The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 4 of 6)

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceolate, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias.--A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedicated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.)

1. E. álbida, Nutt. Climbing 8--12° high; leaves 3--5´ wide.--River-banks, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. July--Sept.

5. VINCETÓXICUM, Moench.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5--10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in Asclepias.--Herbs, often twining. (Name from vincens, binding, and toxicum, poison.)

V. NÌGRUM, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves.--N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. GONÓLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma.--Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of γωνία, an angle, and λοβός, a pod, from the angled follicles of some species.)

[*] Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3--5-costate or angled.

1. G. suberòsus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3--5´ long); umbels 3--9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadly conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.)--Near the coast, Va. to Fla.

2. G. læ̀vis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3--6´ long); umbels 5--10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted; lobes narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3--4 times as long as the calyx.--South of our range.--Passes into var. MACROPHÝLLUS, Gray, with larger broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, Michx.)--River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex.

[*][*] Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate.

[+] Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.

3. G. oblìquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3--8´ long); umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5--6´´ long, 1´´ wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside.--River-banks, mountains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.

4. G. hirsùtus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong (3--4´´ long), barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple.--Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

[+][+] Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding.

5. G. Shórtii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6´´ long); crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted.--Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W. Ga. (Chapman).

6. G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4--5´´ long); crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus.--From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.

ORDER 68. LOGANIÀCEÆ. (LOGANIA FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4--5-merous 4--5-androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx; a connecting group between Gentianaceæ, Apocynaceæ, Scrophulariaceæ (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceæ, from which they differ in their free ovary; our representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceæ, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4.

1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.

[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed.

2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma.

1. GELSÉMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.--Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (Gelsomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempérvirens, Ait. (YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1--1½´ long); capsule flat, pointed.--Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April.

2. POLYPRÈMUM, L.

Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.--A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from πολύπρεμνος, many-stemmed.)

1. P. procúmbens, L.--Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; also adventive in Penn. June--Oct.

3. SPIGÈLIA, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.--Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilándica, L. (MARYLAND PINK-ROOT.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6--18´ high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 1½´ long, red outside, yellow within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted.--Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.--A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITRÈOLA, L. MITREWORT.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded.--Annual smooth herbs, 6´--2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.--Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex.

ORDER 69. GENTIANÀCEÆ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentæ, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule.--Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

SUBORDER I. Gentianeæ. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Æstivation of corolla never valvate.

[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.

[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.

1. Erythræa. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers twisting spirally.

2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5--12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or revolute.

3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.

[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.

4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4--5-cleft.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.

6. Halenia. Corolla 4--5-cleft, campanulate, and 4--5-spurred at the base.

[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.

8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

SUBORDER II. Menyantheæ. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. Æstivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. ERYTHRÆ̀A, Richard. CENTAURY.

Calyx 4--5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4--5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.--Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from ἐρυθρός, red); in summer.

E. CENTAÙRIUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright (6--12´ high), corymbosely branched above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.--Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)

E. RAMOSÍSSIMA, Pers. Low (2--6´ high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes.--Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. SPICÀTA, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6--10´ high); the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong.--Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SABBÀTIA, Adans.

Calyx 5--12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5--12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5--12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.--Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)

[*] Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6--7-parted.

[+] Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes.

[++] Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying.

1. S. paniculàta, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1--2° high); leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. S. lanceolàta, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple (2--3° high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1.--Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

[++][++] Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.

3. S. brachiàta, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1--2° high); leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla.--Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. S. angulàris, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched above (1--2½° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla.--Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

[+][+] Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered.

[++] Calyx-lobes foliaceous.

5. S. calycòsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}--1´ long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.--Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

[++][++] Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule).

6. S. campéstris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (½--1´ long), on the branches lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1½--2´ broad).--Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. S. stellàris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2-parted.--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white.

8. S. grácilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle.--Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Ellióttii, Steud. Effusely much branched; leaves small, lower cauline (6´´ long or less) thickish, from obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla; style 2-parted.--Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.

[*][*] Corolla 8--12-parted, large (about 2´ broad).

10. S. chloroìdes, Pursh. Stem (1--2° high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.--Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

3. EÙSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5--6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellæ.--Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From εὖ, well, and στόμα, mouth, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russelliànum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (1½´ long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.--Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIÀNA, Tourn. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-cleft. Corolla 4--5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentæ at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod.--Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

§ 1. GENTIANÉLLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual.

[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering.

1. G. crinìta, Froel. Stem 1--2° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2´ long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serràta, Gunner. Stem 3--18´ high; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate. (G. detonsa, Manual.)--Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] Flowers smaller, 4--5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem.

3. G. Amarélla, L. Stems 2--20´ high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4--5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, ½´ long or more, with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile.--Var. acùta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setæ.--Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflòra, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1--2° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3--7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6--9´´ long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest; capsule stipitate.--Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.--Var. OCCIDENTÀLIS, Gray. Sometimes 2--3° high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.--Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

§ 2. PNEUMONÁNTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12).

[*] Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged.

5. G. affìnis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose or few or rarely almost solitary; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1´ long or less, rather narrowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes.--Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. pubérula, Michx. Stems (mostly solitary) erect or ascending (8--16´ high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--2´ long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages.--Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary clusters.

[+] Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined.

7. G. Saponària, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages.--Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.--Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged.

9. G. álba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.--Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. lineàris, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1--2° high; flowers 1--5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, Gray.)--Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolàta, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.--Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.--L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless.

11. G. ochroleùca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.--Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless.

12. G. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15´ high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2´ long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

PLEURÓGYNE CARINTHÌACA, Griseb., var. PUSÍLLA, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4--5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRÀSERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4--14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.--Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3--8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1´ broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.--Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALÈNIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4--5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.--Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a German botanist.)

1. H. defléxa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9--18´ high), simple or branched above; leaves 3--5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.--Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTÒNIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.--Small annuals or biennials (3--10´ high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenélla, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1--3-flowered; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.--Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.--Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. vérna, Muhl. Stem 1--few-flowered; flowers 3--4´´ long, larger; lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong; ovary flat.--Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLÀRIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.--A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3--8´ high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from ὀβολός, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virgínica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4´´ long.--Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYÁNTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.--A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from μήν, month, and ἄνθος, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliáta, L.--Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNÁNTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few--many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.--Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of λίμνη, a marsh or pool, and ἄνθεμον, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunòsum, Grisebach. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped (1--2´ broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even.--Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspérmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2--6´ broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; seeds glandular-roughened.--Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

ORDER 70. POLEMONIÀCEÆ. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few--many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column.--Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.--Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (Φλόξ, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

§ 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves.

[*] Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)

1. P. paniculàta, L. Stem stout (2--4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolla pink-purple varying to white.--Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculàta, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1--2° high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla pink-purple.--Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.--Var. CÁNDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

[*][*] Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.

[+] Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so.

3. P. ovàta, L. Stems ascending (½--2° high), often from a prostrate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. (P. Carolina, L.)--Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1--3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3--4´ long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed.--Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.

[++] No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.

5. P. pilòsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1--1½° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (1--4´ long), which commonly taper to a sharp point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.--Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amœ̀na, Sims. Stems ascending (½--1½° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (½--1½´ long), on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, Gray; not Lehm.)--Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad.

7. P. réptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4--8´ high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (½´ long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire.--Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricàta, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9--18´ high); leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1½´ long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire, ½--{2/3}´ long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them.--Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May.--A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

[*][*][*] Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

9. P. bífida, Beck. Minutely pubescent; stems ascending, branched (5--8´ high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (½--1½´ long, 1½´´ wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4´´ long), equalling the tube, the divisions linear-oblong.--Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellària, Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1--2´ long, 1´´ wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes.--Cliffs of Ky. River (Short), S. Ill., and Tenn. (Gattinger). May.

§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.

11. P. subulàta, L. (GROUND or MOSS PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3--6´´ long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.--Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GÍLIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.--Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the § Collomia, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. lineàris, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6--18´ high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla 6´´ long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.)--From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMÒNIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few--several-seeded.--Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from πόλεμος, war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. réptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6--10´ high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets 5--15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; corolla light blue, about ½´ wide; capsules about 3-seeded.--Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.

2. P. cærùleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (1--3° high); leaflets 9--21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1´ broad; capsule several-seeded.--Rare in our range, occurring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and far northward.

ORDER 71. HYDROPHYLLÀCEÆ. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4--many-ovuled placentæ, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentæ in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4--many-seeded capsule.--Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen.--Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties; some cultivated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.

[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentæ, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentæ, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentæ often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.

1. HYDROPHÝLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentæ expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1--4 seeds, spherical.--Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of ὕδωρ, water, and φύλλον, leaf; of no obvious application.)

[*] Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophýllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid; the divisions 9--13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; root-leaves 1° long; peduncle shorter than the petiole; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6´´ long) crowded in a globular cluster; anthers short-oblong.--Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. July.

2. H. Virgínicum, L. Smoothish (1--2° high); leaves pinnately divided; the divisions 5--7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3´´ long; anthers oblong-linear.--Rich woods. June--Aug.

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3--5´ broad) palmately 5--7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2--3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses.--Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June--Aug.--Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

[*][*] Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted.

4. H. appendiculàtum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.--Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMÓPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentæ (bearing each 2--12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.--Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of νέμος, a grove, and φιλέω, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. micròcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2--8´ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3--5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentæ each 2-ovuled; capsule 1--2-seeded.--Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April--June.

3. ELLÍSIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentæ (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.--Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnæus.)

1. E. Nyctèlea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6--12´ high); leaves pinnately parted into 7--13 lanceolate or linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly ½´ long), capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, Nutt.; merely a slender form.)--Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May--July.

4. PHACÈLIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentæ adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4--many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2--30 on each placenta.)--Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from φάκελος, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA proper. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatífida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1--2° high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3--5-divided, the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.--Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.--Corolla bright blue, 6´´ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

§ 2. COSMÁNTHUS. Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Púrshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8--12´ high); lobes of the stem-leaves 5--9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ½´ in diameter).--Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April--June.

3. P. fimbriàta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5--8´ long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3--5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5--7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3--10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (3--4´´ broad).--Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

§ 3. COSMANTHOÌDES. Ovules and seeds 2--8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

4. P. parviflòra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3--8´ high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3--5 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5--15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4--6´´ broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6--12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.--Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April--June.

Var. hirsùta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5--7´´ in diameter; seeds 4--8.--Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covíllei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2--5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3´´ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.--Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (F. V. Coville.)

§ 4. EÙTOCA. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellæ within.

6. P. Franklínii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6--15´ high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.--Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDRÒLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentæ, thin-walled, 2--4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.--Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from ὕδωρ, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affìnis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.--Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

ORDER 72. BORRAGINÀCEÆ. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiatæ), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets.--Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEÆ. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2--4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1--2-celled.

Tribe II. BORRAGINEÆ. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

ASPERÙGO PROCÚMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTRÒPIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HELIOTROPE.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2--4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.--Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from ἥλιος, the sun, and τροπή, a turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short.

[*] Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

H. EUROPÆ̀UM, L. Erect annual (6--18´ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.--Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassávicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.--Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered.

2. H. tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.--Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

§ 2. EÙPLOCA. Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large.

3. H. convolvulàceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6´´ broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.--Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

§ 3. TIARÍDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.

H. ÍNDICUM, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, DC.)--Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)

2. CYNOGLÓSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.--Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from κύων, a dog, and γλῶσσα, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

C. OFFICINÀLE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Biennial; clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined.--Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. Virgínicum, L. (WILD COMFREY.) Perennial; roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2--3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex.--Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.

3. ECHINOSPÉRMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED.

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1--3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked.--Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and σπέρμα, seed.)

[*] Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; biennial, not hispid.

1. E. Virgínicum, Lehm. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem 2--4° high; radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3--8´ long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate racemes divaricate; pedicel and flower each a line long; nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.)--Borders of woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La.

2. E. defléxum, Lehm., var. Americànum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate.--Iowa, Minn., and northward.

3. E. floribúndum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2--3´´ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles.--Minn. and Sask., and westward.

[*][*] Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx becoming foliaceous; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; hispid annuals.

E. LÁPPULA, Lehm. Erect, 1--2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back.--Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Redówskii, Lehm., var. occidentàle, Watson. Erect, 1--2° high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

4. KRYNÍTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the base upward.--Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.)

1. K. crassisépala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; lobes of the persistent calyx closed over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle.--Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.

5. MERTÉNSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small.--Smooth or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat; filaments slender, exserted; hypogynous disk 2-lobed.

1. M. Virgínica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. LUNGWORT. BLUE BELLS.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1--2° high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4--6´ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1´ long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish.--Alluvial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.

[*][*] Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.

[+] Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2. M. paniculàta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1--2° high), loosely branched, leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6´´ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3--4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, filaments broader and shorter than the anthers.--Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug.

3. M. lanceolàta, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, simple or branched, leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1--2´ long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments generally longer than the anthers.--Dak. to N. Mex. and westward.

[+][+] Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, utricular.

4. M. marítima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper surface becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3´´ long), twice the length of the calyx.--Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June--Aug.

6. MYOSÒTIS, Dill. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute.--Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of μύς, mouse, and οὖς, ὠτός, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is MOUSE-EAR.)

[*] Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.

M. PALÚSTRIS, Withering. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9--20´ high), loosely branched, smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx-lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye.--In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. M. láxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or 3´´ broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, Gray.)--In water and wet ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.)

[*][*] Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; annual or biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending (6--15´ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.--Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4--12´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx.--Dry ground, rather common. May--July.

M. VERSÍCOLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes loose, mostly naked at base; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yellow changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft.--Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. LITHOSPÉRMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat.--Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of λίθος, stone, and σπέρμα, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

L. ARVÉNSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or biennial; stems erect (6--12´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.--Sandy banks and roadsides. May--Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial.

L. OFFICINÀLE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (1--2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. L. latifòlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2--3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2--4´ long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx.--Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.

§ 3. BÁTSCHIA. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.)

[*] Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting.

2. L. hírtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1--2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8--12´´ broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy; fruiting calyx (½´ long) 3--4 times longer than the nutlets.--Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. April--June.

3. L. canéscens, Lehm. (PUCCOON of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6--15´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx (3´´ long) barely twice the length of the nutlets.--Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.

[*][*] Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2--4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching; later flowers small, cleistogenous.

4. L. angustifòlium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6--18´ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube 8--18´´ long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-flowered form.)--Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward.

8. ONOSMÒDIUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out.--Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer.--Our species belong to true ONOSMODIUM, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginiànum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1--2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1--2½´ long), the lower narrowed at base; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles.--Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.

2. O. Caroliniànum, DC. Shaggy all over with long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2--4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside.--Alluvial grounds, W. New York to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

Var. mólle, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed, 1--2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2´ long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.)--Ill. to Minn., Tex., and westward.

9. SÝMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin.--Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from συμφεῖν, to grow together, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)

S. OFFICINÀLE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish.--Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. LYCÓPSIS, L. BUGLOSS.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out base.--Annuals. (Name from λύκος, a wolf, and ὄψις, face.)

L. ARVÉNSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (1° high); leaves lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla.--Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. ÉCHIUM, Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from ἔχις, a viper.)

E. VULGÀRE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale).--Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

ORDER 73. CONVOLVULÀCEÆ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming 4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen.--Fruit a globular 2--6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots, those of several species are cathartic; e.g. Jalap.)

Tribe I. DICHONDREÆ. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 basilar. Creeping herbs.

1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe II. CONVOLVULEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.

2. Ipomœa. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2--3-globose.

3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate.

4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.

5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICHÓNDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1--2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.--Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name from δίς, double, and χόνδρος, a grain, from the fruit.)

1. D. rèpens, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1--1½´´ long).--Wet ground, Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. IPOMŒ̀A, L. MORNING GLORY.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2--3-globose stigma. Capsule globular, 4--6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2--4-valved. (Name, according to Linnæus, from ἴψ, a Bindweed, and ὅμοιος, like; but ἴψ is a worm.)

§ 1 QUÁMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but narrow tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners.

I. QUÁMOCLIT, L. (CYPRESS-VINE.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy.)--Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)

I. COCCÍNEA, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1´ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench.)--River banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.)

§ 2. IPOMŒ̀A proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted.

[*] (MORNING GLORY.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, and white.

I. HEDERÀCEA, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1--3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1--1½´ long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth.)--Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)

I. PURPÙREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Annual, stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbellately 3--5-flowered; calyx bristly hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2´ long), purple, varying to white.--Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals broader, imbricated.

[+] Leaves cordate, acuminate.

1 I. panduràta, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1--5-flowered; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3´ long), white with purple in the tube.--Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June--Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10--20 pounds.

2 I. lacunòsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; peduncles short, 1--3-flowered; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, ½--{1/3}´ long) corolla.--River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves linear; not twining.

3 I. leptophýlla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2--4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10--100 pounds); leaves 2--4´ long, 2--3´´ wide, short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1--2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3´ long.--Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVÓLVULUS, Tourn. BINDWEED.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2--4-valved.--Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

§ 1 CALYSTÈGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy brats.

1 C. spithamæ̀us, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6--12´ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base; corolla white (2´ long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamæa, Pursh.)--Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sèpium, L. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1½--2´ long). (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.)--Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. Americànus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)--Common, across the continent.

Var. rèpens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray.)--Common.

§ 2. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.

C. ARVÉNSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9´´ long) white or tinged with reddish.--Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)

4. BREWÈRIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.--Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistràta, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1--7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.)--Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquática, Gray. Minutely soft downy and somewhat hoary; peduncles 1--3-flowered; sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; styles almost distinct; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.)--Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeríngii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile; peduncles 1--3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray.)--Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.

5. EVÓLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded.--Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ½´ long; flowers almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3´´ broad.--Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CÚSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in the soil.--Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)

§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.

C. EPÍLINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.--Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

C. EPÍTHYMUM, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.--Occasionally found in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.

[*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

[+] Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. chlorocárpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white (1--1¼´ long); lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer than the tube; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.--Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low; flowers smaller (hardly 1´´ long); calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad; those of the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, scales large, deeply fringed.--Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.

[+][+] Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

3. C. tenuiflòra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1´´ long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.--On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

[*][*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

[+] Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

4. C. decòra, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C. indecora, Choisy.)--Var. PULCHÉRRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicuous flowers 1½--2½´´ long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.--Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosæ and Compositæ), from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.

5. C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only 1´´ long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth.--Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

[+][+] Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

6. C. Gronòvii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; capsule globose, umbonate.--Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters.--Var. LATIFLÒRA, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostràta, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger (2--3´´ long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed.--Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.

[*][*][*] Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

8. C. cuspidàta, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1½--2¼´´ long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.--Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosæ, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compácta, Juss. Stems coarse; flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters; bracts (3--5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.--Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.

10. C. glomeràta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the ovary.--Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositæ. The rope-like twists (½--¾´ thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance.

ORDER 74. SOLANÀCEÆ. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3--5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.--Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentæ in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)--A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceæ, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.

1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.

[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

2. Chamæsaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.

[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.

4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3--5-celled.

[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.

6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLÀNUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4--10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.--Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary.--A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the POTATO (S. TUBERÒSUM) and the EGG-PLANT (S. MELONGÈNA); while the TOMATO (LYCOPÉRSICUM ESCULÉNTUM) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)

[*] Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.

[+] Perennial, climbing or twining.

S. DULCAMÀRA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red.--Moist banks and around dwellings. June--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Simple-leaved annuals.

1. S. triflòrum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7--9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1--3-flowered; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry.--Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

2. S. nìgrum, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black.--Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July--Sept.

Var. VILLÒSUM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow.--Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. GRÁCILE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2--3° high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire; corolla white or bluish; calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry.--Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)

[*][*] More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.

[+] Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.

3. S. Carolinénse, L. (HORSE-NETTLE.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4--8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty); leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berries about 6´´ broad.--Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.

4. S. elæagnifòlium, Cav. Silvery-canescent with dense scurf-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry seldom 6´´ in diameter.--Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward.

5. S. Torrèyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of about equally 9--12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting; leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5--7-lobed (4--6´ long); calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate; berry 1´ in diameter.--Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, corolla yellow.

6. S. rostràtum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1--2° high); leaves 1--2-pinnatifid; calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.--Plains of Neb. to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.

2. CHAMÆSÁRACHA, Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.--Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix χαμαί, on the ground.)

1. C. sórdida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young villous-viscid; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6´´ broad); berry as large as a pea.--Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona.

3. PHÝSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5--10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise.--Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name φυσαλίς, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

[*] Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire border; pubescence simple.

1. P. grandiflòra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1--2´ wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry.--S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Champlain (Perkins).

[*][*] Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3--10´´ broad.

[+] Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7--10´´ broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.--In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.

3. P. angulàta, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed; peduncles filiform; corolla unspotted, very small (3--6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.--Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[+][+] Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.

4. P. pubéscens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5--6´´ broad when expanded, obscurely 5--10-toothed; anthers violet.--Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.--A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.

5. P. Virginiàna, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9--12´´ broad, 5-angled or 5--10-toothed; anthers yellow. (P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.)--Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.--Var. AMBÍGUA, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.

[+][+][+] Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow.

6. P. viscòsa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2--3-forked pubescence; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange.--In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

7. P. lanceolàta, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1--1½´ long); berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)--Dry open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.

Var. lævigàta, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very short hairs on young parts.--Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Var. hírta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hirsute-pubescence of the leaves 2--3-forked, as also are some of the abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem.--Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan.

4. NICÁNDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3--5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.--An annual smooth herb (2--3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

N. PHYSALOÌDES, Gaertn.--Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens. (Adv. from Peru.)

5. LÝCIUM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE.

Calyx 3--5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.)

L. VULGÀRE, Dunal. (COMMON M.) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.--About dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. HYOSCỲAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid.--Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of ὕς, ὑός, a hog, and κύαμος, a bean; said to be poisonous to swine.)

H. NÌGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.--Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. DATÙRA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5--10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentæ; projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentæ as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.--Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.)

D. STRAMÒNIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM or THORN APPLE.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla white (3´ long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.--Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)

D. TÁTULA, L. (PURPLE T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.--Waste grounds, in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

8. NICOTIÀNA, Tourn. TOBACCO.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2--4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.--Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced Tobacco (N. TABÁCUM, L.) into Europe.)

N. RÚSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded.--Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

ORDER 75. SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentæ; in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen.--Style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.--A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

I. ANTIRRHINIDEÆ. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal.

Tribe I. VERBASCEÆ. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.

1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.

Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEÆ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.

2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat.

Tribe III. CHELONEÆ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2--4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.

Tribe IV. GRATIOLEÆ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.

[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.

9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.

[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short or none.

13. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded.

14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

II. RHINANTHIDEÆ. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITALEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.

15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2--4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica. Calyx 4-(rarely 3--5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. GERARDIEÆ. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.

[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike.

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEÆ. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.

21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.

[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many--several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.

[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1--4-seeded.

27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1. VERBÁSCUM, L. MULLEIN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.--Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

V. THÁPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless.--Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. BLATTÀRIA, L. (MOTH M.) Green and smoothish, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool.--Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. LYCHNÌTIS, L. (WHITE M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with whitish wool.--Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LINÀRIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.--Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

[*] Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme.

1. L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6--30´ high); leaves flat (1--2´´ wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla.--Sandy soil, common.

[*][*] Perennial, erect (1--3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.

L. VULGÀRIS, Mill. (RAMSTED. BUTTER AND EGGS.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1´ long or more, including the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.--Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. GENISTIFÒLIA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless.--Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

L. ELATÌNE, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3--4´´ long, including the subulate spur.--Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. SPÙRIA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.--Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHÌNUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.--Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from ἀντί, like, and ῥίν, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. ORÓNTIUM, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.--About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. MÀJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1½--2´ long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULÀRIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.--Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodòsa, L., var. Marilándica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3--5° high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.--Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLÍNSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4--many-seeded.--Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6--20´ high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx.--Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflòra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2--6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx.--Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELÒNE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.--Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from χελώνη, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glàbra, L. A foot or two (or even 6--7°) high; leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate (4--5´ long, 4--12´´ wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.--Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. oblìqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1--2° high; leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2--5´ long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color.--S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTÈMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.--Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from πέντε, five, and στήμων, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate.

[+] Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9--12´´ long, the lower lip usually bearded within.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem 1--2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least the inflorescence); leaves oblong to lanceolate (2--4´ long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded.--Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. lævigàtus, Solander. Stem 2--4° high, mostly glabrous except the inflorescence; leaves firmer, somewhat glossy, the cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2--5´ long); thyrse broader; corolla white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above.--Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitàlis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.)--Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. grácilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.--Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.

4. P. Cobæ̀a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed; thyrse short; corolla 2´ long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish.--Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflòrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2--3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; corolla 9´´ long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish.--Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. álbidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6--10´ high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparsely toothed; clusters of the strict thryse few-flowered, approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9´´ long, with shorter tube and more dilated throat.--Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like.

7. P. grandiflòrus, Nutt. Stem 2--4° high; leaves thickish, the upper and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate; pedicels short; corolla 2´ long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.--Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glàber, Pursh. Stems 1--2° high, leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla 1--1½´ long, bright blue to violet-purple, dilated above; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.--Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminàtus, Dougl. Stems 6--20´ high, stout; leaves thick, the lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; corolla 9´´ long, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.--Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MÍMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple.

1. M. ríngens, L. Stem square (1--2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July--Sept.--Flower 1--1½´ long, rarely white.

2. M. alàtus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.--Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.

3. M. Jamèsii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.--In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. LÙTEUS, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.--Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONÒBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.--Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multífida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.--Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July--Sept.

10. HERPÈSTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.--Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from ἑρπηστής, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

[*] Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved.

1. H. nigréscens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1--2´ long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.--Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

2. H. rotundifòlia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-obovate, half-clasping (½--1´ long), entire, basally nerved; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.--Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

3. H. amplexicaùlis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; leaves ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.--Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.--Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal.

4. H. Monnièra, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.--River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

11. LIMOSÉLLA, L. MUDWORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.--Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from limus, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquática, L., var. tenuifòlia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.--Brackish river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATÌOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.--Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4--6´´ long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.

[*] Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virginiàna, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4--6´ high); leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, peduncles almost equalling the leaves (½--1´ long); pod ovoid (2´´ long).--Very common.

2. G. sphærocárpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5--10´ high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1--2´ long), toothed; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3´´) globular pod.--N. J. and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (½--1' long).

3. G. viscòsa, Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla whitish, yellow within.--Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. aùrea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (½´ long).--Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems.

5. G. pilòsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (½´ long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3--4´´ long, scarcely exceeding the calyx.--Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

13. ILYSÁNTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.--Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from ἰλύς, mud, or mire, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. I. ripària, Raf. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4--8´ high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3´´ long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.)--Wet places; common.

14. MICRÁNTHEMUM, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several--many-seeded.--Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of μικρός, small, and ἄνθεμον, flower.)

1. M. Nuttàllii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1--2´ high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate.--Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.--Oct.

15. SÝNTHYRIS, Benth.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2--4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the axis.--Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from σύν, together, and θυρίς, a little door; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniàna, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike dense (5--12´ long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than the calyx, usually 2--3-parted.--Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn., south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa.

16. VERÓNICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

Calyx 4- (rarely 3--5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few--many-seeded.--Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§ 1. LEPTÁNDRA. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft.

1. V. Virgínica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2--6° high); leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.--Rich woods, Vt. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla wheel-shaped; capsule more or less notched, strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs.

[*] Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue.

[+] Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagállis, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2--3´ long); pedicels spreading; corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched.--Brooks and ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June--Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

3. V. Americàna, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth, decumbent at base, then erect (8--15´ high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; the slender pedicels spreading.--Brooks and ditches, common. June--Aug.

[+][+] Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. scutellàta, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and weak (6--12´ high); leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very slender and zigzag; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didymous.--Bogs, common. June--Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

5. V. officinàlis, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem prostrate, rooting at base; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx; capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched.--Dry hills and open woods, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward. July. (Eu., Asia.)

V. CHAMÆ̀DRYS, L. Stem pubescent, at least in two lines, ascending from a creeping base; leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; racemes loosely-flowered; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule triangular-obcordate.--Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts leaf-like; capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alpìna, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2--12´ high); leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; capsule obovate, notched.--Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.)

7. V. serpyllifòlia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple (2--4´ high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts; raceme loose; corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.--Roadsides and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May--July (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate; corolla shorter than the calyx.

[+] Flowers short-pedicelled; floral leaves reduced; corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrìna, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Glandular-puberulent or nearly smooth, erect (4--9´ high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; capsule orbicular, slightly notched, many-seeded.--Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April--June.

V. ARVÉNSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched (3--8´ high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded.--Cultivated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped.

V. AGRÉSTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1--2 seeded.--Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. BUXBAÙMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed ({2/3}--1´ long); flower large (nearly ½´ wide, blue); calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16--24-seeded.--Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. HEDERÆFÒLIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3--7-toothed or lobed; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2--4-seeded.--Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April--June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BÚCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.--Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of I. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americàna, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1--2° high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1´ long).--Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

18. SEYMÈRIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophýlla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubescent (4--5° high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.--Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERÁRDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

§ 1. DASÝSTOMA. Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid.

[*] Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.

1. G. pediculària, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2--3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.--Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

[*][*] No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.

2. G. grandiflòra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (2--4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2´ long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.--Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flàva, L. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a fine close down; stem (3--4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla 1½´ long.--Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. quercifòlia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and glaucous (3--6° high), usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2´ long.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.

5. G. lævigàta, Raf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1--2° high) mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 1´ long. (G. integrifolia, Gray.)--Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.

§ 2. OTOPHÝLLA. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly hairy.

6. G. auriculàta, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9--20´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers nearly sessile in the axils (1´ long).--Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflòra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3--7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those subtending the densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1´ long.--Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

§ 3. GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire.

[*] Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.

8. G. linifòlia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2--3° high, sparingly or paniculately branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1´´ wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1´ long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; anthers and filaments very villous.--Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.

[*][*] Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 13).

[+] Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.

9. G. áspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1--2° high); leaves long and linear, rough; pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx, which has triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla over 1´ long.--Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark.

10. G. purpùrea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (1--2° high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; flowers large (1´ long), bright purple, often downy; pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to about half as long as the tube.--Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.--Var. PAUPÉRCULA, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only ½´ long, lighter rose-purple.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

11. G. marítima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4--12´ high), with shorter branches; leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse; pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla ½´ long.--Salt marshes along the coast.

[+][+] Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.

12. G. tenuifòlia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx; corolla about ½´ long.--Low or dry ground, common.--Var. MACROPHÝLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1½--2´ long and almost 2´´ wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over ½´ long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.--Var. ASPÉRULA, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6´´ in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriàna, Wood. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4--6´´ long. (G. setacea, Gray, Man., not of Walt.)--Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLÈIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (galea) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.--Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccínea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial or annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong; those of the stem incised; the floral 3--5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse.--Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pállida, Kunth, var. septentrionàlis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; leaves mainly entire, the lower linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft; corolla ½--1´ long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflòra, Pursh. Perennial, 6--8´ high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent; leaves mostly 3--5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2´ long, the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip.--Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCÁRPUS, Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1--3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from ὀρθός, upright, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. O. lùteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, 1° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6´´ long, 2--3 times as long as the calyx.--Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWÁLBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10--12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.--A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1--2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americàna, L.--Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May--July.

23. EUPHRÀSIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name εὐθρασία, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinàlis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.--Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.--Var. TATÁRICA, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2--3´´ long), and mostly rounded leaves.--Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BÁRTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.--Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. ODONTÌTES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.--Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINÁNTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.--Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of ῥίν, a snout, and ἄνθος, a flower, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-gálli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6´´ long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)--Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULÀRIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.--Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.)

Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5--12´ high); leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule flat, somewhat sword-shaped.--Copses and banks, common. May--July.

2. P. lanceolàta, Michx. Stem upright (1--3° high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx.--Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.

3. P. Furbíshiæ, Watson. Tall (2--3° high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; calyx-lobes 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; capsule broadly ovate.--Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (Miss Kate Furbish), and adjacent N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMPỲRUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1--4-seeded.--Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from μέλας, black, and πυρός, wheat; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americànum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5´´ long).--Open woods; common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June--Sept.

ORDER 76. OROBANCHÀCEÆ. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentæ; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo.--Calyx persistent, 4--5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.--Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHÈGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentæ on each valve.--Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6--12´ high. (Name from ἐπί, upon, and φηγός, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiàna, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6--8´´ long, curved, 4-toothed.--Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.--Oct.

2. CONÓPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4--5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentæ, a pair on the middle of each valve.--Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from κῶνος, a cone, and φολίς, a scale).

1. C. Americàna, Wallroth.--Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.--A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3--6´ high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHÝLLON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentæ, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from α- privative and φύλλον, foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.)

[*] Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb.

1. A. uniflòrum, Gray. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1--3 slender one-flowered scapes (3--5´ high); divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla, which is 1´ long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.--Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May.

2. A. fasciculàtum, Gray. Scaly stem erect and rising 3--4´ out of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.--Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May.

[*][*] Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1--2 bractlets at base of calyx; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft.

3. A. Ludoviciànum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3--12´ high); corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipæa Ludoviciana, Walp.)--Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward.

4. OROBÁNCHE, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included.--Old World parasites, on roots of various plants.

O. MÌNOR, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6´´ long.--Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced.

(Addendum) O. RAMÒSA, L. Often branched, 6´ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6--8´´ long.--On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.)

ORDER 77. LENTIBULARIÀCEÆ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatropous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen.--Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free; style very short or none; stigma 1--2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1--few-flowered.--The following are the two principal genera.

1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing.

2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1. UTRICULÀRIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect. Anthers convergent.--Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1--few-flowered; usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.)

[*] Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower leaves dissected and capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or none.

1. U. inflàta, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 3--10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct.--In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast.

[*][*] Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with small bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like buds.)

[+] Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.

2. U. clandestìna, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary; scapes slender (3--5´ high); lips of the yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur.--Ponds, from N. Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast.

[+][+] No cleistogamous flowers.

[++] Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow.

3. U. vulgàris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (1--3° long) crowded with 2--3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders; scapes 5--12-flowered (6--12´ long); corolla closed (6--9´´ broad), the sides reflexed; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt in the European and the high northern plant; in the common American plant less thick and rather acute.--Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf. to Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

4. U. mìnor, L. (SMALLER B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2--4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2--8-flowered (3--7´ high); upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate; spur very short and blunt, or almost none.--Shallow water, E. Mass, to Minn., south to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.)

[++][++] Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow.

5. U. gíbba, L. Scape (1--3´ high) 1--2-flowered, at base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3--4´´ broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal; the lower with the sides reflexed, exceeding and approximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur.--Shallow water, Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert (F. M. Day).

6. U. biflòra, Lam. Scape (2--5´ high) 1--3-flowered, at the base bearing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and numerous bladders; corolla 4--6´´ broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower lip; seeds scale-shaped.--Ponds and shallow waters, S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.; also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. (W. Deane).

7. U. fibròsa, Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small immersed stems, several times forked, capillary; the bladders borne mainly along the stems; flowers 2--6 (6´´ broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, LeConte.)--Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala.

8. U. intermèdia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4--5 times forked, rigid, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins; the bladders borne on separate leafless branches; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; spur conical-subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad (6--8´´) lower lip and nearly as long as it.--Shallow pools, Newf. to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

[++][++][++] Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla violet-purple.

9. U. purpùrea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2--4 (6´´ wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla and about half its length.--Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla., mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind.

[*][*][*] Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil; leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious; air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly none.

[+] Flower purple, solitary; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupinàta, B. D. Greene. Scape (2--8´ high) 2-bracted above; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4--5´´ long) deeply 2-parted; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.--Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the coast; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie.

[+][+] Flowers 2--10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen.

11. U. subulàta, L. Stem capillary (3--5´ high); pedicels capillary; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length.--Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.

Var. cleistógama, Gray. Only 1--2´ high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleistogamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule becoming 1´´ long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).--With the ordinary form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward.

12. U. cornùta, Michx. Stem strict (3´--1° high), 1--5-flowered; pedicels not longer than the calyx; corolla 1´ long, the lower lip large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed; upper lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip.--Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common.

2. PINGUÍCULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading.--Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1. P. Vulgàris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur straightish.--Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far northward. (Eu., Asia.)

ORDER 78. BIGNONIÀCEÆ. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.)

Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentæ or of a projection from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends.--Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.--Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy.--Chiefly a tropical family.

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing.

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.

3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.

1. BIGNÒNIA, Tourn.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a tendril. (Named for the Abbé Bignon.)

1. B. capreolàta, L. (CROSS-VINE.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered; corolla orange, 2´ long; pod 6´ long; seeds with the wing 1½´ long.--Rich soil, Va. to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April. Climbing tall trees; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross.

2. TÉCOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged.--Woody, with compound leaves, climbing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radìcans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9--11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (2½--3´ long); pod oblanceolate, 4--5´ long.--Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Common in cultivation farther north.

3. CATÁLPA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.--Trees, with ovate or cordate and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. speciòsa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2´ long, nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick.--Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May.

C. BIGNONIOÌDES, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with thin bark, smaller (1½´ long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.

ORDER 79. PEDALIÀCEÆ.

Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons.--Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentæ expanded into 2 broad lamellæ or united into a central columella.

1. MARTÝNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat.--Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge, England.)

1 M. proboscídea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked.--Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.

ORDER 80. ACANTHÀCEÆ. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4--12-) seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and supported by hooked projections of the placentæ (retinacula).--Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat.--Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world; represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.

[*] Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading; stamens 4.

1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2--4-seeded.

2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6--20-seeded.

[*][*] Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.

3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

1. CALÓPHANES, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2--4-seeded.--Low branching perennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from καλός, beautiful, and φαίνω, to appear.)

1. C. oblongifòlia, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, ½--1° high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1´ long or less); corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1´ long; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.--Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

2. RUÉLLIA, Plumier.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8--12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals.--Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.)

1. R. ciliòsa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (1--3° high); leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (1--2´ long); flowers 1--3 and almost sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla (1--1½´ long) fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short.--Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. June--Sept.--Var. AMBÍGUA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.--Va. and Ky. to Ala. Appearing like a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strèpens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (1--4° high); leaves narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2½--5´ long); tube of the corolla (about 1´ long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes.--Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept.--Var. CLEISTÁNTHA, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.--Common with the ordinary form.

3. DIANTHÈRA, Gronov. WATER-WILLOW.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, contracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.--Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of δίς, double, and ἀνθηρά, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americàna, L. Stem 1--3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4--5´´ long.--In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July--Sept.

ORDER 81. VERBENÀCEÆ. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2--4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled) fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil.--Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen.--A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions.

Tribe I. VERBENEÆ. Ovary 2--4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.

3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEÆ. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.

4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.

1. VERBÈNA, Tourn. VERVAIN.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets.--Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.)--The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1. Anthers not appendaged; flowers small, in narrow spikes.

[*] Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx.

V. OFFICINÀLIS, L. (EUROPEAN V.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so, loosely branched (1--3° high); leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled; flowers purplish, very small.--Roadsides and old fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex., and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. V. urticæfòlia, L. (WHITE V.) Perennial, from minutely pubescent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3--5° high); leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes at length much elongated, loosely panicled; flowers very small, white.--Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.)

[*][*] Spikes thicker or densely flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers; perennial.

2. V. angustifòlia, Michx. Low (6--18´ high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next.--Dry or sandy ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

3. V. hastàta, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4--6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at base; spikes linear, erect, corymbed or panicled; flowers blue.--Waste grounds and roadsides; common.

4. V. strícta, Vent. (HOARY V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs, erect, simple or branched (1--2° high); leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy; flowers rather large, purple.--Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex.

[*][*][*] Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted; annual.

5. V. bracteòsa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled; spikes single, remotely flowered; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple flowers.--Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward.

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped; flowers showy, from depressed-capitate becoming spicate.

6. V. bipinnatífida, Nutt. Hispid-hirsute, ½--1° high; leaves (1½--4´ long) bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions, the lobes commonly linear or broader; bracts mostly surpassing the calyx; limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4--5´´ broad.--Plains and prairies, Kan. to Ark. and Tex., and westward.

7. V. Aublètia, L. Slender, 1° high or less, soft-pubescent or glabrate; leaves (1--2´ long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft; bracts shorter than or equalling the calyx; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6--8´´ broad.--Open woods and prairies, Ind. and Ill. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex.

2. LÍPPIA, Houst.

Calyx short, often flattened, 2--4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)

1. L. lanceolàta, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Creeping extensively, roughish, green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above; peduncles axillary, slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers; bracts mucronate or pointless.--River-banks, E. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July--Sept.

2. L. cuneifòlia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, procumbent (not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, incisely 2--6-toothed above the middle; peduncles axillary, mostly shorter than the leaves; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate; corolla white (?).--Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona.

3. CALLICÁRPA, L.

Calyx 4--5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4--5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted; anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets.--Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of κάλλος, beauty, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. C. Americàna, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes many-flowered; calyx obscurely 4-toothed; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color.--Rich soil, Va. to Tex., thence north to Mo. May--July.

4. PHRỲMA, L. LOPSEED.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. Cotyledons convolute round their axis.--A perennial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

1. P. Leptostàchya, L. Plant 2--3° high; leaves 3--5´ long, thin; calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the tip.--Moist and open woods, common. (E. Asia.)

ORDER 82. LABIÀTÆ. (MINT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a single erect seed.--Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria); radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family.

I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally; ovary merely 4-lobed.

Tribe I. AJUGOIDEÆ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5--10-nerved.

[*] Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes.

1. Trichostema. Corolla lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted.

2. Isanthus. Calyx bell shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.

[*][*] Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very short; stamens exserted from the cleft.

3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.

4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip.

II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; scar basal, small; ovary deeply 4-parted.

Tribe II. SATUREINEÆ. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave.

[*] Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.

5. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2.

6. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.

[*][*] Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.

[+] Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.

7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

[+][+] Corolla more or less 2-lipped.

[++] Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.

[=] Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.

9. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.

[=][=] Stamens 4, calyx 10--13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10).

10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.

11. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters.

12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts.

13. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute; leaves very small.

[++][++] Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 15).

14. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed.

15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of corolla straight.

16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward.

17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

Tribe III. MONARDEÆ. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel; anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped.

18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

19. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells confluent into one, the connective inconspicuous.

20. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last.

Tribe IV. NEPETEÆ. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.

[*] Anthers not approximate in pairs; their cells parallel or nearly so.

21. Lophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted; upper pair declined, lower ascending.

22. Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.

[*][*] Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent; filaments ascending, not exserted.

23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed.

24. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger.

Tribe V. SCUTELLARINEÆ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched.

25. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.

Tribe VI. STACHYDEÆ. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5--10-nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 26).

[*] Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.

26. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.

[*][*] Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3--5-lobed, open.

27. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther cells parallel.

28. Synandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther cells widely divergent.

[*][*][*] Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5--10-nerved or striate, 5--10-toothed.

[+] Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave.

29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.

[+][+] Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.

[++] Stamens not deflexed after anthesis; naturalized from the Old World.

30. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

31. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.

32. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.

33. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.

34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers transversely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.

[++][++] Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis.

35. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into one. Nutlets rounded at top.

1. TRICHOSTÈMA, L. BLUE CURLS.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed; the lobes narrowly oblong, declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or less united. Stamens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent.--Low annuals, somewhat clammy glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to pink, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of θρίξ, hair and στῆμα, stamen, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dichótomum, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Viscid with rather minute pubescence; leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled.--Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. T. lineàre, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked; leaves linear, nearly smooth.--Conn. to La., near the coast; in sandy ground.

2. ISÁNTHUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding the corolla.--A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1--3-flowered peduncles. (Name from ἴσος, equal, and ἄνθος, flower, referring to the almost regular corolla.)

1. I. cærùleus, Michx. Corolla 2--3´´ long, little exceeding the calyx.--Dry or sterile ground, Maine to Ill., Minn., and southward. July, August.

3. TEÙCRIUM, Tourn. GERMANDER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower lobe much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla; anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canadénse, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Perennial, downy, erect (1--3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike; calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse or the middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (6´´ long).--Low grounds; not rare. July--Sept.

2. T. occidentàle, Gray. Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate; corolla 4--5´´ long; other wise like the last.--A western form, from Neb. southwestward, and extending eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia).

4. ÁJUGA, L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; the large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Stamens as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From α- privative, and ζυγόν (Latin jugum), yoke, from the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.)

A. RÉPTANS, L. Perennial, about 1° high, with copious creeping stolons; leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers.--Naturalized near Saco, Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.)

5. COLLINSÒNIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging; anther-cells divergent.--Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnæus, who introduced it into England.)

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (1--3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3--6´ long); panicle loose; corolla 8--9´´ long, lemon-scented; stamens 2.--Rich moist woods, N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Mo. July--Sept.

6. PERÍLLA, L.

Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft; lower lobe a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant.--Coarse aromatic annual, with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A Greek and Latin proper name.)

P. OCYMOÌDES, L. Erect, branching, 2--3° high; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed; flowers white.--About dwellings and roadsides, S. Ill. (Schneck.) (Adv. from E. Asia.)

7. MÉNTHA, Tourn. MINT.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant.--Odorous perennial herbs; the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the stamens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (Μίνθη of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)

[*] Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded; leaves sessile or nearly so.

M. SYLVÉSTRIS, L. (HORSE MINT of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above; spikes rather slender, canescently pubescent.--Roadsides, etc., Penn.--Var. ALOPECUROÌDES, Baker. Leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose; approaching the next.--Penn. and N. J.

M. ROTUNDIFÒLIA, L. Soft-hairy or downy; leaves broadly elliptical to round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed; spikes slender, not canescent.--Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Tex.

M. VÍRIDIS, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate; bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous.--Wet places; in all cultivated districts.

[*][*] Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the upper axils; leaves petioled.

M. PIPERÌTA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Glabrous (somewhat hairy in var. SUBHIRSÙTA), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate; spikes narrow, loose.--Along brooks, escaped everywhere.

M. AQUÁTICA, L. (WATER MINT.) Pubescent or smoothish; leaves ovate or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx and usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downward.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Del.; rare.--Var. CRÍSPA, Benth., is a glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped leaves.--Ditches, N. J., etc.

[*][*][*] Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils not flower-bearing; leaves more, or less petioled, toothed.

M. SATÌVA, L. (WHORLED MINT.) Stem hairy downward; leaves ovate, sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth.--Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn.; not common. Passes into the next.

M. ARVÉNSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; leaves obtusely serrate; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader.--Moist fields, N. Eng., etc.; rare.

1. M. Canadénsis, L. (WILD MINT.) Leaves varying from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. The commoner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal.--Wet places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward.

Var. glabràta, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short-petioled; scent sweeter, as of Monarda.--Similar range.

8. LÝCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4--5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins.--Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of λύκος, a wolf, and ποῦς, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

[*] Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous; leaves only serrate.

[+] Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets.

1. L. Virgínicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6´--2° high); leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled; calyx-teeth ovate.--Shady moist places, Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent.

[+][+] Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets.

[++] Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

2. L. sessilifòlius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; leaves closely sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1--2´ long), sparsely sharply serrate; calyx-teeth subulate, rigid. (L. Europæus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man.)--Pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. (Deane).

3. L. rubéllus, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both ends (3´ long); calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. (L. Europæus, var. integrifolius, Gray.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] Outer bracts conspicuous; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.

4. L. lùcidus, Turcz., var. Americànus, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2--3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2--4´ long), acute or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate.--Sask. and Minn. to Kan., thence west to Calif.

[*][*] Not stoloniferous; leaves incised or pinnatifid.

5. L. sinuàtus, Ell. Stem erect, 1--3° high, acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1½--2´ long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with globular or spatulate tips. (L. Europæus, var. sinuatus, Gray.)--Common.

9. CUNÌLA, L. DITTANY.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile filaments short, minute.--Perennials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariàna, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted (1´ long); cymes peduncled; calyx striate.--Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark.

10. HYSSÒPUS, Tourn. HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.--Perennial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

H. OFFICINÀLIS, L.--Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. PYCNÁNTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer; anther-cells parallel.--Perennial upright herbs, with a pungent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn.--Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name composed of πυκνός, dense, and ἄνθεμον, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.)

[*] Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla; flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads; leaves rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. aristàtum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1--2° high); leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (1--2´ long), roundish at the base.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La.

Var. hyssopifòlium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly entire and obtuse.--Va. to Fla.

[*][*] Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned.

[+] Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous; capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with many short appressed rigid bracts.

2. P. lanceolàtum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at base; heads downy; bracts ovate or lanceolate; calyx-teeth short and triangular.--Dry thickets, Mass. to Dak., south to Ga. and Ark.

3. P. linifòlium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed.--Dry ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or entire; heads larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts.

4. P. mùticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost smooth, corymbosely much branched (1--2½° high); leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old; the floral ones, short bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine close down; flower-clusters very dense.--Maine to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ark.

Var. pilòsum, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence; leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acutish at base; bracts and especially the narrower (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum, Nutt.)--Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark.

5. P. léptodon, Gray. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched; leaves membranaceous, green (1½--2´ long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile; clusters larger and looser, canescent-hirsute; long-acuminate bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute.--S. Mo. to northwestern N. C.

[+][+][+] Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not at all hoary; flowers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters; calyx hoary-pubescent.

6. P. Torrèyi, Benth. Puberulent; stem strict and nearly simple (2--3° high); leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2´ long and 2--3´´ wide), nearly entire; heads small; awl-shaped calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canescent.--Dry soil, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Del.

7. P. clinopodioìdes, Gray. Pubescent; leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply denticulate (sometimes entire); heads fewer and larger; bracts loose.--Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn.

[*][*][*] Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united), the teeth and the tips of the loose bracts not rigid; flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes; leaves thin, mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less canescent.

8. P. Túllia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes dense; bracts much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs.--S. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga.

9. P. incànum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened both sides; cymes open; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed.--N. Eng. to Ont. and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*][*] Calyx equally 5-toothed; heads few, large and globose (terminal and in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves); bracts loose, ciliate-bearded.

10. P. montànum, Michx. Stem (1--3° high) and ovate- or oblong-lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outermost ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute.--Alleghanies, from S. Va. and Tenn. to Ga. and Ala.

12. ORÍGANUM, Tourn. WILD MARJORAM.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.--Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, composed of ὄρος, a mountain, and γάνος, delight.)

O. VULGÀRE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves petioled, round-ovate; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish.--Roadsides, Atlantic States. June--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. THỲMUS, Tourn. THYME.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted.--Low perennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from θύω, to burn perfume, because it was used for incense.)

T. SERPÝLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches.--Old fields, E. Mass. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. SATURÈIA, Tourn. SAVORY.

Calyx bell shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending.--Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

S. HORTÉNSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent annual; clusters few-flowered; bracts small or none.--Escaping from gardens and sparingly wild in Ohio to Ill., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. CALAMÍNTHA, Tourn. CALAMINT.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually approximate in pairs.--Perennials, with mostly purplish or whitish flowers, produced all summer; inflorescence various. (Name composed of καλός, beautiful, and μίνθα, Mint.)

§ 1. Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts; calyx villous in the throat.

[*] Pubescent; peduncles short but mostly distinct; bracts minute.

C. NÉPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1--3° high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3´´ long) twice the length of the calyx.--Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels 1--5, slender, the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate; on wet limestone river-banks.

1. C. glabélla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (1--2° long); leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at base (8´´--2´ long), sparingly toothed or nearly entire; clusters 3--5-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5--6´´ long) fully twice the length of the calyx.--S. Ind., Ky., and Tenn.

2. C. Nuttàllii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5--9´ high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters, while sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2--5´´ long. (C. glabella, var. Nuttallii, Gray.)--Niagara Falls to Minn., south to Mo. and Tex.

§ 2. Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts; calyx nearly naked in the throat.

3. C. Clinopòdium, Benth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1--2° high); leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy bracts as long as the calyx.--Borders of thickets and fields, naturalized extensively, but indigenous from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia)

16. MELÍSSA, L. BALM.

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha.--Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from μέλισσα, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

M. OFFICINÀLIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching, perennial, pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented; corolla nearly white.--Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. HEDEÒMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting.--Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from ἡδυόσμον, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

[*] Sterile filaments manifest; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, somewhat serrate.

1. H. pulegioìdes, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branching, hairy; whorls few-flowered; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower setaceous-subulate; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exserted (2--3´´ long); taste and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulègium) of Europe.--Common from N. Eng. to Dak., and southward.

[*][*] Sterile filaments minute or obsolete; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.

2. H. híspida, Pursh. Mostly low; leaves linear, crowded, almost glabrous, somewhat hispid-ciliate; bracts spreading or reflexed; upper flowers rather crowded; calyx-teeth all subulate, equalling the bluish corolla.--Plains, Minn. and Dak. to W. Ill. and La.

3. H. Drummóndi, Benth. Pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high; leaves oblong to linear; bracts mostly erect; calyx hirsute or hispid, its teeth at length connivent, the lower nearly twice as long as the upper.--Central Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward.

18. SÁLVIA, L. SAGE.

Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or barely notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which, ascending under the upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther or none at all.--Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

[*] Both anther-cells polliniferous; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.

1. S. lyràta, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low perennial (10--20´ high), somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves lyre-shaped or sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1´ long) short, straight, not vaulted.--Woodlands and meadows, N. J. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.

[+] Calyx obscurely bilabiate; corolla 8--12´´ long, with prominently exserted tube.

2. S. azùrea, Lam., var. grandiflòra, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent, 1--5° high; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate, tapering to a short petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire; inflorescence spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip entire; corolla deep blue (varying to white).--E. Neb. to Miss., Tex., and Col.

[+][+] Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla 4--6´´ long, the tube hardly at all exserted.

3. S. lanceolàta, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 5--12´ high; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, tapering to a slender petiole; inflorescence virgate spiciform, interrupted; upper lip of calyx entire, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue, 4´´ long, little exserted; style glabrous or nearly so.--Plains, Iowa and Neb. to Tex. and Ariz.

4. S. urticifòlia, L. Villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate, 1--2° high; leaves coarsely serrate, ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decurrent into a winged petiole; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant clusters; calyx-lips divergent, the upper 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue and white, 5--6´´ long, twice the length of the calyx; style strongly bearded.--Woodlands, Md. to Ky., south to Ga. and La.

S. SCLÀREA, L. (CLARY.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 2--3° high; leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; the floral forming bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color; corolla white and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and compressed.--Escaped from gardens, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. VERBENÀCEA, L. Pubescent or villous, 1--2° high; leaves ovate or oblong, often cordate at base, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose; the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral inconspicuous; raceme interrupted; calyx reflexed after flowering; corolla bluish, small, the upper lip nearly straight.--Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. MONÁRDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla; anthers linear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction).--Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author of many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)

[*] Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; leaves acutely more or less serrate; perennials.

[+] Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.

1. M. dídyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA. BEE-BALM.) Somewhat hairy (2° high), acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2´ long), bright red, showy.--Moist woods by streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the mountains. July--Aug.

2. M. clinopòdia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate; bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in the throat; corolla slightly pubescent (1´ long), dull white or flesh-colored.--Shady places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along the mountains to Ga.

3. M. fistulòsa, L. (WILD BERGAMOT.) Smoothish or downy, 2--5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla (1´ long or more) purple or purplish dotted, smooth or hairy.--Dry soil, Vt. and E. Mass, to Fla., and far westward. Very variable; the following are the more marked forms.--Var. RÙBRA, Gray. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading. In moist ground, Alleghany Mts.--Var. MÈDIA, Gray. Corolla deep purple. Alleghany Mts.--Var. MÓLLIS, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with sometimes an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward.

[+][+] Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.

4. M. Bradburiàna, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple.--Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan.

[*][*] Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla; heads axillary or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate, tapering into the petiole.

5. M. punctàta, L. (HORSE-MINT.) Perennial, minutely downy (2--3° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base; bracts lanceolate, blunt, obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and awnless, rigid, soon spreading; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.--Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

6. M. citriodòra, Cerv. Annual, 1--3° high; bracts narrowly oblong, their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth slender, at length usually spreading; corolla white or pinkish, not spotted.--Neb. to Tex.

20. BLEPHÍLIA, Raf.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the upper pair minute or none); anthers, etc., as in Monarda.--Perennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from βλεφαρίς, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.)

1. B. ciliàta, Raf. Somewhat downy (1--2° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy.--Dry open places, Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan.

2. B. hirsùta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots.--Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex.

21. LOPHÁNTHUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel.--Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from λόφος, a crest, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. L. nepetoìdes, Benth. Stem stout, 2½--6° high, sharply 4-angled, smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2--4´ long); spikes 2--6´ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla.--Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. L. scrophulariæfòlius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4--15´ long); otherwise like the last.--Same range.

3. L. anisàtus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute.--Plains, Wisc. to Minn., Neb., and westward.--Foliage with the scent of anise.

22. CEDRONÉLLA, Moench.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel.--Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aromatic leaves of C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordàta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (1½´ long); stamens shorter than the upper lip.--Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn.

23. NÉPETA, L. CAT-MINT.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells divergent.--Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

N. CATÀRIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted with purple.--Near dwellings; a very common weed. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHÒMA. Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

N. GLECHÒMA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.) Creeping and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue.--Damp or shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. DRACOCÉPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD.

Calyx tubular, 13--15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly arched and notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent.--Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from δράκων, a dragon, and κεφαλή, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.)

1. D. parviflòrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8--20´ high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla.--Rocky or gravelly soil, northern N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward.

25. SCUTELLÀRIA, L. SKULLCAP.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the upper sepal); calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched, the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped.--Bitter perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed; in summer. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.

[*] Flowers small (3´´ long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided racemes.

1. S. lateriflòra, L. (MAD-DOG SKULLCAP.) Smooth; stem upright, much branched (1--2° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2--3´´ long), the lower floral ones similar; flowers blue, rarely white.--Wet shaded places, common.

[*][*] Flowers larger (6--12´´ long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts.

[+] Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip.

2. S. versícolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1--3° high); leaves ovate or round-ovate, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; racemes mostly simple; corolla bright blue with lower side and lip whitish.--Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc., Minn., and southward.--Var. MÌNOR, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved; floral leaves small.--Mountains of Va., etc.

3. S. saxátilis, Riddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy; stem weak, ascending (6--18´ long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong (1--2´ long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire; raceme simple, loose.--Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the mountains to Va. and Tenn.

[+][+] Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled; lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip.

4. S. serràta, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple (1--3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; corolla 1´ long, narrow, its lips equal in length.--Woods, Penn. to Ill. and N. C.

5. S. canéscens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2--4° high), with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; corolla 8--9´´ long.--River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark.

6. S. pilòsa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple (1--3° high); leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny; bracts oblong-spatulate; racemes short, often branched; corolla 6´´ long, rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter.--Dry or sterile ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.

Var. hirsùta, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute, with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2--3´ long).--Richer soil, Ky.

Var. ovalifòlia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower less veiny leaves.--N. J. to Va.

7. S. integrifòlia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem commonly simple (1--2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled; corolla 1´ long, much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length.--Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*] Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which resemble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced.

8. S. Wrìghtii, Gray. Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent, very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (½´ long), the upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent (½´ long), usually violet.--Kan. to Tex.

9. S. párvula, Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons moniliform-tuberiferous; minutely downy, dwarf (3--6´ high), branched and spreading; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6--8´´ long); corolla 2--4´´ long.--Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.--Var. MÓLLIS, Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm leaves.--Sandy banks, S. Ill. to Kan.

10. S. galericulàta, L. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons not tuberiferous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1--2° high), simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1--2´ long); corolla violet-blue, 8--9´´ long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect.--Wet shady places; common especially northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base.

11. S. nervòsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10--20´ high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (1´ long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent beneath; corolla bluish, 4´´ long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one.--Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo.

26. BRUNÉLLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, arched, entire; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther; anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging.--Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.)

1. B. vulgàris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.--Woods and fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. June--Sept. (Eu.)

27. PHYSOSTÈGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, nearly entire; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate; the cells parallel.--Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from φῦσα, a bladder, and στέγη, a covering.)

1. P. Virginiàna, Benth. Stem 1--4° high, terminated by a simple virgate or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla 1´ long.--Wet grounds, from N. Vt. west and southward. Varies greatly.--Var. DENTICULÀTA, Gray. Slender and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely serrate leaves, and slender or loosely-flowered spikes.--Middle Atlantic States.

2. P. intermèdia, Gray. Slender, 1--3° high, remotely leaved; leaves linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; spikes filiform, rather remotely flowered; calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth about as long as the tube; corolla 5--6´´ long, much dilated upward.--Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.

28. SYNÁNDRA, Nutt.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending; filaments hairy; anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the name; from σύν, together, and ἀνήρ, for anther).

1. S. grandiflòra, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1° high; lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; corolla 1½´ long, yellowish-white.--Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. In spring.

29. MARRÙBIUM, Tourn. HOREHOUND.

Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, nearly equally 5--10-toothed, the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla.--Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

M. VULGÀRE, L. (COMMON HOREHOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white.--Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

30. BALLÒTA, L. FETID HOREHOUND.

Calyx nearly funnel-form; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5--10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.)

B. NÌGRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green, erect; the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense; calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla.--Waste places N. Eng., Penn., etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. PHLÒMIS, Tourn. JERUSALEM SAGE.

Calyx tubular, 5--10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair longer than the others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther-cells divergent and confluent.--Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)

P. TUBERÒSA, L. Tall perennial (3--5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside.--S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

32. LEONÙRUS, L. MOTHERWORT.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled.--Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils; in summer. (Name from λέων, a lion, and οὐρά, tail, i.e. Lion's-tail.)

L. CARDÌACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall perennial; leaves long-petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.--Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. MARRUBIÁSTRUM, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth, the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect.--Roadsides, N. J. to Del., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. SIBÍRICUS, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2--5-cleft, or deeply 3--7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading.--Waste grounds, Penn.; also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and Asia.)

33. LÀMIUM, L. DEAD-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate.--Decumbent herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled flower-cluster; spring to autumn. (Name from λαιμός, throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

[*] Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.

L. AMPLEXICAÙLE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lobes truncate.--Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. PURPÙREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, all petioled.--N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

(Addendum) L. INTERMÈDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).--Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague). (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, taller; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.

L. ÁLBUM, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely contracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth.--E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. MACULÀTUM, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique.--Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)

34. GALEÓPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.--Annuals, with spreading branches, and several--many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of γαλέη, a weasel, and ὄψις, resemblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

G. TETRÀHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFLÒRA, 3--4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip.--Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. LÁDANUM, L. (RED H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.--E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

35. STÀCHYS, Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5--10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.--Whorls 2--many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from στάχυς, a spike). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.

[*] Root annual; stems decumbent, low.

S. ARVÉNSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate; whorls 4--6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx.--Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Root perennial; stem erect.

[+] Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled.

1. S. hyssopifòlia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or the nodes hirsute; stems slender (1° high); leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4--6-flowered, rather distant; corolla glabrous, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.--Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.--Var. AMBÍGUA, Gray, is stouter (1--2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3--6´´) serrulate leaves.--Ill. and Ky. to Ga.

2. S. palústris, L. Stem 4-angled (2--3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles; leaves sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded at base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2--4´ long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6--10-flowered, the upper crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; upper lip of corolla pubescent.--Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.

3. S. áspera, Michx. Taller; stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the last, but nearly all distinctly petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more interrupted; calyx mostly glabrous, the tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; corolla glabrous throughout. (S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray.)--Wet ground, common.

Var. glàbra, Gray. More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, all more conspicuously petioled. (S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray.)--Western N. Y. to Ill., and southward.

[+][+] Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate.

4. S. cordàta, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2--3° high; leaves all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2--5´ long), the floral mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2´´ long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5´´ long. (S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray.)--Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn., and Mo.

ORDER 83. PLANTAGINÀCEÆ. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes;--chiefly represented by the two following genera.

1. PLANTÀGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in n. 5 falsely 3--4-) celled, with 1--several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2--several-seeded, opening transversely, so that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.--Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)

§ 1. Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the fruit.

[*] Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed on the face (except in P. lanceolata).

[+] Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial.

[++] Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib.

1. P. cordàta, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3--8´ long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2--4-seeded.--Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base.

2. P. màjor, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely roughish; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense, obtuse; sepals round-ovate or obovate; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8--18-seeded; seeds angled, reticulated.--Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.

3. P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex; sepals oblong, acutely carinate; capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4--9-seeded; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. (P. Kamtschatica, Gray, Man., not Cham.)--Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

4. P. eriòpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short stout petioles; spike dense or loose; sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded.--Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.

P. LANCEOLÀTA, L. (RIBGRASS. RIPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9´--2° high); spike dense, at first capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; seeds 2, hollowed on the face.--Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2--4; maritime, often woolly at base.

5. P. decípiens, Barneoud. Annual, or sometimes biennial with a stout rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape (5--12´), acuminate; spike slender, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man.)--Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial specimens of this from the next are obscure.

6. P. marítima, L. Perennial; spikes dense.--Coast of Mass.; Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

[*][*] Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent or woolly; annual.

7. P. Patagónica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioìdes, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves 1--3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (¼--4´ long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.--Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind., Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.--Var. NÙDA, Gray; with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts.--Var. SPINULÒSA, Gray; a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts.--Var. ARISTÀTA, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2--3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.)

§ 2. Flowers subdiœcious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial.

[*] Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens 4.

8. P. Virgínica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2--9´ high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3--5 nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1--2´ long); seeds usually 2.--Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.

[*][*] Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender.

9. P. pusílla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1--4´ high); leaves entire; capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract.--Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.--Aug.

10. P. heterophýlla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of them below 2--4-lobed or toothed; capsule oblong-conoidal, 10--28-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.--Low sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.--June.

2. LITTORÉLLA, L.

Flowers monœcious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3--4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or littus, shore, from the place of growth.)

1. L. lacústris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, linear-subulate, 1--2´ long.--In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (Pringle) and Ont.

DIVISION III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether.

ORDER 84. NYCTAGINÀCEÆ. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion).--Represented in our gardens by the FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MARVEL OF PERU (MIRÁBILIS JALÁPA), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx.

1. Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell shaped.

2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx salver-form.

1. OXÝBAPHUS, Vahl.

Flowers 3--5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3--5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours).--Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name ὀξυβάφον, a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagíneus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem becoming repeatedly forked, 1--3° high; leaves all petioled (except the uppermost reduced ones), from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate at base; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first solitary in the axils); fruit oblong-obovate, 2´´ long, rather acutely angled.--Minn. and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I.

2. O. hirsùtus, Sweet. More or less glandular-hirsute, especially about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1--3° high; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened obtuse angles.--Plains of the Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex.

3. O. angustifòlius, Sweet. Often tall, glabrous except the more or less hirsute peduncles and involucres; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, often elongated (2--6´ long); fruit as in the last.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

2. ABRÒNIA, Juss.

Involucre of 5--15 distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. Calyx salver-form, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the calyx-tube. Style included; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit 3--5-winged. Embryo monocotyledonous.--Low herbs, with thick opposite petioled unequal leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy flowers in solitary heads. (Name from ἁβρός, graceful.)

1. A. fràgrans, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre conspicuous, of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4--10´´ long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated wings.--From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex.

ORDER 85. ILLECEBRÀCEÆ. (KNOTWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except in Scleranthus), a 4--5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx, no petals, stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen.--Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes.

1. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.

2. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.

3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. Styles 2. Stipules none.

1. ANÝCHIA, Michx. FORKED CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Stamens 2--3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downward.--Small, many times forked annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same derivation as the next genus.)

1. A. dichótoma, Michx. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and spreading; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate; flowers nearly sessile and somewhat clustered.--Mostly in open places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. A. capillàcea, DC. Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect; leaves thinner, broader and longer (5--15´´ long); flowers more stalked and diffuse. (A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, Torr.)--Dry woodlands, same range as the last, but more abundant northward.

2. PARONÝCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending.--Tufted herbs (ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyrócoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreading; leaves linear (½´ long); flowers densely clustered, surrounded by conspicuous large silvery bracts; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the stamens.--Bare mountain slopes of the White Mts., and in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.; also coast of Maine and near Newburyport, Mass. July.

2. P. dichótoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6--12´ high) ascending from a rather woody base; leaves (½--1½´ long) and bracts narrowly awl-shaped; cymes open, many-times forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals.--Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July--Sept.

3. P. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, obtuse or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate with turbinate base.--Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex.

3. SCLERÁNTHUS, L. KNAWEL.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.--Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from σκληρός, hard, and ἄνθος, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

S. ÁNNUUS, L. Much branched, spreading (3--5´ high); flowers sessile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.--Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

ORDER 86. AMARANTÀCEÆ. (AMARANTH FAMILY)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often colored, commonly 3 in number; the 1-celled ovary in our genera 1-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical.)

[*] Anthers 2-celled; flowers unisexual; leaves alternate.

1. Amarantus. Flowers monœcious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.

2. Acnida. Flowers diœcious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.

[*][*] Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite.

3. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.

4. Frœlichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.

(Addendum) 5. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

1. AMARÁNTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

Flowers monœcious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2--3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen.--Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters; in late summer and autumn. (Ἀμάραντος, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polygamous.

[*] Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes; stem erect (1--6° high); leaves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5.

[+] RED AMARANTHS. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple.

A. HYPOCHONDRÌACUS, L. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elongated and interrupted; bracts long-awned; fruit 2--3-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx.--Rarely spontaneous about gardens. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

A. PANICULÀTUS, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading; bracts awn-pointed; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson; fruit 2--3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx.--Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[+][+] GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish.

A. RETROFLÉXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate; the thick spikes crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals.--Cultivated grounds, common; indigenous southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

A. CHLORÓSTACHYS, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate. (A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, Gray.)--Cultivated grounds; apparently also indigenous southwestward.--Var. HÝBRIDUS, Watson, is similar, but smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, Gray.) (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.

1. A. álbus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals acuminate, half the length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts; seed small, {2/3}´´ broad.--Waste grounds, common.

2. A. blitoìdes, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent; spikelets usually contracted; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; sepals obtuse or acute; fruit not rugose; seed about 1´´ broad.--From Minn. to Mo. and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y.

A. BLÌTUM, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum.--Near N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile; flowers monœcious.

A. SPINÒSUS, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small.--Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

§ 3. EÙXOLUS. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly; no spines; bracts inconspicuous.

3. A. pùmilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary; stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.--Sandy beaches, R. I. to Va.

A. CRÍSPUS, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undulate; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled. (A. viridis, Man.)--Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubtless introduced, but the native habitat unknown.

2. ACNÌDA, Mitch. WATER-HEMP.

Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely diœcious and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1--3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens 5, the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2--5, often long and plumose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3--5-angled. (Name from α- privative, and κνίδη, a nettle.)

§ 1. ACNIDA proper. Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp.

1. A. cannábina, L. Usually stout, 2--6° high or more, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled; sepals of sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and lax, much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 1´´ long, obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled; seed somewhat turgid, not angled, usually less than 1´´ long, shining.--Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla.

2. A. rusocárpa, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, 1½--2´´ long, the pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually thickest on the cotyledonar side.--N. Y. (?) and Penn. to S. Car.; apparently much less common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively distinguish the species from the immature fruit.

§ 2. MONTÈLIA. Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually roughened; not salt-marsh plants.

3. A. tuberculàta, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decumbent; leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of sterile flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate); bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit; utricle about ½´´ long; seed shining, ½--{1/3}´´ in diameter. (Montelia tamariscina, Gray, in part.)--Ohio to Dak., Mo., Ala., and La.

Var. subnùda, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads; bracts thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. tamariscína, var. concatenata, Gray, in part.)--W. Vt. (Oakes); Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare.

3. IRESÌNE, P. Browne.

Flowers mostly polygamous or diœcious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; anthers 1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening.--Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence the name, from εἰρεσιώνη, a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).

1. I. celosioìdes, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2--4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse, naked; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base.--Dry banks, Ohio to Kan., and far southward. Sept.

4. FRŒLÍCHIA, Moench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2--5-crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages.--Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A. Froelich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridàna, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1--3° high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregularly toothed.--Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to Ill., Col., Tex., and Fla.

2. F. grácilis, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes--Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas.

(Addendum) 5. CLADÓTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.--Densely stellate-tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from κλάδος, a branch, and θρίξ, hair, for the branching tomentum.)

1. C. lanuginòsa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3--10´´ long.--Central Kan. (Meehan) and southwestward.

ORDER 87. CHENOPODIÀCEÆ. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, or spiral.--Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3--5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

[*] Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny. Stem not jointed.

[+] Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled; calyx obvious, persistent. Seed-coat crustaceous.

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.

2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.

3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3--5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.

4. Roubieva. Calyx 3--5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid.

[+][+] Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked; the pistillate without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.

5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.

[+][+][+] Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.

6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.

[*][*] Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed; leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.

7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.

[*][*][*] Embryo coiled into a spiral; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate.

8. Suæda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.

9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent.

1. CYCLOLÒMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen.--An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of κύκλος, a circle, and λώμα, a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx.)

1. C. platyphýllum, Moquin.--Diffuse (6--15´ high), more or less arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple.--Sandy soil, Minn, to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains.

2. KÒCHIA, Roth.

Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and the albumen wanting.--Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German botanist.)

K. SCOPÀRIA, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile, each sepal developing a thick wing.--Sparingly introduced; Vt., Ont., and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. CHENOPÒDIUM, Tourn. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, unchanged in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.--Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from χήν, a goose, and ποῦς, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.)--Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting calyx dry; seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring.

[*] Pericarp very easily separated from the seed; leaves entire or rarely sinuate-dentate.

1. C. Bosciànum, Moq. Erect, slender (2° high), loosely branched, often nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (1--2´ long), attenuate into a slender petiole, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; calyx not strongly carinate. (C. album, var. Boscianum, Gray, Manual.)--N. Y. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. C. leptophỳllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or rarely nearly glabrous (½--1½° high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (½--1´ long), entire, rather shortly petioled; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted spikelets; calyx-lobes strongly carinate.--Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north shore of L. Erie, and from Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward.

[*][*] Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed; leaves more or less sinuate-dentate (except in C. polyspermum).

C. POLYSPÉRMUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of mealiness; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; flowers very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged.--Sparingly naturalized in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. ÁLBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1--4° high), more or less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed; clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (¾´´ wide in fruit) with strongly carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed.--Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)--Var. VÍRIDE, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy and with less dense inflorescence.

C. ÚRBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness, with erect branches (1--3° high); leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle; calyx-lobes not keeled; seed with rounded margins.--Apparently throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. MURÀLE, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched (1--2° high); leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled; seed sharp-edged.--From N. Eng. to Mich, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. hýbridum, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green throughout; stem widely much branched (2--4° high); leaves thin (2--6´ long), somewhat triangular and heart shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extending into a few large and pointed teeth; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled.--Indigenous from western N. Y. and Ky., westward across the continent; introduced eastward.

§ 2. Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not glandular-pubescent; fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, vertical, exserted; embryo a complete ring.

C. GLAÙCUM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Low (5--12´ high), spreading, glaucous-mealy; leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale green above; clusters in axillary spikes, small; seed sharp-edged.--Throughout our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. BONUS-HENRÌCUS, L. (GOOD-KING-HENRY.) Stout, erect (1--2° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly triangular-hastate (2--3´ long), obtuse or acute, subsinuate or entire; flowers somewhat densely paniculately spiked; seed with obtuse edges. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, Reichenb.)--Sparingly introduced. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 3. Annual, glabrous; calyx more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored, enclosing the utricle; seed mostly vertical; embryo a complete ring; flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes.

4. C. rùbrum, L. (COAST BLITE.) Stem angled, much branched; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2--4, rather fleshy; stamens 1--2; seed shining, the margin acute. (Blitum maritimum, Nutt.)--Sea-coast of Northern States, and in saline places to Minn. (Eu.)

5. C. capitàtum, Watson. (STRAWBERRY BLITE.) Stem ascending, branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed; clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1--5; calyx berry-like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. (Blitum capitatum, L.)--Dry rich ground, along the Great Lakes, northward and westward. The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Eu.)

§ 4. Annual, not mealy, but more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic; calyx 2--3-parted, dry in fruit; seed often vertical; embryo not a complete ring.

C. BÒTRYS, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glandular-pubescent and viscid; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnatifid; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed.--Widely introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. AMBROSIOÌDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering to both ends; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves; fruit perfectly enclosed in the calyx.--Waste places, common throughout our range, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

Var. ANTHELMÍNTICUM, Gray. (WORMSELD.) Leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid; spikes more elongated, mostly leafless.--From Long Island and southward, west to Wisc. and Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

4. ROUBIÈVA, Moquin.

Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2--3 together in the axils. Calyx urceolate, 3--5-toothed, becoming enlarged and saccate, contracted at the apex and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular.--Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves.

R. MULTÍFIDA, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; leaves lanceolate to linear (½--1½´ long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes; fruiting calyx obovate. (Chenopodium multifidum, L.)--Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

5. ÁTRIPLEX, Tourn. ORACHE.

Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopodium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile consisting simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orache, there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without stamens, and with horizontal seeds.--Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and autumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, ἀτράφαξις.)

A. RÒSEUM, L. Hoary-mealy; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts broad, often cut-toothed and warty.--Sparingly introduced at the east. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. A. pátulum, L. Erect or prostrate (1--4° high), dark green and glabrous or somewhat scurfy; leaves narrowly lanceolate hastate (1--4´ long), the lower sometimes opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or separate; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, entire or toothed, often muricate on the back, united to near the middle.--Very variable. The typical form scarcely occurs except as naturalized from Europe.--Var. HASTÀTUM, Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often coarsely and irregularly toothed. Salt and brackish places, on the coast from Can. to Va., along the Great Lakes, and far westward.--Var. LITTORÀLE, Gray. Slender; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate or toothed. Canada to N. J., and westward along the Great Lakes.--Var. SUBSPICÀTUM, Watson. A low erect and often simple form (3--12´ high), usually quite scurfy; leaves lanceolate-hastate (½--1´ long). Minn. to central Kan., and westward.

2. A. arenàrium, Nutt. Silvery-mealy, diffusely spreading; leaves oblong, narrowed at base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-shaped, united, 3-nerved, 2--5 toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate and reticulate on the sides.--Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass. to Fla.

3. A. argénteum, Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, leafy; leaves deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate; staminate flowers in terminal spikes; fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free margins more or less dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appendaged.--Red River Valley, Minn., south and westward.

6. CORISPÉRMUM, A. Juss. BUG-SEED.

Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves reduced to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis, i.e. the thin pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a central albumen.--Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved leaves. (Name formed of κόρις, a bug, and σπέρμα, seed.)

1. C. hyssopifòlium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined.--Sandy beaches along the Great Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward.--Leaves usually pungent.

7. SALICÓRNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper joints, forming a spike; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyledons incumbent upon the radicle.--Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn; saline plants with horn-like branches.)

1. S. mucronàta, Bigel. Annual, erect, stout, naked below (2--12´ high), turning red in age; spikes thick, closely jointed; scales mucronate-pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry; middle flower half higher than the lateral ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of the joint; fruit pubescent; seed ½--¾´´ long. (S. Virginica, Gray, Manual; not L.)--Sea-coast from N. Scotia to Va.

2. S. herbàcea, L. Annual, erect or at length spreading (6--18´ high), green; scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the longer joints of the stem or elongated narrower spikes; middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, slightly shorter than the joint; fruit pubescent; seed {2/3}--1´´ long.--Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt springs, and alkaline localities.

3. S. ambígua, Michx. Numerous tufted stems (3--12´ long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, acutish or acute; flowers nearly equal in height and equalling the joint; seed pubescent, {1/3}´´ long. (S. fruticosa, var. ambigua, Gray, Manual.)--Sea-coast, Mass. to Fla. and Tex.

8. SUÆ̀DA, Forskal. SEA BLITE.

Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, enclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into two portions.--Fleshy saline plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.)

1. S. lineàris, Moq. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1--2° high, branched; leaves narrow at base, ½--2´ long, acute; floral bracts acuminate, on slender branchlets; sepals very thick; anthers exserted; seed horizontal, round-oval, black, ½´´ broad. (S. maritima, Gray; not Dumort.)--Sea-coast, N. Scotia to Fla.--A doubtful form of E. Mass. has the bracts and shorter leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender branchlets, and reddish seeds nearly 1´´ broad.

2. S. depréssa, Watson. Annual, decumbent or erect, branching from the base; leaves broadest at base, the cauline 3--12´´ long, the floral lanceolate to ovate; one or more of the calyx-lobes very strongly carinate or crested.--Saline soil, Red River Valley, Minn., to Col., and westward.

9. SÁLSOLA, L. SALTWORT.

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing the depressed fruit in its base; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate).--Herbs or slightly shrubby branching plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty.)

1. S. Kàli, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed; flowers single; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading.--Sandy sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.) (Addendum)--Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co., Iowa (Cratty), at Yankton, Dak. (Bruhin), and in river-bottoms in N. W. Neb. and central Dak.

ORDER 88. PHYTOLACCÀCEÆ. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general characters of Chenopodiaceæ, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit.

1. PHYTOLÁCCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal like sepals. Stamens 5--30. Ovary of 5--12 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed globose 5--12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen.--Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of φυτόν, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.)

1. P. decándra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCOKE. GARGET. PIGEON-BERRY.) Stamens and styles 10.--Low grounds. July--Sept.--A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often 4--6´ in diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6--9° high; calyx white; ovary green; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn.

ORDER 89. POLYGONÀCEÆ. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocreæ, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Fruit usually an achene, compressed or 3--4-angled or -winged. Embryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4--12, inserted on the base of the 3--6-cleft calyx. (Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.)

[*] Flowers involucrate; stamens 9; stipules none.

1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft.

[*][*] Flowers without involucre; stamens 4 to 8.

[+] Stipular sheaths manifest; ovule erect from the base of the cell.

[++] Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.

2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform.

3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled.

[++][++] Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene triangular or lenticular.

4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Pedicels mostly fascicled.

5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

6. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves jointed at base.

[+][+] Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.

7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril-climber.

1. ERIÓGONUM, Michx.

Flowers perfect, involucrate; involucre 4--8-toothed or lobed, usually many-flowered; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene triangular. Embryo straight and axile, with foliaceous cotyledons.--Annuals or perennials, with radical or alternate or whorled entire leaves, without stipules. (Name from ἔριον, wool, and γόνυ, knee.)

1. E. ánnuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2° high, white-floccose-tomentose throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, short-petiolate, flat; bracts small, triangular; involucres numerous in terminal cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1--1½´´ long, very tomentose; flowers white, the outer sepals oblong obovate, 1´´ long or less.--Central Kan. to Col., and southward.

(Addendum) 2. E. Allèni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, yellow, the segments elliptical.--Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. (T. F. Allen).

2. OXÝRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the outer smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the wing. Embryo straight, in the centre of the albumen, slender.--Low alpine perennial, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from ὀξύς, sour, in allusion to the acid leaves.)

1. O. dígyna, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched at the end; fruit orbicular.--Alpine region of the White Mts., and far north and westward. (Eu.)

3. RÙMEX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spreading in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called valves) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved lying along one side of the albumen, slender.--Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name; of unknown etymology.)

§ 1. LÁPATHUM. (DOCK.) Flowers perfect or monœciously polygamous; herbage not sour or scarcely so; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. (Flowering through the summer.)

[*] Perennials, 1--7° high, mostly with fusiform roots; valves not bearing bristles.

[+] Valves (large, 3´´ broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a small grain.

R. PATIÉNTIA, L. (PATIENCE DOCK.) A very tall species, with ovate-oblong and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root 2--3° long, and one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves (3´´ broad) bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at base.--N. Eng and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. R. venòsus, Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (1° high or less), with conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate (3--6´; long), acute or acuminate, only the lowest obtuse at base; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit; valves entire, glandless, broadly cordate with a deep sinus, 9--12´´ in diameter, bright rose-color.--Sask. to central Mo. and Kan., and westward.

[+][+] Valves smaller, one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing.

[++] Indigenous; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest of n. 5.

2. R. Británnica, L. (GREAT WATER-DOCK.) Tall and stout (5--6° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including the petiole, 1--2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate at base); racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting calyx; the valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticulate (2--3´´ broad), all grain-bearing. (R. orbiculatus, Gray.)--Wet places, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn, and Kan.

3. R. altíssimus, Wood. (PALE DOCK.) Rather tall (2--6° high); leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cauline 3--6´ long, contracted at base into a short petiole); racemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; pedicels nodding, shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acutish, entire, loosely reticulated (about 2´´ broad), one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a thickened midrib or naked. (R. Britannica, Gray; not L.)--Moist grounds, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., and Kan.

4. R. salicifòlius, Weinmann. (WHITE DOCK.) Rather low (1--3° high); root white, leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong; whorls much crowded; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or acutish (about 1½´´ long), one, two or sometimes all with a conspicuous often very large grain; otherwise nearly as n. 3.--Salt marshes, from Newf. to N. Eng., about the Great Lakes, and far westward.

5. R. verticillàtus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Rather tall (3--5° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart-shaped at base; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3--4 times longer than the fruiting calyx; valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain.--Wet swamps, common.

[++][++] Naturalized European weeds; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at base.

R. CRÍSPUS, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth (3--4° high); leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all grain-bearing.--In cultivated and waste ground, very common. A hybrid of this with the next is reported from Mass., N. Y., and Md.

R. OBTUSIFÒLIUS, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish; lowest leaves ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy-margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant; valves ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at base, strongly reticulated, one of them principally grain-bearing.--Fields, etc., common.

R. SANGUÍNEUS, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often fiddle shaped, wavy-margined; whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes; pedicels very short, jointed at base; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing; veins of the leaf red, or green.--Waste and cultivated ground.

R. CONGLOMERÀTUS, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Like the last, but leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy; pedicels short, jointed below the middle; valves acutish, all grain-bearing.--Moist places.

[*][*] Annuals, low; valves bearing long awns or bristles.

6. R. marítimus, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched, 6--12´ high; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2--3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back.--Sea-shore, Mass. to N. C.; also from Ill. to Minn., and westward.

§ 2. ACETÒSA. (SORREL.) Flowers diœcious, small, in a terminal naked panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth perennials, spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring.

7. R. hastátulus, Baldw. Stem simple, 1--2° high; leaves nearly as in the next; pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the fruiting calyx round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the achene. (R. Engelmanni, Ledeb.)--S. W. Ill. to E. Kan., Tex., and Fla.; Riverhead, Long Island (Young).

R. ACETOSÉLLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low (6--12´ high); leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire; pedicels jointed with the flower; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked.--Abundant everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

R. ACETÒSA, L. (SORREL DOCK.) Like the last, but taller (1--3° high); leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate; valves enlarging in fruit and orbicular, the outer reflexed.--Charlotte, Vt., and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. POLÝGONUM, Tourn. KNOTWEED.

Calyx mostly 5-parted; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, withering or persistent. Stamens 4--9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3; achene accordingly lenticular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of the albumen and curved half-way around it; the radicle and usually the cotyledons slender.--Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, with fibrous roots (except n. 19), flowering through late summer and early autumn. (Name composed of πολύς, many, and γόνυ, knee, from the numerous joints.)

§ 1. POLYGONUM proper. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with foliaceous bracts; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate to the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules; stems striate; calyx 5--6-parted, usually more or less herbaceous; stamens 3--8, the 3 inner filaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons incumbent; albumen horny; glabrous annuals, except n. 1. (§ Avicularia, Meisn.)

[*] Leafy throughout.

1. P. marítimum, L. Perennial, at length woody at base (or sometimes annual), prostrate, glaucous, the stout stems very shortly jointed; leaves thick, oval to linear-oblong (3--10´´ long), exceeding the nodes; stipules very conspicuous; sepals petaloid; stamens 8; achene smooth and shining, exserted.--Sea-coast from Mass. to Ga. (Eu.)

2. P. aviculàre, L. Slender, mostly prostrate or ascending, bluish-green; leaves oblong to lanceolate (3--10´´ long), usually acute or acutish; sepals hardly 1´´ long, green with pinkish margins; stamens 8 (rarely 5); achene dull and minutely granular, mostly included.--Common everywhere in yards, waste places, etc. (Eu., Asia.)

3. P. eréctum, L. Stouter, erect or ascending (1--2° high), yellowish; leaves oblong or oval (½--2½´ long), usually obtuse; flowers mostly 1½´´ long, often yellowish, on more or less exserted pedicels, stamens 5--6; achene dull, included (P. aviculare, var. erectum, Roth.)--Common, by waysides, etc.

[*][*] Leaves much reduced above and bract-like.

4. P. ramosíssimum, Michx. Erect or ascending (2--4° high), yellowish green; leaves lanceolate to linear (1--2½´ long), acute; flowers and achene as in n. 3, but sepals more frequently 6, the stamens 3--6, and the achene mostly smooth and shining--Sandy shores and banks of streams, E. Mass to N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., Tex., and far westward.

5. P. ténue, Michx. Stem angled, erect (½--1½° high), glabrous, or slightly scabrous at the nodes; leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate (1--2´ long), 3-nerved, acute at each end and often cuspidate, the margins somewhat scabrous and at length revolute; flowers often solitary, nearly sessile; stamens 8; achene included, dull black--Dry soil, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Tex.

6. P. campòrum, Meisn. Stem terete, erect or ascending (2--3° high), glabrous; leaves deciduous, linear to oblong, usually short; pedicels slender, exserted from the scarious sheaths; stamens 8.--E. Kan. to Tex.

§ 2. PERSICÀRIA Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious bracts; leaves not jointed on the petiole; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, entire, naked or ciliate-fringed or margined; calyx colored, 5-parted, appressed to the fruit; stamens 4--8, filaments filiform; cotyledons accumbent.

[*] Sheaths and bracts not ciliate or fringed; sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft.

7. P. lapathifòlium, L. Annual, branching, 1--4° high, glabrous or the peduncles often minutely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward from near the cuneate base and acuminate somewhat scabious with short appressed hairs on the midrib and margin or rarely floccose-tomentose beneath; sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate; spikes oblong to linear (½--2´ long), dense, erect or nearly so; flowers white or pale rose-color; stamens 6; achene ovate, rarely 1´´ broad. (P. nodosum, Pers., P. incarnatum, Man., in part.)--Wet places; N. Eng. and Can. to Ill., Wisc., and far westward. Very variable. (Eu.)

Var. incarnàtum, Watson. Leaves often large (6--12´ long, 1--3´ wide); spikes more slender and elongated (2--4´ long), nodding. (P. incarnatum, Ell.)--Penn. to Ill., Mo., and southward.

Var. incànum, Koch. Low (6--12´ high); leaves small, obtusish, more or less hoary beneath with floccose tomentum; spikes short.--Cayuga Lake, N. Y., Ont., shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

8. P. Pennsylvánicum, L. A similar species, but the branches above and especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands; flowers larger and often bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels; stamens usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 1´´ broad.--Moist soil, in open waste places, common.

9. P. amphíbium, L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the mud, stout and glabrous or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base; leaves usually floating, thick, smooth and shining above, mostly long petioled, elliptical to oblong or sometimes lanceolate, acutish, cuneate or cordate at base (2--5´ long); spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong (½--1´ long); flowers bright rose-color (1½--3´´ long); the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style exserted.--Widely distributed and rather common. (Eu., Asia)

10. P. Muhlenbérghii, Watson. Perennial, in muddy or dry places, decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs; leaves thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate (4--7´ long); spikes more elongated (1--3´ long), often in pairs; flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. (P. amphibium, var. terrestre, Gray, Manual; not Lurs)--N. Eng. to Fla., westward across the continent.

[*][*] Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths foliaceously margined.

[+] Sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft; achene somewhat flattened.

11. P. Hartwrìghtii, Gray. Perennial, very closely allied to n. 9, growing usually in mud, the ascending stems rooting at base and very leafy, more or less rough-hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts, the former ciliate and often with abruptly spreading foliaceous borders; leaves rather narrow (2--7´ long), on very short petioles; flowers and fruit as in n. 9.--N. Eng. and N. Y., to Minn., Iowa, and far westward. When growing in water the floating leaves are thicker and glabrous.

12. P. Càreyi, Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (3--5° high) and peduncles glandular-bristly; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends, roughish; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined; spikes slender, loose and nodding; flowers purplish; stamens mostly 5.--Shady swamps, S. Maine and N. H. to Penn. and Ont.

P. ORIENTÀLE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, soft-hairy; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; sheaths ciliate or often with an abrupt spreading border; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7.--Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India)

P. PERSICÀRIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (12--18´ high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles half 2--3-cleft; achene gibbous-flattened or sometimes triangular, smooth and shining.--Waste and damp places, very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Sepals conspicuously dotted and leaves punctate (except n. 13), with acrid juice; style mostly 3-parted, and achene triangular; sheaths bristle-fringed.

13. P. hydropiperoídes, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) Perennial, not acrid; stem smooth (1--3° high), branching; the narrow sheaths hairy; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong; spikes erect, slender, sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (1--2½´ long); flowers small, flesh-color or nearly white; sepals not dotted; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular, smooth and shining.--Wet places and in shallow water; common, especially southward.

14. P. Hydrópiper, L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER-PEPPER.) Annual, 1--2° high, smooth; leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted; flowers mostly greenish; stamens 6; style 2--3-parted; achene dull, minutely striate.--Moist or wet grounds; apparently introduced eastward, but indigenous north and westward. (Eu.)

15. P. àcre, HBK. (WATER SMARTWEED.) Perennial, nearly smooth; stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2--5° high; leaves larger and longer than in the last, taper-pointed; spikes erect; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh-color; stamens 8; style mostly 3-parted; achene smooth and shining.--Wet places; common, especially southward.

§ 3. BISTÓRTA. Glabrous alpine perennials, with thick creeping rootstocks and simple stems; flowers in a spike-like raceme; calyx colored, deeply 5-cleft; stamens 8; styles 3, long.

16. P. vivíparum, L. Smooth, dwarf (4--8´ high), bearing a linear erect spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place); leaves lanceolate.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., shores of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 4. TOVÀRA. Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and slender spikes; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted; stamens 5; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achene.

17. P. Virginiànum, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2--4° high); sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3--6´ long); flowers 1--3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked.--Thickets in rich soil, common. (Asia.)

§ 5. TINIÀRIA. Annuals or perennials, mostly twining or climbing, and with petioled cordate or sagittate leaves; flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters; calyx green with colored margins, 5- (rarely 4-) parted; stamens mostly 8; styles or stigmas 3 (2 in n. 18).

[*] Annuals, erect, or somewhat climbing by reflexed prickles on the angles of the stem and petioles; sepals (pale rose-color or white) not keeled; bracts chaff-like.

18. P. arifòlium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled; flowers somewhat racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted; stamens 6; styles 2, very short; achene lenticular (large).--Low grounds. (Asia.)

19. P. sagittàtum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem 4-angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; stamens mostly 8; styles 3, slender; achene sharply 3-angled.--Low grounds, common.--Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.)

[*][*] Stems not prickly; calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit; flowers in loose panicled racemes; bracts short-sheathing.

P. CONVÓLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Annual, twining or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart shaped, pointed; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes; outer calyx-lobes keeled; achene smoothish.--Cult. and waste grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. P. cilinòde, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy; the sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper-pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; achene very smooth and shining.--Copses and rocky hills, N. Eng. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich, and Minn. Climbing 3--9° high.

21. P. dumetòrum, L., var scándens, Gray. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged; achene smooth and shining.--Moist thickets, common. Twining 8--12° high over bushes.

P. CUSPIDÀTUM, Sieb. & Zucc. Perennial, erect, stout and tall, glabrous except the loose axillary panicled racemes; leaves round-ovate, shortly acuminate, truncate or cordate at base; outer sepals broadly winged in fruit.--Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Japan.)

5. FAGOPỲRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-sided, longer than the calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons.--Glabrous annuals, with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-color. (Name from fagus, the beech, and πυρός, wheat, from the resemblance of the grain to the beech-nut; so the English name Buckwheat, from the German buche, beech.)

F. ESCULÉNTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8 honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute and entire, smooth and shining.--Old fields, remaining as a weed after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

F. TATÁRICUM, Gaertn. (INDIA-WHEAT.) Flowers very small, on shorter pedicels; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate.--An occasional escape from cultivation. (Adv. from Asia.)

6. POLYGONÉLLA, Michx.

Flowers perfect or polygamous-diœcious. Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely persistent about the achene, the 3 inner divisions often enlarging in fruit, in which case the outer are usually spreading. Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene 3-angular. Embryo slender, straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albumen.--Slender glabrous annuals or perennials, with alternate mostly linear leaves jointed at the base, and rather rigid truncate or oblique naked sheaths and bracts. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender panicled racemes. (Diminutive of Polygonum.)

1. P. articulàta, Meisn. Annual, erect, branching, glaucous, 4--12´ high; leaves linear-filiform, deciduous; flowers rose-color, nodding, in very slender racemes, the calyx a little enlarged in fruit; 3 inner filaments dilated at base; achene exserted, smooth. (Polygonum articulatum, Gray.)--Dry, sandy soil; on the coast from Maine to N. J., and along the Great Lakes.

7. BRUNNÍCHIA, Banks.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and coriaceous in fruit, the base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged on one side. Stamens 8; filaments capillary. Styles 3, slender; stigmas depressed-capitate. Ovule pendulous on a slender erect funiculus; seed erect, 6-grooved. Achene obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in the indurated calyx. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, somewhat curved.--Somewhat shrubby with grooved stems, climbing by tendrils from the ends of the branches. (Named for F. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist.)

1. B. cirrhòsa, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped pointed, entire; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no distinct sheath or stipules; flowers greenish, 2--5 in a fascicle from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; pedicel jointed near the base; fruiting calyx with the wing 1´ long.--S. Ill. to S. C. and Fla.

ORDER 90. PODOSTEMÀCEÆ. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of Sea-weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2--3-celled many-seeded ribbed capsule;--represented in North America by

1. PODOSTÈMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED.

Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short sterile filaments, one on each side; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl shaped. Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen.--Leaves 2-ranked. (Name from ποῦς, foot, and στήμων, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratophýllus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes.--Not rare in shallow streams, E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. July--Sept.--A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

ORDER 91. ARISTOLOCHIÀCEÆ. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.)

Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the 6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 6--12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse.--Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments.

2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the stigma.

1. ÁSARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick.--Stemless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping root-stocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the ground in the lower axil; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud; filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers; style barely 6-lobed at the summit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas; leaves a single pair, unspotted.

1. A. Canadénse, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (4--5´ wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside.--Hillsides in rich woods; common, especially northward. (Addendum)--Asarum Canadense. In this species there are rudimentary subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.

§ 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, its base adnate to the lower half of the ovary; limb 3-cleft, short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong-linear; styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each year, often whitish-mottled; peduncle very short; rootstocks clustered, ascending.

2. A. Virgínicum, L. Nearly glabrous; leaves round-heart-shaped (about 2´ wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless.--Va. to Ga., in and near the mountains.

3. A. arifòlium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2--4´ long); calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely short-pointed.--Va. to Fla.

2. ARISTOLÒCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

Calyx tubular; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and fleshy 3--6-lobed or angled style. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat.--Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from reputed medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the three truncate lobes of the stigma); low herbs.

1. A. Serpentària, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8--15´ high) branched at base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong (or narrower) from a heart-shaped base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the root, short-peduncled.--Rich woods, Conn. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La. July.--The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine.

§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short limb obscurely 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of the stigma; very tall twining shrubs; flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory axillary buds.

2. A. Sìpho, L'Her. (PIPE-VINE. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Nearly glabrous; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 8--12´ broad); peduncles with a clasping bract; calyx (1½´ long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border.--Rich woods, Penn. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan. May.

3. A. tomentòsa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped, very veiny (3--5´ long); calyx yellowish, with an oblique dark purple closed orifice and a rugose reflexed limb.--Rich woods, mountains of N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. June.

§ 3. Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes appendaged; anthers equidistant; erect herbs; flowers in axillary cymose fascicles.

A. CLEMÁTITIS, L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, from Europe, is said to have permanently escaped near Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley).

ORDER 92. PIPERÀCEÆ. (PEPPER FAMILY.)

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3--5 more or less separate or united ovaries.--Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen.--The characters are those of the Tribe Saurureæ, the Piperaceæ proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary.

1. SAURÙRUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3--4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending.--Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules; flowers (each with a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from σαῦρος, a lizard, and οὐρά, tail).

1. S. cérnuus, L. Flowers white, fragrant; spike nodding at the end; bract lanceolate; filaments long and capillary.--Swamps, Conn. to Ont., Minn., Mo., and southward. June--Aug.

ORDER 93. LAURÀCEÆ. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 colored sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves.--Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo.

[*] Flowers perfect, panicled; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers.

1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen.

[*][*] Flowers diœcious, or nearly so; stamens in the sterile flowers 9. Leaves deciduous.

2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

3. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

4. Lindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.

1. PÉRSEA, Gaertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland-like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i.e. with each proper cell divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse.--Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.)

1. P. Carolinénsis, Nees. (RED BAY.) Hoary with a fine down, at least when young; leaves oblong, pale, soon smooth above; peduncle bearing few flowers in a close cluster; sepals downy, the outer shorter; berries dark blue, on a red stalk.--Swamps, S. Del. to Fla. and Tex. May. A small tree.

2. SÁSSAFRAS, Nees.

Flowers diœcious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel.--Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; leaves deciduous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in Florida.)

1. S. officinàle, Nees. Trees 15--125° high, with yellowish-green twigs; leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous.--Rich woods, E. Mass. to S. Ont., Mich., E. Iowa and Kan., and south to the Gulf. April.

3. LÍTSEA, Lam.

Flowers diœcious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx; the sterile with 9 stamens in 3 rows; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular.--Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.)

1. L. geniculàta, Benth. & Hook. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres 2--4-leaved, 2--4-flowered; fruit red. (Tetranthera geniculata, Nees.)--Swamps, Va. to Fla. April.

4. LÍNDERA, Thunb. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH.

Flowers polygamous-diœcious, with a 6-parted open calyx; the sterile with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1--2-lobed and gland-bearing at base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved; fertile flowers with 15--18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.--Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species); the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4--6 flowers and surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.)

1. L. Benzòin, Blume. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly smooth (6--15° high); leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath.--Damp woods, N. Eng. to Ont., Mich., E. Kan., and southward. March, April.

2. L. melissæfòlia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, downy beneath; umbels few.--Low grounds, N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. April.

ORDER 94. THYMELÆÀCEÆ. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed. Embryo large; albumen little or none.

1. Dirca. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens and style exserted.

2. Daphne. Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens included. Style very short or none.

1. DÍRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form; stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish).--A much-branched bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark-hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

1. D. palústris, L. Shrub 2--5° high; the wood white, soft, and very brittle; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names).--Damp rich woods, N. Brunswick to Minn. and Mo., south to the Gulf. April.

2. DÁPHNE, Linn. MEZEREUM.

Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, the border spreading and 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; the anthers nearly sessile on the calyx-tube. Style very short or none; stigma capitate. Drupe red.--Hardy low shrub. (Mythological name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.)

D. MEZÈREUM, L. Shrub 1--3° high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the lanceolate very smooth green leaves; berries red.--Escaped from cultivation in Canada, Mass., and N. Y. Early spring. (Nat. from Eu.)

ORDER 95. ELÆAGNÀCEÆ. (OLEASTER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or diœcious flowers; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, strictly enclosing the achene.

1. Elæagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.

2. Shepherdia. Flowers diœcious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.

1. ELÆÁGNUS, Tourn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent oblong or globose base, the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat. Style linear, stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate stone.--Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedicellate. (From ἐλαία, the olive, and ἄγνος, sacred, the Greek name of the Chaste-tree, Vitex Agnus-castus.)

1. E. argéntea, Pursh. (SILVER-BERRY.) A stoloniferous unarmed shrub (6--12° high), the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous; flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant; fruit scurfy, round-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4--5´´ long.--N. W. Minn. to Utah and Montana.

2. SHEPHÉRDIA, Nutt.

Flowers diœcious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk; the fertile with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender; stigma 1-sided.--Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shepherd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

1. S. Canadénsis, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath; fruit yellowish-red, insipid.--Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and north and westward. May.--Shrub 3--6° high, the branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales.

2. S. argéntea, Nutt. (BUFFALO-BERRY.) Somewhat thorny, 5--18° high; leaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid and edible.--N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

ORDER 96. LORANTHÀCEÆ. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, represented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near allies; distinguished from the next family more by the parasitic growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential characters.

1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous.

2. Arceuthobium. Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, fleshy. Leaves scale-like, connate.

1. PHORADÉNDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE.

Flowers diœcious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely 2--4-) lobed; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of mucilaginous albumen.--Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name composed of φώρ, a thief, and δένδρον, tree; from the parasitic habit.)

1. P. flavéscens, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovate or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes, yellowish; berries white.--On various deciduous trees, N. J. to S. Ind., Mo., and southward.

2. ARCEUTHÒBIUM, Bieb.

Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. Calyx mostly compressed; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry compressed, fleshy, on a short recurved pedicel.--Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves; flowers often crowded in apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing fruit the next autumn. (From ἄρκευθος, the juniper, and βίος, life.)

1. A. pusíllum, Peck. Very dwarf, the slender scattered or clustered stems 3--10´´ high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut; scales obtuse; flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly oblong, 1´´ long.--On Abies nigra; N. New York; Hanover, N. H. (Jesup).

ORDER 97. SANTALÀCEÆ. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the 4--5-cleft calyx valvate in the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2--4 ovules suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded.--Seed destitute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen; radicle directed upward; cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater part belonging to warm regions.

1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials.

2. Pyrularia. Flowers diœcious or polygamous, in short spikes or racemes. Shrub.

1. COMÁNDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the globular seed.--Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from κόμη, hair, and ἄνδρες, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)

1. C. umbellàta, Nutt. Stem 8--10´ high, branched, very leafy; leaves oblong, pale (1´ long); peduncles several and corymbose-clustered at the summit, several-flowered; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry globular-urn-shaped fruit; the lobes oblong; style slender.--Dry ground, common. May, June. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees.

2. C. pállida, A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acuter, linear to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate; fruit ovoid, larger (3--4´´ long), sessile or on short stout pedicels.--W. Minn. to S. W. Kan., and westward.

3. C. lívida, Richardson. Peduncles slender, axillary, 3--5-flowered, shorter than the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red.--Newf., N. Vt., sandy shores of L. Superior, and northward.

2. PYRULÀRIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT.

Flowers diœcious or polygamous. Calyx 4--5-cleft, the lobes recurved, hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat summit; disk with 5 glands; style short and thick; stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear shaped; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo small; albumen very oily.--Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and deciduous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the shape of the fruit.)

1. P. pùbera, Michx. Shrub straggling (3--12° high), minutely downy when young, at length nearly glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate; spike small and few-flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft; fruit 1´ long. (P. oleifera, Gray.)--Rich woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. Whole plant, especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil.

ORDER 98. EUPHORBIÀCEÆ. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monœcious or diœcious flowers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or monopetalous); the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or sometimes a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell; stigmas or branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly a 3-lobed capsule, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved; seed anatropous; embryo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present.--A vast family in the warmer parts of the world; most numerously represented in northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre.

[*] Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre,--the whole liable to be mistaken for a single flower.

1. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).

[*][*] Flowers with a calyx, without involucre.

[+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers monœcious.

2. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.

3. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.

[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.

[a.] Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2--3-chotomous); stamens 10, erect in the bud.

4. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form; armed with stinging hairs.

[b.] Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the bud. Stellate-downy or scurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire.

5. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2--4-) celled.

6. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

[c.] Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except n. 9), apetalous (except n. 7). Stamens 8 or more; anthers erect in the bud.

7. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10--15, united. Styles bifid, linear.

8. Acalypha. Calyx 4- (3--5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.

9. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3--5-parted. Stamens very numerous; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted.

[d.] Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles simple.

10. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.

11. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glanduliferous. Glabrous.

1. EUPHÓRBIA, L. SPURGE.

Flowers monœcious, included in a cup-shaped 4--5-lobed involucre (flower of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the filament; anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6).--Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.)

[A.] Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, margins or appendages; these almost obsolete in n. 1.

§ 1. ANISOPHÝLLUM. Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique at base; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent; stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent; involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands; seeds ash-colored (except in n. 10); annuals.

[*] Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous.

1. E. polygonifòlia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4--8´´ long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles; lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands; pods obtusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1´´ long, the largest of this section).--Sandy shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.

2. E. Géyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3--6´´ long); stipules setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands with narrow white or red appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one end (½´´ long).--Sandy soil, Ill. to Wisc., Minn., and Kan.

3. E. petaloìdea, Engelm. Resembling the last, but half-erect and spreading; leaves longer, narrower, retuse or emarginate; peduncles longer than the petioles; involucres larger, the broadly campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous; pod obtusely angled; seeds nearly 1´´ long.--From Iowa and Mo., westward.

4. E. sérpens, HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only ½--1½´´ long); stipules membranaceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with minute crenulate appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (½´´ long or less).--Rich soil, Ill. and Iowa to Kan., and southward. Rarely adv. eastward.

[*][*] Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled or pitted; leaves more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy.

5. E. serpyllifòlia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse apex (3--6´´ long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages; pods sharply angled; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled, often pitted (nearly ¾´´ long).--Wisc. to Mo., and westward.

6. E. glyptospérma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), erect-spreading; leaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, slightly serrulate toward the obtuse apex (2--5´´ long); stipules lanceolate, setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages; pods sharply angled; seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles (½´´ long).--Ont. to Wisc., Ill., Mo., and westward.

7. E. maculàta, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less pubescent or sometimes smoothish (4--6´´ long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate ({2/5}´´ long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the concave sides.--Open places, roadsides, etc., common.

8. E. humistràta, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; leaves elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely hairy underneath (4--9´´ long, sometimes with a brown spot above); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre cleft on the back, its (red or white) appendages truncate or crenate; pods sharply angled, puberulent; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened (½´´ long).--Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn. and Kan.

9. E. Préslii, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect (1--2° high); leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (½--1½´ long), often with a red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy terminal cymes; appendages entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red; pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (½´´ long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia of Man., not L.)--Common throughout the U. S. east of the plains.

§ 2. ZYGOPHYLLÍDIUM. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique, with stipular glands; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes terminal; involucres with 5 glands; seeds tuberculate.

10. E. hexágona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1° high or more); branches striate-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy without and within; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length; capsule smooth; seeds ovate.--Iowa to Tex., west to Col. and Montana.

§ 3. PETALÒMA. Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with leaves equal at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules; involucres 5-lobed, in an umbel-like inflorescence.

11. E. marginàta, Pursh. Stem stout (2--3° high), erect, hairy; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages.--Minn. to Mo., west to Col., also spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from gardens, where it is often cultivated for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves.

§ 4. TITHYMALÓPSIS. Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite; erect perennials, with entire leaves equal at base; stipules none; involucres mostly 5-lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal; inflorescence umbelliform.

12. E. corollàta, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2--3° high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3--7-) forked, and the forks again 2--3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled, with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes minute and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (1´´ long or more), ash-colored, slightly uneven.--Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn. and La., also adventive in Mass. July--Oct.

[B.] Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.

§ 5. POINSÉTTIA. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4--5-lobed, with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite; the uppermost often colored, especially at base; stipules small and glandular.

13. E. dentàta, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1--2´ long), only the lowest alternate, the upper often paler at base; involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked glands; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled.--Rich soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa, E. Kan., and southward. July--Sept.

14. E. heterophýlla, L. Erect (1--3° high), glabrous; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and entire, often only those of the branches linear; the upper usually with a red base; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes and a single or few and almost sessile glands; seeds nearly globular, tubercled.--Slopes and rocky soil, Minn. to W. Ill., Iowa and Mo.

§ 6. TITHÝMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate (except n. 15); ours ascending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules.

[*] Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite; involucres long-peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong glands; seeds without caruncle.

15. E. Ipecacuánhæ, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5--10´ long), forking from near the base; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, glabrous; peduncles elongated (½--1´ long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots.--Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn. to Fla.; also barrens of S. Ind.

[*][*] Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape; glands mostly 4.

[+] Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, obtuse.

[++] Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough.

16. E. Darlingtònii, Gray. Tall perennial (2--4° high); leaves entire, minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base; umbel 5--8-rayed, then simply forked; pod minutely warty; large globular seed with a small caruncle.--Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains of N. C. July--Sept.

17. E. obtusàta, Pursh. Erect annual (1--2° high); leaves oblong-spatulate, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles distinct, longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle; pod beset with long warts.--Damp woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May--July.

E. PLATYPHÝLLA, L. Erect annual (8--18´ high); upper stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered hairs beneath; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate; umbel 5-rayed; involucre with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands; styles longer than the ovary, united at base, slightly 2-cleft; pod covered with depressed warts.--Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June--Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

[++][++] Seeds rugose or reticulated; leaves serrulate; annuals.

18. E. dictyospérma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8--18´ high); leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; involucre with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; pod warty; seeds delicately reticulated.--Prairies and roadsides, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward. May--July.

E. HELIOSCÒPIA, L. Stems ascending (6--12´ high), stout; leaves all obovate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked; glands orbicular, stalked; pods smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations.--Waste places, eastward and along the Great Lakes to Mich. July--Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned.

[++] Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running rootstocks.

E. ÉSULA, L. Stems clustered (1° high); leaves lanceolate or linear, the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; umbel divided into many rays, then forking; glands short-horned (brown); pods smoothish and granular.--Mass., western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

E. CYPARÍSSIAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6--10´ high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent-shaped; pods granular.--Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. NICÆÉNSIS, All. Stout and tall glabrous perennial; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; terminal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; pods finely wrinkled.--A rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

[++][++] Seeds sculptured, ash-colored; pod smooth; annuals or biennials.

E. PÉPLUS, L. Erect or ascending (5--10´ high); leaves petioled, thin round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel 3-rayed, then forking; glands long-horned; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crested on the back; seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over ½´´ long).--Waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from En.)

19. E. commutàta, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent base (6--12´ high); leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; glands with slender horns; capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovate, pitted all over (1´´ long).--Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo.

[*][*][*] Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands.

E. LÁTHYRIS, L. Stem stout (2--3° high); leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking.--Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. PACHYSÁNDRA, Michx.

Flowers monœcious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4--5-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat; anthers oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels.--Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1--3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented; sepals greenish or purplish; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from παχύς, thick, and ἀνήρ, used for stamen).

1. P. procúmbens, Michx. Stems (6--9´ long) bearing several approximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.--Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March--May.

3. PHYLLÁNTHUS, L.

Flowers monœcious, axillary. Calyx usually 5--6-parted, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate.--Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name composed of φύλλον, leaf, and ἄνθος, blossom, because the flowers in a few species are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)

1. P. Carolinénsis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched; leaves obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3, each 2-cleft; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup.--Gravelly banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Ill. July--Sept.

4. JÁTROPHA, L.

Flowers monœcious, rarely diœcious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers often salver shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10--30, in 2 or more whorls; filaments monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled; styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate.--Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules.--Our species is of the section CNIDÓSCOLUS, with apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnæus to be formed of ἰατρὸν, a remedy, and φάγω, to eat.)

1. J. stimulòsa, Michx. (TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE-NETTLE.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6´--2° high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; the divisions entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored; flowers white, fragrant, 9´´ long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. urens, var. stimulosa, J. Muell.)--Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June--Sept.

5. CRÒTON, L.

Flowers monœcious, rarely diœcious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4--6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more; filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5--10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers; but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3- (rarely 2--4-) celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate.--Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (Κροτών, the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.)

[*] Sterile flowers with 4-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk and 8 stamens; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals, and the 3 styles 2-cleft.

1. C. glandulòsus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1--2° high), somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal.--Open waste places, Va. to Iowa, E. Kan. and southward.

[*][*] Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the petals, and 10--14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7--12-parted calyx, no petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted.

2. C. capitàtus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1--2° high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fimbriate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short terminal sterile spike.--Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Iowa, and E. Kan. July--Sept.

[*][*][*] Sterile flowers with unequally 3--5-parted calyx, as many petals and scale-like glands, and 3--8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally 5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas.

3. C. monanthógynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-glandular; stems (1--2° high) slender, erect, below often umbellately 3--4-forked, then repeatedly 2--3-forked or alternately branched; leaves oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6--12´´ long, about twice the length of the petioles); flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved peduncles; ovary 2-celled; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval.--Barrens and dry prairies, S. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June--Sept.

[*][*][*][*] Diœcious; calyx equally 5-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.

4. C. Texénsis, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1--2° high); leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very short, often sessile; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate.--Mo. and Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward.

6. CROTONÓPSIS, Michx.

Flowers monœcious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at the apex. Fert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3--5-parted. Petals none. Glands (petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bearing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. Seed without caruncle.--A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or elliptical lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, etc. (Croton and ὄψις, appearance, for a plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.)

1. C. lineàris, Michx.--Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ill. and Kan. July--Sept.--Fruit about 1´´ long.

7. ARGYTHÁMNIA, P. Browne.

Flowers monœcious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, imbricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5--15, united into a central column in 1--3 whorls. Styles 1--3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate.--Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from ἄργυρος, silver, and θάμνος, bush, from the hoariness of the original species.)

1. A. mercurialìna, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1--2° high), sericeous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme many-flowered, exceeding the leaves; ovary sericeous; capsule appressed-pubescent.--Kan. to Ark. and Tex.

8. ACALỲPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

Flowers monœcious; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud; of the fertile, 3--5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8--16; filaments short, monadelphous at base; anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Capsule separating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel.--Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or Amaranths; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. (Ἀκαλήφη, an ancient name of the Nettle.)

[*] Fruit smooth or merely pubescent; seeds nearly smooth.

1. A. Virgínica, L. Smoothish or hairy (1--2° high), often turning purple; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf like palmately 5--9-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile flowers 1--3 in each axil.--Fields and open places, N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn., south to the Gulf. July--Sept.

Var. grácilens, Muell. Leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed and shorter-petioled; the slender sterile spike often 1´ long, and much surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts.--Sandy dry soil, R. I. and Conn. to Fla., west to Ill., E. Kan. and Tex.

[*][*] Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections; seeds rough-wrinkled.

2. A. Caroliniàna, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled; sterile spikes short, axillary; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes.--N. J. to Fla., west to Ohio, Kan., and Tex.

9. RÍCINUS, Linn. CASTOR-OIL PLANT.

Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds.--A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate and palmately 7--11-cleft leaves (often 1--2° broad). (The ancient Roman name of the plant.)

R. COMMÙNIS, L.--Cultivated extensively for ornament, and sparingly escaped in Md., Mo., and southward. Very variable.

10. TRÀGIA, Plumier.

Flowers monœcious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3--5- (chiefly 3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments short; anther-cells united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3--8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted; the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate.--Erect or climbing plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves; the small flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base all with small bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.)

1. T. innócua, Walt. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent (6--12´ high); leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile, paler beneath; sterile calyx usually 4-parted; stamens 2. (T. urens, L.)--Dry sandy soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May--Aug.--Not stinging.

2. T. nepetæfòlia, Cav. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute with stinging hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-petioled; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticæfolia, Michx.)--Virginia (Pursh), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and westward.--T. STYLÀRIS, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from Kan., may be distinguished by its 4--5-parted sterile calyx, 4--5 stamens, and elongated styles.

3. T. macrocárpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply cordate, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3--5´ long), all but the uppermost long-petioled; pod ½´ broad. (T. cordàta, Michx.)--Ky. to Ga., Fla., and La.

11. STILLÍNGIA, Garden.

Flowers monœcious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of the disk none. Calyx 2--3-cleft or parted; the divisions imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick; stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate.--Smooth upright plants with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate); the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.)

1. S. sylvática, L. Herbaceous (1--3° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate; glands of the spike saucer-shaped.--Sandy and dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Kan. and Tex. June--Sept.

ORDER 99. URTICÀCEÆ. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Plants with stipules, and monœcious or diœcious or rarely (in the Elm Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the 1-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit; the embryo in the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous.--A large order (far the greater part tropical).

Tribe I. ULMEÆ. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. Anthers erect in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a winged samara or nut-like. Seed suspended. Embryo straight.--Trees, with alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules.

1. Ulmus. Flowers preceding the leaves. Ovary 1--2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around.

2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like.

Tribe II. CELTIDEÆ. As in Tribe I., but the diœcious-polygamous flowers upon branches of the same year; anthers introrse; fruit a drupe; embryo curved.

3. Celtis. Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base.

Tribe III. CANNABINEÆ. Flowers diœcious; the sterile racemed or panicled; the fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal embracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small glandular achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled.--Erect or climbing herbs, with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, persistent stipules, and a fibrous inner bark.

4. Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5--7-divided. Erect.

5. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit. Leaves 3--5-lobed. Climbing.

Tribe IV. MOREÆ. Flowers unisexual, racemose, spicate or capitate; calyx becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers inflexed in the bud. Style undivided or 2-parted, filiform; ovule pendulous; fruit an achene, embryo curved.--Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules.

6. Maclura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire.

7. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved.

Tribe V. URTICEÆ. Flowers unisexual. Filaments indexed in the bud. Style or stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Embryo straight.--Herbs with watery juice, tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves; often armed with stinging hairs.

[*] Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2--5 separate or nearly separate sepals.

[+] Plant beset with stinging bristles.

8. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, enclosed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate tufted. Leaves opposite.

9. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma long-subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate.

[+][+] Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. Leaves alternate.

10. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small. Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining.

[*][*] Fertile calyx tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achene. Unarmed.

11. Bœhmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate.

12. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alternate, entire.

1. ÚLMUS, L. ELM.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4--9-cleft. Stamens 4--9, with long and slender filaments. Ovary 1--2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, winged all around. Albumen none; embryo straight; the cotyledons large.--Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves very rough above.

1. U. fúlva, Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate (4--8´ long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy beneath or slightly rough downward; branchlets downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 5--9; fruit (8--9´´ wide) with the cell pubescent.--Rich soil, N. Eng. to Dak., and southward. March, April.--A small or middle-sized tree (45--60° high), with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.

[*][*] Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above the middle; fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate; leaves smooth above, or nearly so.

2. U. Americàna, L. (AMERICAN or WHITE ELM.) Buds and branchlets glabrous; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2--4´ long), soft-pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous; flowers in close fascicles; calyx with 7--9 roundish lobes; fruit glabrous except the margins (½´ long), its sharp points incurved and closing the notch.--Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April.--A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spreading branches and drooping branchlets.

3. U. racemòsa, Thomas. (CORK or ROCK ELM.) Bud-scales downy-ciliate and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets; branches often with corky ridges; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger.--River-banks, S. W. Vt. to Ont. and central Minn., south to Mo. and Ky. A large and very valuable tree.

4. U. alàta, Michx. (WAHOO or WINGED ELM.) Bud-scales and branchlets nearly glabrous; branches corky-winged, at least some of them; leaves downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (1--2½´ long); calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face at least when young.--Va. to S. Ind., S. Mo., and southward. March. A small tree.

2. PLÁNERA, Gmelin. PLANER-TREE.

Flowers monœciously polygamous. Calyx 4--5-cleft. Stamens 4--5. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Albumen none; embryo straight.--Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J. Planer, a German botanist.)

1. P. aquática, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections.--Wet banks, N. C. to Ky., S. Ill., and southward. April. A rather small tree.

3. CÉLTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.

Flowers monœciously polygamous. Calyx 5--6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5--6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing a little gelatinous albumen; cotyledons folded and crumpled.--Leaves pointed, petioled, inequilateral. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of Pliny's for an African species of Lotus.)

1. C. occidentàlis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves reticulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young; fruit reddish or yellowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole.--Woods and river-banks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. April, May.--A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn; the flesh thin. Very variable in the form, texture, etc., of the leaves.--Var. PÙMILA, Gray. Low and straggling (4--10° high); leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly acuminate. River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland southward.

2. C. Mississippiénsis, Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), very long taper-pointed, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small.--Ill. to Tenn., and southward. A small tree with warty bark. (Addendum)--Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low river-bottoms of W. Mo. (F. Bush); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. occidentalis.

4. CÁNNABIS, Tourn. HEMP.

Flowers diœcious; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted; the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.--A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5--7 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate; the inner bark of very tough fibres. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.)

C. SATÌVA, L. (HEMP.) Stem 4--8° high; leaves 4--8´ broad; flowers green.--Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. HÙMULUS, L. HOP.

Flowers diœcious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins; bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of membranaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achene invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral.--Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3--7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.)

1. H. Lùpulus, L. (COMMON HOP.) Leaves mostly 3--5-lobed, commonly longer than the petioles; bracts, etc., smoothish; the fruiting calyx, achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness and aroma to the hop.--Alluvial banks, N. Eng. to western N. Y., the Great Lakes and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. July. (Eu., Asia.)

6. MACLÙRA, Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. BOIS D'ARC.

Flowers diœcious; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted; ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albumen none. Embryo recurved.--Trees with milky juice, alternate entire pinnately veined leaves, caducous stipules, axillary peduncles, and stout axillary spines. (Named for the early American geologist, William Maclure.)

1. M. aurantìaca, Nutt. A tree 30--50° high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining; syncarp globose, yellowish green, 2--3´ in diameter.--E. Kan. and Mo. to N. Tex.; extensively used for hedges. Wood bright orange.

7. MÒRUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the two kinds in separate axillary and catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted; lobes ovate. Stamens 4; filaments elastically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit.--Trees with milky juice and broad leaves; sterile spikes rather slender. (The classical Latin name.)

1. M. rùbra, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed); flowers frequently diœcious; fruit dark purple, long.--Rich woods, W. New Eng. to S. Ont., Dak., E. Kan., and southward. May.--Large tree, ripening its blackberry-like fruit in July.

M. ÁLBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining; fruit whitish.--Spontaneous near houses. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. URTÌCA, Tourn. NETTLE.

Flowers monœcious, or rarely diœcious, clustered, the clusters mostly in racemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer smaller and spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achene. Stigma sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted.--Herbs, armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish; in summer. (The classical Latin name; from uro, to burn.)

[*] Perennials; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often diœcious.

1. U. grácilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender (2--6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3--5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly; spikes slender and loosely panicled.--Fence-rows and moist ground, common. Stings few.

U. DIÒICA, L. Very bristly and stinging (2--3° high); leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy beneath as well as the upper part of the stem; spikes much branched.--Waste places and roadsides, rather rare. Canada and N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn. and Mo. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous.

U. ÙRENS, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones; flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose.--Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward; scarce. Plant 8--12´ high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. U. chamædryoìdes, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed; flower-clusters globular, 1--2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit.--Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. to the Gulf States. Slender, 6--30´ high, sparsely beset with stings.

9. LAPÓRTEA, Gaudichaud. WOOD-NETTLE.

Flowers monœcious or diœcious, clustered, in loose cymes; the upper widely spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Achene ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly naked.--Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for M. Laporte.)

1. L. Canadénsis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2--3° high; leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-veined (3--7´ long), long-petioled; fertile cymes divergent; stipule single, 2-cleft.--Moist rich woods. July--Sept.

10. PÍLEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.

Flowers monœcious or diœcious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3--4. Fert. Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal; a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achene ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked.--Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules; the staminate flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, which partly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the Romans.)

1. P. pùmila, Gray. (RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3--18´ high); stems smooth and shining, pellucid; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 3-ribbed and veiny; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal.--Cool and moist shaded places. July--Sept.

11. BŒHMÈRIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.

Flowers monœcious or diœcious, clustered; the sterile much as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2--4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed calyx.--No stings. (Named after G. R. Boehmer, Professor at Wittenberg in the last century.)

1. B. cylíndrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more or less scabrous; stem (1--3° high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved; stipules distinct; petioles short or elongated; flowers diœcious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex.--Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable.

12. PARIETÀRIA, Tourn. PELLITORY.

Flowers monœciously polygamous; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters; the sterile much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Style slender or none; stigma pencil-tufted.--Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because growing on old walls.)

1. P. Pennsylvánica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots; flowers shorter than the involucre; stigma sessile.--Shaded rocky banks, E. Mass. and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

ORDER 100. PLATANÀCEÆ. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, and monœcious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base; consists only of the following genus (of uncertain relationship).

1. PLÁTANUS, L. SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD.

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales intermixed, filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.--Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates; dilated base of the petiole enclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient name, from πλατύς, broad.)

1. P. occidentàlis, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle.--Alluvial banks, S. Maine to N. Vt., Ont., S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often 90--130° high, with a trunk 6--14° in diameter.

ORDER 101. JUGLANDÀCEÆ. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers monœcious, the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract; the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3--5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2--4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing a large 4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed; radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes present in the fertile flowers.--A small family of important trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera.

1. JÙGLANS, L. WALNUT.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the preceding year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3--6-cleft. Stamens 12--40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short; stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell.--Trees, with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets, and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith in plates. (Name contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. cinèrea, L. (BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.) Leaflets 5--8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, the petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. Tree 50--75° high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and lighter brown wood than in the next.

2. J. nìgra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets 7--11 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom.--Rich woods, W. Mass. and Conn. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and southward. A large and handsome tree (often 90--150° high), with rough brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age.

2. CÁRYA, Nutt. HICKORY.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins; calyx naked, adherent to the bract, unequally 2--3-parted. Stamens 3--10; filaments short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2--5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle terminating the shoot of the season; calyx 4-toothed; petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled.--Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Καρύα, an ancient name of the Walnut.)

§ 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding year; bud-scales few; fruit elongated-oblong; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below; seed sweet; leaflets short-stalked, numerous.

1. C. olivæfórmis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Minutely downy, becoming nearly smooth; leaflets 13--15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slender point, falcate, serrate; nut olive-shaped.--River bottoms, S. Ind., S. Ill., and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90--160° high), with delicious nuts.

§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers; fruit globular or oval; nut 4-celled at base; leaflets sessile or nearly so.

[*] Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner ones accrescent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous; husk of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 more or less thick and when dry hard or woody valves; seed sweet and delicious. (The hickory nuts of the market.)

2. C. álba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Bark of trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates; inner bud-scales becoming large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed; leaflets 5--7, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, the shell thinnish.--N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie and S. E. Minn., south to Fla., E. Kan., and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70--90° high, or more), of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets.

3. C. sulcàta, Nutt. (BIG SHELL-BARK. KING-NUT.) Bark, etc., as in n. 1; leaflets 7--9, more downy beneath; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above the middle, the husk very thick; nut large (1¼--2´ long) and usually angular, dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends.--Central N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70--90° high, or more, in rich soil of bottom lands.

4. C. tomentòsa, Nutt. (MOCKER-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins, shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous scented; leaflets 7--9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed; fruit globular or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged toward the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 1´ in diameter or smaller.--N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, E. Neb., and south to the Gulf. Tree 70--100° high, usually on rich upland hillsides.

5. C. microcárpa, Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovate buds, and the glabrous foliage, etc., of n. 6; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin husk; nut thin-shelled, not angled.--N. Y. to Del., west to Mich. and Ill.

[*][*] Bud-scales numerous or few; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at maturity, 4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base; seed more or less bitter; bark of old trunk not exfoliating.

6. C. porcìna, Nutt. (PIG-NUT or BROOM H.) Bud-scales nearly as in n. 4, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 5--7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate; fruit pear-shaped, oblong, or oval; nut oblong or oval (1½--2´ long), with a thick bony shell; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish.--S. Maine to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 70--90° high (rarely 120°), on dry hills and uplands.

7. C. amàra, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP H.) Scales of the small yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous; leaflets 7--11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged; nut globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1´ long), thin-walled; seed at first sweet-tasted, soon extremely bitter.--Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 50--75° high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species.

ORDER 102. MYRICÀCEÆ. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.)

Monœcious or diœcious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves,--differing from the Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and perianth none.

1. MYRÌCA, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.

The only genus.--Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets, the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds; stamens 2--8; filaments somewhat united below; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2--8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular or oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with resinous grains or wax. (Μυρίκη, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub; perhaps from μυρίζω, to perfume.)

[*] Mostly diœcious; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2--4 scales at base; nut globular; leaves entire or somewhat serrate.

1. M. Gàle, L. (SWEET GALE.) Shrub 3--5° high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in imbricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its base.--Wet borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng. and along the Great Lakes to Minn., south in the mountains to Va.

2. M. cerífera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, shining and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant; sterile catkins scattered, oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and incrusted with white wax.--Sandy soil near the coast, from Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala.; also on L. Erie. Shrub 3--8° high, but sometimes a tree 35° high; fruit sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.

[*][*] Frequently monœcious; fertile catkins globular; ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped persistent scales; nut ovoid-oblong; leaves pinnatifid with many rounded lobes.

3. M. asplenifòlia, Endl. Shrub 1--2° high, with sweet scented fern-like linear-lanceolate leaves; stipules half heart-shaped; scales of the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait.)--Sterile hills, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Ind.

ORDER 103. CUPULÌFERÆ. (OAK FAMILY.)

Monœcious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins (or capitate-clustered in the Beech), the fertile solitary, clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins, the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or without an involucre. Ovary more or less 2--7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo.

Tribe I. BETULEÆ. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2--4, and calyx usually 2--4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.

1. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the nuts.

2. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have fallen.

Tribe II. CORYLEÆ. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx; stamens 3 or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.

[*] Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside; fertile flowers few.

3. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut.

[*][*] Bract of staminate flower simple; fertile flowers in short catkins; nut small, achene-like.

4. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.

5. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.

Tribe III. QUERCINEÆ. Sterile flowers with 4--7-lobed calyx and stamens indefinite (3--20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut.

[*] Sterile flowers in slender catkins.

6. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire; nut hard and terete.

7. Castanea. Cupule 2--4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2--4-valved when ripe.

[*][*] Sterile flowers in a small head.

8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.

1. BÉTULA, Tourn. BIRCH.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with 1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas.--Outer bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in summer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves; fertile catkins oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name, of Celtic origin.)

[*] Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as the twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves heart-shaped or rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins; their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather persistent; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body.

1. B. lénta, L. (CHERRY B. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) Bark of trunk dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical (1--1¼´ long), the scales with short and divergent lobes.--Rich woodlands, Newf. to N. Del., and south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind. Tree 50--75° high, with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

2. B. lùtea, Michx. f. (YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH.) Bark of trunk yellowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, within and the twigs much less aromatic; leaves (3--5´ long) slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often narrowish toward the base, duller-green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid (1´ or less in length, 6--9´´ thick), the thinner scales (5--6´´ long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with narrower barely spreading lobes.--Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Del., west to Minn.; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N. C. Often 60--90° high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable.

[*][*] Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or triangular leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles; fruiting catkins cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles; their scales glabrous, with short diverging lobes, freely deciduous; wing of the fruit much broader than its body.

3. B. populifòlia, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.) Trunk usually ascending (15--30° high); leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B. alba, var. populifolia, Spach.)--Poor sandy soils, N. Brunswick to Del., west to L. Ontario. Bark much less separable than the next; leaves on slender petioles, tremulous as those of the aspen.

4. B. papyrífera, Marshall. (PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at base, smooth and green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3--4 times the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea, Ait.)--Rich woodlands and stream-banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. Ill., and Minn., and far north and westward. Tree 50--75° high, with bark freely splitting into paper-like layers.--Var. MINOR, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the alpine region of the White Mts.

[*][*][*] Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled fruiting catkins.

5. B. nìgra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy underneath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3--7´´) and with the oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong linear nearly equal lobes; fruit broadly winged.--Banks of streams, Mass, to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Tree 50--75° high, with light-colored wood and somewhat Alder-like leaves.

[*][*][*][*] Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical glabrous and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles.

6. B. pùmila, L. (LOW BIRCH.) Stems (2--8° high) erect or ascending, not glandular; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-downy; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6--16´´ long), pale beneath, veinlets on both faces finely reticulated; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body.--Bogs, W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and northward throughout Canada. Leaves usually not at all resiniferous or glandular-dotted.

7. B. glandulòsa, Michx. (DWARF BIRCH.) Stems erect or mostly spreading (1--4° high), or when alpine procumbent; branchlets glabrous, conspicuously dotted with resinous wart-like glands; leaves roundish wedge-obovate or sometimes orbicular (6--9´´ long), green and glabrous both sides, less reticulated; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval; wing of the fruit narrower than or sometimes equalling the body.--High mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far northward.

2. ÁLNUS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale; each flower usually with a 3--5-parted calyx and as many stamens; filaments short and simple; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the fleshy scales each 2--3-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3--5-lobed, and persistent.--Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which have remained naked over winter; while the fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in Birch.

1. A. víridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Shrub 3--8° high; leaves round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very sharp and closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate (var. SINUÀTA, Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid (6--8´´ long).--On mountains and mountain streams, Newf. to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far north and west; also in the Alleghanies to N. C. (Eu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have remained naked over winter; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin.

2. A. incàna, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY A.) Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, sharply and often doubly serrate, whitened and mostly downy beneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit orbicular.--Borders of streams and swamps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb., Minn., and westward. Shrub or tree 8--20° high; the common Alder northward. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. serrulàta, Willd. (SMOOTH A.) Leaves obovate, acute at base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate.--Borders of streams and swamps, Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn. and Tex.; common. Shrub forming dense thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6--35° high.

§ 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season; the fertile mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later; fruit wingless.

4. A. marítima, Muhl. (SEA-SIDE A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or oblong (9--12´´ long, 6´´ thick).--Borders of streams and swamps. S. Del. and E. Md., near the coast. Small tree 15--25° high. (E. Asia.)

3. CÓRYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral bractlets; ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile; style short; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), edible; the short radicle included.--Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the bud, flowering in early spring; sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from κόρυς, a helmet, from the involucre.)

1. C. Americàna, Walt. (WILD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed.--Thickets, N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and southward. Twigs and petioles often glandular-bristly.

2. C. rostràta, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed; involucre of united bracts, much prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly.--N. Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. Shrub 2--6° high.

4. ÓSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked, bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins; a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop.--Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch; leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers in the spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1--3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virgínica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, with 11--15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base.--Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., E. Kan., and southward. Tree 25--45° high; hop-like strobiles full-grown in Aug.

5 CARPÌNUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the single involucre-like bractlet is open, enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut.--Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.)

1. C. Caroliniàna, Walter. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. (C. Americana, Michx.)--Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. Tree or shrub, 10--45° high, with ridged trunk, and very hard wood.

6. QUÉRCUS, L. OAK.

Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; bracts caducous; calyx 2--8-parted or lobed; stamens 3--12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground in germination; radicle very short, included.--Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or the next year.

§ 1. LEUCOBÁLANUS. Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed; stamens 6--8; scales of the cup more or less knobby at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive ovules at the base of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut glabrous; fruit maturing the first year, often peduncled; kernel commonly sweetish; wood tough and dense.

[*] Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath.--WHITE OAKS.

1. Q. álba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3--9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn (1´ long).--All soils, Maine to S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A large and valuable tree; lobes of the leaves short and broad (3--5), or deep and narrow (5--9).

2. Q. stellàta, Wang. (POST OAK. IRON OAK.) Leaves grayish or yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into 5--7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1--3-notched; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the ovoid acorn (6--9´´ long). (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.)--Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's Vineyard to Mich. and E. Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.; common, especially southward. A small tree with very durable wood.

3. Q. macrocárpa, Michx. (BUR OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire; cup deep, thick and woody (9´´--2´ across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones awned, so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; acorn broadly ovoid (1--1½´ long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup.--Rich soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and Kan. A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and fringe of the acorns.--Var. OLIVÆFÓRMIS, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved form with unusually small oblong acorns.

4. Q. lyràta, Walt. (OVER-CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7--9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath or at length smoothish, the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed; fruit short-peduncled or sessile; cup round-ovate, thin, with rugged scales, almost covering the depressed-globose acorn (8--10´´long).--River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C., and southward.--A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3 and n. 5.

[*][*] Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed (except slightly in n. 5), whitish and more or less downy beneath; cup hoary, hemispherical or a little depressed, about half as long as the oblong-ovoid edible acorn.--CHESTNUT-OAKS.

5. Q. bícolor, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pinnatifid than toothed, usually soft-downy and white-hoary beneath, the main primary veins 6--8 pairs, lax and little prominent; fruiting peduncle much longer than the petiole; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed margin; acorn scarcely 1´ long.--Borders of streams and swamps, S. Maine to Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the mountains to N. Ga.--A large tree, with flaky bark.

6. Q. Michaùxii, Nutt. (BASKET-OAK. COW-OAK.) Leaves (5--6´ long) oval or obovate, acute, obtuse or even cordate at base, regularly dentate (commonly not deeply), rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath; stamens usually 10; fruit short-peduncled; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and stout acute scales, without fringe; acorn 1½´ long. (Q. Prinus, var Michauxii, Chapm.)--Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Fla., and in the west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf.--A large and valuable tree, with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible acorns. Intermediate forms appear to connect with n. 5, of which Dr. Engelmann considered it a sub-species.

7. Q. Prìnus, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves thick, varying, obovate or oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the main primary ribs 10--16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short; cup thick (6--12´´ wide), mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales; acorn large (sometimes 1--1¼´ long). (Incl. var. monticola, Michx.)--Rocky banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Ont., and south in the mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark, rich in tannin.

8. Q. Muhlenbérgii, Engelm. (YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves (5--7´ long) slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather sharply toothed; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales, 5--7´´ broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7--9´´ long. (Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michx.)--Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex.--Leaves more like those of the Chestnut than any other; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A tall tree, with thin flaky bark.

9. Q. prinoìdes, Willd. Like the last, but of low stature (usually 2--4° high), with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles (3--6´´ long), and deeper cups with more tumid scales. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh.)--Same range as last. Apparently quite distinct at the east, where it is very low, but running into Q. Muhlenbergii at the far west.

[*][*][*] Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed.--LIVE OAKS.

10. Q. vìrens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1--3-fruited; cup top-shaped; acorn oblong; cotyledons completely united into one mass.--Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a large tree at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building.

§ 2. MELANOBÁLANUS. Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth); stamens mostly 4--6; cup-scales membranaceous; styles long and spreading; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut tomentose; fruit maturing the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles; wood porous and brittle.--BLACK OAKS.

[*] Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed.

[+] Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with reddish coarse-grained wood; species closely related and apparently readily hybridizing.

11. Q. rùbra, L. (RED OAK.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow raised border (9--12´´ in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn, which is 1´ or less in length; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish.--Common both in rich and poor soil, westward to E. Minn. and E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor.--Var. RUNCINÀTA, A. DC., is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly a half smaller; found near St. Louis.

12. Q. coccínea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Cup top-shaped, or hemispherical with a conical base (7--9´´ broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales somewhat appressed and glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var. tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6--9´´ long; bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish.--Moist or dry soil; common, from S. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains.

Var. tinctòria, Gray. (QUERCITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLACK OAK.) Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubescent beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn; cup-scales large and loosely imbricated or squarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; buds longer and more pointed; cup sometimes less top-shaped. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram.)--Dry or gravelly uplands, S. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used in tanning.

Var. ambígua, Gray. (GRAY OAK.) Found along our northeastern borders to Lake Champlain and northward, figured and briefly characterized by Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It was considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups hemispherical or even turbinate.

13. Q. palústris, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH or PIN OAK.) Cup flat-saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled (5--7´´ broad), very much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn, which is 5--7´´ long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses.--Low grounds; rather common, from Mass. to Del. and Md., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark.

[+][+] Mature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, with a somewhat top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn.

14. Q. falcàta, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy or fulvous underneath, obtuse or rounded at base, 3--5-lobed above (sometimes entire); the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4--5´´ long.--Dry or sandy soil, Long Island to Fla., and from S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A large or small tree, extremely variable in foliage; bark excellent for tanning.

15. Q. ilicifòlia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dwarf (3--8° high), straggling; leaves (2--4´ long) thickish, obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3--7-) lobed, white-downy beneath; lobes short and triangular, spreading; acorn ovoid, globular, 5--6´´ long.--Sandy barrens and rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ohio and Ky.

[*][*] Leaves entire or with a few teeth (or somewhat 3--5-lobed at the summit), coriaceous, commonly bristle-pointed; acorns globular, small (not over 6´´ long).

[+] Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upward and more or less sinuate or somewhat 3--5-lobed; acorns globular-ovoid.

16. Q. aquática, Walter. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shining, obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base and an often obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical.--Wet grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf, and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex.--Tree 30--40° high; running into many varieties, especially southward; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid; then mostly bristle-pointed.

17. Q. nìgra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wedge-shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4--9´ long); cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn short-ovoid.--Dry sandy barrens, or heavy clay soil, Long Island to S. Minn., E. Neb., and southward. A small tree (sometimes 30--40° high), of little value.

[+][+] Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire; acorn globose.

18. Q. imbricària, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, thickish, smooth, and shining above, downy underneath, the down commonly persistent; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped.--Rich woodlands, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Wisc., Iowa, E. Neb., and N. Ark.--Tree 30--90° high. The specific name is in allusion to its early use for shingles.

19. Q. Phéllos, L. (WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-Lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3--4´ long); cup saucer-shaped.--Bottom lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten Island to N. Fla., west to S. Ky., Mo., and Tex.

In addition to the above, the following hybrids have been recognized:--

Q. ALBA × MACROCARPA; N. Ill. (Bebb); central Ill. (Hall).

Q. ALBA × STELLATA; N. Ill. (Bebb); D. C. (Vasey); S. C. (Mellichamp).

Q. ALBA × PRINUS; near Washington, D. C. (Vasey.)

Q. IMBRICARIA × NIGRA (Q. tridentata, Engelmann); S. Ill. (Engelmann).

Q. IMBRICARIA × PALUSTRIS; Mo. (Engelmann).

Q. IMBRICARIA × COCCINEA (Q. Leana, Nutt.); Ohio to Mo., and near Washington, D. C.

Q. PHELLOS × RUBRA (?) or COCCINEA (?) (Q. heterophylla, Michx.); Staten Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (BARTRAM'S OAK.)

Q. PHELLOS × NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, Britt.); N. J. (Rudkin).

Q. ILICIFOLIA × COCCINEA (?); Uxbridge, Mass. (Robbins.)

7. CASTÀNEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT.

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins; calyx mostly 6-parted; stamens 8--20; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre; calyx with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3--7-celled 6--14-ovuled ovary; abortive stamens 5--12; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary; stigmas small. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2--3 together or solitary in the hard and thick very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining underground in germination.--Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers appearing later than the leaves, cream-color; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, wholly sterile or the upper ones androgynous with the fertile flowers at the base. (The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.)

1. C. satìva, Mill., var. Americàna. (CHESTNUT.) A large tree, leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at base, when mature smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. vesca, var., of the Manual.)--Rocky woods and hillsides, S. Maine to Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., and west to S. Mich., S. Ind., and Tenn.

2. C. pùmila, Mill. (CHINQUAPIN.) A spreading shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, whitened-downy beneath; involucres small, often spiked; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened.--Rich hillsides and borders of swamps, S. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Tex.

8. FÀGUS, Tourn. BEECH.

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-like bracts; calyx bell-shaped, 5--7-cleft; stamens 8--16; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner coherent at base to form the 4-lobed involucre; calyx-lobes 6, awl shaped; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in germination.--Trees, with a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering bud and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from φάγω, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)

1. F. ferrugínea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Tree 75--100° high; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib soon nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading.--N. Scotia to Fla., west to Wisc., E. Ill., Mo., and Tex.

ORDER 104. SALICÀCEÆ. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

Diœcious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one to each bract, without perianth; the fruit a 1-celled and 2--4-valved pod, with 2--4 parietal or basal placentæ, bearing numerous seeds furnished with long silky down.--Style usually short or none; stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened.--Leaves alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light; bark bitter.

1. Salix. Bracts entire. Flowers with small glands, disks none. Stamens few. Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale.

2. Populus. Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens numerous. Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly.

1. SÀLIX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (By M. S. BEBB, Esq.)

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3--10, mostly 2, distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary; stigmas short.--Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating in n. 14). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, falling before the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free; style very short or obsolete; stigmas thick, notched. Trees or large shrubs; leaves taper-pointed.

[*] Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth; capsules glabrous.

[+] Stamens 3--5 or more.

[++] Trees 15--50° high, with rough bark and slender twigs; no petiolar glands; sterile aments elongated, narrowly cylindrical; flowers somewhat remotely subverticillate; scales entire, short and rounded, crisp-villous on the inside.

1. S. nìgra, Marsh. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip, often downy when young, at length green and glabrous except the petiole and midrib; stipules large, semicordate, pointed and persistent, or small, ovoid and deciduous; fruiting aments (1½--3´ long) more or less dense; capsules ovate-conical, shortly pedicelled.--Banks of streams and lakes, bending over the water; common.--Var. FALCÀTA, Torr. Leaves narrower and scythe-shaped--Var. WÁRDI, Bebb. Leaves broader, often 1´ wide, glaucous and veined beneath; stipules large, round-reniform; aments long, loosely flowered; capsules globose-conical, long-pedicelled. Rocky islands of the Potomac (Ward); Falls of the Ohio (Short); Mo. The leaves alone are easily mistaken for those of n. 14.--A hybrid of this species with S. alba, var. vitellina, is found in Wayne Co., N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson).

2. S. amygdaloìdes, Anders. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2--4´ long, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles long and slender; stipules minute, very early deciduous; fertile aments becoming very loose in fruit from the lengthening of the slender pedicels.--Central N. Y. (Dudley) to Mo.; common westward.

[++][++] A shrub or small bushy tree, 6--15° high, with smooth bark and rather stout polished twigs; petioles glandular; sterile aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered; stamens commonly 5; scales dentate, hairy at base, smooth above.

3. S. lùcida, Muhl. (SHINING W.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower, tapering to a very long acuminate point, at length coriaceous, smooth and shining both sides; stipules small, oblong; fruiting aments often persistent, the capsules becoming rigid and polished, as in the nearly allied S. pentandra of Europe.--Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Penn., west and northward. A beautiful species on account of its showy staminate aments and large glossy leaves.

[+][+] Stamens mostly 2; capsules subsessile or very shortly pedicelled; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate.

S. FRÁGILIS, L. (CRACK WILLOW.) Leaves green and glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, 3--6´ long; stipules when present half-cordate; stamens rarely 3--4; capsule long-conical, shortly pedicelled.--A tall and handsome tree, which was planted at an early day about Boston and elsewhere.--The var. DECÍPIENS, Smith, with yellowish-white or crimson twigs, buds black in winter, and smaller and brighter green leaves, ought perhaps to be excluded, the plant so named by Barratt, etc., being one of the hybrids mentioned below. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. ÁLBA, L. (WHITE W.) Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both sides, except when old, 2--4´ long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; capsules ovate-conical, sessile or nearly so.--Var. CÆRÙLEA, Koch; twigs olive; old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish green.--Var. VITELLÌNA, Koch; twigs yellow or reddish; old leaves glabrous above.--A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50--80°. The typical form, with olive twigs and old leaves silky on both sides, is rarely found with us, but the var. VITELLINA is common. Pure S. FRAGILIS is also scarce, but a host of hybrids between the two, representing S. viridis, Fries, S. Russelliana, Smith, etc., are the commonest of introduced willows. These forms are rendered almost inextricable by a further cross, by no means rare, with our native S. lucida. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. BABYLÓNICA, Tourn. (WEEPING W.) Extensively planted for ornament, and in some places widely spread along river-banks and lake-shores by the drifting of detached limbs. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves remotely denticulate with projecting teeth; stamens 2; capsule glabrous or silky.

4. S. longifòlia, Muhl. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2--4´ long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth and green both sides; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; aments linear-cylindric, often clustered at the ends of the branchlets; capsule shortly pedicelled; stigmas large, sessile.--Found sparingly along the Atlantic coast from Maine to the Potomac; common westward. A shrub, rooting extensively in alluvial deposits and forming dense clumps. This species is a peculiar American type, and exceedingly variable; the earliest leaves after germination pinnately lobed.

§ 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts; scales persistent, colored at the tip; stamens 2 (usually 1 in n. 19), with glabrous filaments (united and hairy in S. purpurea); shrubs or small trees.

[*] Capsules tomentose.

[+] Pedicels 3--6 times the length of the gland; style medium or none.

[++] Large shrubs or small trees (8--15° high); leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 2--4´ long, acute or acuminate, more or less obscurely and irregularly serrate, thin becoming rigid, glaucous beneath; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, 2--3´ long, loosely flowered.

5. S. rostràta, Richardson. Leaves dull green and downy above, stoutly veined and soft-hairy beneath, serrate, crenate or subentire; stipules when present semi-cordate, toothed, acute; aments appearing with the leaves, the sterile narrowed at base, pale yellow; capsules tapering to a very long slender beak; pedicels thread-like, much exceeding the pale, rose-tipped, linear, thinly villous scales; style scarcely any; stigma-lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. livida, var. occidentalis, Gray.)--Moist or dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., and far west and northward. Not spreading from the root but having rather the habit of a small tree, with a distinct trunk.

6. S. díscolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS W.) Leaves smooth and bright green above, soon smooth beneath, irregularly crenate-serrate, the serratures remote at base, closer, finer and becoming obsolete toward the point; stipules ½´ long or more, and sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire; aments closely sessile, thick, oblong-cylindrical, 1´ long or more, appearing before the leaves in earliest spring; scales dark red or brown, becoming black, copiously clothed with long glossy hairs; style short but distinct.--Var. ERIOCÉPHALA, Anders. Aments more densely flowered and more silvery silky; leaves sometimes retaining a ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown.--Var. PRINOÌDES, Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky; capsules more thinly tomentose; style longer; stigma-lobes laciniate; leaves narrower. (S. prinoides, Pursh.) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and others which are probably hybrids with S. cordata.--Low meadows and river-banks, common. The just expanding leaves are often overspread with evanescent ferruginous hairs.

[++][++] Upland grayish shrubs, 1--8° high; leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lowest obtuse, downy above becoming glabrate, beneath glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tomentose, the margin revolute, undulate-entire; aments ovoid or oblong, closely sessile, appearing before the leaves, naked at base; capsules rather shortly pedicelled, greenish or reddish, spreading; scales dark red or brownish; style distinct; stigmas bifid.

7. S. hùmilis, Marsh. (PRAIRIE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest obovate; stipules medium-sized, semi-ovate, entire or oftener toothed; petioles distinct; aments often recurved, about 1´ long.--Dry plains and barrens, common. A shrub, 3--8° high, varying much in the size and shape of the leaves. Hybrids with n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller green leaves, softly tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments equally thick but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Small forms apparently pass into the next.

8. S. trístis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY W.) Leaves small (1--2´ long), crowded, linear-oblanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; stipules minute, deciduous; aments very small, globular or oval, about ½´ long in fruit.--Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets, common. A tufted shrub, 1--1½° high, rising from a strong large root.

[++][++][++] Low shrubs, 3--10° high, of cold swamps, with slender yellowish or reddish twigs; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, glaucous beneath and covered when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs; aments (especially the fertile) with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule pedicelled, silvery-silky; stigmas bifid.

[=] Shrubs of lowland swamps; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2--3´ long, taper-pointed, finely and evenly serrate; stipules linear or semi-cordate, deciduous; aments sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled; style very short.

9. S. serícea, Marsh. (SILKY W.) Leaves at first (principally beneath) very silky, turning black in drying; aments narrowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse.--Common, but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes eastward.

10. S. petiolàris, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon smooth, with less tendency to blacken in drying; fertile aments ovoid-cylindric, in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels; capsule rostrate from an ovate base, rather acute.--Var. GRÁCILIS, Anders., has extremely loose aments, and very long-pedicelled attenuate-rostrate capsules.--Common, but more prevalent from the Great Lakes westward. This species, like the preceding, hybridizes freely with S. cordata.

[=][=] Alpine shrub; leaves 1--2´ long, repand-crenate; stipules minute, fugacious; aments leafy-peduncled; style distinct.

11. S. argyrocárpa, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly revolute; petiole short; fruiting ament short (about 1´ long), loosely flowered; capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery; gland of the staminate flower variously doubled.--Moist alpine ravines in a few limited localities on or near Mt. Washington, N. H.; also in Lower Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub, erect or depressed at base, 1--2° high, growing in wide dense patches. A hybrid with n. 13 was detected by Mr. E. Faxon in Tuckerman's ravine (its leaves collected by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the species with the aments of S. phylicifolia.

[+][+] Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated.

12. S. cándida, Willd. (SAGE W. HOARY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--4´ long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, beneath covered with a dense white tomentum, the revolute margin subentire; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2´ long in fruit; anthers red; the dark gland elongated; capsule densely white-woolly; style dark red; stigmas short, spreading, notched.--Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward.--A hoary shrub 2--5° high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, Mich. (Dr. Clarke).

13. S. phylicifòlia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-toothed, 2--3´ long, very smooth on both sides, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; stipules obsolete; aments sessile with a few small bracts at base, 1´ long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2´ long in fruit; scales dark, silky-villous; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of Man.; S. chlorophylla, var. denudata, Anders.)--Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains, and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.--A divaricately much branched shrub 1--10° high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.)

S. VIMINÀLIS, L., the OSIER WILLOW of Europe, is occasionally planted, but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SMITHIÀNA, Willd., etc., stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive.

[+][+][+] Capsules sessile; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one.

S. PURPÙREA, L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse.--Low grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Capsules glabrous.

[+] Tall shrubs, 4--10° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2--4´ long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, 1´ long or more, the fertile leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2´ long or more; capsules tapering, pointed.

[++] Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium.

14. S. cordàta, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, green both sides or scarcely paler beneath, the young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous; aments rather slender; capsules greenish or refuscent, 2--3´´ long. (S. rigida, Muhl.)--Var. ANGUSTÀTA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely serrate.--In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely distributed and variable species.--S. MYRICOÌDES, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myricoides, Darl., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy; stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming glabrate, shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S. incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley).

15. S. glaucophýlla, Bebb. Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly rounded base to oblong-lanceolate and equally pointed at both ends (3--4´ long, nearly 2´ wide), glandular-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate; aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, in size and silkiness resembling n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3--5´ long, greenish, drying brown.--Var. ANGUSTIFÒLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3´ long, ¾´ wide), pointed at both ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)--Var. BREVIFÒLIA, Bebb; leaves obovate, about 1´ long, strongly veined.--Common on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N. Ill. and Wisc.

16. S. balsamífera, Barratt. Leaves broadly rounded and usually subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid and of a rich reddish color, at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-serrulate; petioles long and slender; stipules obsolete; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the long slender pedicels 6--8 times the length of the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, Anders.)--In open swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of N. H. (Little, 1823; rediscovered by Pringle, and C. E. and E. Faxon). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side.

[++][++] Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile; style elongated.

17. S. adenophýlla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate (1--2´ long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4´ long, densely flowered.--Shores of the Great Lakes, rooting extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata.

[+][+] Low erect shrub, 1--3° high; leaves small, entire; capsules oblong-cylindric; stigmas sessile or nearly so.

18. S. myrtilloìdes, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1´ long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; capsules reddish green; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale.--Var. PEDICELLÀRIS, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1--2½' long.--Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)

[+][+][+] Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs.

19. S. Uva-úrsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) Leaves elliptical and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than 1´ long, 3--4´´ wide, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath; aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylindric, 6--9´´ long, the fertile lengthening to 2´ and narrowly cylindric, densely flowered above, often loose below; scales obovate, rose-red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, Tuckerm.)--Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1--2° in diameter.

20. S. herbácea, L. Leaves roundish oval, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, less than 1´ long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4--10 flowered; scales concave, obovate, obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent; capsule subsessile.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom rising above 1--2´ from the ground. (Eu.)

2. PÓPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8--30, or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2--4, elongated. Capsules 2--4-valved.--Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.)

§ 1. Styles 2, with 2--3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, 2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate.

[*] Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6--20; capsules numerous, small, on very short pedicels.

P. ÁLBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomentose; scales crenate, fringed.--Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. P. tremuloìdes, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20--50° high, with smooth greenish-white bark; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; scales cut into 3--4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs.--Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward.

2. P. grandidentàta, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60--75° high, with smoothish gray bark; leaves roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides; scales cut into 5--6 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed.--Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.

[*][*] Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12--60.

3. P. heterophýlla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40--80° high; leaves ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules ½´ long, equalling the pedicels.--Borders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and Ill. to Ark. and W. La.

§ 2. Styles 2--4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2--4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds 1--2´´ long.

4. P. balsamífera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree 50--75° high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles ½--2´ long; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens 20--30; capsule ovate, 2-valved.--Borders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and far north and westward.--Var. CÁNDICANS, Gray. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, but rare or unknown in a wild state.

5. P. monilífera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tree 75--150° high; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; stamens 60 or more; capsules on slender pedicels (4--5´´ long) in long catkins, oblong-ovate, 3--4-valved. (Incl. P. angulata, Ait.)--Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts.

Order 105. EMPETRÀCEÆ. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceæ;--probably only an apetalous and polygamous or diœcious degenerate form of Ericaceæ,--comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third farther south.

1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-like.

2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1. ÉMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (inconspicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6--9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6--9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from ἐν, upon, and πέτρος, a rock.)

1. E. nìgrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. CORÈMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.

Flowers diœcious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name κόρημα, a broom, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conrádii, Torr. Shrub 6´--2° high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.

ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLÀCEÆ. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monœcious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and leaves.--Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHÝLLUM. L. HORNWORT.

Sterile flowers of 10--20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.--Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from κέρας, a horn, and φύλλον, leaf).

1. C. demérsum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side.--Var. ECHINÀTUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3´´ long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed.--Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.)

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPÉRMÆ.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two.

ORDER 107. CONÍFERÆ. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monœcious or rarely diœcious flowers in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.)

SUBORDER I. Pinàceæ. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly monœcious and evergreen.

Tribe I. ABIETINEÆ. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3--16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.

[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.

1. Pinus. Leaves 2--5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.

[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.

[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.

2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).

3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.

[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.

4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath.

5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous.

Tribe II. TAXODIEÆ. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSINEÆ. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.

[*] Monœcious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamæcyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8--12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

[*][*] Diœcious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3--6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

SUBORDER II. Taxàceæ. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers diœcious, axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale).

10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.

1. PÌNUS, Tourn. PINE.

Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3--12, linear.--Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks.

1. P. Stróbus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75--160° high; leaves very slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4--5´´ long), with 6--8 involucral scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4--6´ long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8--10.--Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.

§ 2. Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped.

[*] Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid.

[+] Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2).

2. P. Tæ̀da, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6--10´), with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3--5´ long) and tapering; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine.--Wet clay or dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.--A tree 50--150° high; staminate flowers slender, 2´ long, with usually 10--13 involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.

3. P. rígida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves (3--5´ long) dark green, from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1--3½´ long), often in clusters; scales with a short stout recurved prickle.--Sandy or barren soil, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.--A tree 30--80° high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile flowers shorter; scales 6--8.

[+][+] Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7).

4. P. púngens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout, short (1¼--2½´ long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); cones ovate (3½´ long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (¼´ long).--Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.--A rather small tree (20--60° high); cones long-persistent.

5. P. ínops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short (1½--3´ long); cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2--3´ long), the scales tipped with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle.--Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind.--A straggling tree at the east, 15--40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

6. P. Banksiàna, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short (1´ long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (1½--2´ long), smooth, the scales pointless.--Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.

7. P. mìtis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves sometimes in threes, from long sheaths, slender (3--5´ long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2´ long), the scales with a minute weak prickle.--Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.--A straight tree, 50--100° high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.

[*][*] Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes.

8. P. resinòsa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves in twos from long sheaths, elongated (5--6´ long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2´ long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6--9´´ long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.--Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.--A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

9. P. palústris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves in threes from long sheaths, very long (10--15´), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 2½--3´ long, rose-purple; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong (6--10´ long), the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis, Michx.)--Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

(Addendum) 10. P. ponderòsa, Dougl., var. scopulòrum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6´ long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1´ long; cones subterminal, 2--3´ long, oval, often 3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.

2. PÌCEA, Link. SPRUCE.

Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)

1. P. nìgra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves short (usually 4--8´´ long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (10--20´´ long), mostly recurved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin denticulate edge. (Abies nigra, Poir.)--Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. A tree 40--70° high.--Var. RÙBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.

2. P. álba, Link. (WHITE SPRUCE.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; cones nodding, cylindrical (about 2´ long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, Michx.)--Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.--A handsomer tree than n. 1, 50--150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.

3. TSÙGA, Carrière. HEMLOCK.

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (½´ long); cones oval (6--8´´ long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.)--Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.--A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

4. ÀBIES, Link. FIR.

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsàmea, Miller. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD FIR.) Leaves narrowly linear (6--10´´ long); cones cylindrical (2--4´ long, 1´ thick), violet-colored; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales.--Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

5. LÀRIX, Tourn. LARCH.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent.--Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

1. L. Americàna, Michx. (AMERICAN OR BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6--9´´ long), of few rounded scales, arranged in {2/5} order.--Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30--100° high, with hard and very resinous wood.

6. TAXÒDIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS.

Flowers monœcious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2--5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6--9.--Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of τάξος, the yew, and εἶδος, resemblance, the leaves being Yew-like.)

1. T. dístichum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.--Swamps, S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.

7. CHAMÆCÝPARIS, Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS.

Flowers monœcious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2--4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales decussate in pairs, bearing few (1--4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.--Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From χαμαί, on the ground, and κυπάρισσος, cypress.)

1. C. sphæroídea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3--5´´ in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thyoides, L.)--Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30--90° high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitæ.

8. THÙYA, Tourn. ARBOR VITÆ.

Flowers mostly monœcious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.--Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. (Θυἶα or Θύα, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

1. T. occidentális, L. (ARBOR VITÆ. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves appressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.--Swamps and cool rocky banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree 20--50° high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNÍPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Flowers diœcious, or occasionally monœcious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3--6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3--6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1--3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.--Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical name.)

§ 1. OXYCÉDRUS. Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above.

1. J. commùnis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5--9´´ long); berry dark blue (3´´ or more in diameter).--Dry sterile hills, common.

Var. alpìna, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2--4´´ long) less spreading leaves.--Maine to Minn., and northward.

§ 2. SABÌNA. Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.

2. J. Sabìna, L., var. procúmbens, Pursh. A procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub; scale-like leaves acute; berry on short recurved peduncles, 3--5´´ in diameter.--Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward.

3. J. Virginiàna, L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) From a shrub to a tree 60--90° high, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 3´´ in diameter.--Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

10. TÁXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers mostly diœcious, or sometimes monœcious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells 3--8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.--Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from τόξον, a bow; the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Willd. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Willd.)--Moist banks and hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate.

ORDER 108. HYDROCHARIDÀCEÆ. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with diœcious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary. Stamens 3--12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.

Tribe I. HYDRILLEÆ. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.

1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.

Tribe II. VALLISNERIEÆ. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.

2. Vallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.

Tribe III. STRATIOTEÆ. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pedunculate. Ovary 6--9-celled.

3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.

1. ELODÈA, Michx. WATER-WEED.

Flowers polygamo-diœcious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals; filaments short and united at base, or none; anthers 3--9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently perfect; perianth extended into an extremely long capillary tube; the limb 6-parted; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Stamens 3--9, often with imperfect anthers or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentæ, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded.--Perennial slender submerged herbs, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube, which varies in length according to the depth of the water. (Name from ἑλώδης, marshy.)

1. E. Canadénsis, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon.)--Slow streams and ponds, common. July.

2. VALLISNÈRIA, L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers strictly diœcious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like.--Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time; afterwards the thread-form scapes (2--4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiràlis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1--6° long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined.--Common in slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

3. LIMNÒBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT.

Flowers diœcious, (or monœcious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6--12 linear anthers at unequal heights; there are 3--6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6--9-celled, with as many placentæ in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.--A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white? (Name from λιμνόβιος, living in pools.)

1. L. Spóngia, Richard. Leaves 1--2´ long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle of sterile flower about 3´ long and filiform, of the fertile only 1´ long and stout.--Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Ill., and Mo.

ORDER 109. BURMANNIÀCEÆ. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.)

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the root grass-like; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and distinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded, the seeds very minute.--A small, chiefly tropical family.

1. BURMÁNNIA, L.

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentæ in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. biflòra, L. Stem low and slender (2--4´ high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2--3´´ long) bright blue, 3-winged.--Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla.

ORDER 110. ORCHIDÀCEÆ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentæ, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the lip; only the other two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper petal, i.e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma; anther 2-celled; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen (pollinia) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium.--Perennials, often tuber-bearing or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract,--in all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization.

Tribe I. EPIDENDREÆ. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. 3 and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.)

[*] Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.

[+] Column very short; leaf solitary.

1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.

[+][+] Column elongated; leaves radical.

[++] Whole plant (except the flowers) green.

2. Liparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.

3. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.

[++][++] A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish.

4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish; lip 3-lobed.

5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose; flowers rather large; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate.

[*][*] Leafless, with coralloid roots; whole plant brownish or yellowish; flowers racemose.

6. Corallorhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip with 1--3 ridges; sepals and petals 1--3-nerved.

7. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and petals several-nerved; lip with 5--6 ridges.

Tribe II. NEOTTIEÆ. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit, or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4 delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma.

[*] Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in spikes or racemes.

8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed.

9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1--3-ranked in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base.

10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, saccate, without callosities.

[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.

11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above.

[*][*][*] Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem scapose or few-leaved; flowers large, solitary or few.

12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollinia 4.

13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at the apex. Pollinia 4.

14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2.

Tribe III. OPHRYDEÆ. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland. Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem.

15. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.

16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated.

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEÆ. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.

17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading; lip an inflated sac.

1. MICRÓSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH.

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland.--Low herbs, from solid bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of μικρός, small, and στυλίς, a column or style.)

1. M. monophýllos, Lindl. Slender (4--6´ high); leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; racemes spiked, long and slender; pedicels not longer than the flowers; lip long-pointed.--Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoìdes, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping; raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small.--Low moist ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. July.--Pollinia (at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell.

2. LÍPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland.--Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from λιπαρός, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. liliifòlia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; lip large (1½´ long), wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish.--Moist woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. June.

2. L. Lœsèlii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; lip obovate or oblong (2´´ long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals.--Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. Ill., and Minn. (Eu.)

3. CALÝPSO, Salisb.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9´´ long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland.--A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3--5´ high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. boreàlis, Salisb.--Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., and northward. May.--A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

4. TIPULÀRIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip prolonged beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of the flower (9--12´´ long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland.--Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula.)

1. T. díscolor, Nutt. Scape 10--18´ high; lip blunt at the tip.--Sandy woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce.

5. APLÉCTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE.

Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape (invested below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza; but, instead of a coral like root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb or corm, often 1´ in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name composed of α- privative and πλῆκτρον, a spur, from the total want of the latter.)

1. A. hiemàle, Nutt. Stem 1° high or more; perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5--6´´ long.--Woods, in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.--Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizontally connected.

6. CORALLORHÌZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1--3-nerved, the upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free.--Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a raceme of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of κοράλλιον, coral, and ῥίζα, root.)

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary; flowers small; lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson.

1. C. innàta, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3--9´ high), 5--12-flowered; pedicels very short; perianth 2--2½´´ long; lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamellæ thick and rather short; spur a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3--4´´ long).--Swamps and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.)

2. C. odontorhìza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6--16´ high), 6--20-flowered; pedicels rather slender; perianth about 3´´ long; lip entire or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamellæ a pair of short projections; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to the summit of the ovary; capsule at first very acute at base, at length short-oval (4´´ long).--Rich woods, E. Mass. (Hitchings) and Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. May--July.

3. C. multiflòra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9--18´ high), 10--30-flowered; perianth 2½--4´´ long; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellæ; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule oblong (6--9´´ long), short-pedicelled.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July--Sept.

§ 2. Spur none; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free from the ovary; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding.

4. C. striàta, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6--16´ high), bearing 15--25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth 6--7´´ long; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1--3 short lamellæ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9´´ long). (C. Macræi, Gray.)--Woods, from L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific.

7. HEXALÉCTRIS, Raf.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5--6 prominent ridges down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name probably from ἕξ, six, and ἀλεκτρυών, a cock, from the crests of the lip.)

1. H. aphýllus, Raf. Stem 1--2° high, beset with purplish scales, the lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6--8´´ long. (Bletia aphylla, Nutt.)--Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex.

8. LÍSTERA, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland.--Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

[*] Column very short; sepals ovate, reflexed; plants delicate, 4--8´ high.

1. L. cordàta, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (½--1´ long); raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than the ovary; lip linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1-toothed each side at base, 2-cleft.--Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

2. L. austràlis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary; lip linear, 3--4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.--Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June.

[*][*] Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. L. convallarioìdes, Nutt. Plant 4--9´ high; leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1--1½´ long); raceme loose, pubescent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, {1/3}´ long.--Damp mossy woods, N. New Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C.

9. SPIRÁNTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary; the sepals and petals all narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuberance on each side of the base; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), narrowly obovate, each 2-cleft, and split into thin and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon adhering at base to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the slender or tapering thin beak terminating the column. After the removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip.--Roots clustered-tuberous; stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1--3-ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the name, from σπείρα, a coil or curl, and ἄνθος, flower).

[*] Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike; leaves at the root and base of the stem present at the flowering season.

1. S. latifòlia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4--9´ (rarely 12´) high, smooth; leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong (1--4´ long, 3--9´´ wide), 3--5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike narrow (1--3´ long); flowers small (2--3´´ long); lip quadrate-oblong, yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length; gland and beak of the stigma short.--Moist banks, Vt. and W. Mass. to Mich. and Minn., south to Del. and Md.

2. S. Romanzoffiàna, Cham. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (5--15´ high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1--4´ long); perianth curved and the summit manifestly ringent, pure white (4´´ long), the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or galea; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much recurved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short.--High and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and northward; Norfolk, Conn. (Barbour); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.)

3. S. cérnua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (6--20´ high); leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4--12´ long, 2--9´´ wide); spike cylindrical, rather dense (2--5´ long) and with the white fragrant flowers either pubescent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving (4--5´´ long), the lower sepals not upturned or connivent with the upper; lip oblong and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a long and very slender beak.--Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time.--A variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming somewhat later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers. E. Mass. and Del.

[*][*] Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank.

[+] Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist during the flowering season.

4. S. præ̀cox, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; stem 9´--2° high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3--8´ long, 2--4´´ wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts; spike linear, dense (2--5´ long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3´´ long; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex; anther and beak of the stigma very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, Gray.)--Wet, grassy places, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

[+][+] Scape very slender, merely bracted; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly withering away at or before flowering; flowers small, and whole plant glabrous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule.

5. S. grácilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened; scape 8--18´ high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; perianth barely 1½--2´´ long; lip oval when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped.--Hilly woods and sandy plains, common. July--Oct.

6. S. símplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber; no leaves at flowering time; scape 5--9´ high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-sided) spike (1--3´ long) of very short flowers (perianth 1--1½´´ long); lip thin, white, obovate-oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender.--Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept.

10. GOODYÈRA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise as Spiranthes.--Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyear, an early English botanist.)

§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.

1. G. rèpens, R. Br. Small (5--8´ high) and slender; leaves ovate, more or less white-reticulated (about 1´ long); flowers several, in a loose 1-sided spike; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate.--Woods, under evergreens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.)

2. G. pubéscens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; scape 6--12´ high, the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular lip very short; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it.--Rich woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn.

§ 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above; anther ovate, long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, which is continued above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak.

3. G. Menzièsii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2--3´ long), less white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9--12´ high; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; flower-buds less pubescent, elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit.--Woods, Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (J. A. Allen, Goodale); Crawford, N. H. (Miss Minns); western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July.

11. EPIPÁCTIS, Haller.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma.--Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.)

1. E. Helleborìne, Crantz. Stems 1--2° high; leaves broadly ovate (2--3´ long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30--50-flowered, 1-sided; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3--4´´ long; petals rather smaller; lip ovate, pointed above, with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, All.)--Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; the only known stations. (Eu.)

12. ARETHÙSA, Gronov.

Flower ringent; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell.--Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa.)

1. A. bulbòsa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1--2´ long), with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face.--Bogs, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn.

13. CALOPÒGON, R. Br.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile; pollen-masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate threads.--Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of καλός, beautiful, and πώγων beard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pulchéllus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2--6-flowered; flowers 1´ broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

14. POGÒNIA, Juss.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (Πωγωνίας bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white.

1. P. ophioglossoìdes, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6--9´ high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the axil; flower 1´ long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, beard-crested and fringed.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Minn. June, July. (Japan.)

2. P. péndula, Lindl. Stem (3--8´ high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3--6´´) leaves, the upper 1--4 with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth ½´ long, narrow; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless.--Damp woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo.

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cluster of fibres.

3. P. divaricàta, R. Br. Stem (1--2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1--1½´ long.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July.

4. P. verticillàta, Nutt. Stem (6--12´ high) naked, except some small scales at the base and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer than the ovary and capsule; sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a mostly erect base (1½--2´ long); lip with a narrow crest down the middle.--Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, about 1½´ long, more than half the length of the leaves.

5. P. affìnis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but little longer than the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes.--Low woods, S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New Jersey; rare.

15. ÓRCHIS, L.

Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike.--Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from fleshy-fibrous roots. (Ὁρχις, the ancient name.)

1. O. spectábilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3--6´ long), and a few-flowered 4 angled scape (4--7´ high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white.--Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. O. rotundifòlia, Pursh. Stem naked above, 1_-leaved at base_ (5--9´ high), from a slender creeping rootstock; leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (1½--3´ long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4--6´´ long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richardson.)--Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward.

16. HABENÀRIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIS.

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another); otherwise nearly as in true Orchis; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.)

§ 1. GYMNADÈNIA. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)

1. H. tridentàta, Hook. Stem slender (6--12´ high), with a single oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above; spike 6--12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip wedge-oblong, truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upward, longer than the ovary.--Wet woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains to N. C. June, July.--Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes!

2. H. íntegra, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them tuber-like); stem several-leaved (15´ high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical; flowers orange-yellow, small, lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped descending spur.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. July.--Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy; beak or middle appendage narrow.

3. H. nívea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1--1½° high, many-leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4--8´ long, the others small and bract-like; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; flowers white, small; petals and entire lip linear-oblong; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, which is not twisted.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug.

§ 2. PERULÀRIA. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each extended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)

4. H. viréscens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender club-shaped spur.--Wet places, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. June, July.--Stem 10--20´ high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish.

§ 3. PLATANTHÈRA. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)

[*] Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate; stem leafy.

[+] Spur short and sac-like; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect; glands small, rather widely separated.

5. H. bracteàta, R. Br. Stem 6--12´ high; lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2--4 times the length of the green flowers; spike 10--30-flowered; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2--3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, Reichenb.)--Damp woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., and far northward.

[+][+] Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip; lateral sepals spreading.

6. H. hyperbòrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6´--2° high); leaves lanceolate, erect; spike dense (2--15´ long); lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the (greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; glands orbicular; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak.--Peat bogs and wet cold woods, N. Eng. to N. Y., S. Ill., Iowa, and northward. June, July. (Eu.)

7. H. dilatàta, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves; flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the bases of the petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells almost parallel; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between the bases of the anther-cells.--Cold bogs, Conn. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward.

[*][*] Flowers greenish or white, 5--15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of the plant; scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at base (5--9´ high); spur not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely separated.

8. H. obtusàta, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3´´ long), about the length of the tapering and curving spur.--Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett, Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward.

9. H. Hoókeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3--4´ broad); scape mostly naked (½--1° high), bearing 10--20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-awl-shaped petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (nearly 1´ long).--Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa.--Var. OBLONGIFÒLIA, Paine, has oblong leaves (3--5´ by 1½--2´). N. Y. and Can.

10. H. orbiculàta, Torr. Leaves very large (4--8´ wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape bracted (1--2° high), bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; lip narrowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals; spur curved, slender (about 1½´ long), gradually thickened toward the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary; anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly ¼´ apart).--Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west to Mich. and Minn.

[*][*][*][*] (FRINGED ORCHIS.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, with mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur thread-shaped or scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip; anther-cells widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward or partly upward.

[+] Lip pectinately fringed but undivided; flowers golden yellow or white; anther-cells widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle projecting far forward or slightly inward; ovary long, tapering to the summit.

11. H. cristàta, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded (yellow) flowers; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; lip ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary.--Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July. Flowers very much smaller than in the next.

12. H. ciliàris, R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1½--2° high; leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the ovaries; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered; flowers bright orange-yellow; lateral sepal rounded, reflexed; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex; lip oblong (6´´ long), about half the length of the spur furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe.--Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex., west to Mich. and Ind. Our most handsome species.

13. H. blephariglóttis, Torr. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1° high; leaves, etc., as in the last; flowers white, rather smaller; petals spatulate, usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur.--Peat bogs and borders of ponds, Newf. to N. J., west to Mich. and Minn. July.--Var. HOLOPÉTALA, Torr., has narrower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed.

[+][+] (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions cut into capillary fringes; flowers greenish- or yellowish-white; anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases projecting forward; the large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing each other; ovary short-tapering above; spurs long, clavate.

14. H. leucophæ̀a, Gray. Stem 2--4° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of the lip (7--10´´ long) broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe; spur longer than the ovary (1--1½´ long); glands transversely oval.--Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo., and Minn. July.

15. H. lácera, R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the length of the ovary; glands oblong-linear, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass.--Bogs and moist thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; common. July.

[+][+][+] (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions erosely fringed; flowers purple; anther-cells widely separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique; ovary contracted only at the summit; the long curving spur somewhat clavate.

16. H. psycòdes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-flowered; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe.--Wet meadows and bogs, common; Newf. to N. C., west to Ind. and Minn. July, Aug.--Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4--10´ in length, small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely ½´ broad and not so long; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.

17. H. fimbriàta, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts; spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pendent large lip (¾--1´ broad) fan-shaped, more fringed.--Wet meadows, N. Scotia to N. J. and N. C., west to Mich. June.--Flowers fewer (lilac-purple), 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding.

18. H. peramœ̀na, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered; lower sepals round-ovate; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw; divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed.--Moist meadows and banks, Penn. and N. J. to Ill., and south in the mountains. Aug.--Flowers large and showy (violet-purple); the lip paler and 8--10´´ long, variably toothed, but not fringed.

17. CYPRIPÈDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. MOCCASON-FLOWER.

Sepals spreading; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined; on each side a fertile stamen, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-granular; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen in most of our species, especially in n. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches it, carrying away some of the pollen.--Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name composed of Κύπρις, Venus, and πόδιον, a sock or buskin, i.e. Venus's Slipper.)

§ 1. The three sepals separate; stem leafy; flower solitary, drooping.

1. C. arietìnum, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Stem slender (6--10´ high); upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (greenish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip (6´´ long), which is somewhat pubescent, especially within, and prolonged at the apex into a short blunt conical point; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth.--Cold swamps and damp woods, Maine to N. Y., Mich. and Minn., and northward.

§ 2. Two of the sepals united into one under the lip.

[*] Stem leafy to the top, 1--3-flowered; lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much inflated, horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice.

[+] Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the lip.

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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 4 of 6)

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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee (part 4 of 6)