLUMBAGINÀCEÆ. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell.--Only the STATÍCEÆ or MARSH-ROSEMARY TRIBE is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armèria vulgàris), on the coast by a single species of

1. STÁTICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2--3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen.--Sea-side perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Στατική, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limònium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1--2° high); spikelets 1--3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniàna, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.--Salt marshes along the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.

ORDER 61. PRIMULÀCEÆ. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.--Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Tribe I.

Tribe I. HOTTONIEÆ. Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; immersed leaves pectinate.

1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.

Tribe II. PRIMULEÆ. Ovary wholly free.

[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.

3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire.

[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.

6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.

7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5--6-parted or 5--6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.

8. Glaux. Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.

[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4--5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

Tribe III. SAMOLEÆ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.

11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

1. HOTTÒNIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.--Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden.)

1. H. inflàta, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger); pedicels short.--Pools and ditches, Mass. to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June--Aug.

2. DODECÀTHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone.--Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from δώδεκα, twelve, and θεοί, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)

1. D. Meàdia, L. (SHOOTING-STAR.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.--Very handsome in cultivation.

3. PRÍMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth.--Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farinòsa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Scape 3--10´ high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3--20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.--Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Mistassínica, Michx. Scape 2--6´ high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy; involucre 1--8-flowered; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.--Wet banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)

4. ANDRÓSACE, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved.--Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

1. A. occidentàlis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2--4´ high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.--Bare hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west to the mountains.

5. TRIENTÀLIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.--Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.)

1. T. Americàna, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed.--Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May.--Rootstocks often 1--2° long (Hitchings).

6. STEIRONÈMA, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers linear. Capsule 10--20-seeded.--Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From στεῖρος, sterile, and νῆμα, thread, referring to the staminodia.)

1. S. ciliàtum, Raf. Stem erect (2--4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2--6´ long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.)--Low grounds and thickets, common. July.

2. S. radìcans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on slender petioles; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, Hook.)--Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La.--Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last.

3. S. lanceolàtum, Gray. Stem erect (10´--2° high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt.)--Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; the extremes are var. HÝBRIDUM, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west,--and var. ANGUSTIFÒLIUM, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1--2´´ broad; mainly southward.

4. S. longifòlium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1--3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2--4´ long, 2--3´´ wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8--9´´ broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia longifolia, Pursh.)--Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa. July--Sept.

7. LYSIMÁCHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 5--6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. Capsule few--several-seeded.--Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from λύσις, a release from, and μάχη, strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.

[*] Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.

L. VULGÁRIS, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle.--Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.

[*][*] Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal.

1. L. quadrifòlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1--2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.--Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.

2. L. strícta, Ait. Stems 1--2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5--12´), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.--Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June--Aug.

[*][*][*] Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.

L. NUMMULÀRIA, L. (MONEYWORT.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.--Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. NAUMBÚRGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6--7-) parted into linear divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.

3. L. thyrsiflòra, L. (TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.) Smooth; stem simple (1--2° high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers.--Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, and northwestward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. GLAÙX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded.--A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from γλαυκός, sea-green.)

1. G. marítima, L.--Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)

9. ANAGÁLLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded.--Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from ἀνά, again, and ἀγάλλω, to delight in.)

A. ARVÉNSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands.--Waste sandy fields. June--Aug.--Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

10. CENTÚNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED.

Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4--5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless.--Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. mínimus, L. Stems ascending (2--6´ long); leaves ovate, obovate or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours.--Low grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)

11. SÁMOLUS, Tourn. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded.--Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")

1. S. Valerándi, L. Stem erect (6--12´ high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)--Var. Americànus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading.--Wet places, through the U. S. June--Sept.

ORDER 62. SAPOTÀCEÆ. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4--12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large.--Albumen mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed.--A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.

1. BUMÈLIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base.--Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioìdes, Pers. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10--25° high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2--4´ long); clusters densely many-flowered, glabrous, fruit ovoid.--Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June.

2. B. lanuginòsa, Pers. Spiny (10--40° high); leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1½--3´ long); clusters 6--12-flowered, pubescent; fruit globular.--Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex. July.

ORDER 63. EBENÀCEÆ. (EBONY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3--12-celled ovary; the stamens 2--4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly separate.--Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice.--A small family, chiefly tropical.

1. DIOSPỲROS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON.

Calyx 4--6-lobed. Corolla 4--6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4--8-celled, 4--8-seeded.--Flowers diœciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Διός, of Jove, and πυρός, grain.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6--8´´ long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled.--Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June.--Tree 20--70° high, with very hard blackish wood; plum-like fruit 1´ in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

ORDER 64. STYRACÀCEÆ. (STORAX FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2--5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4--8 petals, commonly more or less united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1--5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded.--Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.--A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.

Tribe I. STYRACEÆ. Calyx 4--8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2--4 times as many as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.--Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2--4-celled ovary, which is 2--4-winged and 2--4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEÆ. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.

3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STỲRAX, Tourn. STORAX.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4--8-parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.--Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifòlia, Ait. Shrub 4--12° high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose beneath (3--6´ long); flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla ({1/3}´ long) convolute-imbricated in bud.--Woods, S. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Shrub 1--4° high; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2´ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; flowers (½´ long) 1--3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.--Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. Americàna, Lam. Shrub 4--8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1--3´ long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3--4-flowered racemes (½´ long); corolla valvate in the bud.--Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.

2. HALÈSIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2--4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8--16; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2--4-winged, within bony and 1--4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.--Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetráptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1½´ long.--Banks of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla.

3. SÝMPLOCOS, Jacq. SWEET-LEAF.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; filaments slender; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded.--Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name σύμπλοκος, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinctòria, L'Her. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3--5´ long); flowers 6--14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.--Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April.--Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle.

ORDER 65. OLEÀCEÆ. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell.--Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.--The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceæ, to which belongs the Lilac (Syringa), etc.; and the Jessamine (Jasminum) represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. FRAXINEÆ. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers diœcious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. OLEINEÆ. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.

2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, diœcious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2--4.

3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions.

4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1. FRÁXINUS, Tourn. ASH.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) diœcious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1--2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1--2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender.--Light timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves of 3--15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, persistent.

[+] Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. Americàna, L. (WHITE ASH.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7--9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; fruit (about 1½´ long) marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body.--Rich or moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, May.--A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Monœcious flowers rarely occur.

[++][++] Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing.

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent; leaflets 7--9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath; fruit 1½--2´ long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or spatulate wing.--Low grounds, throughout our range; rare west of Ohio.--Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

3. F. víridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5--9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides; fruit much as in n. 2.--Along streams; common.--Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. A small or middle-sized tree.

[+][+] Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

4. F. platycárpa, Michx. (WATER-ASH.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5--7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9´´ wide), with a tapering base.--Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. Tree of middle size.

5. F. quadrangulàta, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Branchlets square, at least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7--9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex (1½´ long, 3--4´´ wide).--Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.--Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water.

[*][*] Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly naked.

6. F. sambucifòlia, Lam. (BLACK ASH.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7--11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends.--Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Va. and Mo.--Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. FORESTIÈRA, Poir.

Flowers diœcious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2--4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.--Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1--3-flowered. (Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminàta, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5--10° high; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.--Wet river banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.

3. CHIONÁNTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1--3-seeded.--Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from χιών, snow, and ἄνθος, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virgínica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers on slender pedicels; petals 1´ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6--8´´ long).--River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.

4. LIGÙSTRUM, Tourn. PRIVET.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1--2 seeded.--Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

L. VULGÀRE, L. (PRIVET, or PRIM.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.--Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe.

ORDER 66. APOCYNÀCEÆ. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.--Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).--Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.

1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments. Leaves alternate.

2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSÒNIA, Walt.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked.--Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tabernæmontàna, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous.--Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

2. TRACHELOSPÉRMUM, Lemaïre.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3--5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender; anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down.--Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from τράξηλος, a neck, and σπέρμα, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was beaked.)

1. T. diffórme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. (Forsteronia difformis, A. DC.)--Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April.

3. APÓCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow shaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2--7´) and slender follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex.--Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of ἀπό, from, and κύων, a dog.)

1. A. androsæmifòlium, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above; branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla (pale rose-color, 4´´ broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyx.--Borders of thickets; common. June, July.

2. A. cannábinum, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Glabrous or more or less soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2--3° high), terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx.--Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug.

ORDER 67. ASCLEPIADÀCEÆ. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which they differ in the commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses (pollinia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias.

PERÍPLOCA GRÆ̀CA, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5 awned scales in the throat.

Tribe I. CYNANCHEÆ. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma; pollinia suspended.

[*] Stems erect or merely decumbent.

1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.

3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.

[*][*] Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite.

4. Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

5. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5--10-lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBEÆ. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.

6. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.

1. ASCLEPIODÒRA, Gray.

Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition.--Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. (Ἀσκληπιός and δῶρον or δωρεά, the gift of Æsculapius.)

1. A. víridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1--2´ wide; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled; flowers large (1´ in diameter), green, with a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, Decaisne.)--Prairies, Ill. to Tex. and S. Car. June.

2. ASCLÈPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil, anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen.--Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; peduncles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of Æsculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)

§ 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base; horn conspicuous.

[*] Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky.

1. A. tuberòsa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Roughish-hairy (1--2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels.--Dry fields, common, especially southward.--Var. DECÚMBENS, Pursh. Stems reclining; leaves broader and more commonly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils.--Ohio to Ga., etc.

[*][*] Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 5); leaves opposite, mostly broad.

[+] Flowers rather large; hoods about 3´´ long and exceeding the anthers; leaves transversely veined.

2. A. paupércula, Michx. Glabrous; stem slender (2--4° high); leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear (5--10´ long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled, umbels 5--12-flowered; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn.--Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. A. rùbra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2--6´ long, ½--2½´ wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red; the horn long and slender, straightish.--Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo.

4. A. purpuráscens, L. (PURPLE M.) Stem rather slender (1--3° high); leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, 3--4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point.--Dry ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward.--Flowers 6´´ long.

[+][+] Flowers small; hoods 1´´ long, equalling the anthers; veins ascending.

5. A. incarnàta, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles (2--3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple; hoods scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn.--Swamps, common.--Var. PÚLCHRA, Pers.; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty.--With the smooth form.

[*][*][*] Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.

[+] Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3--5´ long), ovate and acuminate, erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled; umbels terminal and lateral.

6. A. speciòsa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4--5´´ long; hoods 5--6´´ long, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate appendage.--Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward.

7. A. Cornùti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oblong (4--8´ long), pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc.; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 3--4´´ long; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn.--Rich ground, everywhere.

8. A. Sullivántii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside; flowers larger (9´´ long) and more purple than in the last; anther-wings 2-toothed at base; pod nearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak.--Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn.

[+][+] Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent.

[++] Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.

[=] Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, transversely veined, wavy; glabrous and pale or glaucous.

9. A. Obtusifòlia, Michx. Stem 2--3° high; leaves oblong with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2½--5´ long); peduncle 3--12´ long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn.--Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs.

10. A. Meádii, Torr. Stem slender (1--2° high); leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish (1½--2½´ long), peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves, pedicels rather short, corolla greenish-white; hoods rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn.--Dry ground, Ill. and Iowa. June.

[=][=] Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.

[a.] Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little if at all exceeding the anthers; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts.

11. A. Jamèsii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often emarginate, subcordate at base, nearly sessile; umbels 2--3, densely many-flowered, on short peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, greenish; hoods truncate, entire.--Plains of central Kansas and southwestward.

12. A. phytolaccoìdes, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem 3--5° high; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5--8´ long); lateral umbels several, pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1--3´ long), equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point.--Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

13. A. variegàta, L. Stem 1--2° high; leaves (4--5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy; divisions of the corolla ovate (white); hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point.--Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July.--Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers.

[b.] Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers.

14. A. ovalifòlia, Decaisne. Low (6--18´ high), soft-downy, especially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (1½--3´ long); umbels loosely 10--18-flowered, sessile or peduncled; pedicels slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside).--Prairies and oak-openings, N. Ill. and Iowa, to Wisc. and Dak.

[++][++] Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often whorled; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.

15. A. quadrifòlia, L. Stem slender (1--2° high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2--4´ long); pedicels slender; corolla-lobes (pale pink) oblong; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick.--Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ark.

16. A. perénnis, Walt. Stems (1--2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather slender-petioled; flowers white, small; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma!--Low grounds, S. Ind. and Ill. to Tex., and eastward.

[=][=] Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; column conspicuous.

17. A. verticillàta, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit, leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2--3´ long, 1´´ wide), 3--6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns.--Dry hills, common, especially southward.--Var. PÙMILA, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, filiform.--Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex.

§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.

18. A. stenophýlla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender (1--2° high), leaves narrowly linear (3--7´ long, 1--2½´´ wide), the upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10--15-flowered; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave; follicles erect on ascending pedicels.--Dry prairies, Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward.

3. ACERÀTES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the name, from α privative, and κέρας, a horn).--Flowers greenish, in compact many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender.

[*] Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigma, leaves mainly alternate-scattered.

1. A. longifòlia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect (1--3° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3--7´ long); umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3´´ long when expanded.--Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Oct.

[*][*] Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers; leaves often opposite and broader.

2. A. viridiflòra, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems ascending (1--2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (1½--4´ long); umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) nearly ½´ long, short-pedicelled.--Dry soil, common, especially southward. July--Sept.--Runs into var. LANCEOLÀTA, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2½--4´ long;--and var. LINEÀRIS, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems; umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., Dak., and southward.

3. A. lanuginòsa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5--12´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers smaller; pedicels slender.--Prairies, N. Ill. to Minn., and westward. July.

4. ENSLÉNIA, Nutt.

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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 3 of 6)

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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 3 of 6)