The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 6 of 7)

The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 6 of 7)

Spoons used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 141, 148, 189

Sports, athletic, at harvest, vii. 76 sq. See also Contests, Games

Spottiswoode, in Berwickshire, harvest customs at, vii. 153 sq.

Sprachbrücken, in Hesse, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Sprained leg, Scotch cure for, by means of nine knots in a black thread, iii. 304 sq.

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, their wreaths at Midsummer, xi. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, his practice of shaving the heads of witches and wizards, xi. 158

Sprigs, green, placed on stumps of felled trees, ii. 37 sq.

Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, iv. 266 sqq.; called Persephone, vi. 41; ceremony at beginning of, in China, viii. 10 sqq.; rites to ensure the revival of life in, ix. 400

“——, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, iv. 186 sq.

—— and summer, myths of divinities and spirits to be told only in, iii. 384

Spring customs and harvest customs compared, vii. 167 sqq.

—— equinox, drama of Summer and Winter at the, iv. 257; custom of swinging at the, iv. 284; (vernal), sacrifice to Cronus at the, ix. 352

—— festival of Dionysus, vii. 15

Spring, oracular, at Dodona, ii. 172; sacrificial, at Upsala, ii. 364; external soul in a, xi. 156. See also Springs

Springbok, why Bushman hunters will not eat, viii. 141

Springs troubled to procure rains, i. 301; hot, resorted to by women in order to get offspring, ii. 161, v. 213 sqq.; which confer prophetic powers, ii. 172; oracular, iv. 79 sq.; worship of hot, v. 206 sqq.; bathing in, at Midsummer, v. 246, 247, 248, 249; underground, detected by divining-rod, xi. 67 sq.

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, xi. 69 sqq.; reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, xi. 69 sq.

Sprinkling with holy water, iii. 285 sq.

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 43 sq.

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Squashes, the spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, x. 9

Squills used to beat human scapegoats and image of Pan, ix. 255 sq.

Squirrels in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; asked to give new teeth, i. 180; souls of dead in, viii. 291 sq.; burnt in the Easter bonfires, x. 142, xi. 40

Squirting water as a rain-charm, i. 249 sq., 277 sq.; on people at Midsummer, v. 248, x. 193

Sri, Hindoo goddess of crops, vii. 182

Srongtsan Gampo, king of Tibet, introduced Buddhism into Tibet, iii. 20

Stabbing men’s shadows in order to injure the men, iii. 78, 79

—— reflections in water to injure the persons reflected, iii. 93

—— a transformed witch or were-wolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, x. 315

Stade, Hans, captive among Brazilian Indians, on their distrust of books, iii. 231

Stadium, the Olympic, iv. 287

Staffordshire, All Souls’ Day in, vi. 79; the Yule log in, x. 256

Stag, emblem of longevity, i. 169 n. 1

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, x. 288 sq.

Stammering, homoeopathic charm to cure, i. 156

Standard of conduct shifted from natural to supernatural basis, iii. 213

——, Egyptian, resembling a placenta, vi. 156 n. 1; Egyptian cubit, deposited in the temple of Serapis, xi. 217

Standing on one foot, custom of, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156; on sacrificed human victim as a purificatory rite, ix. 218

Stanikas, male children of sacred prostitutes in Southern India, v. 63

Star, falling, in magic, i. 84; falling, as totem, iv. 61

—— of Bethlehem, v. 259, ix. 330

——, the Evening, in Keats’s last sonnet, i. 166

——, the Morning, said to have enjoined human sacrifices on the Pawnees, vii. 238; personated by a man, ix. 238

—— of Salvation, v. 258

Star-spangled cap of Attis, v. 284

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 100

Stars, time when the stars are vanishing, i. 83 n. 2; the souls of Egyptian gods in, iv. 5; shooting, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.; shooting, associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 sqq.; their supposed influence on human destiny, iv. 65 sq., 67 sq.; effect of agriculture in stimulating a knowledge of the, vii. 307; their supposed influence on the weather, vii. 318

Starvation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242, 243

Statius, on the festival of Diana at Nemi, i. 12 n. 2; on the grove of Egeria, i. 18 n. 4

Statue beheaded instead of man, iv. 158

Stebbing, E. B., on Loranthus vestitus in India, xi. 317 n. 2

Steele, Sir Richard, on titular kings in the Temple, ix. 333

Steiermark, Marburg in, the corn-spirit as wolf and bear at, viii. 327

Steinau, in Kurhessen, the Fox in the corn at, vii. 296

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the discovery of fire by friction, ii. 257 n. 1; on the bull-roarer, xi. 233 n. 2

Steinn in Hringariki, barrow of Halfdan at, vi. 100

Stelis, a kind of mistletoe, xi. 317, 318

Stella Maris, an epithet of the Virgin Mary, vi. 119

Stengel, P., on sacrificial ritual of Eleusis, v. 292 n. 3

Stepmother, marriage with a, as a title to the throne, ii. 283, iv. 193

Stepping over persons or things forbidden, iii. 159 sq., 194, 423 sqq.; over dead panther, iii. 219; or jumping over a woman, viii. 70 n. 1 See also Jumping

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, x. 203, 338

Sterilizing influence ascribed to barren women, i. 142

Sternberg, Leo, on the bear-festivals of the Gilyaks, viii. 196, 199 n. 1, 201 sq.; on attitude of the Gilyaks towards animals, viii. 206; on the belief in demons among the Gilyaks, ix. 101 sq.

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, x. 274

Stettin, the Old Man at harvest in the villages near, vii. 220 sq.

Stevens, Captain John, on a temporary substitute for a Shah of Persia, iv. 158 sq.

Stevens, H. Vaughan, on fire-making among the Djakuns, ii. 236

Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda Coxe, on the Zuni custom of killing tortoises from a sacred lake, viii. 179

Stewart, Balfour, on the conservation of energy, viii. 262 n. 1

Stewart, C. S., on Polynesian atua, i. 387 n. 1

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, xi. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft in the Highlands, x. 342 n. 4

Stheni, near Delphi, old chestnut trees at, xi. 317

Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, ix. 264 sq. See also Digging-sticks

——, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, x. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, x. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, x. 121; preserve wheat from blight and mildew, x. 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, x. 165, 166, 173, 174; a charm against lightning and foul weather, x. 174, 187, 188, 190; kept to make the cattle thrive, x. 180; thrown into wells to improve the water, x. 184; a protection against thunder, x. 184, 192

——, sacred, representing ancestors, ii. 214, 216, 222 sqq. See also Churinga

—— and stones, evils transferred to, ix. 8 sqq.; piled on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 sqq. See also Throwing

—— whittled, in religious rites, viii. 185, 186 n., 192, 196, 278, ix. 261, x. 138 n. 1

Stiens of Cambodia propitiate the souls of the animals which they kill, viii. 237

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, x. 343 n., 345

Stigand, Captain C. H., on the sacrifice of the first-born among tribes to the south of Abyssinia, iv. 182

Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, ix. 263, x. 61, 62 sq.; as a form of purification, x. 61 sqq.

Stipiturus malachurus, emu-wren, men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, xi. 216

Stlatlum Indians of British Columbia respect the animals and plants which they eat, vi. 44

Stockholm, leaf-market on the Eve of St. John at, ii. 65

Stocks, sacred, among the Semites, v. 107 sqq.

Stolen kail, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 234 sq.

Stomach of eater, certain foods forbidden to meet in, viii. 83 sqq.

Stone used in ceremony to facilitate childbirth, i. 74; supposed to cure jaundice, i. 80; bitten by a dog in homoeopathic magic, i. 157; treading on a, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 160; magic of heavy, vii. 100; toothache nailed into a, ix. 62; look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, x. 46; external soul in a, xi. 125 n. 1, 156; precious, external soul of khan in a, xi. 142; magical, put into body of novice at initiation, xi. 271

Stone, the Hairy, at Midsummer, x. 212

——, holed, in magic, to make sunshine, i. 313

——, sacred, used in purification of murderer, i. 26; (lapis manalis), used in rain-making at Rome, i. 310, ii. 183

Stone Age in Denmark, ii. 352; agriculture in the, vii. 79, 132

—— -curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80

—— knives and arrow-heads used in religious ritual, iii. 228

—— -throwing as a fertility charm, i. 39; at Mecca, rite of, ix. 24; in ancient Greece, ix. 24 sq.

Stonehaven, the last sheaf called the Bride at, vii. 163

Stones anointed in order to avert bullets from warriors, i. 130; tied to trees to make them bear fruit, i. 140; magical, which cause boils, i. 147; homoeopathic magic of, i. 160 sqq.; oaths upon, i. 160 sq.; employed to make fruits and crops grow, i. 162 sqq.; thrown on grave as a rain-charm, i. 286; rain-making by means of, i. 304 sqq., 345, 346; in charms to make the sun shine, i. 312, 313, 314; put in trees to prevent sun from setting, i. 318; placed in trees to indicate height of sun, i. 318; in wind charms, i. 319, 322 sq.; oiled as a rain-charm, i. 346; human souls conveyed into, iii. 66, 73; ghosts in, iii. 80; on which a man’s shadow should not fall, iii. 80; fastened to last sheaf, vii. 135 sq., 138, 139; criminal crushed between, at Mexican harvest-festival, vii. 237; worshipped, viii. 127 sq.; heaped up near shrines of saints, ix. 21 sq.; communion by means of, ix. 21 sq.; thrown at demons, ix. 131, 146, 152; thrown into Midsummer fire, x. 183, 191, 212; placed round Midsummer fires, x. 190; carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, x. 205, 212; at Hallowe’en fires, divination by, x. 230 sq., 239, 240; used for curing cattle, x. 324, 325; magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, xi. 235

——, the Day of, the day of the new moon in the month of Bhadon (August), i. 279

Stones, holed, custom of childless women passing through, v. 36, xi. 187; to commemorate the dead, vi. 203; sick people passed through, xi. 186 sqq.

——, precious, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

——, sacred, anointed, v. 36; among the Semites, v. 107 sqq.; among the Khasis, v. 108 n. 1 See also Churinga

—— and sticks, evil transferred to, ix. 8 sqq.; piled on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 sqq. See also Throwing

Stoning, execution by, ix. 24 n. 2

Stoning human scapegoats, ix. 253, 254

Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, iv. 24

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, x. 205

Stopfer, maskers in Switzerland, ix. 239

Storeroom (penus), sacred, ii. 205 sq.

Stories told as charms, vii. 102 sqq.

Storm fiend exorcized by bells, ix. 246 sq.

Storms, Catholic priests thought to possess the power of averting, i. 232; thought to be caused by the spirits of the dead, ii. 183; caused by cutting or combing the hair, ii. 271, 282

Stourton, in Warwickshire, the Queen of May at, ii. 88

Stout, Professor G. F., on an argument for immortality, viii. 261 n. 1

Stow, in Suffolk, witch at, i. 210

Stow, John, on Lords of Misrule, quoted, ix. 331 sq.; on Midsummer fires in London, x. 196 sq.

Strabo, on a marriage custom of the Samnites, ii. 305; on the use of acorn-bread in Spain, ii. 355; on the concubines of Ammon, v. 72; on Albanian moon-god, v. 73 n. 4; on Castabala, v. 168 n. 6; his description of the Burnt Land of Lydia, v. 193; on the frequency of earthquakes at Philadelphia, v. 195; his description of Rhodes, v. 195 n. 3; on Nysa, v. 206 n. 1; on the priests of Pessinus, v. 286; on the Sacaea, ix. 355, 369, 402 n. 1; on the sacred slaves at Comana, ix. 370 n. 4; on the worship of the goddess Ma at Comana, ix. 421 n. 1; on the sanctuary at Zela, ix. 421 n. 1; on the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14; on the human sacrifices of the Celts, xi. 32

Strack, H. L., on the accusations of ritual murder brought against the Jews, ix. 395 n. 3

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, x. 343 n.

Strange land, ceremonies at entering a, iii. 109 sqq.

Strangers, taboos on intercourse with, iii. 101 sqq.; suspected of practising magical arts, iii. 102; ceremonies at the reception of, iii. 102 sqq.; dread of, iii. 102 sqq.; spells cast by, iii. 112; killed, iii. 113; excluded from religious rites, vii. 94, 111, 187, 249; slain as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 217; regarded as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 225 sqq., 230 sq., 253; preferred as human victims, vii. 242

Strangulation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242, 243

Strap of wolf’s hide used by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

Strata of religion and society, viii. 36 sq.

Strath Fillan, the harvest Cailleach (Old Wife) in, vii. 166

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, Beltane bannocks near, x. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan on All Saints’ Day and Beltane in, xi. 184

Stratification of religion according to types of society, viii. 35 sqq.; of religious beliefs among the Malays, ix. 90 n. 1

Stratonicea in Caria, eunuch priest at, v. 270 n. 2; rule as to the pollution of death at, vi. 227 sq.

Straubing, in Lower Bavaria, the Corn-goat at cutting the last corn at, vii. 282

Straw, the Yule, vii. 301 sq.; of Shrovetide Bear used to make geese and hens lay eggs, viii. 326; wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, ix. 164; tied round trees to make them fruitful, x. 115

Straw-bear at Whittlesey, viii. 329

—— -bull, effigy placed on land of laggard farmer at harvest, vii. 289 sq.

—— -goat at threshing in Bavaria, vii. 286

—— -man placed on apple-tree on April 24th or 25th, viii. 6

Stream, burial under a running, iii. 15

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, x. 97; need-fire kindled between two running, x. 292

Strehlitz, in Silesia, athletic sports at harvest near, vii. 76; driving away witches on Good Friday near, ix. 157

Strength of people bound up with their hair, xi. 158 sq.

Strepsiades in Aristophanes, on the cause of rain, i. 285

Striking or throwing blindfold at corn, cocks, and hens, xi. 279 n. 4

String or thread used to tie soul to body, iii. 32 sq., 43, 51

String music in religion, v. 54

Strings, knotted, as amulets, iii. 309. See also Cords, Knots, and Threads

Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The, x. 6

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, at Midsummer, x. 163

Stromness in the Orkneys, witch at, i. 326

“Strong names” of kings of Dahomey, iii. 374

Strudeli and Strätteli, female spirits of the wood, driven away on Twelfth Night at Brunnen, ix. 165

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, x. 196

Struys, John, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, x. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, xi. 287 n. 1

Stuart Lake in British Columbia, Tinneh Indians about, x. 47

Stubbes, Phillip, his Anatomie of Abuses, ii. 66; on May-poles, ii. 66 sq.

Stubble-cock, name of harvest-supper in Silesia, vii. 277

Students of Fez, their mock sultan, iv. 152 sq.

Stuhlmann, Fr., on ceremony at entering a strange land, iii. 109

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, xi. 291 n. 2

Stumps of felled trees, green sprigs on, ii. 37 sq.

Stuttgart, saying as to wind in corn near, vii. 292

Styria, belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; the Corn-mother in, vii. 133; the Corn-goat at harvest in, vii. 283; fern-seed on Christmas night in, xi. 289

Styx, oath by the, iv. 70 n. 1; the passage of Aeneas across the, xi. 294

Su-Mu, a tribe of Southern China, said to be governed by a woman, vi. 211 n. 2

Sub-totems in Australia, xi. 275 n. 1

Subincision, use of blood shed at, i. 92, 94 sq.; among the aborigines of Central Australia, i. 92, 93, 95, 97, 154; in South-Eastern Australia, i. 202; at initiation of lads in Australia, xi. 227 sq., 234, 235

Sublician bridge at Rome, puppets of rushes annually thrown from the, viii. 107

Subordination of the individual to the community, the principle of ancient society, v. 300

Substitutes put to death instead of kings, iv. 56 sqq., 115, 160, 194 sq.; slaves killed as substitutes for their masters at a king’s funeral, iv. 117; for human sacrifices, iv. 124, 214 sqq., v. 146 sq., 219 sq., 285, 289, vi. 99, 221, ix. 396 sq., 408; voluntary, for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 sq., 273 sqq.; temporary, for the Shah of Persia, iv. 157 sqq.; voluntary, for corporal punishment in China, iv. 275 sq.; for animal sacrifices, viii. 95 n. 2

“Substitutes for a person” in China, puppets burnt to avert misfortune, viii. 104

Substitution of souls as a remedy for sickness, iii. 57; of puppet for soul of a sick man, iii. 62 sq.; of animals for human victims, iv. 124, 165, 166 n. 1, 177, vii. 24, 33 sq., 249; of child for parent in sacrifice, iv. 188, 194; of criminals for innocent victims in human sacrifices, iv. 195; of effigies for human victims in sacrifice, iv. 215, 217 sq., viii. 94 sqq.; of rice-cakes for human victims, viii. 89; of cakes for animal victims, viii. 95 n. 2

Subterranean Zeus, title of Pluto as god of fertility, vii. 66

Subugo tree revered by the Masai, ii. 16

Subura at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

Succession to the chieftainship or kingship alternating between several families, ii. 292 sqq.; in Polynesia, customs of, iv. 190 sq.; to the crown under mother-kin (female kinship), v. 44, vi. 18, 210 n. 1

—— to the kingdom, in ancient Latium, ii. 266 sqq.; determined by a race, ii. 299 sqq.; determined by mortal combat, ii. 322; through marriage with the king’s widow, ii. 283, iv. 193 sq.; through marriage with a sister, iv. 193 sq.; conferred by personal relics of dead kings, iv. 202 sq.

—— to the soul, iv. 196 sqq.

Sucla-Tirtha in India, expulsion of sins in, ix. 202

Sudan, the negroes of, their regard for the phases of the moon, vi. 141; ceremony of new fire in the, x. 134; human hyaenas in the, x. 313

Sudanese, their conduct in an earthquake, v. 198; their respect for ravens, viii. 221

Sudeten Mountains in Silesia, bonfires on Midsummer Eve on the, x. 170

Suffering, principle of vicarious, ix. 1 sq.; intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, x. 304

Sufferings and death of Dionysus, vii. 17

Suffetes of Carthage, v. 116

Suffocation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242

Suffolk, anointing the weapon instead of the wound in, i. 203; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; May Day custom as to hawthorn in bloom in, ii. 52; cure for ague in, ix. 68; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 2; duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, x. 303 sq.

Sufi II., Shah of Persia, temporary substitute for, iv. 158

Sugar-bag totem in Australia, v. 101

—— -cane cultivated, vii. 121, 123; custom at planting, viii. 119; first-fruits of, offered to the sugar-cane god, viii. 119

Suicide of Buddhist monks, iv. 42 sq.; epidemic of, in Russia, iv. 44 sq.; as a mode of revenge, iv. 141; by hanging, iv. 282

——, hand of, cut off, iv. 220 n.

——, religious, iv. 42 sqq., 54 sqq.; in India, iv. 54 sq.

Suicides, ghosts of, feared, iv. 220 n., v. 292 n. 3, ix. 17 sq.; custom observed at graves of, v. 93

Suk, the, of British East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344 sq.; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85; women’s work among the, vii. 117 sq.; their rule as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 84; give children the fat and hearts of lions to eat, viii. 142; their dread of menstruous women, x. 81

Sukandar River, in Mirzapur, ghosts shut up in a tree on the, ix. 60 sq.

Sulka (Sulkas), the, of New Britain, their way of stopping rain, i. 252 sq.; their rain-making by means of stones, i. 304; their sacred stones, ii. 148; their notion as to the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 155 n. 1; their dread of a woman in childbed, iii. 151; will not speak of their enemies by their proper name, iii. 331; tell stories only at evening or night, iii. 384 sq.; their belief as to meteors, iv. 65

Sulla at the temple of Diana on Mount Tifata, ii. 380; at Aedepsus, v. 212

“Sultan of the Oleander,” magical efficacy attributed by the Moors to the, x. 18

“—— of the Scribes,” an annual mock sultan at Fez, iv. 152 sq.

Sultan Bayazid and his soul, iii. 50

Sultans veiled, iii. 120

Sumatra, images used in evil magic in, i. 58; magical images to obtain offspring in, i. 71; pregnant woman not to stand at the door in, i. 114; homoeopathic magic at sowing rice in, i. 136; rain-charm by means of a black cat in, i. 291; rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 308 sq.; ceremony at felling a tree in, ii. 37; special language used in searching for camphor in, iii. 406 n. 2; spirits of gold mines treated with deference in, iii. 409; personification of the rice in, vii. 191 sq., 196 sq.; observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 315; kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212; tigers respected in, viii. 215 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 n.

Sumatra, the Battas (Bataks) of, i. 71, 193, 330, 398, ii. 41, 108, iii. 34, 45 sq., 104, 116, 296, 338, 405, v. 199, vi. 239, viii. 216, ix. 34, 87, 213; totemism among, xi. 222 sqq.

——, Central, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 193

——, Gayo, a district of, ii. 29, viii. 33

——, the Gayos of, ii. 125, iii. 409 n. 3, 410

——, Jambi kingdom in, iv. 154

——, the Karo-Bataks of, i. 277 sq., iii. 52, 263

——, the Kooboos of, xi. 162 n. 2

——, Lampong in, iii. 10

——, the Loeboes or Looboos of, vi. 264, xi. 182 sq.

——, Mandeling in, i. 192 sq., vii. 197, viii. 216

——, the Mandelings of, ii. 36, iii. 296

——, the Minangkabauers of, i. 58, 140, 193, iii. 32, 36, 41, vii. 191, viii. 211 sq., 215, x. 79

——, Northern, the Gayos of, ii. 36

——, Passier in, iv. 51

——, the Solok district of, i. 278

Sumba, East Indian island, custom as to the names of princes in, iii. 376; annual festival of the New Year and of the dead in, vi. 55 sq.

Sumerians, their origin and civilization, v. 7 sq.

Summer, bringing in the, ii. 74, iv. 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.; myths of gods and spirits not to be told in, iii. 385 sq.; on the Mediterranean rainless, v. 159 sq.; in Greece rainless, vii. 69

—— called Aphrodite, vi. 41

——, King of, chosen on St. Peter’s Day, x. 195

—— and winter, personal names different in, iii. 386; dramatic battle of, iv. 254 sq.

Summer festival of Adonis, v. 226, 232 n.

—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, iv. 90; swinging at the, iv. 280. See also Solstice

—— trees, carried from house to house in Silesia, iv. 246; compared to May-trees, iv. 251 sq.

Sun, prayers for children offered to the spirit of the, i. 72; prayers of women to the, after the departure of the warriors, i. 130; charm of the setting, i. 165 sq.; asked to give a new tooth, i. 181 sq.; magical control of the, i. 311 sqq.; charms to cause the sun to shine, i. 311 sqq.; prayers to the, at an eclipse, i. 312; ancient Egyptian ceremonies for the regulation of the, i. 312; human sacrifices offered by the Mexicans to the, i. 314 sq.; chief deity of the Rhodians, i. 315; supposed to drive in chariot, i. 315; chariots and horses dedicated by the Rhodians and kings of Judah to the, i. 315, viii. 45; horses sacrificed to the, i. 315 sq.; caught by net or string, i. 316; worshipped by the Lithuanians, i. 317 sq.; the father of the Incas, i. 415; Parthian monarchs the brothers of the, i. 417 sq.; incense deposited in sanctuaries of the, ii. 107; marriage of a woman to the, ii. 146 sq.; worshipped by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146; virgins of, in Peru, ii. 243 sqq.; not allowed to shine on sacred persons, iii. 3, 4, 6; sacrifices to, in ancient Egypt, iii. 227 n.; represented by a bull, iv. 71 sq.; represented as a man with a bull’s head, iv. 75; perhaps personated by the Olympic victors, iv. 91, vii. 86; sacrifice of first-born children to the, iv. 183 sq.; called “the golden swing in the sky,” iv. 279; Adonis interpreted as the, v. 228; Osiris interpreted as the, vi. 120 sqq.; called “the eye of Horus,” vi. 121; worshipped in Egypt, vi. 122, 123 sqq.; the power of regeneration ascribed to the, vi. 143 n. 4; time of sowing determined by observation of the, vii. 187; Japanese deities of the, vii. 212; first-fruits offered to the, vii. 237, viii. 117; temple of the, at Cuzco, vii. 310; primitive mechanisms for observation of the, vii. 314; festival of new fruits said to have been instituted by the, viii. 75; origin of the Yuchi Indians from the mother of the, viii. 75; the great chief of the Natchez descended from the, viii. 135; appeal to the, at confession of sins, ix. 3; reappearance of, in the Arctic regions, ceremonies at, ix. 124 sq., 125 n. 1; spirit who lives in the, ix. 186; hearts of human victims offered to the, ix. 279, 280 sq., 298; Mexican story of the creation of the, ix. 410; rule not to see the, x. 18 sqq.; not to shine on girls at puberty, x. 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, x. 68 n. 2; impregnation of women by the, x. 74 sq.; made to shine on women at marriage, x. 75; sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, x. 132; symbolized by a wheel, x. 334 n. 1, 335; in the sign of the lion, xi. 66 sq.; magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, xi. 71 sq.; in the sign of Sagittarius, xi. 82; calls men to himself through death, xi. 173, 174 n. 1; fern-seed procured by shooting at, on Midsummer Day, xi. 291; the ultimate cooling of the, xi. 307

——, the birth of the, at the winter solstice, heathen festival of, v. 303 sqq., x. 246, 331 sq.; Christmas, an old pagan festival of, v. 303 sqq., x. 246, 331 sq.

—— and Earth, marriage of the, ii. 98 sq., 148, v. 47 sq.

——, eclipses of the, ceremonies at, i. 311, 312; beliefs and practices as to, iv. 73 n. 2, 77, x. 162 n.; defilement or poison thought to be caused by, x. 162 n.

——, father of Alectrona, viii. 45

——, the Great, title of head chief of Natchez Indians, ii. 262, 263, viii. 77 sqq.

—— and Moon, their marriage celebrated by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 sq.; mythical and dramatic marriage of, iv. 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 90, 92, 105; conjunction of, viii. 15 n. 1

——, moon, and stars represented by globes at the Laurel-bearing festival at Thebes, iv. 88 sq.; human victims sacrificed to, by the heathen of Harran, vii. 261 sq.

——, priest of the, among the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 sq.; Athenian, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 n. 1

——, the rising, salutations to, vi. 193, ix. 416

——, the setting, homoeopathic magic of, i. 165 sq.; charms to prevent, i. 316 sqq., ix. 30 n. 2

——, temple of the, round, among Blackfoot Indians, ii. 147; at Cuzco, ii. 243, ix. 129, x. 132; at Baalbec, v. 163; among the Natchez, viii. 135

——, the Unconquered, Mithra identified with, v. 304

Sun-charms, i. 311 sqq., x. 331; the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292

—— clan of the Bechuanas, their magic to cause the sun to shine, i. 313

—— -dial of the Dyaks, vii. 314 n. 4

—— -god, the, Egyptian ceremony to aid, i. 67 sq.; sacrifice for sunshine to, i. 291; no wine offered to, i. 311; the titles of, transferred to the kings of Egypt, i. 418; the Egyptian, i. 418, 419, vi. 123 sqq., ix. 341; draws away souls, iii. 64 sq.; supposed to drive in a four-horse car, iv. 91; annually married to Earth-goddess, v. 47 sq.; hymns to, vi. 123 sq.; Sûrya, the Indian, xi. 1; wakened from his sleep by the fires of the Pongol festival, xi. 46

Sun goddess, the Mikado an incarnation of the, i. 417, iii. 2; of the Hittites, v. 133 n.; the Japanese, ix. 213 n. 1

—— -stone used in making sunshine, i. 314

Sunda, names of father and mother not to be mentioned in, iii. 341; names of princes or chiefs not to be uttered in, iii. 376; names of certain animals tabooed in, iii. 415. See also Sundanese

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, x. 280

Sundanese, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of house timber, i. 146; expel tree-spirit before they fell the tree, ii. 36. See also Sunda

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, xi. 288 n. 5

—— of the Firebrands, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, x. 107 sqq.

—— of the Rose, the fourth Sunday in Lent, iv. 222 n. 1

Sunderbans, tigers called jackals in the, iii. 403

Sunderland, cure for cough in, ix. 52

Sunflower roots, revered by the Thompson Indians, ii. 13; ceremony at eating the, viii. 81

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, x. 310

Suni Mohammedans of Bombay cover mirrors at a death, iii. 95

Sunkalamma, a goddess, her effigy made of rice and eaten sacramentally by the Malas of Southern India, viii. 93

Sunless, Prince, Acarnanian story of, x. 21

Sunset, stories not to be told before, iii. 384

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, x. 341 sq.

Süntevögel or Sunnenvögel, butterflies, expelled in Westphalia on St. Peter’s Day, ix. 159 n. 1

Superb warbler, called women’s “sister” among the Kurnai, xi. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Superhuman power supposed to be acquired by actors in sacred dramas, ix. 382, 383

Superiority of the goddess in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, vi. 201 sq.; of goddesses over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, vi. 202 sqq.; legal, of women over men in ancient Egypt, vi. 214

Supernatural basis of morality, iii. 213 sq.

—— beings, their names tabooed, iii. 384 sqq.

Superstition a crutch to morality, iii. 219; spring pageants originate in, iv. 269

Superstitions as to the making of pottery, ii. 204 sq.; as to shooting stars, iv. 60 sqq.; associated with the Twelve Nights, ix. 326 sqq.; as to women at menstruation, x. 76 sqq.; associated with May Day and Hallowe’en, x. 224; Index of, x. 270; about parasitic rowans, xi. 281 sq.; about trees struck by lightning, xi. 296 sqq.

Superstitious practices to procure good crops, vii. 100; at the Midsummer festival of St. John the Baptist, xi. 45

Supper, the harvest, vii. 134, 138. See Harvest-supper

Supplementary days in the Egyptian year, vi. 6, ix. 340 sq.; in the ancient Mexican year, vi. 28 n. 3; in the old Iranian year, vi. 67, 68; in the year of the Mayas of Yucatan, ix. 171, 340; in the Aztec year, ix. 339 sq. See also Intercalary

Supply of kings, iv. 134 sqq.

Supreme Being of the Ewe negroes, ix. 74 sq., 76 n. 1

—— Beings, otiose, in Africa, iv. 19 n.

—— God of the Oraons, ix. 92 sq.

—— gods in Africa, vi. 165, 173 sq., 174, 186, with note 5, 187 n. 1, 188 sq., 190

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, x. 169 sq.

Surinam, the Bush negroes of, ii. 385, viii. 26

Surrey, the weald of, ii. 7

Survival of the fittest, the principle of, apparently enunciated by Empedocles, viii. 306; stated by Aristotle, viii. 306

Sûrya, the Indian sun-god, xi. 1

Susa, to the south of Abyssinia, the king of, eats behind a curtain, iii. 119

——, in Persia, scene of the Book of Esther laid at, ix. 360, 366

Sussex, belief as to cast teeth in, i. 177 sq.; the weald of, ii. 7; belief in, as to ground on which blood has been shed, iii. 244; superstition as to clipped hair in, iii. 270 sq.; cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, xi. 169 sq.

Sutherland, the corp chre in, i. 69

Sutherlandshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 162; custom at eating new potatoes in, viii. 51; the need-fire in, x. 294 sq.; sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, xi. 131 sq.

Suzees of Sierra Leone, kings among the, iii. 18

Svayamvara, ancient Indian mode of determining a husband, ii. 306

Swabia, homoeopathic magic at sowing in, i. 138; stones tied to fruit-trees in, i. 140; the Harvest-May in, ii. 48; May-trees in, ii. 68; church bells rung on Midsummer morning in, to drive away witches, ii. 127; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 276; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 207; Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, iv. 230, 233; the Old Woman at harvest in, vii. 136; Altisheim in, vii. 136; the Oats-goat at harvest in, vii. 282; Gablingen in, vii. 282; last standing corn called the Cow in, vii. 289; the Cow at threshing in, vii. 290; Obermedlingen in, vii. 290; the thresher of the last corn called the Sow in, vii. 298 sq.; Friedingen in, vii. 298; Onstmettingen in, vii. 299; the “Twelve Lot Days” in, ix. 322; “burning the witch” on the first Sunday in Lent in, x. 116; custom of throwing lighted discs on the first Sunday in Lent in, x. 116 sq.; Easter fires in, x. 144 sq.; custom at eclipses in, x. 162 n.; the Midsummer fires in, x. 166 sq.; witches as hares and horses in, x. 318 sq.; the divining-rod in, xi. 68 n. 4; fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, xi. 289

Swabian custom as to child’s teething, i. 180

—— story of soul in form of mouse, iii. 39 n. 1

Swahili of East Africa, their New Year’s Day, ix. 226 n. 1; their ceremony of the new fire, x. 140; birth-trees among the, xi. 160 sq.; their story of an African Samson, xi. 314

Swahili charm by means of knotted cords, iii. 305 sq.

Swallow, wooden effigy of, carried about the streets on the first of March, viii. 322 n.

Swallow dance among the Kobeua and Kaua Indians of Brazil, ix. 381

—— Song, the Greek, viii. 322 n.

Swallowing of souls by shamans, iii. 76 sq.

Swallows as scapegoats, ix. 35; stones found in stomachs of, x. 17

Swami Bhaskaranandaji Saraswati, Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god, i. 404

Swan, J. G., on the masked dances of the Indians of North-Western America, ix. 376 sq.

Swan, guardian spirit of a woman as a, i. 200

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, xi. 144

Swan’s bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, x. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92

Swans, transmigration of bad poets into, viii. 308

Swans’ song in a fairy tale, xi. 124

Swanton, J. R., on the seclusion of girls at puberty among the Haida Indians, x. 45 n. 1

Swastika, carved on Hittite monument at Ibreez, v. 122 n. 1

Swazieland, knots as charms in, iii. 305

Swazies, the, of South-Eastern Africa, their rain-making, i. 249; their king a rain-maker, i. 350 sq.

Swearing on stones, i. 160 sq.

Sweat, contagious magic of, i. 206, 213; of famous warriors drunk, viii. 152

Sweating as a purification, iii. 142, 156, 184

Sweden, guardian-trees in, ii. 58; birch-twigs on the eve of May Day in, ii. 64 sq.; bonfires and May-poles at Midsummer in, ii. 65; Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92, v. 251; cattle crowned in spring in, ii. 127 n. 2; Frey and his priestess in, ii. 143 sq.; customs observed in, at turning out the cattle to graze for the first time in spring, ii. 341 sq.; oaks and pines in the peat-bogs of, ii. 352; dramatic contest between Winter and Summer on May Day in, iv. 254; Maypole or Midsummer-tree in, v. 250; kings of, answerable for the fertility of the ground, vi. 220; marriage custom in, to ensure the birth of a boy, vi. 262; custom at threshing in, vii. 149, 230; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; the Yule Boar in, vii. 300 sqq.; Christmas customs in, vii. 301 sq.; belief as to eating white snake in, viii. 146; magpies’ eggs and young carried from house to house on May Day in, viii. 321 n. 3; the Yule Goat in, viii. 327 sq.; heaps of stones or sticks to which passers-by add in, ix. 14; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15, 20 sq.; offerings at cairns in, ix. 27; customs observed on Yule Night in, x. 20 sq.; Easter bonfires in, x. 146; bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, x. 159, 336; Midsummer fires in, x. 172; the need-fire in, x. 280; bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29; “Midsummer Brooms” in, xi. 54; the divining-rod in, xi. 69, 291; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, xi. 82; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83; medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84; mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, xi. 85, 293; mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, xi. 86; mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John’s Eve in, xi. 86; Balder’s balefires in, xi. 87; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 170; crawling through a hoop as a cure in, xi. 184; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, xi. 281

Swedes, the heathen, their mimicry of thunder, i. 248 n. 1; sacrifice their kings in times of dearth, i. 366 sq.

Swedish kings, traces of nine years’ reign of, iv. 57 sq.

—— peasants stick leafy branches in corn-fields, ii. 47

—— popular belief that certain animals should not be called by their proper names, iii. 397

Sweeping misfortune out of house with brooms, ix. 5

—— out the town, annual ceremony of, ix. 135

Sweet potatoes cultivated in Africa, vii. 117; cultivated in South America, vii. 121; cultivated in Assam, vii. 123; cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123; offering of, to the god of sweet potatoes among the Maoris, viii. 133

Sweethearts of St. John at Midsummer in Sardinia, ii. 92, v. 244 sq.

Swelling and inflammation thought to be caused by eating out of sacred vessels or by wearing sacred garments, iii. 4

Swiftness in running, charm to ensure, i. 155

Swim or sink, in divination, i. 196; test used to determine a new incarnation, i. 413

Swine, herds of, in ancient Italy, ii. 354; a tabooed word to fishermen, iii. 394, 395; not eaten by people of Pessinus, v. 265; not eaten by worshippers of Adonis, v. 265; not allowed to enter Comana in Pontus, v. 265; souls of the dead in, viii. 296

——, wild, their ravages in the corn, viii. 31 sqq. See also Pigs

Swine’s flesh sacramentally eaten, viii. 20, 24; not eaten by worshippers of Attis, viii. 22; not eaten by Egyptian priests, viii. 24 n. 2 See also Pig’s flesh and Pork

Swineherds, their horns, ii. 354; forbidden to enter Egyptian temples, viii. 24

Swing in the Sky, the Golden, description of the sun, iv. 279

Swinging, festival of, at Athens, i. 46 n. 1; at ploughing rite in Siam, iv. 150, 151, 156 sq.; as a ceremony or magical rite, iv. 277 sqq.; on hooks run through the body, Indian custom, iv. 278 sq.; as a cure for sickness, iv. 279, 280 sq.; as a mode of inspiration, iv. 280; images as a funeral rite, iv. 282; as a ceremony of purification, iv. 282 sq.; as a festal rite in modern Greece, Spain, and Italy, iv. 283 sq.; for good crops, vii. 101, 103, 107

Swiss superstition as to knots in shrouds, iii. 310

Switzerland, the lake-dwellings of, ii. 353; the Corn-goat, Oats-goat, and Rye-goat at harvest in, vii. 283; the Wheat-cow, Corn-cow, Oats-cow, Corn-bull, etc., at harvest in, vii. 289, 291; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295; weather forecasts in, ix. 323; Lenten fires in, x. 118 sq.; new fire kindled by friction of wood in, x. 169 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 172; the Yule log in, x. 249; need-fire in, x. 279 sq., 336; people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 27; the belief in witchcraft in, xi. 42 n. 2; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61

Sword, biting a, as a charm, i. 160; girls married to a, v. 61

——, a magical, possessed by Fire King, ii. 5; sacrifices offered to it, ii. 5

Sword-fish thanked for being killed by the Ainos, viii. 251

Swords to frighten evil spirits, i. 186; used to ward off or expel demons, ix. 113, 118, 119, 120, 123, 203; carried by mummers, ix. 245, 251

——, golden, iv. 75

Sycamore at doors on May Day, ii. 60; effigy of Osiris placed on boughs of, vi. 88, 110; sacred to Osiris, vi. 110

Sycamores worshipped in ancient Egypt, ii. 15; sacred among the Gallas, ii. 34

Syene, held by a Roman garrison, iv. 144 n. 2; inscriptions at, vi. 35 n. 1

Syleus, a Lydian, compelled passers-by to dig in his vineyard, vii. 257 sq.; killed by Hercules, vii. 258

Sylvan deities in classical art, ii. 45

Symbolism, coarse, of Osiris and Dionysus, vi. 112, 113

Symmachus on the festival of the Great Mother, v. 298

Sympathetic magic, i. 51 sqq., iii. 164, 201, 204, 258, 268, 287, iv. 77, vii. 102, 139, viii. 33, 271, 311 sq., ix. 399; its two branches, i. 54; examples of, i. 55 sqq. See also Magic

—— relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed through it, xi. 170, 171 n. 1, 172; between man and animal, xi. 272 sq.

Sympathy, magical, between a man and severed portions of his person, i. 175, iii. 267 sq., 283

Synonyms adopted in order to avoid naming the dead, iii. 359 sqq.; in the Zulu language, iii. 377; in the Maori language, iii. 381

Syntengs of Assam, iv. 55. See Jaintias

Syracuse, funeral games in honour of Timoleon at, iv. 94; the Blue Spring at, v. 213 n. 1

Syrakoi chose as king the man with the longest head, ii. 297

Syria, charm to make fruit-trees bear in, i. 140; oak-tree worshipped in, ii. 16; St. George in, ii. 346, v. 78, 79, 90; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; Adonis in, v. 13 sqq.; “holy men” in, v. 77 sq.; hot springs resorted to by childless women in, v. 213 sqq.; subject to earthquakes, v. 222 n. 1; the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, v. 303; turning money at the new moon in, vi. 149; bones of sacrificial victim not broken in, viii. 258 n. 2; precaution against caterpillars in, viii. 279; stones piled on graves of robbers in, ix. 17; practice of raising cairns near sacred places in, ix. 21; Aphrodite and Adonis in, ix. 386; restrictions on menstruous women in, x. 84

Syrian bridegroom must have no knots on his garments, iii. 300

—— custom of saluting the rising sun, ix. 416

—— god Hadad, v. 15

—— goddess at Hierapolis, hair offered to the, i. 29

—— mother, her vow, iii. 263

—— peasants believe that women can conceive without sexual intercourse, v. 91

—— witch, her procedure described by Lucian, iii. 270

—— women bathe in the Orontes to procure offspring, ii. 160; resort to hot springs to obtain offspring, ii. 161, v. 213 sqq.; apply to saints for offspring, ii. 346, v. 78, 79, 90, 109

—— writer on the reasons for assigning Christmas to the twenty-fifth of December, v. 304 sq.

Syrians, their religious attitude to pigs, viii. 23; esteemed fish sacred, viii. 26

Syrmia, the Yule log in, x. 262 sq.

Syro-Macedonian calendar, iv. 116 n. 1, ix. 358 n. 1

Szagmanten, in Tilsit district, the last sheaf at harvest called the Old Rye-woman at, vii. 232

Szis, the, of Upper Burma, the Father and Mother of the Paddy (unhusked rice) among, vii. 203 sq.

Ta-cul-lies, native name of the Carrier Indians, iii. 215 n. 2

Ta-ta-thi tribe of New South Wales, their mode of making rain by crystals, i. 304

Tâ-uz (Tammuz), mourned by Syrian women in Harran, v. 230

Taanach, in Palestine, burial of children in jars at, v. 109 n. 1

Taara, the thunder-god of the Esthonians, ii. 367

Tabali, in South Nigeria, precaution as to the spittle of chiefs at, iii. 289

Tabari, Arab chronicler, his story how King Sapor took the city of Atrae, x. 82 sq.

Tabaristan, rain-producing cave in, i. 301

Table, leaping from, a charm to make crops grow high, i. 138, 139 n.

Tablets of destiny wrested by Marduk from Ningu, iv. 110

Taboo, or negative magic, i. 111 sqq., 143; of chiefs and kings in Tonga, iii. 133 sq.; of chiefs in New Zealand, iii. 134 sqq.; Esquimau theory of, iii. 210 sqq.; the meaning of, iii. 224; conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, x. 6 sq.

——, sanctity, and uncleanness, their equivalence in primitive thought, iii. 285; sanctity and uncleanness not differentiated in the notion of, viii. 23

Taboo rajah and chief, iii. 24 sq.

Tabooed acts, iii. 101 sqq.

—— hands, iii. 133, 134, 138, 140 sqq., 146 sqq., 158, 159 n., 174, 265

—— men at festival of wild mango in New Guinea, x. 7 sq.

—— persons, iii. 131 sqq.; fed by others, iii. 133, 134 n. 1, 138, 138 n. 1, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148 n. 1, 166, 167, 265; secluded, iii. 165; kept from contact with the ground, x. 2 sqq.

—— things, iii. 224 sqq.; kept from contact with the ground, x. 7 sqq.

—— village, viii. 122

—— women at festival of wild mango in New Guinea, x. 8

—— words, iii. 318 sqq.

Taboos, homoeopathic, i. 116; contagious, i. 117; on food, i. 117 sqq., iii. 291 sqq.; laid on the parents of twins, i. 262, 263 sq., 266; royal and priestly, iii. 1 sqq.; on intercourse with strangers, iii. 101 sqq.; on eating and drinking, iii. 116 sqq.; on showing the face, iii. 120 sqq.; on quitting the house, iii. 122 sqq.; on leaving food over, iii. 126 sqq.; on persons who have handled the dead, iii. 138 sqq.; on mourners, iii. 138 sqq.; on lads at initiation, iii. 141 sq., 156 sq.; on warriors, iii. 157 sqq.; on man-slayers, iii. 165 sqq.; on murderers, iii. 187 sq.; on hunters and fishers, iii. 190 sqq.; transformed into ethical precepts, iii. 214; survivals of, in morality, iii. 218 sq.; as spiritual insulators, iii. 224; on sharp weapons, iii. 237 sqq.; on blood, iii. 239 sqq.; relating to the head, iii. 252 sqq.; on hair, iii. 258 sqq.; on spittle, iii. 287 sqq.; on knots and rings, iii. 293 sqq.; on words, iii. 318 sqq., 392 sqq.; on personal names, iii. 318 sqq.; on names of relations, iii. 335 sqq.; on the names of the dead, iii. 349 sqq.; on names of kings and chiefs, iii. 374 sqq.; on names of supernatural beings, iii. 384 sqq.; on names of gods, iii. 387 sqq.; on common words, iii. 392 sqq.; on common words based on a fear of spirits or of animals supposed to be endowed with human intelligence, iii. 416 sqq.; communal, vii. 109 n. 2; agricultural, vii. 187; relating to milk, viii. 83 sq.; regulating the lives of divine kings, x. 2

Taboos observed in fishing and hunting on the principle of sympathetic magic, i. 113 sqq.; by children in the absence of their fathers, i. 116, 119, 122, 123, 127, 131; by wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 116, 119, 120, 121, 122 sqq., 127 sqq.; by sisters in the absence of their brothers, i. 122, 123, 125, 127; by parents of twins, i. 262, 263 sq., 266; after house-building, ii. 40; for the sake of the crops, ii. 98, 105 sqq.; by fathers of twins, ii. 102, iii. 239 sq.; by Brahman fire-priests, ii. 248; by the Flamen Dialis, ii. 248, iii. 13 sq.; by herd-boys while watching the herds, ii. 331; by the Mikado, iii. 3 sq.; by headmen in Assam, iii. 11; by ancient kings of Ireland, iii. 11 sq.; by the Bodia or Bodio, iii. 15; by sacred milkmen among the Todas, iii. 16 sqq.; by a priest in Celebes, iii. 129; by mourners, iii. 235 sq.; by searchers for lignum aloes, iii. 404; at the sowing festival among the Kayans, vii. 94, 187; by enchanters of crops among the Kai, vii. 100; at the sanctuary of Alectrona in Rhodes, viii. 45; at the sanctuary of the Mistress at Lycosura, viii. 46; after the capture of a ground seal, walrus, or whale among the Esquimaux, viii. 246; by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, x. 4

Tabor, in Bohemia, custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 237 sq.

Tacitus, Germans in the time of, ii. 285; on the sacred groves of the Germans, ii. 363 n. 6; as to German observation of the moon, vi. 141; on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, xi. 28 n. 1; on the goddess Nerthus, xi. 28 n. 1

Taenarum in Laconia, Poseidon worshipped at, v. 203 n. 2

Tagales of the Philippines, their excuse to tree-spirit for felling the tree, ii. 36 sq.

Tagalogs of the Philippines, their reverence for flowers and trees, ii. 18 sq.

Tagbanuas of the Philippines, their custom of sending spirits of disease away in little ships, ix. 189

Tahiti, seclusion of women after childbirth in, iii. 147; kings and queens of, not to be touched, iii. 226; sanctity of the head in, iii. 255 sq.; remarkable rule of succession in, iv. 190; funeral custom to prevent return of ghost in, viii. 97; offerings of first-fruits in, viii. 132; transference of sins in, ix. 45 sq.; king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, x. 3; the fire-walk in, xi. 11. See also Tahitians

——, kings of, deified, i. 388; abdicate on birth of a son, iii. 20; their names not to be pronounced, iii. 381 sq.

Tahitians buried their cut hair at temples, iii. 274; burned or buried their shorn hair for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281; their notions as to eclipses of the sun and moon, iv. 73 n. 2; their belief in the action of spirits, ix. 80 sq.; the New Year of the, xi. 244

Tahuata, human god in the island of, i. 387 n. 1

Tai-chow, district of China, voluntary martyrdom of Buddhist monks in, iv. 42

Tâif, custom of polling the hair after a journey at, iii. 261

Taigonos Peninsula, the Koryaks of the, ix. 126

Tail of corn-spirit, vii. 268, 272, 300, viii. 10, 43; of sacrificial horse cut off, viii. 42, 43. See also Tails

“Tail-money” given to herdsmen on St. George’s Day, ii. 331

Tailltenn, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Tailltiu or Tailltin, in County Meath, now Teltown, the fair of, iv. 99, 101; pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Tailltiu, foster-mother of Lug, iv. 99

Tails of cats docked as a magical precaution, iii. 128 sq.

Tails of cattle, fire tied to, in rain-charm, i. 302

Tain tribe of Dinkas, influence of rain-maker over the, iv. 32

Taiping rebellion, i. 414

Tajan, the Dyaks of, forbidden to mention the names of parents and grandparents, iii. 340

—— and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, bride and bridegroom not allowed to touch the earth among the Dyaks of, x. 5; birth-trees among the Dyaks of, xi. 164

Tak, mountain in Tabaristan, rain-making cave on, i. 301

Takhas, the, worship the cobra, i. 383 n. 4; on border of Cashmeer, inspired prophets among, i. 383

Takilis or Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, iv. 199. See Carrier Indians

Takitount, in Algeria, rain-making at, i. 250

Talaga Bodas, volcano in Java, sulphureous exhalations at, v. 204

Talaings, the, of Lower Burma, their customs as to the last sheaf at rice-harvest, vii. 190 sq.

Talbot, P. Amaury, on self-mutilation among the Ekoi, v. 271 n.; on external human souls in animals in West Africa, xi. 208 n. 1, 209 n. 1

Talegi, Motlav word for external soul, xi. 198

Taleins, the, of Burma, their worship of demons, ix. 96

Tales, wandering souls in popular, iii. 49 sq.; told as charms, vii. 102 sqq.; the resurrection of the body in popular, viii. 263 sqq.; of maidens forbidden to see the sun, x. 70 sqq.; the external soul in popular, xi. 95 sqq.

Tāli tied to bride, Hindoo marriage symbol, ii. 57 n. 4

Talismans possessed by the Fire King of Cambodia, ii. 5; crowns and wreaths as, vi. 242 sq.; of cities, x. 83 n. 1 See also Amulets

——, public, iii. 317 n. 1; in antiquity, i. 365 n. 7

Talmud, the, on Purim, ix. 363; on menstruous women, x. 83

Talos, a bronze man, perhaps identical with the Minotaur, iv. 74 sq.

Tamanachiers, Indian tribe of the Orinoco, their story of the origin of death, ix. 303

Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 61 n. 3

Tamanawas or tamanous, guardian spirits, ix. 376 n. 3; dramatic performances of myths, ix. 376, 377

Tamaniu, external soul in the Mota language, xi. 198 sq., 220

Tamara, island off New Guinea, belief in the transmigration of human souls into pigs in, viii. 296

Tamarind married to a mango in India, ii. 25

Tamarind-trees sacred, ii. 42, 44, 46

Tamarisk, sacred to Osiris, vi. 110 sq.; Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, x. 105

Tamarisk branches used to beat people ceremonially, ix. 263

Tambaran, demons, among the Melanesians of New Britain, ix. 82, 83

Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their theory of earthquakes, v. 198; their rites of initiation, xi. 239 sqq.

Tamil temples, dancing-girls in, v. 61

Tamirads, a family of diviners in Cyprus, v. 42

Tammuz or Adonis, v. 6 sqq.; in the East perhaps replaced by St. George, ii. 346; the summer lamentations for, iv. 7; his relation to Adonis, v. 6 n. 1; his worship of Sumerian origin, v. 7 sq.; “true son of the deep water,” v. 8, 246; laments for, v. 9 sq.; mourned for at Jerusalem, v. 11, 17, 20, ix. 400; as a corn-spirit, v. 230; his bones ground in a mill, v. 230, vii. 258; perhaps represented by the mock king of the Sacaea, vii. 258 sq.; the lover of Ishtar, ix. 371, 373; annual death and resurrection of, ix. 398. See also Adonis

—— and Ishtar, v. 8 sq., ix. 399, 406

Tammuz, a Babylonian month, v. 10 n. 1, 230, vii. 259

Tana (Tanna), one of the New Hebrides, contagious magic of clothes in, i. 206; power of the disease-makers in, i. 341; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127 sq.; dead ancestors worshipped as gods in, viii. 125; first-fruits offered to ancestors in, viii. 125 sq.

Tanala, the, of Madagascar, their custom at circumcision, iii. 227; their mode of averting ill-luck from children, vii. 9; believe that the souls of the dead transmigrate into animals, viii. 290

Tanaquil, the Queen, wife of Tarquin, story of the birth of Servius Tullius in connexion with, ii. 195

Tanatoa, deified king of Raiatea, i. 387 sq.

Tang dynasty of China, custom of marrying girls to the Yellow River under the, ii. 152

Tanga Coast of East Africa, belief as to mischievous spirits of trees on the, ii. 34

Tanganyika, Lake, Urua to the west of, i. 395; human victims thrown into, ii. 158; Winamwanga tribe to the south of, ii. 293, viii. 112; the Awemba to the west of, vii. 115; custom of carriers on the plateau between Lake Nyassa and, ix. 10; seclusion of girls at puberty among the tribes of the plateau to the west of, x. 24

—— plateau, custom as to the planting of bananas among the natives of the, vii. 115

Tangier, the Barley Bride among the Berbers near, vii. 178

Tangkhuls of Manipur, licence before sowing among the, ii. 100

Tangkul Nagas of Assam, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 57 sqq.; their tug-of-war, ix. 177

Tani, a god in the Society Islands, first-fruits presented to, viii. 132 sq.

Tanjore, dancing-girls at, v. 61; the Rajah of, his sins transferred to Brahmans, ix. 44

Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, xi. 157

Tanneteya, in Celebes (?), vii. 196 n.

Tano, a fetish, on the Ivory Coast, viii. 287

Tanoe, River, on the Ivory Coast, viii. 287

Tantad, Midsummer bonfire, in Lower Brittany, x. 183

Tantalus, king of Sipylus, ancestor of the Pelopidae, ii. 279; murders his son Pelops, v. 181

Taoism, religious head of, i. 413 sqq.; defined as “exorcising polytheism,” ix. 99

Taoist treatise on the soul, xi. 221

Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, the Mauhes on the, x. 62

Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, xi. 103

Tapia, a malignant ghost in San Cristoval, iii. 56

Tapio, woodland god in Finland, ii. 124

Tapir, custom of Indians after killing a, viii. 236

Tapirs, souls of dead in, viii. 285

Tapping a palm-tree for wine in Java, ceremony at, ii. 100 sq.

Tapuiyas, the, of Brazil, worshipped the Pleiades, vii. 309

Tar as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 53; to keep out ghosts and witches, ix. 153 n. 1 See also Pitch

Tar-barrels burnt at Up-helly-a’, in Lerwick, ix. 169; burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, x. 169; burnt at Midsummer among the Esthonians, x. 180; burnt on Hogmanay at Burghead, x. 266 sq.; procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve in Lerwick, x. 268

Tara, the capital of ancient Ireland, the sun not to rise on the king of Ireland in his bed at, iii. 11; no king with a personal blemish allowed to reign over Ireland at, iv. 39; pagan cemetery at, iv. 101; new fire kindled in spring in the King’s house at, x. 158

Tarahumares of Mexico, their charm to secure victory in race, i. 150; their homoeopathic charm to make them fleet of foot, i. 155; their rain-making by making smoke, i. 249; their rain-charm by dipping a plough in water, i. 284; their worship of water-serpents, ii. 156 sq.; their belief as to shooting stars, iv. 62; ceremonies performed by them at hoeing, ploughing, and harvest, vii. 227 sq.; sacrifice to the Master of Fish, viii. 252; their custom of adding sticks or stones to heaps, ix. 10; their dances for the crops, ix. 236 sqq.

Tarascon, the dragon of, ii. 170 n. 1

Tarashchansk district of Russia, rain-making in the, i. 285

Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, x. 207

Tari Pennu, Earth Goddess of the Khonds, human sacrifices offered to her for the crops, vii. 245

Tarianas, the, of the Amazon, their custom of drinking the ashes of the dead, viii. 157

Tarija, in Bolivia, Earth-mothers at, vii. 173 n.

Tark, Tarku, Trok, Troku, syllables in names of Cilician priests, v. 144; perhaps the name of a Hittite deity, v. 147; perhaps the name of the god of Olba, v. 148, 165

Tarkimos, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Tarkondimotos, name of two Cilician kings, v. 145 n. 2

Tarkuaris, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145; priestly king of Olba, v. 145

Tarkudimme or Tarkuwassimi, name on Hittite seal, v. 145 n. 2

Tarkumbios, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Tarnow, district of Galicia, wreath made out of last sheaf called the Wheat-mother, Rye-mother, or Pea-mother in, vii. 135

Taro, magical stones to promote the growth of, i. 162; charms for growth of, vii. 100, 102

Taro plants beaten to make them grow, ix. 264

Tarquin the Elder, husband of Tanaquil, ii. 195; succeeded by his son-in-law, ii. 270; his sons, ii. 270 n. 3; his descent, ii. 270 n. 6; murdered, ii. 320

Tarquin the Proud, sacred precinct on the Alban Mount dedicated by, ii. 187; uncle of L. Junius Brutus, ii. 290; his attempt to shift the line of descent of the Roman kingship, ii. 291 sq.

Tarquitius Priscus, on unlucky trees, iii. 275 n. 3

Tarsus in Cilicia, climate and fertility of, v. 118; school of philosophy at, v. 118; Sandan and Baal at, v. 142 sq., 161; priesthood of Hercules at, v. 143; Fortune of the City on coins of, v. 164; divine triad at, v. 171

——, the Baal of, v. 117 sqq., 162 sq.

——, coins of, representing Sandan on the pyre, ix. 388 n. 2

——, Sandan of, v. 124 sqq., ix. 388, 389, 391, 392

Tartar Khan, ceremony at visiting a, iii. 114

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 142 sq., 144 sq.

Tartars, their belief in living Buddhas incarnate in Grand Lamas, i. 410 sq.; divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 n. 4; do not break bones of the animals they eat, viii. 258 n. 2; after a funeral leap over fire, xi. 18

—— of the Middle Ages, names of the dead not uttered till the third generation among the, iii. 370

Tasmania, the aborigines of, reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353

Tasmanians carried fire about with them, ii. 257 sq.; seem to have changed common words after a death, iii. 364 n. 1

Tat or tatu pillar. See Ded pillar

Tate, H. R., on serpent-worship among the Akikuyu, v. 85

Tatia, wife of Numa, ii. 270 n. 5

Tatius, king of Rome, succeeded by his son-in-law Numa, ii. 270 and nn. 1, 5; the Sabine colleague of Romulus, killed with sacrificial knives, ii. 320

Tattoo-marks, tribal, in Dahomey, v. 74 n. 4; of priests in Dahomey, v. 74 n. 4; of priests of Attis, v. 278; on slave or prisoner of war, ix. 47

Tattooing in the Punjaub, belief as to, iii. 30; of bride in Fiji, x. 34 n. 1; medicinal use of, x. 98 n. 1; at initiation, xi. 258, 259, 261 n.

Tauaré Indians, of the Rio Enivra, eat the ashes of their dead, viii. 157

Taui Islanders, their custom as to a falling star, iv. 61

Taungthu, the, of Upper Burma, their way of securing the soul of the rice, vii. 190

Taunton, expedients for facilitating death at, iii. 309

Taupes et Mulots, fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night in the Bocage of Normandy, ix. 317

Taura, priest, in Southern Pacific, i. 377, 378

Taurians of the Crimea, their use of the heads of prisoners, v. 294

Tauric Diana, her image brought by Orestes to Italy in a faggot of sticks, i. 10 sq.; her image only to be appeased with human blood, i. 24

Taurobolium, sacrifice of a bull in the rites of Cybele, v. 274 sqq.; or Tauropolium, v. 275 n. 1

Taurus, Mount, the Yourouks of, ii. 43

Taurus mountains, pass of the Cilician Gates in the, v. 120

Tavernier, J. B., on the annual expulsion of demons in Tonquin, ix. 148 n. 1

Taxation perhaps derived from offerings of first-fruits, viii. 116

Tay, Loch, Hallowe’en fires on, x. 232

Taygetus, Mount, sacrifices to the sun on, i. 315 sq.

Taylor, Isaac, on the relation of the Italian and Celtic languages, ii. 189 n. 3

Taylor, Rev. J. C., on the annual expulsion of evils at Onitsha, ix. 133; on human scapegoat at Onitsha, ix. 211

Taylor, Rev. Richard, on human scapegoats in New Zealand, ix. 39; on the Maori gods, ix. 81

Tcheou dynasty of China, change of calendar under the, x. 137

Tchiglit Esquimaux, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65

Teak, Loranthus on, xi. 317

Teanlas, Hallowe’en fires in Lancashire, x. 245

Tears of Isis thought to swell the Nile, vi. 33; rain thought to be the tears of gods, vi. 33; of human victim signs of rain, vii. 248, 250; of oxen as rain-charm, viii. 10

Teasing animals before killing them, viii. 190

Tebach, bear-festival of the Gilyaks at, viii. 191 sqq.

Teberans, spirits, among the Melanesians of New Britain, i. 340

Teeth, ceremony of knocking out teeth at initiation among the tribes of Australia, i. 97 sqq.; extraction of teeth in connexion with rain, i. 98 sq.; tribute of, i. 101; homoeopathic magic of, i. 137; homoeopathic charms to strengthen, i. 153, 157; contagious magic of, i. 176-182; of rats and mice in magic, i. 178 sqq.; of foxes and kangaroos in sympathetic magic, i. 180; of ancestor in magical ceremony, i. 312; loss of, supposed effect of breaking a taboo, iii. 140; loosened by angry ghosts, iii. 186 n. 1; as a rain-charm, iii. 271; extracted, kept against the resurrection, iii. 280; children whose upper teeth appear before the lower exposed, iii. 287 n.; filed as preliminary to marriage, x. 68 n. 2 See also Tooth

Teeth and nails of sacred kings preserved as amulets, ii. 6

Teething, charms to help, i. 180

Tegea, tombstones at, v. 87; Demeter and Persephone worshipped at, vii. 63 n. 14

Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, xi. 87

Tein Econuch, “forlorn fire,” need-fire, x. 292

Tein-eigin (teine-eigin, tin-egin), need-fire, in the Highlands of Scotland, x. 147, 148, 289, 291, 293

Teine Bheuil, fire of Beul, need-fire, in the Highlands of Scotland, x. 293

Telamon, son of Aeacus, king of Salamis, ii. 278, v. 145

Telchines, the, of Rhodes, legendary magicians, i. 310

Telepathy, magical, i. 119 sqq.; in hunting and fishing, i. 120 sqq.; in voyages, i. 126; in war, i. 126 sqq.

Telephus at Pergamus, rule as to persons who had sacrificed to, viii. 85

Telingana, euphemistic name for snake in, iii. 402

Tell Ta’annek (Taanach), in Palestine, burial of children in jars at, v. 109 n. 1

Tell-el-Amarna, the new capital of King Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1, 124, 125; tablets, iv. 170 n. 5; letters, v. 16 n. 5, 21 n. 2, 135 n.

Tellemarken in Norway, cairns to which passers-by add stones in, ix. 14

Teltown, in County Meath, the fair at, iv. 99

Telugu remedy for a fever, ix. 38

Telugus, their way of stopping rain, i. 253; their precaution as to spittle, iii. 289

Tembadere, rain-maker at, ii. 3

Tempe, the Vale of, Apollo purged of the dragon’s blood in, iv. 81, vi. 240

Temple, Sir R. C., on the fear of spirits and ghosts among the Nicobarese, ix. 88

Temple at Jerusalem built without iron, iii. 230

Temple, the Inner and the Middle, Lords of Misrule in the, ix. 333

Temple church, Lord of Misrule in the, ix. 333

Temple-tombs of kings, vi. 161 sq., 167 sq., 170 sqq., 174, 194 sq.

Temples built in honour of living kings of Babylon, i. 417; built in honour of living kings of Egypt, i. 418; of dead kings in Africa, vi. 161 sq., 167 sq., 170 sqq., 194 sq.; dedicated to sharks, viii. 292

Temporary king, ix. 403 sq.; in Cambodia, iv. 148; in Siam, iv. 149 sqq., ix. 151

—— kings, taking the place of the real kings for a time, iv. 148 sqq.; their divine or magical functions, iv. 155 sqq.

—— reincarnation of the dead in their living namesakes, iii. 371

Ten Thousand, the march of the, iii. 124

Tench, jaundice transferred to a, ix. 52

Tendi, Batta word for soul, iii. 45, 263. See also Tondi

Tendo, lagoon of, on the Ivory Coast, souls of dead in bats on the, viii. 287

Tenedos, sacrifice of infants to Melicertes in, iv. 162; human beings torn in pieces at the rites of Dionysus in, vii. 24; calf shod in buskins sacrificed to Dionysus in, vii. 33

Teneriffe, the Guanches of, i. 303

Tengaroeng in Borneo, swinging of priests and priestesses as a mode of inspiration at, iv. 280, 281

Tenggerese of Java, their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1; sacrifice to volcano, v. 220; their sham fight at New Year, ix. 184

Tenimber Islands, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 186; first-fruits offered to spirits of ancestors in the, viii. 123

—— and Timor-laut Islands, new-born children passed through the smoke of fire in the, ii. 232 n. 3

Tenos, the calendar of, viii. 6 n.

Tent of widow burnt at Midsummer in Morocco, x. 215

Tentyra (Denderah), temple of Osiris at, vi. 86

Teos, public curses in, i. 45 n. 7

Tepehuanes of Mexico afraid of being photographed, iii. 97; personal names kept secret among the, iii. 325; their belief as to stepping over persons, iii. 424; their custom of adding sticks or stones to heaps, ix. 10

Tephrosia, devil’s shoestring, in homoeopathic magic, i. 144

Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, x. 194

Terms of relationship used as terms of address, iii. 324 sq.

Ternate, in the Indian Archipelago, ii. 111; the natives of, names of objects tabooed to them at sea, iii. 414; the sultan of, his sacrifice of human victims to a volcano, v. 220

Tertullian on Christians worshipping each other, i. 407; on the Etruscan crown, ii. 175 n. 1; human sacrifices in the lifetime of, iv. 168; on the fasts of Isis and Cybele, v. 302 n. 4; on the date of the Crucifixion, v. 306 n. 5

Teshu Lama, the, ix. 203

—— Lumbo in Tibet, celebration of Tibetan New Year’s Day at, ix. 203

Teshub or Teshup, name of Hittite god, v. 135 n., 148 n.

Teso, the, of Central Africa, medicine-men dressed as women among the, vi. 257; their use of bells to exorcize fiends, ix. 246 sq.

Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, x. 164 n. 1

Test of the reincarnation of the Heavenly Master, i. 413; of virginity by a flame, ii. 239 sq., x. 139 n. See also Tests

Testicles of rams in the rites of Attis, v. 269 n.; of bull used in rites of Cybele and Attis, v. 276; of goats eaten by lecherous persons, viii. 142; of brave enemy eaten, viii. 148

Tests of the reincarnation of Grand Lamas, i. 411; of the reincarnation of the dead in the Niger Delta, i. 411 n. 1; undergone by girls at puberty, x. 25. See also Test

Têt, New Year festival in Annam, vi. 62

Tet pillar. See Ded pillar

Teti, king of Egypt, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, vi. 5

Teton Indians, their attempt to deceive the ghosts of the spiders which they kill, viii. 236 sq.

Tettnang, in Würtemburg, the He-goat at threshing at, vii. 286

Tetzcatlipoca or Tezcatlipoca, great Mexican god, viii. 165, ix. 276; man killed and eaten as the representative of, viii. 92 sq.; young man annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 276 sqq.

Teucer, son of Aeacus, king in Cyprus, ii. 278

—— and Ajax, names of priestly kings of Olba, v. 144 sq., 148, 161

——, son of Tarkuaris, priestly king of Olba, v. 151, 157

——, son of Telamon, ii. 278; founds Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145; said to have instituted human sacrifice, v. 146

——, son of Zenophanes, high priest of Olbian Zeus, v. 151

Teucrids, dynasty at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145

Teutates, Celtic god, xi. 80 n. 3

Teutonic kings as priests, i. 47

—— peoples, bride race among the, ii. 303 sqq.

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 116 sqq.

—— thunder-god, ii. 364

—— year reckoned from October 1st, vi. 81

Texas, the Tonkawe Indians of, iii. 325; the Toukaway Indians of, xi. 276

Tezcatlipoca. See Tetzcatlipoca

Tezcuco, statue of the god Xipe from, ix. 291 n. 1

Thahu, curse or pollution, among the Akikuyu, x. 81

Thakombau, Fijian chief, the War King, iii. 21; family who enjoyed the privilege of scratching him, iii. 131

Thalavettiparothiam, custom observed in Malabar, a competition for the privilege of being decapitated after a five years’ reign, iv. 52 sq.

Thales on spirits, ix. 104

Thamus, an Egyptian pilot, and the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6 sq.

Thanda Pulayans, in India, their notion as to the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 155 n. 1

Thann, in Alsace, the Little May Rose at, ii. 74

Tharafah, on a custom of the heathen Arabs as to a boy’s fallen tooth, i. 181

Thargelia, human scapegoats at the Greek festival of the, ix. 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 272, 273

Thargelion, Greek harvest month, i. 32, vi. 239 n. 1, viii. 8

Thatch of roof, children’s cast teeth deposited in, i. 179; burnt as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 53; shorn hair hidden in, iii. 277

Thays of Indo-China, their offerings of first-fruits to their ancestors, viii. 121; their worship of spirits, ix. 97 sq.; their customs after a burial, xi. 177 sq.

Theal, G. McCall, on the worship of ancestors among the Bantus, vi. 176 sq.; on fear of demons among the Bantu tribes of South Africa, ix. 77 sq.

Theban priests, in Egypt, their determination of the solar year, vi. 26

Thebes, the Boeotian, grave of Eteocles and Polynices at, ii. 33; the women of, muffled their faces, iii. 122; festival of the Laurel-bearing at, iv. 78 sq., 88 sq., vi. 241; founded by Cadmus, iv. 88; stone lion at, v. 184 n. 3; grave of Dionysus at, vii. 14; Dionysus torn to pieces at, vii. 14, 25; the Thesmophoria at, viii. 17 n. 2; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 130 sq.

Thebes in Egypt, temple of the sun-god at, i. 67 sq.; the human consort of Ammon at, ii. 130 sq.; priestly dynasty at, ii. 134; high priests of Ammon at, ii. 134; priestly kings of, iii. 13; temple of Ammon at, v. 72; the Memnonium at, vi. 35 n.; the Valley of the Kings at, vi. 90; annual sacrifice of ram to Ammon at, viii. 41, 172

Theckydaw, annual expulsion of demons in Tonquin, ix. 147 sq.

Theddora tribe of South-East Australia ate the hands and feet of their foes, viii. 151

Theebaw, king of Burma, his relations beaten to death, iii. 242

Theias, a Syrian king, father of Adonis, v. 43 n. 4, 55 n. 4

Theism late in human history, vi. 41

Then, spirits, among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

Thensae, sacred cars at the Circensian games in Rome, ii. 175 n. 1

Theocracies in America, iii. 6

Theocracy, government by human gods, i. 386; in the Pelew Islands, tendency to, vi. 208

Theocritus, witch in, i. 206; on an image of Demeter, vii. 43; on the harvest-home in Cos, vii. 46 sq.

Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen practice, xi. 190 sq.

Theodosius and Honorius, decree of, against the burning of effigies of Haman by the Jews, ix. 392

Theogamy, divine marriage, ii. 121

Theology distinguished from religion, i. 223; the gods at first mortal in Brahman, i. 373 n. 1; vague thought of a crude, iii. 3 n.; cruel ritual diluted into a nebulous, ix. 411

Theophrastus, on the woods of Latium, ii. 188; on the woods used by the Greeks in kindling fire, ii. 251; on the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314 n. 2; on the flowering of squills, vii. 53 n. 1; on the custom of ploughing the land thrice, vii. 73 n. 1; on the different kinds of mistletoe, xi. 317

Theopompus, on sexual communism among the Etruscans, ii. 207; wins prize of eloquence at Halicarnassus, iv. 95; on the names of the seasons, vi. 41

Theory of sacrifice, the Brahmanical, ix. 410 sq.; solar theory of the European fire-festivals, x. 329, 331 sqq.; purificatory theory of the European fire-festivals, x. 329 sq., 341 sqq.

Thera, worship of the Mother of the Gods in, v. 280 n. 1

Therapia, near Constantinople, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 131

Thermopylae, the Spartans at, v. 197 n. 1; the hot springs of, v. 210 sqq.

Theseus offers his hair to Apollo at Delphi, i. 28

—— and Ariadne, iv. 75

—— and Hippolytus, i. 19

Thesmophoria, ancient Greek festival celebrated by women in October, viii. 17 sqq.; release of prisoners at the, iii. 316; chastity of women at the, v. 43 n. 4, vii. 116; sacrifice of cakes and pigs to serpents at the, v. 88, viii. 17 sq.; pine-cones at the, v. 278; fast of the women at the, vi. 40 sq.; seeds of pomegranates not eaten at the, vii. 14; indecencies at the, vii. 63; descent and ascent of Persephone at the, viii. 17; its analogy with folk-customs of Northern Europe, viii. 20 sq.

Thessalian witch, her love-charm, iii. 270; consulted by Sextus Pompeius, iii. 390

Thessalians, their festival of the Peloria, resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Thessaly, kings of, i. 47 n.; rain-making among the Greeks of, i. 272 sq.; Crannon in, i. 309

Thetis and her infant son, how she tried to make him immortal by fire, v. 180

Thevet, F. A., on the importance of medicine-men among the Indians of Brazil, i. 358 sq.

Thief wears a toad’s heart to escape detection, x. 302 n. 2. See also Thieves

Thief’s charm among the South Slavs, i. 153; garments beaten instead of thief, i. 206 sq.; name boiled, iii. 331

Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, x. 250; on gathering herbs at Midsummer, xi. 45 n. 1; on belief concerning wormwood, xi. 61 n. 1

Thieves, transmigration of souls of, into animals, viii. 299; detected by divining-rod, xi. 68

Thieves’ candles, i. 148, 149, 236

Thigh, sinew of the, customs and myths as to, viii. 264 sqq.

Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, x. 296 n. 1

Things, homoeopathic magic of inanimate, i. 157 sqq.; tabooed, iii. 224 sqq.

Thinis, in Egypt, the mummy of Anhouri at, iv. 4 sq.

Thiodolf, the poet, on King Aun’s sacrifice of his sons at Upsala, iv. 161

Third marriage regarded as unlucky, ii. 57 n. 4

Thirst, transference of, in ancient Hindoo ritual, ix. 38

Thirty years, the Sed festival held nominally at intervals of, vi. 151

—— years’ cycle of the Druids, xi. 77

—— Years’ War, plague during the, ix. 64

Thistles, as a charm to keep off witches, ii. 339, 340

Thlinkeet or Tlingit Indians, the, viii. 253; think that stormy weather may be caused by combing hair, iii. 271. See Tlingit

—— shamans, their use of the tongues of otters and eagles, viii. 270

Thomas, N. W., as to the doctrine of souls among the Angass, xi. 210 n. 2

Thomas, W. E., on human god of the Makalakas, i. 394 n. 3

Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, on the mistletoe at Errol, xi. 283 sq.

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, ceremonies performed by girls at puberty among the, i. 70; dances of women during absence of warriors among the, i. 132 sq.; their custom as to children’s cast teeth, i. 181; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 197; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212; their way of stopping rain, i. 253; their beliefs and customs concerning twins, i. 264 sq.; their belief as to the loon and rain, i. 288; their superstition as to killing a frog, i. 293; their reverence for sunflower roots, ii. 13; the fire-drill of the, ii. 208; their custom of not sleeping the night after a death, iii. 37 sq.; recovery of lost souls by shamans among the, iii. 57 sq.; think that the setting sun draws away men’s souls, iii. 65; their fear of witchcraft at meals, iii. 117; customs of mourners among the, iii. 142 sq.; their custom after killing an enemy, iii. 181; their continence and other observances before hunting, iii. 198; their disposal of their loose hair, iii. 278 sq.; burned their nail-parings for fear of witchcraft, iii. 282; their children may not name the coyote in winter, iii. 399; their ceremonies before eating the first berries or roots of the season, viii. 81 sq.; offered first berries of season to the earth or the mountains, viii. 133 sq.; will not eat the fool-hen lest they grow foolish, viii. 140; their belief in the assimilation of men to their guardian animals, viii. 207; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 226; their superstitions in regard to killing deer, viii. 242; custom observed by man whose daughter has just reached puberty among the, viii. 268; their charms against ghosts, ix. 154 n.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 49 sqq.; their dread of menstruous women, x. 89 sq.; prayer of adolescent girl among the, x. 98 n. 1; supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, xi. 275 sq.; their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, xi. 297

Thomsdorf, in Germany, story of an immortal girl told at, x. 99

Thomson, Basil, on circumcision in Fiji, xi. 244 n. 1; on the Nanga in Fiji, xi. 244 n. 2

Thomson, Joseph, on the fear of photography among the Wa-teita, iii. 98

Thonga, Bantu tribe of South Africa, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82; their presentation of infants to the moon, vi. 144 sq.; worship of the dead among the, vi. 180 sq.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 29 sq.; will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, xi. 297; think lightning caused by a bird, xi. 297 n. 5. See also Ba-Thonga

Thonga chiefs buried secretly, vi. 104 sq.

Thongs, legends as to new settlements enclosed by, vi. 249 sq.

Thor, the Norse thunder god, equivalent to the Teutonic Donar or Thunar, ii. 364; his hammers, i. 248 n. 1; fought for Balder, x. 103

Thorn, external soul in a, xi. 129; mistletoe on a, xi. 291 n. 3

Thorn-bushes as charms against witches, ii. 338; to keep off ghosts, iii. 142, xi. 174 sq.

Thorns, wreaths of, hung up as a sign to warn off strangers, ix. 140

Thorny branches used to keep out witches, ix. 161

—— shrubs, a protection against witches, ii. 338

Thoth, Egyptian god of wisdom, at the marriage of the Queen of Egypt to Ammon, ii. 131; how he added five days to the Egyptian year, vi. 6; teaches Isis a spell to restore the dead to life, vi. 8; restores the eye of Horus, vi. 17; how he outwitted the Sun-god Ra, ix. 341

Thoth, the first month of the Egyptian year, vi. 36, 93 sqq.

Thothmes I., king of Egypt, the god Ammon in the likeness of, ii. 131, 132

—— IV., king of Egypt, the god Ammon in the likeness of, ii. 131, 132

Thought, the web of, xi. 307 sq.

Thrace, the Edonians of, i. 366; the grave of Ares in, iv. 4; worship of Dionysus in, vii. 3; the Bacchanals of, vii. 17; modern Carnival customs in, vii. 25 sqq., viii. 331 sqq.; Abdera in, ix. 254

Thracian gods ruddy and blue-eyed, iii. 387

—— villages, custom at Carnival in, vi. 99 sq.

Thracians threatened the thunder-god, ii. 183 n. 2; funeral games held by the, iv. 96; their contempt of death, iv. 142

Thrashing people to do them good, ix. 262 sqq. See also Beating and Whipping

Thread, red, in popular cure, ix. 55

—— or string used to tie soul to body, iii. 32 sq., 43, 51

Threads hung on trees, ii. 34; knotted, in magic, iii. 303, 304 sq., 307; used to transfer illnesses to trees, ix. 55

——, red, tied to cattle as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 336

Threatening the thunder god, ii. 183 n. 2

—— the spirits of fruit-trees, ii. 20 sqq., x. 114

Three days, taboos observed for, at bringing home the Soul of the Rice, vii. 198 sq.

—— Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, xi. 68

—— Kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq.

—— knots in magic, iii. 304, 305

—— leaps over bonfire, x. 214, 215

—— years, chief killed at end of reign of, iv. 113. See also Thrice

Thresher tied up in last sheaf, vii. 134, 147, 148; of last sheaf treated as an animal, vii. 271

—— of the last corn called the Corn-pug, vii. 273; called Goat or Oats-goat, vii. 286; called the Cow, vii. 291; called the Bull, vii. 291; called the Sow, vii. 298, 299; disguised as a wolf, viii. 327

Threshers, contests between, vii. 147 sqq., 218, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223 sq., 253; pretend to throttle or thresh people on threshing-floor, vii. 149 sq., 230; tied in straw and thrown into water, vii. 224 sq.

Thresher-cow, name given to man who threshes the last corn, in the Canton of Zurich, vii. 291

Threshing, customs at, vii. 134, 147 sqq., 203, 221 sq., 223, 223 sq., 225 sq., 230, 271, 273, 274 sq., 277, 281, 286 sq., 290 sqq., 297, 298 sq.; contests in, vii. 218 sqq.; corn-spirit killed at, vii. 291 sq.

—— in Attica, date of, viii. 4

—— in Greece, date of, vii. 62

Threshing-dog, name given to man who gives the last stroke with the flail, vii. 271

—— -floor, stalks of corn knotted as a charm on a, iii. 308 sq.; Demeter associated with the, vii. 41 sq., 43, 47, 61 sq., 63, 64 sq.; the festival of the, at Eleusis, vii. 60 sqq.; of Triptolemus at Eleusis, vii. 61, 72, 75; strangers treated as embodiments of the corn-spirit on the, vii. 230; sanctity of the, viii. 110 n. 4

Threshing corn by oxen, vi. 45

Threshold, shells on, i. 158; the caul (chorion) buried under the, i. 200; personal relics buried by witch under the, i. 206 n. 4; guarded against witches on Walpurgis Night by flowers, sods, and thorny branches, ii. 52, 54, 55, ix. 163; protected against witches on Walpurgis Night by knives, ii. 55, ix. 162; cut hair buried under the, iii. 276 sq.; burial of infants under the, v. 93 sq.; nail knocked into, to prevent death entering, ix. 63 n. 4; shavings from the, burnt, xi. 53

Thrice, custom of spitting thrice to avert evil, iv. 63; Greek custom of ploughing land thrice, vii. 72 sq.; to crawl thrice under a bramble as a cure, xi. 180; to pass thrice through a wreath of woodbine, xi. 184

—— born, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Thrice-ploughed field, Plutus begotten on a, vii. 208

Throne, sanctity of the king’s, i. 365; reverence for the, iv. 51

Throttling, a punishment for incest, ii. 110; farmer’s wife at threshing, pretence of, vii. 150; strangers at threshing, pretence of, vii. 230

Throwing of sticks or stones interpreted as an offering or token of respect, ix. 20 sqq., 25 sqq.; as a mode of riddance of evil, ix. 23 sqq.; or striking blindfold, xi. 279 n. 4

Thrumalun, a mythical being in Australia who kills and resuscitates novices at initiation, xi. 233. See also Daramulun and Thuremlin

Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 1

Thucydides on military music, v. 196 n. 3; on the sailing of the fleet for Syracuse, v. 226 n. 4

Θύειν distinguished from ἐναγίζειν, v. 316 n. 1

Thule, ceremony in Thule at the annual reappearance of the sun, ix. 125 n. 1

Thumbs snapped to prevent the departure of the soul, iii. 31; of dead enemies cut off, viii. 272

Thunar or Donar, the German thunder god, ii. 364

Thunder, imitation of, in a Russian rain-charm, i. 248; kings expected to make, ii. 180 sq.; thought to be the roll of the drums of the dead, ii. 183; rain, sky, and oak, god of the, ii. 349 sq.; Esthonian prayer to, ii. 367 sq.; expiation for hearing, iii. 14; the first heard in spring, offering of grain to guardian ancestral spirit at, viii. 121; the first peal heard in spring, peas cooked and eaten at, ix. 144; demon of, exorcized by bells, ix. 246 sq.; associated with the oak, x. 145; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176; charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, x. 184, 192; ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 190; brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 191; certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, xi. 54, 58, 59; the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, xi. 228 sqq. See also Lightning

—— and lightning, imitation of, in rain-making ceremonies, i. 248, 309 sq.; sacrifices to, v. 157; the Syrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Hittite god of, v. 163 sq.; the Yule log, a protection against, x. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; bonfires a protection against, x. 344; smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, xi. 48; vervain a protection against, xi. 62; name given to bull-roarers, xi. 231 sq.

—— and oak, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265

Thunder-beings, among the Teton Indians, viii. 237

“—— -besom,” name applied to mistletoe and other bushy excrescences on trees, xi. 85, 301; a protection against thunderbolts, xi. 85

—— -bird in rain-making, i. 309; the mythical, painted on screens behind which girls at puberty hide, x. 44

—— god, threatening the, ii. 183 n. 2; black victims sacrificed for rain to the, ii. 367; conceived as a deity of fertility, ii. 368 sqq.; of the Hittites, with a bull and an axe as his emblems, v. 134 sqq.

“—— -poles,” oak-sticks charred in Easter bonfires, x. 145

—— totem, in the Mungarai tribe of Northern Australia, v. 101

Thunderbolt as emblem of the Hittite thunder-god, v. 134, 136; as emblem of the Syrian, Babylonian, and Assyrian thunder-god, v. 163

Thunderbolt and ears of corn, emblem of the Syrian god Hadad, v. 163

—— of Indra, i. 269

—— Zeus, surnamed the, worshipped at Olympia and elsewhere, ii. 361

Thunderbolts, kings killed by, ii. 181; flint implements regarded as, ii. 374; prehistoric celts called thunderbolts, x. 14 sq.

Thunderstorms, death or disappearance of Roman kings in, ii. 181 sqq.; thought to be caused by the spirits of the dead, ii. 183, 183 n. 2; caused by cut hair, ii. 271, 282; caused by hair-cutting, iii. 265; and hail caused by witches, x. 344; Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 48

Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and restores them to life, xi. 227. See also Daramulun

Thurgau, the Canton of, man who cuts the last corn called the Corn-goat at harvest in, vii. 283; last sheaf called Cow in, vii. 289; man who threshes the last corn called the Corn-bull in, vii. 291

Thüringen (Thuringia), homoeopathic magic at sowing flax in, i. 136; the Little Leaf Man in, ii. 80 sq.; May King at Whitsuntide in, ii. 84 sq.; wolves not to be named between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 208; Carrying out Death in, iv. 235 sq.; the Old Corn-woman at threshing in, vii. 147, 276, 290, 291; custom at threshing in, vii. 222; the mythical Rush-cutter (Binsenschneider) in, vii. 230 n. 5; the Little Wood-woman at harvest in, vii. 232; last sheaf called the Harvest-cock at Wünchensuhl in, vii. 276; man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the Cow at Wurmlingen in, vii. 290; treatment of farmer who is last at threshing at Herbrechtingen in, vii. 291; saying as to the wind in the corn in, vii. 298; expulsion of witches in, ix. 160; Halberstadt in, ix. 214; custom of beating people on Holy Innocents’ Day in, ix. 271. See also Thuringia

Thuringia (Thüringen), custom at eclipses in, x. 162 n.; Midsummer fires in, x. 169, xi. 40; Schweina in, x. 265; belief as to magical properties of the fern in, xi. 66 sq. See Thüringen

Thurn, Sir E. F. im, on the objection of the Indians of Guiana to tell their names, iii. 324 sq.; on Indian want of discrimination between animals and men, viii. 204; on the fear of demons among the Indians of Guiana, ix. 78

Thursday, Thunar’s Day, ii. 364; Maundy, church bells silenced on, x. 125 n. 1

Thurso, witches as cats at, x. 317

Thurston, Edgar, on votive images of the Kusavans, i. 56 n. 3; on dancing-girls in India, v. 62; on the transference of sins to a buffalo calf among the Badagas, ix. 36 sq.; on the fire-walk of the Badagas, xi. 9

Thyatira, hero Tyrimnus at, v. 183 n.

Thyestes and Atreus claimed the throne of Mycenae in virtue of a golden lamb, i. 365

Thyiads, college of women at Delphi, devoted to worship of Bacchus, i. 46

Thymbria, sanctuary of Charon at, v. 205

Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213; wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, xi. 64

Tiaha, Arab tribe of Moab, shave the prisoners whom they release, iii. 273

Tiamat, dragon, embodiment of the watery chaos, mythical Babylonian monster, iv. 105, 108, ix. 410

—— and Marduk, iv. 105 sq., 107 sq.

Tiber, grove of Dia on the, ii. 122; puppets annually thrown from the Sublician bridge into the, viii. 107; in flood, ix. 65

Tiberius, the Emperor, refused the oak crown, ii. 177 n. 2; dedicated a chapel to the Julii at Bovillae, ii. 180 n.; his inquiries as to the death of Pan, iv. 7; his attempt to put down Carthaginian sacrifices of children, iv. 168; persecuted the Egyptian religion, vi. 95 n. 1

Tibet, the Grand Lamas of, i. 411 sq.; incarnate human gods in, i. 413; vicarious use of images to save sick people in, viii. 103; heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12; prayers at cairns in, ix. 29; demonolatry in, ix. 94; human scapegoats in, ix. 218 sqq.; sixty years’ cycle in, xi. 78 n.

Tibetan New Year, ceremonies at the, ix. 197 sq., 203, 218 sqq.

Tibetans put effigies at doors of houses to deceive demons, viii. 96 sq.

Tibullus on the rising of Sirius, vi. 34 n. 1

Tibur, Vestals at, i. 13 sq.

Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, x. 62 sq.

—— of Brazil tear out the hair of girls at puberty, iii. 282

Tide, Cimbrians take arms against the, i. 331 n. 3

Tides, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166 sqq.

Tidore, i. 125

Tiegenhof, in Prussia, custom of reapers at binding the corn near, vii. 137

Tiele, C. P., on the deification of Egyptian kings, i. 419 sq.; on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140 n. 1; on the death of Saracus, vi. 174 n. 2; on Isis, vi. 115; on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 n. 2

Tien-tai Mountains, in China, voluntary deaths of Buddhist monks on the, iv. 42

Tiengum-Mana, a tribe of New Guinea, their mode of making fire, ii. 254

Tifata, Mount, the oak woods of, ii. 280; temple of Diana on, ii. 280

Tiger, gall-bladder of tiger eaten to make eater brave, viii. 145 sq.

——, a Batta totem, xi. 223

Tiger clan, in Mandeling, viii. 216; members of, pay honour to dead tigers, viii. 293

—— -spirits expelled in a raft, ix. 199

Tiger’s flesh eaten to make eater brave, viii. 145

—— ghost, deceiving a, vi. 263, viii. 155 n. 4; appeasing a, viii. 293

—— skin at inauguration of a king, x. 4

Tigers not called by their proper names, iii. 401, 402, 403 sq., 408, 411, 415; called dogs for euphemism, iii. 402; called jackals for euphemism, iii. 402, 403; souls of the dead transmigrate into, iv. 85, viii. 293; ceremonies at killing, viii. 155 n. 5, 215, 216 sq.; respected in Sumatra, viii. 215 sq.; kinship of men with, viii. 216

Tiglath-Pileser III., king of Assyria, v. 14, 16, 163 n. 3

Tigre-speaking tribes to the north of Abyssinia, their fear to fell fruit-trees, ii. 19

Tii, Egyptian queen, mother of Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1

Tikopia, island of, epidemic sickness sent away in a small canoe from, ix. 189

Tille, A., on beginning of the Teutonic winter, vi. 81 n. 3

Tilling the earth treated as a crime, viii. 57

Tillot, canton of, in Lothringen, “killing the Old Woman” at threshing in the, vii. 223

Tilsit district, the last sheaf left for the Old Rye-woman in the, vii. 232

Tilton, E. L., on burning the Carnival at Pylos, iv. 232 sq.

Timber used in house-building, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146; of houses, tree-spirits propitiated in, ii. 39 sq.; not to be cut while the corn is green, ii. 49; felled in the waning of the moon, vi. 133, 135 sq., 137

Timbo, in French Guinea, dances at sowing at, ix. 235

Time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning intervals of, iv. 59; personification of periods of time too abstract to be primitive, ix. 230

Timekeepers, natural, vii. 53

Timmes, the, of Sierra Leone beat their kings before their coronation, iii. 18; their secret society, xi. 260 n. 1

Timoleon, funeral games at Syracuse in his honour, iv. 94

Timor, island of, telepathy of high-priest of, in war, i. 128 sq.; treatment of the placenta in, i. 190; the marriage of the Sun and Earth deemed the source of all fertility in, ii. 99 n. 1; sacrifice to crocodiles in, ii. 152; fetish or taboo rajah in, iii. 24; speaker holds his hand before his mouth in, iii. 122; customs as to war in, iii. 165 sq.; theory of earthquakes in, v. 197; burial of woman who has died in childbed in, viii. 98; kinship of men with crocodiles in, viii. 212; transference of fatigue to leaves in, ix. 8; belief in the spirits of the dead in, ix. 85. See also Timorese

Timor fecit deos, ix. 93

Timorese, their sacrifices for rain and sunshine, i. 291

Timorlaut Islands, treatment of the after-birth in the, i. 186; married men may not poll their hair in the, iii. 260; first-fruits offered to spirits of ancestors in the, viii. 123; mourners rub themselves with the juices of the dead in the, viii. 163; dead turtles propitiated by fishermen in the, viii. 244; the tug-of-war in the, ix. 176; demons of sicknesses expelled in a proa from the, ix. 185 sq.

Timotheus on the death of Attis, v. 264 n. 4

Tin-egin, forced fire (need-fire) among the Highlanders of Scotland, ii. 238

Tin ore, Malay superstitions as to, iii. 407

Tinchebray in Normandy, ix. 183

Tinguianes of the Philippines reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353

Tinneh or Déné Indians, the power of medicine-men among the, i. 357; recall of lost souls among the, iii. 45; taboos observed by those who have handled a corpse among the, iii. 143; their fear and avoidance of menstruous women, iii. 145 sq., x. 91 sqq.; their refusal to taste blood, iii. 240 sq.; their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65; their magical ceremony to procure game, iv. 278; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 47 sqq.

Tinneh Indians of Alaska, their ceremonies at killing a wolf, viii. 220

—— Indians of North-West America, ceremonies observed by them before eating the first wild berries or roots of the season, viii. 80 sq.

Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, x. 69

Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, x. 310 n. 1; woman burnt as a witch in, x. 323 sq.

Tiraspol, in Russia, collective suicide in, iv. 45 n. 1

Tiree, Hebridean island, vii. 140; the need-fire in, x. 148; the Beltane cake in, x. 149; witch as sheep in, x. 316

Tiru-kalli-kundram, dancing-girls at, v. 61

Tirunavayi temple, near Calicut, attack on the King of Calicut every twelfth year at the, iv. 49 sq.

Titane, shrine of Aesculapius at, v. 81

Titans attack and kill Dionysus, vii. 12 sq., 17, 32

Tithe-offering dedicated to Apollo, iv. 187 n. 5

Tithorea, festivals of Isis at, viii. 18 n. 1

Titicaca, Lake, thunder-god of the Indians about, ii. 370

Tivor, god or victim, in Norse, x. 103 n.

Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 68 sq.

Tjingilli tribe of Central Australia, their cure for headache, ix. 2

——, the, of Northern Australia, their way of making rain by means of a bandicoot, i. 288

Tjumba, island of, harvest festival in the, viii. 122

Tlacaxipeualiztli, “The Flaying of Men,” a Mexican festival, ix. 296

Tlacopan, city of Mexico, idol of paste eaten as a sacred food in, viii. 91

Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101; new fire annually kindled on Hallowe’en at, x. 139

Tlaloc, the Mexican water-god, girls drowned in his honour, ii. 158 sq.; Mexican god of thunder and rain, vii. 237; temple of, in Mexico, ix. 284, 292

Tlaxcallan in Mexico, the goddess Xochiquetzal worshipped at, vii. 237

Tlemcen, in Algeria, rain-making at, i. 250 sq.; orgies of the Aïsawa order at, vii. 22 n. 1; fowl used to divert jinn from pregnant women at, ix. 31

Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, their respectful treatment of the first halibut of the season, viii. 253; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 45 sq. See also Thlinkeet

Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, xi. 271

Tmolus, Mount, the Birthplace of Rainy Zeus on, ii. 360

Toad in charm to avert a storm, i. 325; soul in form of, iii. 42 n.; figure of, at bear-feasts of the Gilyaks, viii. 193, 194; soul of dead man in a, viii. 291; as scapegoat, ix. 135, 193, 206 sq.; witch in form of a, x. 323. See also Toads

Toad clan among the Carrier Indians, xi. 273

—— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, x. 172

Toad’s heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, x. 302 n. 2

Toads in relation to rain, i. 292, 292 n. 3; burnt alive in Devonshire, x. 302

Toaripi or Motumotu, of New Guinea, magical telepathy among the, i. 125; sorcerers regarded as chiefs among the, i. 337 sq.; their rule as to menstruous women, x. 84. See Motumotu

Toba, Lake, in Sumatra, prince worshipped as a deity on the shore of, i. 398

Tobacco thrown on troubled water, i. 321; smoke, priest inspired by, i. 384; used as an emetic, viii. 73; first of season, ceremony at smoking, viii. 82

Tobarrath-Bhuathaig, a magical well in the island of Gigha, i. 323

Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, x. 59

Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, xi. 248

Tobolbel, custom of putting chiefs to death in the Pelew Islands, vi. 266

Toboongkoo (Toboengkoe), the, of Central Celebes, their treatment of the afterbirth, i. 189; careful not to frighten away the spirit of the rice, ii. 28; their offerings to tree-spirits before felling timber, ii. 35; their recall of lost souls, iii. 48; forbid children to play with their shadows, iii. 78; mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 219; riddles among the, ix. 122 n.; custom observed by widower among the, xi. 178 sq.

Tocandeira, native name for the Cryptocerus atratus, F., ant, used by the Mauhes to sting boys as an ordeal, x. 62

Tocantins River, the Chavantes Indians on the, iv. 12 n. 5

Toci, Mexican goddess, sacrifice of woman in the costume and ornaments of, ix. 289 sqq.

Tod, J., on rites of goddess Gouri, v. 241 sq.

Todas, a tribe of Southern India, offer silver images of buffaloes, i. 56; confusion of magic with religion among the, i. 230 n.; divine milkmen of the, i. 402 sq., iii. 15 sqq.; magic and medicine among the, i. 421 n. 1; hide their clipped hair and nails, iii. 271; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 337 sq.; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; custom as to the pollution of death observed by sacred dairyman among the, vi. 228; their sacrament of buffalo’s flesh, viii. 314; let loose a calf at a funeral, ix. 37; their ceremony of the new fire, x. 136

Todtenstein, hill at Königshain in Silesia, ceremony of driving out Death at, iv. 264

Toepffer, J., on Triptolemus, vii. 73

Toeratayas, or Toradjas, of Celebes, vii. 196 n. See Toradjas

Tofoke, the, of the Congo State, woman’s share in agriculture among, vii. 119

Togo, in West Africa, wind-fetish in, i. 327; the Bassari of, ii. 102 n. 1; Mount Agu in, iii. 5

Togoland, the Hos of, i. 265, 365, ii. 19, iii. 259, 301, 304, vi. 104, vii. 130, 234, viii. 59, 115 sq., ix. 134, 206; the Matse of, ii. 293, viii. 115, ix. 3; festival of Earth in, iii. 247; magic modes of facilitating childbirth in, iii. 295; the Ewe-speaking peoples of, iii. 369, v. 282 n. 2, viii. 105, 228; the Yewe religious order in, iii. 383 sq.; the Bassari of, viii. 116; ceremony performed by Ewe hunters in, viii. 244; the negroes of, their remedy for influenza, ix. 193

Toh Sri Lam, a crocodile goddess among the Malays, offerings and prayers to, viii. 212

Tokio, annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 213; the fire-walk in temple at, xi. 9 sq.

Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, xi. 178

Tolalaki, the, of Central Celebes, their treatment of the afterbirth, i. 188 sq.; their punishment of incest, ii. 111; drink blood of foes to make themselves brave, viii. 152

Tolampoos, the, of Central Celebes, their belief as to written names, iii. 319

Toledo, Elipandus of, i. 407

Tolindoos of Central Celebes, offence to tread on a man’s shadow among the, iii. 78

Tolucan, Mount, in Mexico, human sacrifices offered to the water-god on, ii. 158 sq.

Tomas or Habes, a tribe of Nigeria, revere a fetish doctor, iii. 124

Tomb of chief, sacrifices at, viii. 113

—— of Hyacinth, v. 314

—— of Midas, v. 286

—— of Moses, ix. 21

—— of Osiris, vi. 18 sq., 20 sqq.

Tombs of the ancient kings of Egypt, vi. 19; of the kings of Uganda, vi. 168 sq.; of kings sacred, vi. 194 sq.

Tomil, village in Yap, taboos observed by men for the sake of girls under puberty at, iii. 293

Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, their treatment of the afterbirth, i. 189; feed the ripening rice, ii. 29; their ceremonies at felling a tree, ii. 35; their punishment and expiation of incest, ii. 110 sq.; use a special vocabulary when at work in the fields, vii. 193; their customs as to the Rice-mother, vii. 193; their use of riddles at harvest, vii. 194; their conception of rice-spirits as shaped like goats, vii. 288

——, the Gulf of, in Celebes, x. 312

Tonan, Mexican goddess, ix. 287; woman sacrificed in the character of, ix. 287 sq.

Tonapoo, the, of Central Celebes, offer human sacrifices on roofs of new houses, ii. 39

Tondi, Batta word for soul, iii. 35, 116, vii. 182. See also Tendi

Tonga, chiefs of, thought to heal scrofula and indurated liver by their touch, i. 371; special vocabularies employed with reference to divine chiefs in, i. 402 n.; veneration paid to divine chiefs in, iii. 21; the taboo of chiefs and kings in, iii. 133 sq.; chiefs not to touch food with tabooed hands in, iii. 138 n. 1; tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 140; taboos connected with the dead in, iii. 140; circumcision practised in, iv. 220; ceremony performed after contact with a sacred chief in, viii. 28; offerings of first-fruits in, viii. 128 sqq. See also Tongans

——, the king of, not to be seen eating, iii. 119; no one allowed to be over his head, iii. 255

Tongans, their theory of an earthquake, v. 200 sq.

Tongue of dead king eaten by his successor, iv. 203; of sacrificial ox cut out, vi. 251 sq.; of medicine-man, hole in, xi. 238, 239. See also Tongues

Tongues of birds eaten, viii. 147; of slain men eaten, viii. 153; of dead animals cut out, viii. 269 sqq.; of animals worn as amulets, viii. 270

Tonkawe Indians of Texas, their superstition as to personal names, iii. 325 sq.

Tonocotes. See Lules

Tonquin, image of Buddha whipped in time of drought in, i. 297 n. 7; guardian spirits of villages in, i. 401 sq.; division of monarchy in, iii. 19 sq.; royal criminals strangled in, iii. 242; the tiger spoken of respectfully in, iii. 403; annual festival of the dead in, vi. 62; livers of brave men eaten in, as a means of acquiring bravery, viii. 151 sq.; demon of sickness expelled in, ix. 119; annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 147 sq.; the Thays of, their burial customs, xi. 177 sq. See also Tonquinese

——, kings of, blamed for drought, dearth, floods, storms, cholera, etc., i. 355; screened from public gaze, iii. 125

Tonquinese, their test of a sacrificial victim, i. 384 sq.; their custom of catching the soul of the dying, iv. 200

Tonsure, the clerical, viii. 105 n. 1

Tonwan, magical influence of medicine-bag, xi. 268, 269

Tooitonga, divine chief of Tonga, iii. 21, viii. 128, 129, 130, 131, 140

Toorateyas of Southern Celebes hold their princes responsible for the rice-crop, i. 361

Tooth knocked out as initiatory rite, iii. 244, xi. 227, 235; of dead king kept, iv. 203. See also Teeth

Toothache, tooth of an ounce a homoeopathic remedy for, i. 153; transferred to enemies, ix. 6; transferred to a frog, ix. 50; transferred to trees, ix. 57, 58, 59 sq.; nailed into a door or a wall, ix. 62, 63; cured by sticking needles into a willow, ix. 71

Töpffer, J., on the Eudanemi at Athens, i. 325 n. 1

Tophet, at Jerusalem, children burnt in sacrifice in, iv. 169, 170, 171, v. 177

Töppen, M., on the Lithuanian god Perkunas, ii. 365 n. 5

Tops spun at sowing festival, vii. 95, 97, 187

Toradjas, meaning of the name, i. 109 n. 1; their mode of annulling an evil omen, i. 170; employ a special language in passing through a forest, iii. 412 sq.

—— of Central Celebes, their magical use of jawbones, i. 109; their rule not to loiter in the doorway of a pregnant woman, i. 114; telepathy in war among the, i. 129; their use of iron in homoeopathic magic, i. 159; their rain-making, i. 253; customs observed by the rain-doctor among the, i. 271 sq.; their rain-making by means of the dead, i. 286; their way of making rain by an appeal to the pity of the gods, i. 303; their sacrifice at building a new house, ii. 39; use the incest of animals as a rain-charm, ii. 113; rules observed by them on entering an enemy’s country, iii. 111; their custom as to cutting a child’s hair, iii. 263; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340; disinter the bones of the dead at a festival, iii. 373 n.; their field-speech, iii. 411 sqq.; their theory of rain, vi. 33; their conception of the rice-soul as a blue bird, vii. 182 n. 1, 295 sq.; attribute souls to men, animals, and rice, vii. 183; their customs as to the Mother of the Rice, vii. 194 sq.; their offerings to the souls of the dead at planting a new field, vii. 228; their custom at circumcision, viii. 153; cure for kleptomania among the, ix. 34; hide themselves from the demon of smallpox, ix. 112 n. 2; their cure by beating, ix. 265; were-wolves among the, x. 311 sq.; their custom at the smelting of iron, xi. 154

Toradjas of Poso, in Central Celebes, recovery of souls abducted by demons among the, iii. 62; use a secret language in the harvest-field, iii. 411 sq.; ask each other riddles while they watch the crops in the field, vii. 194

Torch-bearer, the Eleusinian, vii. 54, 55, 59

—— -races at Athens presided over by the king, ii. 44 sq.; at Easter, x. 142; at Midsummer, x. 175

Torches by women to Diana, i. 12; fight with, as a ceremony, i. 94; used to mimic lightning, i. 310; in relation to Demeter and Persephone, vii. 57; lighted, used in purification, viii. 249; used in the expulsion of demons, ix. 110, 117, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133 sq., 139, 140, 146, 157, 171; used in the expulsion of witches, etc., ix. 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166; carried in procession by maskers in Salzburg, ix. 243; carried by dancers in Mexico, ix. 285; applied to fruit-trees on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316 sq.; carried about the sowed fields on the Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316, 317; interpreted as imitations of lightning, x. 340 n. 1

Torches, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, x. 206; applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, x. 340

—— of Demeter, x. 340

——, processions with lighted, x. 141, sq., 233 sq.; through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, x. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.; at Midsummer, x. 179; on Christmas Eve, x. 266

Torchlight dance of the Natchez Indians at the festival of new corn, viii. 79; procession at Eleusis, vii. 38

Torgot, province of China, rain-dragon banished in time of drought to, i. 298

Torquemada, J. de, Spanish historian of Mexico, ix. 286 n. 1; on the eating of the flesh of the human representative of Tezcatlipoca, ix. 279 n. 1; on the flaying of human victims in Mexico, ix. 300 n. 1

Torres Straits Islands, use of magical images in the, i. 59, 72; magic to catch dugong and turtle in the, i. 108; raising the wind in the, i. 322; wind raised by bull-roarer in the, i. 324; magicians in the, i. 420 n. 2; the fire-drill in the, ii. 209; ritual flight of man who has decapitated a corpse in the, ii. 309 n. 2; names of relations by marriage tabooed in the, iii. 343 sq.; funeral custom in the, iv. 92 sq.; worship of animal-shaped heroes in the, v. 139 n. 1; death-dances in the, vi. 53 n. 2; cat’s cradle in the, vii. 103 n. 1; the natives of the, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; modes of acquiring courage in the, viii. 152 sq.; seclusion of girls at puberty in the, x. 36 sq., 39 sqq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, x. 78 sq.; use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 228 n. 2, 232

Tortoise, emblem of longevity, i. 169 n. 1; deemed ill-omened in China, i. 170; fever transferred to, ix. 31

Tortoises, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; land, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; reasons for not eating, viii. 140; external human souls lodged in, xi. 204. See also Turtles

Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, xi. 158 sq.

Tossing successful reaper in Berwickshire, vii. 154

Totec or Xipe, Mexican god, ix. 297, 298; personated by a man wearing the skin of a human victim, ix. 300. See also Xipe

Totem confounded with the man himself, i. 107; custom observed at eating the, iii. 127; skin-disease supposed to be caused by eating, viii. 25 sq.; transference of man’s soul to his, xi. 219 n., 225 sq.; supposed effect of killing a, xi. 220; the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, xi. 220 sqq.; the individual or personal, xi. 222 n. 5, 224 n. 1, 226 n. 1 See also Totems and Sex totem

Totem animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, xi. 271 sq.; transformation of man into his, xi. 275

—— animals and plants, custom of eating, i. 107

—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, xi. 272 sq.

—— names kept secret, iii. 320, 330, xi. 225 n.

—— plants among the Fans, xi. 161

—— sacrament, viii. 165

Totemic animals, purification for killing, viii. 28; dances in imitation of, viii. 76; represented by masks, ix. 380

Totemism defined, viii. 35; in Central Australia not a religion, i. 107 sq.; characteristics of early Australian, i. 107; of the Dinkas, iv. 30 sq.; the source of a particular type of folk-tales, iv. 129 sqq.; possible trace of Latin, iv. 186 n. 4; in Kiziba, vi. 173, 174 n. 1; not proved for the Aryans, viii. 4; probably originated in the hunting stage of society, viii. 37; in Australia and America, viii. 311; suggested theory of, xi. 218 sqq.

Totems in Central Australia, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the, i. 85 sqq., 335; custom of eating the, i. 107; descent of the, in Uganda, ii. 288; sacrifices to, iv. 31; stories told to account for the origin of, iv. 129; honorific, of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 sqq.; personal, among the North American Indians, xi. 273, 276 n. 1; multiplex, of the Australians, xi. 275 n. 1

Totonacs, their worship of the corn-spirit, ix. 286 n. 1

Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims in Mexico, ix. 298

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, x. 87, 90

Touch-me-not (Impatiens sp.), bundle of, representative of goddess Gauri, ii. 77

Touching for the King’s Evil (scrofula), i. 368 sqq.

—— sacred king or chief, supposed effects of, iii. 132 sqq.

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, xi. 276

Toulon, custom of drenching people with water at Midsummer at, v. 248 sq.

Toulouse, adoration paid to each other by the Albigenses noticed in the records of the Inquisition at, i. 407; torture of sorcerers at, xi. 158

Toumbuluh tribe of Celebes, taboos observed during wife’s pregnancy in the, iii. 295, 298

Toumon, Egyptian god, the mummy of, iv. 5

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, x. 182

Town, charm to protect a, vi. 249 sqq.

Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year, ix. 149 n. 2; old Mexican festival, ix. 149 n. 2, 276

Tozer, H. F., on Mount Argaeus, v. 191

Trachinian Women, The, play of Sophocles, ii. 161

Trading voyages, continence observed on, iii. 203

Tradition, the thraldom of, i. 219; historical, hampered by the taboo on the names of the dead, iii. 363 sqq.

Traditions of kings torn in pieces, vi. 97 sq.

Train, Joseph, on St. Bridget in the Isle of Man, ii. 95; on Beltane fires in the Isle of Man, x. 157

Trajan, Pliny’s letter to, ix. 420

Tralles in Lydia, sacred prostitution at, v. 38

Transference of human souls to other bodies, iii. 49; from the living to the dead, iii. 73

—— of Egyptian festivals from one month to the preceding month, vi. 92 sqq.

—— of evil, ix. 1 sqq.; to other people, ix. 5 sqq.; to sticks and stones, ix. 8 sqq.; to animals, ix. 31 sqq.; to men, ix. 38 sqq.; in Europe, ix. 47 sqq.

—— of a man’s soul to his totem, xi. 219 n., 225 sq.

—— of sins, iii. 214 sqq., ix. 39 sqq., 42 sqq.

Transformation of men into animals, iv. 82 sqq., xi. 207; of men into women, attempted, in obedience to dreams, vi. 255 sqq.; of women into men, attempted, vi. 255 n. 1; of woman into crocodile, viii. 212; of animals into men, ix. 380; of men into wolves at the full moon, x. 314 n. 1; of witches into animals, x. 315 sqq., xi. 311 sq.; of man into his totem animal, xi. 275

Transgressions, need of confessing, iii. 211 sq. See also Sins

Transition from mother-kin to father-kin, vi. 261 n. 3

Transmigration, belief in, a motive for infanticide, iv. 188 sq.

—— of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, xi. 172

—— of human souls, into animals, iii. 65, iv. 84 sq., viii. 141, 285 sqq.; into turtles, viii. 178 sq.; into bears, viii. 191; doctrine of, in ancient India, viii. 298 sq.; doctrine of, in ancient Greece, viii. 300 sqq., 307 sq.; into totem animals, xi. 223

Transmigrations of human deities, i. 410 sqq.; of Buddha, viii. 299; or Buddha in the Jataka, ix. 41

Transmission of soul to successor, iv. 198 sqq.

Transubstantiation among the ancient Aryans, viii. 89 sq.; among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 89; ridiculed by Cicero, viii. 167

Transvaal, the Bawenda of the, i. 351, 401 n. 3; the Malepa of the, iii. 241

Transylvania, rain-making in, i. 282; festival of Green George among the gipsies of, ii. 75 sq.; precautions against witches on St. George’s Eve or Day in, ii. 337 sq.; saying as to sleeping child in, iii. 37; story of a witch’s soul in the shape of a fly in, iii. 38 sq.; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; “Sawing the Old Woman” among the gipsies of, iv. 243; crown made of last ears cut at harvest in, v. 237 sq., vii. 221; the Cock at reaping the last corn at Braller in, vii. 276; cock beheaded on harvest-field near Klausenburg in, vii. 278; live cock killed in last sheaf near Udvarhely in, vii. 278; the Hare at reaping the last corn at Birk in, vii. 280; catching the quail in the last corn reaped in the Bistritz district of, vii. 295; customs at sowing to keep off birds and insects in, viii. 274 sq.; belief as to children born on a Sunday in, xi. 288 n. 5. See also Transylvanian

——, the Germans of, iii. 296, 310

——, the Roumanians of, iii. 88, 89, 238, ix. 16, 106 sq., x. 13; harvest custom among, v. 237

——, the Saxons of, iii. 294, iv. 230, 248, 254, vii. 285, 295, viii. 274; harvest customs among, v. 237 sq.; story of the external soul among, xi. 116

Transylvanian gipsies, their way of stopping rain, i. 296

—— Saxons, their homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 138

—— sowers carry locks as a charm to keep off birds, iii. 308

Traps for devils, iii. 59, 69 n. 4; set for souls, iii. 70 sq.

Trasimene Lake, battle of, iv. 186

Traunstein, district of Upper Bavaria, the Oats-goat at harvest thought to be in the last sheaf of oats in, vii. 287; the last standing corn called the Sow in, vii. 298

Travail, women in, knots on their garments untied, iii. 294. See also Childbirth

Travancore, special terms used with reference to persons of the blood-royal in, i. 401 n. 3; serpents spoken of respectfully in, iii. 402; dancing-girls in, v. 63 sqq.; infants placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 8 sq.; customs at executions in, viii. 272; the Rajah of, his sins transferred to a Brahman, ix. 42 sq.; demon-worship in, ix. 94; women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, x. 24 n. 2; the Pulayars of, x. 69

Travellers make knots in their garments as a charm, iii. 306

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, x. 318

Treason, old English punishment of, v. 290 n. 2

Treasures guarded by demons, xi. 65; found by means of fern-seed, xi. 65, 287; discovered by divining-rod, xi. 68; revealed by springwort, xi. 70; revealed by mistletoe, xi. 287, 291; bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, xi. 288 n. 5

Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus, iv. 164

Treasury Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313

Treaty, blood of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in making a, i. 211

Trebius on the springwort, xi. 71

Tree thought to cause blindness, i. 147; extracted teeth placed in a, i. 176; child’s life thought to be bound up with the tree which was planted with its navel-string, i. 182, 184; embraced by barren women in hopes of obtaining offspring, i. 182; the navel-string planted with or under a, i. 182, 184, 186, 196; navel-string hung on a, i. 185, 186, 190, 198; the afterbirth buried under a, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195; the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199; that has been struck by lightning, i. 319; on which an eagle has built its nest deemed holy, ii. 11; culprits tied to sacred, ii. 112 sq.; origin of men and cattle from a sacred, ii. 219; fire kindled from ancestral, ii. 221; decked with bracelets, anklets, etc., v. 240; soul of a, in a bird, vi. 111 n. 1; disease transferred to, ix. 6; use of stick cut from a fruitful, ix. 264; burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, x. 173 sq., 180, 183; external soul in a, xi. 102, 156. See also Trees

Tree of life in Eden, v. 186 n. 4

Tree-agates, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

—— -bearers (Dendrophori) in the worship of Cybele and Attis, v. 266 n. 2, 267

—— -creeper (Climacteris scandens), women’s “sister” among the Yuin, xi. 216

—— -gods banned at building a house, ix. 81

—— -spirit in the shape of a bull, ii. 14; represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, ii. 73 sqq.; representative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, ii. 75, 76; killing of the, iv. 205 sqq.; resurrection of the, iv. 212; in relation to vegetation-spirit, iv. 253; Osiris as a, vi. 107 sqq.; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, xi. 21 sqq.; human representatives of, put to death, xi. 25; human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, xi. 90

—— -spirits, ii. 7 sqq.; threatened, ii. 20 sqq.; in house-timber propitiated, ii. 39 sq.; beneficent powers of, ii. 45 sqq.; give rain and sunshine, ii. 45 sq.; make crops grow, ii. 47 sqq.; make cattle and women fruitful, ii. 50 sqq., 55 sqq., xi. 22; in human form or embodied in living people, ii. 71 sqq.; fear of, iii. 412 sq.; in the form of serpents, xi. 44 n. 1

—— -stone, marvellous virtue of a, i. 165 n. 1

—— -worship in ancient Rome, ii. 8; among the ancient Germans, ii. 8 sq.; among the European families of the Aryan stock, ii. 9 sqq.; among the Lithuanians, ii. 9; in ancient Greece and Italy, ii. 9 sq.; among tribes of the Finnish-Ugrian stock in Europe, ii. 10 sq.; notions at the root of, ii. 11 sqq.; in modern Europe, relics of, ii. 59 sqq.

Trees married to men and women, i. 40 sq., ii. 57; foreskins placed in, i. 95 sq.; extracted teeth deposited in, i. 98; the dead deposited in, i. 102 sq.; navel-strings placed in, i. 182, 183, 185, 186; afterbirth (placenta) placed in, i. 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199; stones placed in, to prevent sun from setting, i. 318; worship of, ii. 7 sqq.; oracular, ii. 9; regarded as animate, ii. 12 sqq.; sacrifices offered to, ii. 15, 16 sq., 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48; rags hung on, ii. 16, 32; sensitive, ii. 18; apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 sq., 36 sq.; bleeding, ii. 18, 20, 33; threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 sqq.; married to each other, ii. 24 sqq.; in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28; animated by the souls of the dead, ii. 29 sqq.; planted on graves, ii. 31; bones of dead shamans placed in, ii. 32; as the abode of spirits, ii. 33 sqq.; ceremonies at cutting down, ii. 34 sqq.; demons of, ii. 42; drenched with water as a rain-charm, ii. 47; grant women an easy delivery, ii. 57 sq.; cut hair deposited on or under, iii. 14, 275 sq., 286; the shadow of trees sensitive, iii. 82; lucky and unlucky, iii. 275 n. 3; struck by lightning used in magic, iii. 287; masks hung on, iv. 283; spirit-children awaiting birth in, v. 100; sacrificial victims hung on, v. 146; represented on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110 sq.; felled in the waning of the moon, vi. 133, 135 sq., 137; growing near the graves of dead kings revered, vi. 162, 164; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 3 sq.; spirits of the dead in, viii. 124; evils transferred to, ix. 52, 54 sqq.; evils nailed into, ix. 59 sqq.; men changed into, by look of menstruous women, x. 79; burnt in spring fires, x. 115 sq., 116, 142; burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 173 sq., 185, 192, 193, 209; burnt at Holi festival in India, xi. 2; burnt in bonfires, xi. 22; lives of people bound up with, xi. 159 sqq.; hair of children tied to, xi. 165; the fate of families or individuals bound up with, xi. 165 sqq.; creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, xi. 170 sqq.; fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, xi. 295; struck by lightning, superstitions about, xi. 296 sqq. See also Tree and Fruit-trees

Trees and plants, attempts to deceive the spirits of, ii. 22 sqq.; as life-indices, xi. 160 sqq.

—— and rocks, Greek belief as to birth from, v. 107 n. 1

——, sacred, ii. 40 sqq.; smeared with blood, ii. 367

Tréfoir, the Yule log, x. 249

Tréfouet, the Yule log, x. 252 n. 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, x. 150, 152

Trespass on sacred groves, apologies for, ii. 328

Trevelyan, G. M., on the custom of a temporary king in Cornwall, v. 154 n. 1

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires in Wales, x. 201; on Hallowe’en in Wales, x. 226 n. 1; on St. John’s wort in Wales, xi. 55 n. 2; on burnt sacrifices in Wales, xi. 301

Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle, their name preserved in Treves, ii. 126 n. 2

Trèves, “cutting the goat’s neck off” at harvest near, vii. 268; the Corn-wolf killed at threshing in the district of, vii. 275; the Archbishop of, gives wine for burning wheel rolled down hill, x. 118

Triad, divine, at Tarsus, v. 171

Trial of the axe at Athens, viii. 5

Trials, judicial, of animals and inanimate things by the king at Athens, i. 45, viii. 5 n. 1

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, xi. 177 sq.

Tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253 sq.

Tribute (presents) brought to rain-makers, i. 338, 342, 346, 348, 349, 351, 353, ii. 3; of youths and maidens sent to the Minotaur, iv. 74 sqq.

Trident, emblem of Hittite thunder-god, v. 134, 135; emblem of Indian deity, v. 170

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, xi. 188

Triennial tenure of the kingship, iv. 112 sq.

Trieste, St. Sylvester’s Eve at, ix. 165

Τριετηρίς, vii. 15 n.

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, xi. 201

Trimouzette, the, a flower-crowned girl in the Ardennes on May Day, ii. 80 n. 4

Tring, a Tonquinese general, restores the king, iii. 19

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, xi. 11

Trinities, the ancient Egyptian gods arranged in, iv. 5 n. 3

Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, iv. 5 n. 3

——, the Batta, ix. 88 n. 1

——, the Hindoo, i. 225, 404; the Norse, ii. 364

Trinity College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, ix. 332

Trinouxtion, in the Coligny calendar, seems to mark summer solstice, ix. 343 n.

Tripoli, fighting the wind in, i. 331; ghosts of murdered men nailed into the earth in, ix. 63

Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37; shown the corn by Demeter, vii. 38; the agent of Demeter in disseminating corn over the world, vii. 54, 72 sq.; victims sacrificed to him at Eleusis, vii. 56, 72; his Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 61, 72, 75; in Greek art, vii. 68 n. 1, 72; sows seed in Rarian plain, vii. 70, 74; the corn-hero, vii. 72 sq.; etymology of his name, vii. 72 sq.; receives corn from Demeter, viii. 19

Triptolemus, play of Sophocles, vii. 54

Tristram, H. B., on date of corn-reaping in Palestine, v. 232 n.; on wild boars in Palestine, viii. 31 sq.

Triumph, costume worn by Roman generals in celebrating a, ii. 174 sqq.

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, xi. 195

Troad, temple of Mouse (Smintheus) Apollo in the, viii. 283

Trobriands, Kiriwina, an island of the, v. 84

Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, iv. 85

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, i. 24 sq.

Troezenians sacrificed first-fruits to Poseidon, viii. 133; their festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Trojeburg, labyrinths for children’s games called, iv. 77

Trokoarbasis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trokombigremis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, x. 146; and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, x. 172; Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 54; rendered powerless by mistletoe, xi. 86, 283, 294

Trophonius at Lebadea, iv. 166 n. 1

Troppau, in Silesia, “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 250 sq.

Trows, certain mythical beings in Shetland, ix. 168

Troy, sanctuary of Athena at, ii. 284; the game of, iv. 76 sq.

“True of speech,” epithet of Osiris, vi. 21

“True Man, the,” official title of the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

—— Steel, whose heart was in a bird, xi. 110 sq.

Trumpets, blowing of, in the rites of Attis, v. 268; in rites of Dionysus, vii. 15; blown to expel demons, ix. 116, 117, 156; blown at the feast of Purim, ix. 394; sounded at initiation of young men, xi. 249

——, penny, blown at Befana (Twelfth Night) in Rome, ix. 166; at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, x., 221, 222

Trumpets, sacred, blown to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24

Truth the hypothesis which is found to work best, iii. 422

Tschudi, J. J. von, his communication of a Spanish tract to W. Mannhardt, vii. 172 n. 2

Tschwi, the, of West Africa, their custom after the death of a twin, viii. 98

Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, fasting and chastity of hunters among the, iii. 198; men among the, do not cut their hair, iii. 260; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46

Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, rules observed by wives during absence of their husbands at war, i. 132; descent of kingship among the, ii. 274 sq.; their stories to explain their totemism, iv. 128 sq.; dedicated men and women among the, v. 69 sq.; ordeal of chastity among the, v. 115 n. 2; their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66 n. 2

Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, their beliefs as to twins, i. 262 sq.; cannibal rites among the, vii. 19, 20; their ceremonies after catching the first olachen fish of the season, viii. 254 sq.; rules observed by their girls at puberty, x. 44 n. 2

Tsong-ming, Chinese island, mode of procuring rain in, i. 298

Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, i. 170

Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 sq.

Tsûl, the, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 179

Tuaran district of British North Borneo, the Dusuns of, their annual expulsion of demons, ix. 200 sq.

Tuaregs of the Sahara, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117; their men veil their faces, iii. 122; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; their fear of ghosts, iii. 353

Tubilustrium, purification of trumpets at Rome, v. 268 n. 1

Tübingen, “Burying the Carnival” near, iv. 230

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, xi. 247

Tubuériki, a god in the Kingsmill Islands, first-fruits offered to, viii. 127 sq.

Tucanos, the, of the Amazon, their custom of drinking the ashes of the dead, viii. 157

Tud or Warrior Island, Torres Straits, sweat of warriors drunk in, viii. 152 sq.

Tug-of-war before sowing and at reaping of rice, ii. 100; probably in origin a magical rite, vii. 103 n. 1, 110 n.; as a religious or magical rite, ix. 173 sqq.; as a charm to produce rain, ix. 175 sq., 178 sq.

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, xi. 242 sq.

Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, their belief as to the fertilization of barren women, ii. 56

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, xi. 11

Tuic tribe of the Upper Nile, lion-tamer as chief of the, i. 347 sq.

Tuikilakila, a Fijian chief, claims to be a god, i. 389

Tukaitawa, a Mangaian warrior, whose strength waxed and waned with his shadow, iii. 87

Tul-ya’s e’en, seven days before Christmas, the Trows let loose on, in Shetland, ix. 168

Tulasi, or Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26; married to Krishna, ii. 26; married to the Salagrama, ii. 26 sq.

Tulava, sacred prostitution in, v. 63

Tulle, in Berry, “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 242

Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, ii. 193; killed by lightning, ii. 181, 320; said to have instituted the Saturnalia, ix. 345 n. 1

Tully River, in Queensland, natives of, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60; belief of the natives as to conception without sexual intercourse, v. 102

Tulsi plant, its miraculous virtue, xi. 5

Tum of Heliopolis, an Egyptian sun-god, i. 419, vi. 123

Tumbucas of South Africa, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2

Tumleo, island of, treatment of spilt blood and rags in, i. 205; contagious magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213; seclusion of women after childbirth in, iii. 150; annual fight in, ix. 142 sq.

Tummel, the valley of the, Hallowe’en fires in, x. 231

Tuña, a spirit, expulsion of, among the Esquimaux, ix. 124 sq.

Tundja River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Tung ak, a powerful spirit, dreaded by the Esquimaux, ix. 79 sq.

Tunghät, wandering genii of the Esquimaux, ix. 379

Tunguzian people, the Gilyaks a, viii. 190; the Orotchis a, viii. 197

Tunis, New Year fires at, x. 217; gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, xi. 80 n. 3

Tunja, capital of the Chibchas, in Colombia, i. 416

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, x. 283 sq.

Tupi Indians of Brazil, their customs as to eating captives, iii. 179 sq.; cut off the thumbs of dead enemies, viii. 272

Tupinambas of Brazil, their superstition as to planting earth-almonds, i. 142; woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 122

Turban, soul caught in a, iii. 75

Turcoman cure of fever by means of knotted thread, iii. 304

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, xi. 191

Turiks of Borneo, soul hooked fast to body among the, iii. 30

Turkana, the, of British East Africa, the power of medicine-men among, i. 344 sq.

Turkestan, human scapegoat in, ix. 45; Ferghana in, ix. 184

Turkey, feathers of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; soul in form of, iii. 42 n.

Turkish tribes of Central Asia, girls propound riddles to their wooers among the, ix. 122 n.

—— village, oak-tree worshipped in, ii. 16

Turks, exorcism practised by the, iii. 102; preserve their nail-parings for use at the resurrection, iii. 280; their belief as to the bones of Scanderbeg, viii. 154

—— of Armenia, their rain-charm by means of pebbles, i. 305

—— of Central Asia give birds’ tongues to backward child to eat, viii. 147

—— of Siberia, marriage custom of the, x. 75

Turmeric cultivated, vii. 245, 250

Turner, Dr. George, on the power of the disease-makers in Tana, i. 341 sq.; on sacred stones, v. 108 n. 1

Turner, L. M., on the fear of demons among the Esquimaux of Labrador, ix. 79 sq.

Turner’s picture of “The Golden Bough,” i. 1

Turning or whirling round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

“Turquoise, Mistress of,” at Sinai, v. 53

Turrbal tribe of Queensland, rule observed by boys at initiation in the, iii. 156 n. 1

—— River in Queensland, natives of the, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60

Turrinus, P. Clodius, coin of, i. 12 n. 3

Turtle, magical models of, i. 108

Turtle-catching, taboos in connexion with, iii. 192

—— -dove, consumption transferred to a, ix. 52

—— family in Samoa, their rule as to eating and cutting up turtles, iii. 122

—— -shell badges of homicide, iii. 168

Turtles, ancestral spirits in, in the Tenimber and Timor-laut Islands, viii. 123; killing the sacred, among the Zuni, viii. 175 sqq.; transmigration of human souls into, among the Zuni, viii. 178 sq.

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, xi. 196

Tusayan, an ancient province of Arizona, vii. 312

——, the Pueblo Indians of, their custom at planting, v. 239; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312

Tuscan Romagna, Befana (Epiphany) in the, ix. 167

Tuscany, oak forests on the coast of, ii. 354; volcanic district of, v. 208 n. 1; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295

Tusculum, Egerius Baebius or Laevius, of Tusculum, a Latin dictator, i. 22, 23 n. 3; King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44 n. 1

Tusks of ivory, souls shut up in, iii. 70

Tusser, Thomas, on planting peas and beans, vi. 134

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Tver Government in Russia, charm to keep wolves from cows in, iii. 307

Twana Indians of Washington State, recovery of lost souls by medicine-men among the, iii. 58; prohibition to mention the names of the dead among the, iii. 365

Twanyirika, an Australian spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, xi. 233 sq.; kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, xi. 234

Twelfth Day, dances on, i. 138; ceremony of the King at Carcassone on, viii. 321; mummers representing a Goat and a Bear on, viii. 327; dances on the roof on, to make the hemp grow tall, ix. 315; serious significance of, ix. 315; the Three Kings on, ix. 329 sqq. See also Twelfth Night

—— Day, the Eve of, expulsion of witches, etc., on, ix. 166 sq.; twelve fires in Gloucestershire and Herefordshire on, ix. 318; the bonfires of, x. 107; processions with torches on, x. 340

—— Night, fruit-trees girt with straw ropes between Christmas and, ii. 17; certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and, iii. 396 sq.; expulsion of the powers of evil on, ix. 165 sqq.; dances for the crops on, ix. 238; Perchta’s Day, ix. 244; (Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 sqq., x. 153 n. 2; divination on, ix. 316; cake, x. 184; the Yule log on, x. 248, 250, 251; the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68. See also Twelfth Day

Twelfth Night, the Eve of, old Mrs. Perchta on, ix. 240, 241; ceremonial fires on, ix. 316 sqq.

Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, ix. 158 sqq., 164 sqq.; in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, ix. 320; weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, ix. 322 sqq.; in ancient India, ix. 324 sq.; accounted a miniature of the year, ix. 324; in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324; difference of opinion as to the date of the, ix. 324, 327; probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, ix. 325 sq., 328, 338 sq., 342

—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, ix. 326 sqq.

—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 318 sq., 321 sq.

—— Gods, images of the, carried in procession at Magnesia, viii. 8

—— Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, x. 248; between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, x. 310 n. 1

—— years, king’s reign limited to, in South India, iv. 46 sqq.

“Twice-born” Brahman, xi. 276

Twin, name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196, vi. 170; the navel-string of the king of Uganda called his, vi. 147. See also Twins

——, ghost of a, lodged in a wooden figure, viii. 98

Twin brothers in ritual, x. 278

—— girl charged with special duty, viii. 280

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, xi. 79

Twining thread forbidden to women and children during absence of warriors, i. 131

Twins in war, i. 49 n. 3; produced by eating two mice, two bananas, or two grains of millet, i. 118, 145; taboos laid on parents of, i. 262, 263 sq.; supposed to possess magical powers, especially over the weather and rain, i. 262-269, ii. 183; supposed to be salmon, i. 263; thought to be related to grizzly bears, i. 264 sq.; thought to be related to apes, i. 265; thought to be the sons of lightning, i. 266; called the children of the sky, i. 267, 268; water poured on graves of, i. 268, iii. 154 sq.; custom observed by mother of still-born, i. 269 n. 1; parents of, thought to be able to fertilize plantain-trees, ii. 102; mothers of, not allowed to go near farm at sowing and reaping, ii. 102 n. 1; customs of the Baganda in regard to, ii. 102 sq.; precautions taken by women at the graves of, v. 93 n. 1; precautions against the ghosts of, viii. 98; deemed a great misfortune in Kamtchatka, viii. 173 n. 4, ix. 178; crocodiles thought to be born as the twins of human children, viii. 212; Baganda women throw sticks or stones on the graves of, ix. 18

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, xi. 162 n. 2

——, father of, taboos observed by the, iii. 239 sq.; his hair shaved and nails cut, iii. 284; no male except the, allowed to enter hut of girl in her seclusion at puberty, x. 24

Two bananas eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, xi. 134 sqq.

—— days, heathen festivals displaced in the Christian calendar by, i. 14

—— -faced statue set up by the mother of still-born twins, i. 269 n. 1; mask worn by image of goddess, ix. 287

—— Goddesses, the, Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 56, 59, 73, 90

—— grains of millet eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— -headed bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 sq.

—— -headed deity on a Cilician coin, v. 165 sq.

—— mice eaten produce twins, i. 118

Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 n. 1

Tybi, an Egyptian month, vi. 98 n. 2

Tycoons, the, long the temporal sovereigns of Japan, iii. 19

Tydeus marries the daughter of the king of Argos, ii. 278

Tyers, Lake, in Victoria, reluctance to mention personal names among the blacks about, iii. 321

Tying up the winds in knots, i. 326; the soul to the body, iii. 32 sq., 43

Tylon or Tylus, a Lydian hero, v. 183; his death and resurrection, v. 186 sq.

Tylor, Sir Edward B., on fertilization of date-palm, i. 25 n.; on magic, i. 53 n. 1; on the fire-drill, ii. 208; on Garcilasso’s account of the Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244 n. 1; on the association of flints with lightning, ii. 374 n. 2; on reincarnation of ancestors, iii. 372 n. 1; on fossil bones as a source of myths, v. 157 sq.; on names for father and mother, v. 281; on a theory of totemism, viii. 298 n. 2

Tyndarids (Castor and Pollux) thought to attend the Spartan kings, i. 49

Types of animal sacrament, viii. 310 sqq.

Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, vi. 6; the sea called the foam of, iii. 10; invoked by his true names, iii. 390; the soul of, in the Great Bear, iv. 5; murders Osiris, vi. 7 sq.; mangles the body of Osiris, vi. 10, viii. 30; interpreted as the sun, vi. 129; the enemy of Osiris, vii. 262, 263, viii. 100; his injury of the eye of Horus, viii. 30; as a pig or boar, viii, 30, 31, 33, 34; the birth of, ix. 341. See also Set

——, in Greek mythology, slays Hercules, v. 111; Corycian cave of, v. 155 sq.; his battle with the gods, v. 193, 194; the gods flee before, vii. 18

—— and Zeus, battle of, v. 156 sq.

Tyre, Melcarth at, v. 16; burning of Melcarth at, v. 110 sq.; festival of “the awakening of Hercules” at, v. 111; king of, his walk on stones of fire, v. 114 sq.

——, kings of, their divinity, v. 16; as priests of Astarte, v. 26

—— and Sidon, ix. 17

Tyrie, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in, vii. 158

Tyrimnus, axe-bearing hero at Thyatira, v. 183 n.

Tyrol, sacred larch-tree in the, ii. 20; “ringing out the grass” on St. George’s Day in the, ii. 343 sq.; witches in the, their magic use of cut hair, iii. 271; disposal of loose hair in the, iii. 282; wedding rings as amulets in the, iii. 314; Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 73 sq.; the Wheat-bride and Rye-bride at harvest in the, vii. 163; treatment of man who gives last stroke at threshing at Volders in the, vii. 224; last thresher said to “strike down the Dog” at Dux in the, vii. 273; the last thresher called the Goat at Oberinntal in the, vii. 286; annual “Burning out of the Witches” on May Day in the, ix. 158 sq., x. 160; the Perchten in the, ix. 240, 242 sq.; Senseless Thursday in the, ix. 248; burning the witch on the first Sunday in Lent at Voralberg in the, x. 116; Midsummer fires in the, x. 172 sq.; magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 47; St. John’s wort in the, xi. 54; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 58; four-leaved clover gathered on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 62 sq.; dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 64; the divining-rod in the, xi. 68; mistletoe used to open all locks in the, xi. 85; belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, xi. 291 n. 3

Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, xi. 288

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, x. 72

Tyropoeon, ravine at Jerusalem, v. 178

Tyrrel, Colonel F., as to the story of Sultan Bayazid and his external soul, iii. 51 n.

Tzentales, the, of Mexico, propitiate dead deer, viii. 241

Tzultacca, a mythical being of the Central American Indians, viii. 241

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, xi. 233

Uap (Yap), one of the Caroline Islands, taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 193; custom as to cutting hibiscus tree in, iii. 227; the natives of, burn or throw into the sea their cut hair and nails for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281 sq. See also Yap

Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 61

—— River, woman’s share in agriculture among the tribes of the, vii. 121 sq.

Ubemba, a royal family in Central Africa, ii. 277

Ucayali river in Peru, the Conibos of the, ii. 183 n. 2, v. 198; the Indians of the, their greetings to the new moon, vi. 142

Ucria, in Sicily, barren fruit-trees threatened at, ii. 21 sq.

Udvarhely in Transylvania, wreath made out of the last ears cut at harvest at, vii. 221; cock killed in last sheaf at, vii. 278

Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, recall of a lost soul in, iii. 54

Uelzen in Hanover, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Uffizi, the temple of Vesta represented on a relief in the gallery of the, at Florence, ii. 186

Uganda, priest inspired by tobacco smoke in, i. 384; ceremonies observed by the parents of twins in, ii. 102; the king’s perpetual fire in, ii. 261; licence accorded to the Queen-Dowager and Queen-Sister in, ii. 275 sq.; descent of the totems in, ii. 288; avoidance of wife’s mother in, iii. 84 sq.; rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86; ceremony on return from a journey in, iii. 112; uncleanness of women at menstruation and childbirth in, iii. 145; seclusion of brides in, iii. 148 n. 1; intercourse of chiefs with their wives before going to war in, iii. 164 n. 1; taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 194 sq.; weapons removed from room at childbirth in, iii. 239; taboos observed by fathers of twins in, iii. 239 sq.; king’s brothers burnt in, iii. 243; custom as to roofing the king’s palace in, iii. 254; rule as to cutting child’s hair in, iii. 263; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 277; custom as to the hair and nails of fathers of twins in, iii. 284; reluctance of people to name their totems in, iii. 330; spirits of ancestors reincarnate in their namesakes in, iii. 369; etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 39 sq.; human sacrifices in, iv. 139; first-born sons strangled in, iv. 182; dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, iv. 200 sq., vi. 167, 171 sq.; priest drinks beer out of skull of dead king in, iv. 200, viii. 150; temples of the dead kings of, vi. 167, 168 sq., 170 sqq.; human sacrifices offered to dead kings of, vi. 168, 172 sq.; human sacrifices offered to prolong the lives of the kings of, vi. 223 sqq.; men inspired by the spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents in, viii. 213; funeral ceremony in, ix. 45 n. 2; human scapegoats in, ix. 42, 194 sq.; kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 3 sq.; life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, xi. 160; passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, xi. 181 sq.; cure for lightning-stroke in, xi. 298 n. 2 See also Baganda

Uganda Protectorate, the Bahima of the, iii. 183 n., ix. 6

Ugi, one of the Solomon Islands, fear of passing under a fallen tree in, iii. 250; cut hair buried in, iii. 277; observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 313

Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, x. 158

Uist, in the Hebrides, rain-making in, i. 308; Beltane cakes in, x. 154

——, North, the harvest Cailleach in, vii. 166; need-fire in, x. 293 sq.

——, South, fairies at Hallowe’en in, x. 226; salt cake at Hallowe’en in, x. 238 sq.

Uiyumkwi tribe, in Red Island, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 39 sq.

Ujjain, the old capital of Malwa, in Western India, iv. 132, 133; tradition as to killing kings after one day’s reign in, iv. 122 sq.; Vikramaditya’s Gate at, iv. 124

Ukami, in German East Africa, xi. 313

Ukpong, external soul in Calabar, xi. 206

Ukraine, ceremony to fertilize the fields on St. George’s Day in the, ii. 103

Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 214

Ulawa, one of the Solomon Islands, soul of dead man in a shark at, viii. 297; soul of dead man in bananas in, viii. 298

Uliase, East Indian island, fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87; sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105

Ullensvang, Hardanger, Norway, Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom at, ii. 92

Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 12; tombs of the kings of, iv. 101

Ulysses wins Penelope in a foot-race, ii. 300 sq.

—— and Aeolus, i. 326

Umbandine, king of the Swazies, expected to make rain for his people, i. 350

Umbrella, white, carried over Athenian priests and priestess, x. 20 n. 1; carried over bride in procession, x. 31

Umbrellas in ritual, x. 20 n. 1

Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, ii. 321

Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, stones piled on a grave in, ix. 16

Uncle, dead, worshipped among the Awemba, vi. 175

——, maternal, preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285; in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 n. 1

Unclean and sacred, correspondence of the rules regarding the, iii. 145

Unclean animals originally sacred, viii. 24

Uncleanness regarded as a vapour, iii. 152, 206; of man-slayers, of menstruous and lying-in women, and of persons who have handled the dead, iii. 169; of whalers, iii. 191, 207; of lion-killer, iii. 220; of bear-killers, iii. 221; caused by contact with the dead, vi. 227 sqq.; ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 n. 1; of women at menstruation, x. 76 sqq.; and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, x. 97 sq. See also Menstruous

Uncles named after their nephews, iii. 332

Unconquered Son, Mithra identified with the, v. 304

Uncovered in the open air, prohibition to be, iii. 3, 14

Underground Zeus, Greek ploughman prayed to, vii. 45, 50

Undiara in Central Australia, magical stones at, i. 147

Ungarisch Brod, in Moravia, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter among the Slavs near, iv. 257 sq.

Unguent of lion’s fat, magic virtue of an, viii. 164; made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, x. 14

Uniformity of occupation in primitive society, i. 245; of nature, ii. 376

Unis, king of Egypt, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, vi. 5

Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, xi. 77

Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, ix. 194

Unkulunkulu, “the Old-Old-one,” the first man in the traditions of the Zulus, vi. 182

Unleavened bread baked with new corn at the harvest festival of the Natchez Indians, viii. 136

Unlucky, intercalary days regarded as, ix. 339 sq.; Midsummer Day regarded as, xi. 29

—— children passed through narrow openings, xi. 190

—— marriages in India, ii. 57 n. 4

Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, x. 315, 321

Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their disposal of foreskins at circumcision, i. 95 sq.; burial customs of the, i. 102; their charm to ensure wakefulness, i. 154; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208; their rites of initiation, xi. 234; initiation of a medicine-man in the, xi. 238

Unna, in Westphalia, treatment of the last sheaf at, vii. 138

Unnefer, “the Good Being,” a title of Osiris, vi. 12

Unreaped corn, patches of, left at harvest, viii. 233

Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, ix. 331

“Unspoken water” in marriage rites, vi. 245 sq.

Unyoro, king of, his custom of drinking milk, iii. 119; not to be seen drinking, iii. 119; cowboy of the king of, iii. 159 n.; diet of the king of, iii. 291 sq.; kings of, put to death, iv. 34

Up-helly-a’, popular festival on January 29th in Shetland, ix. 168 sq., x. 269 n.

Up-uat, Egyptian jackal-god, vi. 154

Upias, King, father of Bormus, vii. 216

Upis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 34 n.; a name of Artemis, i. 34 n.

Upsala, popular assembly at, i. 366 sq.; sacred grove at, ii. 9, 364, 365; temple of Frey at, ii. 144; images of Thor, Odin, and Frey at, ii. 364; sacrificial spring at, ii. 364; great temple and festival at, ii. 364 sq., iv. 58; sepulchral mound at, iv. 57, 161; sacrifice of king’s sons at, iv. 160; human sacrifices in the holy grove at, v. 289 sq., vi. 220; the reign of Frey at, vi. 100

Upulero, the spirit of the sun, in the Babar Archipelago, prayers for offspring to, i. 72

Ur, the fourth dynasty of, i. 417

Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their fire-drill, ii. 209; their rites of initiation, xi. 234

Uranium, atomic disintegration of, viii. 305

Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, iv. 192, v. 283

Uraons. See Oraons

Urewera, in New Zealand, magic use of spittle in, iii. 288

Uri-melech or Adom-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Urns, funereal, in shape of huts, ii. 201 sq.

Urquhart, Sir Thomas, on the Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Urua, in Central Africa, divinity claimed by the chief of, i. 395

Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story, ii. 250, iv. 131

Usagara hills in German East Africa, the Wamegi of the, vii. 240

Usener, H., on Befana at Rome, ix. 167 n. 1; on the etymology of Veturius, ix. 229 n. 2

Ushnagh, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Usirniri, temple of, at Busiris, vi. 151

Usondo, the lord of rain, in Zululand, i. 303

Ussingen, in Nassau, saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Ussukuma (Usukuma), district on the southern bank of Lake Victoria Nyanza, sultans of, expected to make rain and drive away locusts, i. 353; heads not to be shaved till corn is sown in, iii. 260

Ustrels, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, supposed to attack cattle, x. 284

Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, human scapegoat at, ix. 45

Uttoxeter, May garlands at, ii. 61

Ututwa, sultan of, expelled for drought, i. 353

Uuayayab, demon of evil in Yucatan, ix. 171

Uwet, tribe on the Calabar River, their excessive use of the poison ordeal, iv. 197

Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, x. 254

Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, xi. 301 sq.

Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, x. 120

Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, x. 172; cursing a mist in, x. 280

Vale of Tempe, Apollo purified from the dragon’s blood in the, iv. 81, vi. 240

Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 n. 4

Valentines at bonfires, x. 109 sq.

Valerius Soranus, said to have divulged the name of Rome, iii. 391

Valesius, on the standard Egyptian cubit, vi. 217 n. 1

Valhalla, the dead in battle received by Odin in, iv. 13

Vallabhacharyas or Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, believe that barren women can be fertilized by bathing in a sacred well, ii. 160; men assimilated to women in the, vi. 254. See also Maharajas

Vailancey, General Charles, on Hallowe’en customs in Ireland, x. 241 sq.

Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, x. 280

Vallericcia, near the Alban Lake, archaic Greek relief found in the, i. 11 n. 1

Valley of Hinnom, sacrifices of children to Moloch in the, iv. 169, v. 178

—— of the Kings of Thebes, vi. 90

—— of Poison, in Java, v. 203 sq.

Vampyres, charms against, ix. 153 n. 1; need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, x. 284 sqq., 344

Vancouver Island, the Lkungen Indians of, i. 145; wind-stones in, i. 322; the Ahts of, vi. 139 n. 1, x. 43; the Songish or Lkungen tribe of, viii. 254

Vanua Lava, in the Banks Islands, avoidance of wife’s mother at, iii. 85

Vapour thought to be exhaled by lying-in women and hunters, iii. 152, 206, 213; supposed, of blood and corpses, iii. 210 sq.; supposed to be produced by the violation of a taboo, iii. 212

Vapour bath taken by girls at puberty, x. 40

Vapours, worship of mephitic, v. 203 sqq.

Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, x. 193

Varanda, in Armenia, rain-charm at, i. 306

Varé, African kingdom, power of rain-making ascribed to the kings of, i. 348

Varini, a tribe akin to the Saxons, marriage with a step-mother among the, ii. 283

Varro, on the oak groves of Rome, ii. 185; on the so-called temple of Vesta, ii. 200; on the foundation of Rome by shepherds and herdsmen, ii. 324 n. 1; on Pales, ii. 326; on Janus as a sky-god, ii. 381; on a Roman funeral custom, iv. 92; on suicides by hanging, iv. 282; on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 230 sq., 236 n. 1; his derivation of Dialis from Jove, vi. 230 n. 2; on Salacia, vi. 233; on Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234 n. 4; on the rites of Eleusis, vii. 88; on killing oxen in Attica, viii. 6; on annual sacrifice of goat on the Acropolis of Athens, viii. 41; on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14 n. 3

Varuna, festival of, wife of the sacrificer obliged to name her paramours at the, iii. 217

Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, xi. 145 sq.

Vase-paintings of Cadmus and the dragon, iv. 78, 79; of Croesus on the pyre, v. 176

Vashti, derivation of the name, ix. 366

—— and Esther, temporary queens, ix. 365, 401

—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, ix. 406

Vasse River in Western Australia, mourners cut themselves for the dead on the, i. 91

Vaté, in the New Hebrides, the aged buried alive in, iv. 12

Vatican, worship of Cybele and Attis on the site of the, v. 275 sq.

Vatican hill, evergreen oak on the, ii. 186

—— statue of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1

Vaughan Stevens, H., on the wild tribes of the Malay region, ii. 236 n. 1

Veal eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13, 291

Veckenstedt, E., i. 326 n. 5

Vecoux, in the Vosges, cattle believed to talk on Christmas Eve at, x. 254

Vedas, the magical ritual of the, akin to shamanism, i. 229

Vedic age, the Aryans of the, their calendar, ix. 342

—— hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, xi. 295 sq.

—— India, consecration of the sacrificer of soma in, iii. 159 n.; belief and custom as to meteors in, iv. 63; swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 279 sq.

—— rites, magical nature of, i. 229

—— times, charm to restore a banished prince in, i. 145; transference of sin in, ix. 3; cure for consumption in, ix. 51; the creed of the, ix. 90; riddles asked at sacrifice of horse in, ix. 122 n.; the Aryans of the, ix. 324

Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed like human victim to, vii. 33. See also Vejovis

Vegetable and animal life associated in primitive mind, v. 5

—— food prescribed for man-slayers, iii. 167

Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, xi. 51

Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of persons on, i. 142; spirit of, newly awakened in spring, ii. 70; spirit of, brought to houses, ii. 74; spirit of, represented by mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq., 97; spirit of, represented by a tree and a living man, ii. 76; spirit of, represented in duplicate by a girl and an effigy, ii. 78; spirit of, represented by a king or queen, ii. 84, 87, 88; influence of the sexes on, ii. 97 sqq.; men and women masquerading as spirits of, ii. 120; marriage of the powers of, ii. 142, 171; death and revival of the spirit of, iv. 212, 252, 263 sqq.; perhaps generalized from a tree-spirit, iv. 253, v. 233; mythical theory of the growth and decay of, v. 3 sqq.; annual decay and revival of, represented dramatically in the rites of Adonis, v. 227 sqq.; gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, v. 236 sq., 239; Midsummer fires and couples in relation to, v. 250 sq.; Attis as a god of, v. 277 sqq.; Osiris as a god of, vi. 112, 126, 131, 158; decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods, vii. 1 sq.; Mars a deity of, ix. 229 sq.; outworn deity of, ix. 231; processions representing spirits of, ix. 250; spirit of, burnt in effigy, xi. 21 sq.; reasons for burning a deity of, xi. 23; leaf-clad representative of the spirit of, burnt, xi. 25; W. Mannhardt’s view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented spirits of, xi. 43

Vegetation-god, Easter an old vernal festival of the death and resurrection of the, ix. 328

Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, ix. 185 sqq., 198 sqq., 224

Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), ix. 1 sqq., 22 n. 2, 23 sqq.

Veil over mouth worn by Parsee priests, ii. 241, 241 n. 4

Veiling faces to avert evil influences, iii. 120 sqq.

Veils worn by candidates for initiation at Eleusis, vii. 38

“Veins of the Nile,” near Philae, offerings of money and gold thrown into the, vi. 40

Vejovis, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 180 n. See also Vedijovis

Velamas, in India, their belief as to third marriages being unlucky, ii. 57 n. 4

Veleda, deified woman among the Bructeri, i. 391

Vellalas, of Southern India, their custom at marrying a second, third, or fourth wife, ii. 57 n. 4

Velten, C., on an African Balder, xi. 312 sq.

Vendée, custom at threshing in, vii. 149 sq.

Veneti sacrifice white horses to Diomede, i. 27; on the Atlantic coast of Brittany, their boats of oak, ii. 353

Venezuela, province of Coro in, viii. 157; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Venison, taboos concerning, iii. 208 sq.; Esquimaux rules as to eating, viii. 84; eaten as a protection against fever, viii. 143; not eaten by young men lest it make them timid like deer, viii. 144; not brought into hut by door, viii. 242 sq.; not eaten because the souls of the dead are believed to be in deer, viii. 286, 293

Ventriloquism a basis of political power, i. 347

Ventriloquist as chief of his tribe, i. 347

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, i. 21, 25, 40, 41, ix. 406. See also Adonis, Aphrodite

——, the bearded, in Cyprus, vi. 259 n. 3

—— and Vulcan, vi. 231

Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, v. 258, vi. 35

Venus’ fly-trap (Dionaea), homoeopathic magic of, i. 144

Vera Cruz, in Mexico, the Indian tribes of, dated the beginning of their years by the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 310

Verbascum, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63 sq.; its relation to the sun, xi. 64

Verbena officinalis, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 62

Verdun, “killing the dog” at harvest near, vii. 272

Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 sq.

Vermilion applied to bride in Hindoo marriage ceremony, ii. 25; faces of Roman generals at a triumph reddened with, ii. 175

Vermin from hair returned to their owner, iii. 278; propitiated by farmers, viii. 274 sqq.; images of, made as a protection against them, viii. 280 sq.; exorcized with torches, x. 340

Vernal festival of Adonis, v. 226

Verrall, A. W., as to Mohammed’s prohibition of the artificial fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 n. 1; on the Anthesteria, v. 235 n. 1; on the pyre of Hercules, ix. 391 n. 4

Verres, C., carried off image of Demeter from Henna, vii. 65

Versipellis, a were-wolf, x. 314 n. 1

Vertumnus and Pomona, vi. 235 n. 6

Vervain, root of, in homoeopathic cure, i. 84; garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, x. 162, 163, 165; burnt in the Midsummer fires, x. 195; used in exorcism, xi. 62 n. 4; gathered at Midsummer, a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, xi. 62

Vesoul, the Cat at cutting the last corn at, vii. 280

Vespasian, monument of, at Nemi, i. 5 sq.; German woman worshipped as a deity in the reign of, i. 391

Vespasian family, the oak of the, xi. 168

Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, xi. 62

Vessels used by tabooed persons destroyed, iii. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156, 185, 284; new or specially reserved, to hold new fruits, viii. 50, 53, 65, 66, 72, 81, 83

——, special, employed by tabooed persons, iii. 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 167, 185, 189, 197, 198; reserved for eating bear’s flesh, viii. 196, 198; used by menstruous women, x. 86, 90; used by girls at puberty, x. 93

Vesta, her round temple, i. 13, ii. 200 sq.; her sacred fires in Latium, i. 13 sq.; worshipped at Lavinium, i. 14; her festival in June, ii. 127 n. 3; at Rome, the grove of, ii. 185; her fire at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 186, xi. 91, 286; called Mother, not Virgin, ii. 198, 229; as Mother, ii. 227 sqq.; a goddess of fecundity, ii. 229 sq.; sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, x. 138

Vestal fire at Alba, i. 13; at Rome a successor of the fire on the king’s hearth, ii. 200 sqq.; rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207; at Nemi, ii. 378 sq., 380

—— Virgin, mother of Servius Tullius, ii. 196; mother of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196, vi. 235

—— Virgins, in Latium, i. 13 sq.; become mothers by the fire, ii. 196 sq.; regarded as wives of the fire-god, ii. 198, 199, 229; relit the sacred fire of Vesta, ii. 207, x. 138; their function at the Parilia, ii. 229, 326; an order of, among the Baganda, ii. 246; their address to the King of the Sacred Rites, ii. 265; daughters of the Latin kings, ii. 271; their shorn tresses hung on a lotus-tree, iii. 275; rule as to their election, vi. 244; ceremonies performed by them on April 21st, viii. 42; their rule of celibacy, x. 138 n. 5

Vestals fetch water from the spring of Egeria, i. 18; African, ii. 150; house of the, at Rome, ii. 201; their coarse earthenware, ii. 202; of the Herero, ii. 213, 214; custom of burying alive unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228; at Rome the wives or daughters of the kings, ii. 228; adore the male organ, ii. 229; rites performed by them for the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of cattle, ii. 229, 326; Celtic, ii. 241 n. 1; Peruvian, ii. 243 sqq.; in Yucatan, ii. 245 sq.

—— and pontiffs threw puppets annually into the Tiber at Rome, viii. 107

Vestini, the ancient, Midsummer fires in the territory of, x. 209

Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, xi. 319

Vi River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Vicarious and nutritive types of sacrifice, vi. 226

—— sacrifices in ancient Babylon and on the Slave Coast, iv. 117; in ancient Greece, iv. 165, 166 n. 1; for kings, iv. 220 sq.

—— suffering, principle of, ix. 1 sq.

—— use of images, viii. 96 sqq.

Victim, passing between the pieces of a sacrificial, i. 289, 289 n. 4

——, human, taken in procession from door to door, vii. 247

Victims give signs of inspiration by shaking themselves, i. 384 sq.

——, human, sacrificed to man-gods, i. 386, 387; treated as divine, vii. 250; assimilated to gods, vii. 261 sq.; personating gods and goddesses in ancient Mexico, ix. 275 sqq.; claimed by St. John on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day), x. 27, 29; claimed by water at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq. See also Human sacrifices

Victims, sacrificial, hung on trees, v. 146; carried round city, iii. 188

——, white, sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291, 292, 314

Victoria, the late Queen, worshipped as a deity in Orissa, i. 404

Victoria, the Wotjobaluk of, i. 206, 251 sq.; rain-making in, i. 251, 252; the Wurunjeri tribe of, iii. 42; the Kurnai of, iii. 83, 84; the Bad Country in, iii. 109; human hair used to cause rain by the tribes of, iii. 272; avoidance of wife’s mother among the tribes of, iii. 345 sq.; difference of language between husbands and wives in some tribes of, iii. 347 sq.; the Gowmditch-mara tribe of, iii. 348; personal names rarely perpetuated among the tribes of, iii. 353 sq.; kinsfolk of the dead change their names in some tribes of, iii. 357; the natives of, their observation of Canopus and the Pleiades, vii. 308; sex totems in, xi. 217

——, aborigines of, use of magical images among the, i. 62; their custom as to teething, i. 180; contagious magic of footprints among the, i. 212; mourning custom among the, iii. 182 n. 2; concealment of personal names among the, iii. 321; fear of naming the dead among the, iii. 350, 365; changes in their vocabulary caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 359 sq.; women’s share in the search for food among the, vii. 127 sq.; their custom as to emu fat, x. 13; their dread of women at menstruation, x. 77 sq.

——, in Vancouver’s Island, wind-stones at, i. 322

Victoria Nyanza, Lake, Kadouma near, i. 328; Ussukuma, on the southern bank of, i. 353, iii. 260; Mukasa, the god of the, ii. 150, vi. 257; customs of Baganda fishermen on, iii. 194 sq.; the Wanyamwesi, to the south of, vii. 118; Kiziba, to the west of, viii. 219

Victory, temple of, on the Palatine Hill at Rome, v. 265

Vicuña, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, x. 178

Viehe, Rev. G., on the huts of the Herero, ii. 213 n. 2; on the fire-sticks of the Herero, ii. 218 n. 1; on sacred sticks representing ancestors among the Herero, ii. 222, 223 sq.; on the worship of the dead among the Herero, vi. 187 n. 1

Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n. 1; Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 191; the Yule log in, x. 251

Vieux-Pont, in Orne, game of ball at, ix. 183 n. 3

Vigil, the all-night, in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 38

Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain in Western India, iv. 122 sqq., 132

Vilavou, New Year’s Men, the name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, xi. 244

Village, double-headed idol set up as guardian at entrance of, ii. 385; continence at building a new, iii. 202; tabooed at feast of first-fruits in Borneo, viii. 122; surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, x. 282

Village May-poles in England, ii. 66 sqq.

Villages, expulsion of demons from, ix. 111 sqq. See also Pile-villages

Villagomez, Pedro de, on the Peruvian Maize-mother, etc., vii. 172 n. 2

Vimeux, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Vine, Flamen Dialis not allowed to walk under a, iii. 14, 248; the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, vi. 7, 112; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2. See also Vines

——, wild, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 251

Vine-branches used to beat people with at Easter, ix. 269

Vines blessed on the Assumption of the Virgin (15th August), i. 14 sq.; Festival of the Threshing-floor held at the pruning of the, vii. 61

Vineyards dedicated to Artemis, i. 15

Vintage, first-fruits of, offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283, viii. 133; inaugurated by priests, viii. 133; omens of, x. 164

—— in Greece, time of, vii. 47

Vintage festival, Oschophoria, at Athens, vi. 258 n. 6

—— rites at Athens, vi. 238

—— song, Phoenician, vii. 216, 257

Vintagers and vine-diggers, treatment of strangers by, vii. 257 sq.

Violence done to the rain-powers in drought, i. 296 sqq.

Violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 313 sqq.

Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, v. 267

Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, xi. 44 n. 1

Viracocha, name applied by the Peruvian Indians to the Spaniards, i. 56, 57 n.

Virbius, the mate of Diana at Nemi, i. 19-21, 40 sqq., ii. 129, 378, v. 45; the mythical predecessor or archetype of the Kings of the Wood at Nemi, i. 40 sq., ii. 129; perhaps annually married to Diana at Nemi, ii. 129; perhaps a local form of Jupiter, ii. 379; etymology of the name, ii. 379 n. 5; restored to life by Aesculapius, iv. 214; interpreted as an oak-spirit, xi. 295

—— or Hippolytus killed by horses, iv. 214

—— and the horse, viii. 40 sqq.

——, the slope of, i. 4 n. 5, ii. 321

Virgil, the witch in, i. 206 n. 4; the story of Polydorus in, ii. 33; on the oak-crowned kings of Alba, ii. 178; an antiquary as well as a poet, ii. 178; on the Capitoline hill, ii. 184; on the primitive inhabitants of Rome, ii. 186; on the Golden Bough, ii. 379, xi. 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.; the enchantress in, iii. 305; on the rustic militia of Latium, iii. 311; on Dido’s magical rites, iii. 312; on the game of Troy, iv. 76; on the creation of the world, iv. 108 sq.; as an enchanter, viii. 281; on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14

Virgin, the Assumption of the, in relation to Diana, i. 14-16; festival of the, in the Armenian Church, i. 16; in relation to Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1; blesses the fruits of the earth, x. 118; the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 182 sq., 191; feast of the Nativity of the, x. 220 sq.

—— and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, x. 253 sq.

——, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun, v. 303

Virgin birth of Perseus, v. 302 n. 4

—— Mary and Isis, vi. 118 sq.

—— Mary of Kevlaar, the pilgrimage to, i. 77

—— Mother, the Phrygian Mother Goddess as a, v. 281

——mothers, tales of, v. 264; of gods and heroes, v. 107

—— priestesses of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38; in Peru, Mexico, and Yucatan, ii. 243 sqq.

Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, xi. 266 sq.

Virginity offered to rivers, ii. 162; test of, by blowing up a flame, ii. 239 sq., x. 139 n.; sacrifice of, v. 60; recovered by bathing in a spring, v. 280

Virgins plant and gather olives, ii. 107; sacrificed to serpents, dragons, or other monsters, folk-tales of, ii. 155; supposed to conceive through eating certain food, v. 96; sacrificed to goddess in Mexico, vii. 237

Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, x. 132

——, the Vestal, and the sacred fire, x. 136. See also Vestal Virgins and Vestals

Virility, hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his, ii. 130; sacrifice of, to Cybele, ii. 144 sq.; sacrifice of, in the rites of Attis and Astarte, v. 268 sq., 270 sq.; other sacrifices of, v. 270 n. 2; supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, x. 81

Viscum album, common mistletoe, xi. 315 sqq.

—— quernum, xi. 317

Vishnu invoked at rain-making, i. 283; a Brahman sacrificer supposed to become, i. 380; embodied in the Salagrama, a fossil ammonite, ii. 26, 27 n.; supposed to pervade the Holy Basil (tulasi), ii. 26; mock human sacrifice in the worship of, iv. 216

Vision, charm by means of eagle’s gall to ensure good, i. 154; sharpness of, conferred by dragon-stone, i. 165 n. 6

Visiter, the Christmas, among the Servians, x. 261 sq., 263, 264

Visve Devah, the common mob of deities, a pap of boiled grain offered to, in ancient Hindoo ritual, viii. 120

Vitellius at Nemi, i. 5

—— and Otho, iv. 141

Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, the drama of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 243

Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer at, v. 248, x. 194

Vitruvius, on the origin of fire among men, ii. 257 n.

Vituperation thought to cause rain, i. 278

Vitzilipuztli or Vitzilopochtli, Mexican god, dough image of him made and eaten sacramentally, viii. 86 sqq.; young man annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 280 sq.

Viza in Thrace, Carnival customs at, vi. 91, vii. 26, 28

Vizagapatam, in the Madras Presidency, human god at, i. 405; the Kudulu tribe near, vii. 244

Vizyenos, G. M., on a Carnival custom in Thrace, vii. 25 n. 4, 26

Vogel Mountains, burning wheels on the first Sunday in Lent near the, x. 118

Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, ix. 373 n. 1

Voigtland, leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 139 n.; locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296; toothache nailed into trees in, ix. 59; belief in witchcraft in, ix. 160; witches driven away in, ix. 160; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268; young people beat each other at Christmas in, ix. 271; bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, x. 160; tree and person thrown into water on St. John’s Day in, xi. 27 sq.; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 57 sq.; wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 64; precautions against witches in, xi. 73 sq.

Volcanic eruptions supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

—— region of Cappadocia, v. 189 sqq.

—— religion, v. 188 sqq.

Volcano, criminals thrown into, ii. 111; sacrifice of child to, iv. 218. See also Volcanoes

Volcano Bay, in Yezo, viii. 185

Volcanoes, fire perhaps first procured from, ii. 256; the worship of, v. 216 sqq.; human victims thrown into, v. 219 sq.

Volders, in the Tyrol, custom at threshing at, vii. 224

Volga, sacred groves among the tribes of the, ii. 10; the Cheremiss of the, viii. 51, x. 181

Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, x. 140

Volos, the beard of, name given to unreaped patches of corn in Russia, vii. 233

Voluntary human victims at religious rites, iv. 140 sq., 143 sq., 145; substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 sq., 273 sqq.

Voluspa, the Sibyl’s prophecy in the, x. 102 sq.

Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, i. 84; as a religious rite, viii. 73, 75

Voralberg, in the Tyrol, “burning the witch” on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 116

Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, x. 187

Vorharz, the Oats-man and Oats-woman at the harvest feast in the, vii. 163

Voroneje, in Russia, patch of rye left for Elijah at harvest at, vii. 233

Vosges, peasants of the, preserve their extracted teeth against the resurrection, iii. 280; disposal of cut hair and nails in the, iii. 281; “the Dog of the harvest” in the, vii. 272; toothache nailed into trees in the, ix. 59; Midsummer fires in the, x. 188, 336; the Yule log in the, x. 254; cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, xi. 40

——, the Upper, rule as to the shearing of sheep in, vi. 134 n. 3

Vosges Mountains, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i. 137; May custom in the, ii. 63; French peasants of the, their belief in St. George as protector of flocks, ii. 334 n. 2; belief as to shooting stars in the, iv. 67; Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 69; “to catch the Hare” at harvest in the, vii. 279; “catching the cat” at haymaking and harvest in the, vii. 281; dances on Twelfth Day in the, ix. 315; the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, ix. 330; Lenten fires in the, x. 109; witches as hares in the, x. 318; magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, xi. 47

Votaries, female, of Marduk, ix. 372 n. 2

Votiaks (Wotyaks) of Russia, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 76 sq. See also Wotyaks

Votive images among the Kusavans, i. 56 n. 3

—— offerings at Nemi, i. 4, 6, 12, 19, 23; to St. Leonhard, i. 7 sq.; to the Virgin Mary, i. 77 sq.

Vow, hair kept unshorn during a, iii. 261 sq., 285

Voyage, charm to make or mar a, i. 163; in boats of papyrus in the rites of Osiris, vi. 88

Voyagers, fire kept burning at home in absence of, i. 121; sympathetic taboos observed by girls in absence of, i. 126

Voyages, telepathy in, i. 126

Vrid-eld, need-fire in Sweden, x. 280

Vrigne-aux-Bois, in the Ardennes, mock execution of Carnival at, iv. 226

Vrtra, the dragon, conquered by Indra, in the Rigveda, iv. 106 sq.

Vulcan, the fire-god, father of Caeculus, ii. 197, vi. 235; the husband of Maia or Majestas, vi. 232 sq.; his Flamen, vi. 232

—— and Venus, vi. 231

Vulci, Etruscan tomb at, ii. 196 n.

Vulsinii, in Etruria, nails annually knocked into the temple of Nortia at, ix. 67

Vulture, wing-bone of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; in divination, i. 158; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299. See also Vultures

——, the black, mimicked by actor or dancer among the Kobeua and Kaua Indians of Brazil, ix. 381

Vulture’s feather in a charm, viii. 167

Vultures not to be called by their proper names, iii. 408; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 202

Vunivalu, the War King of Fiji, iii. 21

Wa, the Wild, a tribe of Upper Burma, their custom of head-hunting for the sake of the crops, vii. 241 sqq.

Wa-teita, the, of East Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98

Wabisa, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, their great god, vi. 174

Wabondei of East Africa, their sacrifices to baobab-trees, ii. 47; preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs as charms, iii. 272; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82; their rule as to the cutting of posts for building, vi. 137; eat hearts of lions and leopards to become brave, viii. 142

Wachsmuth, C., on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254

Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257

Wadai, the Sultan of, conceals his face, iii. 120; the Sultan of, must have no bodily defect, iv. 39; ceremony of the new fire in, x. 134, 140

Waddell, L. A., on the kings of Sikhim, iii. 20; on demonolatry in Sikhim and Tibet, ix. 94

Wade, Sir Thomas, formerly Professor of Chinese at Cambridge, iv. 273 sq.

Wadowe, the, of German East Africa, woman’s share in agriculture among, vii. 118; their story of an African Balder, xi. 312

Wafiomi, of East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28

Waga-waga, in British New Guinea, changes of vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead at, iii. 362

Wageia, the, of German East Africa, purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 177

Waggum, in Brunswick, the May Bride at Whitsuntide at, ii. 96

Wagogo, of German East Africa, chastity of women during absence of warriors among the, i. 131; their rain-making by means of black animals, i. 290 sq.; chiefs as rain-makers among the, i. 343; custom observed by man-slayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1; their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 143; their belief in the effect of eating a totemic animal, viii. 26; eat the hearts of lions to become brave, viii. 142; eat the hearts of enemies to make them brave, viii. 149; their way of getting rid of birds that infest gardens, viii. 276; their transference of sickness, ix. 6 sq.

Wagogo hunters, taboos observed by wives in absence of, i. 123

Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony on Wednesday before Good Friday at, x. 146 n. 3

Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, i. 79

Wahehe, a Bantu tribe of German East Africa, custom before marriage among the, iii. 86 n.; the worship of the dead among the, vi. 188 sqq.; their belief in a supreme god Nguruhe, vi. 188 sq.; their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

Waheia, the, of German East Africa, their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

Wahoko, the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278

Wahrstedt, in Brunswick, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 85

Wahuma, the, of the Albert Nyanza Lake, their rain-making, i. 250

Wailing of women for Adonis, v. 224

Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, prayers and offerings for the growth of the flax to, iv. 156

Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, their treatment of the corpses of childless women, i. 142; their charm for runners, i. 151; their rain-making, i. 250; mourners cut their hair among the, iii. 286; their covenant by means of spittle, iii. 290; their custom of leaping over a grandfather’s corpse, iii. 424; their way of appeasing ghosts of suicides, v. 292 n. 3; their human sacrifices at irrigation, vi. 38; their way of diverting locusts from the fields, viii. 276; plants planted at birth of infants among the, xi. 160

Wajagga warriors swallow shavings of rhinoceros hide and horn to make them strong, viii. 143

Wak, a sky-spirit of the Borans, children and cattle sacrificed to, iv. 181

Wakamba, the, of East Africa, sacrifice to baobab-trees, ii. 46. See Akamba

Wakan, in the Dacotan language, mysterious, sacred, taboo, iii. 225 n., viii. 180 n. 2

Wakanda, a spirit recognized by the Omahas, iii. 187

Wakefulness, homoeopathic charms to ensure, i. 154, 156

Wakelbura, the, of Australia, their way of disabling ghosts, iii. 31 sq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation among the, x. 78

Wakondyo (Wakondjo), the, of Central Africa, their way of obtaining rain by means of a stone, i. 305; their custom as to the afterbirth, xi. 162 sq.

Walachia (or Wallachia), precautions against witches on St George’s Day in, ii. 338; crown of last ears of corn worn by girl at harvest in, v. 237

Walachians, herdsman’s festival on St. George’s Day among the, ii. 338 sq.

Walber, a tree and a man disguised in corn-stalks, on May 2nd in Bavaria, ii. 75, 78

Walburgis Day, the 2nd of May in the Franken Wald mountains of Bavaria, ii. 75 n. 2

Waldemar I., king of Denmark, magical powers attributed to, i. 367

Wales, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 sq.; All Souls’ Day in, vi. 79; harvest customs in, vii. 142 sqq.; the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 sqq.; Snake Stones in, x. 15 sq.; Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 155 sq.; Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, x. 155, xi. 91; Midsummer fires in, x. 200 sq.; divination at Hallowe’en in, x. 229, 240 sq.; Hallowe’en fires in, x. 239 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 258; burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, x. 301; witches as hares in, x. 315 n. 1; belief as to witches in, x. 321 n. 2; bewitched things burnt in, x. 322; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53; St. John’s wort used to drive away fiends in, xi. 55; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, xi. 82; mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 86, 293; mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, xi. 86; mistletoe used to dream on at Midsummer in, xi. 293. See also Welsh

Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, x. 101. See also Valhalla

Walking over fire as a rite, xi. 3 sqq.

Wall, Roman ceremony of knocking nails into a, ix. 65 sqq. See also Walls

Wallace, A. R., on women’s work among the tribes of the Uaupes River, vii. 121 sq.

Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie, on the Russian sect of the Christs, i. 407 sq.

Wallachia. See Walachia

Wallis Island, tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 140

Walls of houses beaten to expel ghosts, iii. 170; maladies and devils nailed into, ix. 62 sqq.; fortified, of the ancient Gauls, x. 267 sq.

Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-sheds, x. 191

Walo, on the Senegal, the king of, not to be seen eating, iii. 118

Walos of Senegambia, their royal family thought to possess the power of healing by touch, i. 370 sq.; their belief as to sort of mistletoe, xi. 79 sq.

Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, xi. 231

Walpurgis Day, the 1st of May, charred sticks of Judas fire planted in the fields on, x. 143

—— Night (the Eve of May Day), dances on, to make flax grow tall, i. 138, 139 n.; precautions against witches on, ii. 52, 54, 55, xi. 20 n.; milk and butter stolen by witches on, ii. 127; witches abroad on, ix. 158 sqq., x. 159 sq.; annual expulsion of witches on, ix. 159 sqq.; dances for the crops on, ix. 238; a witching time, x. 295; witches active on, xi. 73, 74

Walrus, taboos concerning, among the Esquimaux, iii. 208 sq.

Walton, Izaak, on Lapland witches, i. 326 n. 2

Wamara, a worshipful dead king in Kiziba, vi. 174

Wambuba, the, of Central Africa, carry fire on the march, ii. 255

Wambugwe of East Africa, their rain-charm by means of black animals, i. 290; sorcerers as chiefs among the, i. 342; their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65

Wamegi, the, of German East Africa, their human sacrifices at harvest and sowing, vii. 240

Wand, magic, made from a tree growing on a grave, ii. 33

Wandorobbo, of East Africa, their continence at brewing poison, iii. 200 sq.

Wangala, harvest-festival of the Garos, viii. 337 sq.

Wangen in Baden, bonfire and burning discs on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 117

Wanigela River, in New Guinea, purification of manslayers among tribes on the, iii. 167 sq.; preparations for fishing turtle and dugong among the tribes of the, iii. 192

Waniki, the, of East Africa, their belief in the spirits of trees, ii. 12; their reverence for coco-nut palms, ii. 16; their mode of killing their cattle, iii. 247

Waning of the moon, theories to account for the, vi. 130; time for felling timber, vi. 135 sqq.

Wannefeld, in the Altmark, the last stalks at reaping left for the He-goat at, vii. 287

Wanyamwesi, the, of Central Africa, iii. 109; their belief in the association of twins with water, i. 268 sq.; ceremony observed by them on return from a journey, iii. 112; their custom as to personal names, iii. 330; woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 118; their propitiation of slain elephants, viii. 227; their practice of adding to heaps of sticks or stones, ix. 11 n. 1; their belief as to wounded crocodiles, xi. 210 n. 1

Wanyoro (Banyoro), the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278. See Banyoro

Wanzleben, near Magdeburg, man called the Wolf at threshing at, vii. 274 sq.

War, use of twins in, i. 49 n. 3; telepathy in, i. 126 sqq.; continence in, iii. 157, 158 n. 1, 161, 163, 164, 165; rules of ceremonial purity observed in, iii. 157 sqq.; hair kept unshorn in, iii. 261; sacrifice of a blind bull before going to, vi. 250 sq.

“——, the sleep of,” among the Black foot Indians, ii. 147

War chief, or war king, iii. 20, 21, 24

—— -dance of villagers round victor, iii. 169; of manslayers on their return, iii. 170, 178; of old men round manslayer, iii. 182; of king before the ghosts of his ancestors, vi. 192; at festival of new corn among the Natchez Indians, viii. 79

—— -god, dog sacrificed to, i. 173

Ward, Professor H. Marshall, on the respective hardness of ivy and laurel, ii. 252; on the artificial fertilization of the fig, ii. 315 n. 1

Ward, Professor James, as to Hegel’s views on magic and religion, i. 423

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, xi. 97 sqq.

Warm food tabooed, iii. 189

Warner, Mr., on Caffre ideas about lightning, vi. 177 n. 1

Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, their magical ceremonies for the multiplication of their totems, i. 89; their custom at subincision, i. 93; custom observed by Warramunga women while the men are fighting each other with torches, i. 94; knocking out of teeth among the, i. 99; their homoeopathic charm to catch euros, i. 162; their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 181; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 183; believe certain trees to be inhabited by disembodied human spirits, ii. 34; their propitiation of a mythical water-snake, ii. 156; will not call the mythical snake Wollunqua by its proper name, iii. 384; their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 100; their tradition of purification by fire, v. 180 n. 2; their cure for headache, ix. 2

Warrior Island, Torres Straits. See Tud

Warriors tabooed, iii. 157 sqq., x. 5; worship their weapons, ix. 90

Warts supposed to be affected by the moon, vi. 149; transferred to other people, ix. 48 sq.; transferred to the moon, ix. 54; transferred to an ash-tree, ix. 57

Warua, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117; unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329

Warundi, the, of East Africa, custom as to girls at puberty among the, iii. 225 n.

Warwickshire, Arden in, ii. 7 sq.; the Queen of May in, ii. 88; the Yule log in, x. 257

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, dance and deposit stones at dangerous places, ix. 29; their custom at circumcision, xi. 183

Washing forbidden for magical reasons during a rhinoceros-hunt, i. 115, during husband’s absence, i. 122, during heavy rain, i. 253; practised as a rain-charm, i. 253; practised as a ceremonial purification by the Jews after reading the scripture, viii. 27, by the Jewish high priest after the sin-offering, viii. 27, by the Greeks after expiatory sacrifices, viii. 27, 85, by the Parjas after killing a totemic animal, viii. 27 sq., by the Matabele at eating the new fruits, viii. 71, by the Esquimaux before a change of diet, viii. 84, 85, by the Basutos after the slaughter of foes, viii. 149. See also Bathing

—— and bathing forbidden to rain-doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272

—— the feet of strangers, iii. 108

—— the head, customs as to, in Siam, Burma, ancient Persia, ancient Rome, and Peru, iii. 253

Washington group of the Marquesas Islands, seclusion of man-slayers in the, iii. 178. See also Marquesas

—— State, rain-charm in, i. 309; the Twana Indians of, iii. 58; the Klallam Indians of, iii. 354; the Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam tribes of, iii. 365; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 43

Wasmes, processions with torches on the first and second Sundays in Lent at, x. 108

Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, xi. 143

Wasps in homoeopathic magic, i. 152; young men stung with, as an ordeal before marriage among the Roocooyen Indians, ix. 263, x. 63

Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day in Herefordshire for the sake of the crops, ix. 319

Wassgow mountains, the need-fire as a remedy for cattle-plague in the, x. 271

Wata, a caste of hunters in East Africa, children of the Borans sent away to be reared by the, iv. 181

Wataturu, the, of East Africa, their chiefs sorcerers, i. 342 sq.; their rule as to partaking of flesh and milk, viii. 84

Watchandie woman, in Australia, her fear of naming the dead, iii. 350

Watchdogs, charm to silence, i. 149

Water not to be touched by people at home in absence of hunters, i. 120; splashed by wife in absence of her husband, i. 120 sq.; sprinkled as rain-charm, i. 248 sqq.; poured on graves as a rain-charm, i. 268, 286; puppet representing the tree-spirit thrown into, ii. 75, 76; serpent or dragon of, ii. 155 sqq.; conspicuous part played by, in the Midsummer festival, ii. 273, v. 246 sqq., x. 172, 205 sq., 216, xi. 26 sqq.; poured as a rain-charm, iii. 154 sq.; not allowed to touch the lips, iii. 160; to be called by another name in brewing, iii. 395; effigies of Death thrown into the, iv. 234 sqq., 246 sq.; thrown on the last corn cut as a rain-charm, v. 237 sq.; marvellous properties attributed to, at Midsummer (the festival of St. John), v. 246 sqq., x. 172, 205 sq., 216, xi. 29 sqq.; used to wash away sins, ix. 39; not to cross, in ritual, ix. 58; from sacred wells, x. 12; menstruous women not to go near, x. 77; consecrated at Easter, x. 122 sqq., 125; turned to wine at Easter, x. 124; improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, x. 184; at Midsummer, people drenched with, x. 193 sq.; heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, x. 289; claims human victims at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq.; haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— and Fire, kings of, in the backwoods of Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq.

——, holy, sprinkling with, iii. 285 sq.; a protection against witches, ix. 158, 164 sq.

—— of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with the, in the lower world, v. 9; prince restored to life by the, in a folk-tale, xi. 114 sq.

——, prophetic, drunk on St. John’s Eve, v. 247

——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, x. 216; at New Year in Morocco, x. 218

—— of springs and wells thought to acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer Eve, x. 172, 205 sq.

Water-bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 207 n. 1

“—— -carriers,” maidens called, at Athens, viii. 5

—— -cross, a stone cross in Uist, used in rain-ceremonies, i. 308

—— -dragon, drama of the slaying of the, at Delphi and Thebes, iv. 78

—— -fowl, migratory, as representatives of the Old Woman of maize, vii. 204 sq.

—— -lilies, charms to make water-lilies grow, i. 95, 97, 98

—— nymphs, fertilizing virtue of, ii. 162

—— -ousel, heart of, eaten to make the eater wise and eloquent, viii. 144

—— -spirits, propitiation of, ii. 76; women married to, ii. 150 sqq.; sacrifices to, ii. 155 sqq.; as beneficent beings, ii. 159; bestow offspring on women, ii. 159 sqq.; danger of, iii. 94; offerings to, at Midsummer, xi. 28

—— totem among the Arunta, rain made by men of the, i. 259 sq.

Waterbrash, a Huzul cure for, vi. 149 sq.

Waterfalls, spirits of, ii. 156, 157

Watford, in Hertfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 61

Watubela Islands, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 187

Watuta, the, an African tribe of freebooters, iii. 109

Wave accompanying earthquake, v. 202 sq.

Waves, water from nine, in cure, xi. 186 sq.

Wawamba, the, of Central Africa, their way of making rain by means of a stone, i. 305

Wawanga, tribe of Mount Elgon, in British East Africa, their kings not allowed to die a natural death, iv. 287 (in Second Impression)

Wax melted to cause love, i. 77

Wax figures in magic, i. 66, 67, iii. 74, ix. 47

Waxen models of the human body or of parts of it as votive offerings, i. 77 sq.

Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, x. 63 sq.

Waziguas of East Africa do not call the lion by his proper name, iii. 400

Wealds of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, ii. 7

Wealth acquired by magicians, i. 347, 348, 351, 352

Weaning of children, belief as to the, in Angus, vi. 148

Weapon and wound, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Weapons, prayers to, i. 132; sharp, tabooed, iii. 237 sqq.; of man-slayers, purification of, iii. 172, 182, 219; turned against spiritual foes, ix. 233

Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, ix. 8 sqq.; attributed to an evil spirit in the body, ix. 12; magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, xi. 54, 60. See also Fatigue

Weasels, superstition of farmers as to, viii. 275

Weather, the magical control of the, i. 244 sqq.; of the twelve months determined by the weather of the Twelve Days, ix. 322 sqq.

Weather doctors in Melanesia, i. 321

Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, xi. 289 sq.

Weavers, the Kaikolans, a caste of, v. 62

Weaving forbidden during absence of warriors, i. 131; homoeopathic charm to ensure skill in, i. 154 sq.

Weber, A., on origin of the Twelve Days, ix. 325 n. 3

Wedau, in New Guinea, the chief of, a sorcerer, i. 338

Wedding rings amulets against witchcraft, iii. 314, 314 sq.

Weeks, Rev. J. H., on inconsistency of savage thought, v. 5 n.; on the names for the supreme god among many tribes of Africa, vi. 186 n. 5; on the fear of the spirits of the dead among the Boloki, ix. 76 sq.; on the fear of witchcraft among the natives of the Congo, ix. 77 n. 2; on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 n. 1

Weeping of the women of Jerusalem for Tammuz, vi. 11; for the gods, Xenophanes on the custom of, vi. 42; of savages for the animals and plants they kill, vi. 43; of sowers, vi. 45; of Karok Indians at hewing sacred wood, vi. 47 sq.; of oxen an omen of good crops, viii. 9; at slaughter of worshipful bear, viii. 189; at thanksgiving for the crops, ix. 293; of girls at puberty, x. 24, 29. See also Tears

Weevils, spared by Esthonian peasants, viii. 274

Weiden, in Bavaria, cutter of last sheaf tied up in it at, vii. 139

Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Weidulut, heathen priest among the old Prussians, vii. 288

Weights and measures, false, corrected after an earthquake, v. 201 sq.; corrected in time of epidemic, ix. 115

Weihaiwei, in Northern China, ceremony of “the Beginning of Spring” in the cities nearest to, viii. 11

Weinhold, K., as to the sacrifice of a king’s son every ninth year, v. 57 n. 2; on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 n. 4

Weitensfeld, in Carinthia, bride-race at, ii. 304

Wellalaick, festival of the dead among the Letts, vi. 74

Wellhausen, J., on Arab rain-charm, i. 303

Wells cleansed as rain-charm, i. 267, 323; married to the holy basil, ii. 26 sq.; bestow offspring on women, ii. 160 sq.; divination by means of, ii. 345; sacred, in Scotland, x. 12; menstruous women kept from x. 81, 96 sq.; charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, x. 184; crowned with flowers at Midsummer, xi. 28

——, goddess of, married to a wooden image of a god, ii. 146

——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, x. 205 sq.

——, the Lord of the, at Fulda on Midsummer Day, xi. 28

Welsh, Miss, on the custom of the churn in the north of Ireland, vii. 155 n. 1

Welsh cure for cough by transferring it to a dog, ix. 51; by crawling under a bramble, xi. 180; by passing under an ass, xi. 192 n. 1

—— custom of sin-eating, ix. 43 sq.

—— name, alleged, for mistletoe, xi. 286 n. 3. See also Wales

Wemba, the, of Rhodesia, punishment of adultery among, viii. 158. See Awemba

Wen-Ammon, Egyptian traveller, at Byblus, v. 14, 75 sq.

—— -chow, city in China, iv. 43

Wend cure for jaundice, i. 81. See also Wends

Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of Christ, ix. 412 sq., 415, 418 n. 1

Wends, their superstition as to oaks, ii. 55; their ancient custom of killing and eating the old, iv. 14; call the last sheaf the Old Man, vii. 138; the Harvest-cock among the, vii. 276; their faith in Midsummer herbs, xi. 54

—— of Saxony, their custom of the May-tree, ii. 69; say that the man who gives the last stroke at threshing “has struck the Old Man,” vii. 149; their precautions against witches on Walpurgis Day, ix. 163; their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, xi. 297

—— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, xi. 48; their belief as to the divining-rod, xi. 68 n. 4

Wensleydale, in Yorkshire, the Yule log in, x. 256

Werboutz, in Russia, rain-making at, i. 277

Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, x. 310 sq., 313 n. 1

—— -wolf, how a man becomes a, x. 310 n. 1; story in Petronius, x. 313 sq.

—— -wolves in Livonia, belief as to, iii. 42; active during the Twelve Days, ix. 164; compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, x. 308 sqq.; put to death, x. 311; and the full moon, x. 314 n. 1; and witches, parallelism between, x. 315, 321

Wermland, in Sweden, treatment of strangers on the threshing-floor in, vii. 230; grain of last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in, viii. 48

Werner, Miss Alice, on the sanctity of the wild fig-tree in Africa, ii. 317 n. 1; on a soul-box in Africa, xi. 156 n. 1; on African Balders, xi. 314

Wernicke, on the character of Artemis, i. 35 sq.

West, Oriental religions in the, v. 298 sqq.

West Indian Islands, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, xi. 223 n. 2

Westerhüsen in Saxony, last corn cut at harvest made up like a woman at, vii. 134

Westermann, D., on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, vi. 165

Westermarck, Dr. E., as to king-killing on the Blue Nile, iv. 16 n. 1; on annual mock sultans in Morocco, iv. 153 n. 1; on the reason for killing the first-born, iv. 189 n. 2; on the hereditary holiness of kings, iv. 204 n. 2; on the tug-of-war in Morocco, ix. 180; on New Year rites in Morocco, x. 218; on Midsummer festival in North Africa, x. 219; his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, x. 329 sq.; on water at Midsummer, xi. 31

Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, ii. 96; the Femgericht in, ii. 321; sacred oaks in, ii. 371; the last sheaf called the Great Mother in, vii. 135 sq., 138; the hörkelmei at harvest in, vii. 147 n. 1; the Harvest-cock in, vii. 276 sq., 277 sq.; children warned against the Fox in the corn at Ravensberg in, vii. 296; fox carried from house to house in spring in, vii. 297; custom of “quickening” cattle on May Morning in, ix. 266; Easter fires in, x. 140; the Yule log in, x. 248; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61; camomile gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63; the Midsummer log of oak in, xi. 92 n. 1

Westphalian form of the expulsion of evil, ix. 159 n. 1

Wetar (Wetter), East Indian island, stabbing people’s shadows in, iii. 78; fear of women’s blood in, iii. 251; leprosy supposed to be caused by eating of a sacred animal in, viii. 25

Wetter, East Indian island, no fire after a death in, ii. 268 n. See also Wetar

Wetteren, wicker giants carried in procession at, xi. 35

Wetterpfähle, oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, x. 145

Wetting people with water as a rain-charm, i. 250, 251, 269 sq., 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 sq., ii. 77, v. 237 sqq.; the last corn cut, as a rain-charm, v. 237 sq.; ploughmen and sowers as a rain-charm, v. 238 sq.

Weverham, in Cheshire, May-poles at, ii. 70 sq.

Wexford, in Leinster, great fair formerly held at, iv. 100; Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Whakatane valley in New Zealand, hinau tree thought to make barren women fertile in the, i. 182

Whale, solemn burial of dead, iii. 223; represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377. See also Whales

Whale-fishing, telepathy in, i. 121

Whale’s ghost, fear of injuring, iii. 205

Whalers, taboos observed by, iii. 191 sq., 205 sqq.; their bodies cut up and used as charms, vi. 106

Whales not mentioned by their proper names, iii. 398; ceremonies observed after the slaughter of, viii. 232 sqq.; worshipped by the Indians of Peru, viii. 249

Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, x. 198

Wheat, charm at sowing, i. 137; offerings of, at Lammas, iv. 101; forced for festival, v. 243, 244, 251 sq., 253; thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, x. 260, 262, 264; protected against mice by mugwort, xi. 58 sq.

—— and barley, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, vi. 7; discovered by Isis, vi. 116

Wheat-bride, name given to the last sheaf of wheat and to the woman who binds it, vii. 162, 163

Wheat-cock, the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 276

—— -cow, the man who cuts the last ears of wheat at harvest called the, vii. 289

—— -dog, the man who cuts or binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 272

—— -goat, at cutting the last corn, vii. 282

—— -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece, vii. 48

—— -mallet, the man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the, vii. 148

—— -man, said to be killed by the last stroke at threshing, vii. 223

—— -mother, name given to wreath made out of last stalks at harvest, vii. 135

—— -pug, name given to man who gives the last stroke at threshing, vii. 273

—— -sow, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 298

—— -sowing, ceremony at, among the tribes of Gilgit, ii. 49, 50 sq.

—— -wolf, thought to be in the last bunch of standing corn, vii. 273; effigy of wolf made out of the last sheaf of wheat, vii. 274

Wheaten flour, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to touch, iii. 13

Wheel, magic, spun by witch in an enchantment, iii. 270; effigy of Death attached to a, iv. 247; fire kindled by the rotation of a, x. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292, 335 sq., xi. 91; as a symbol of the sun, x. 334 n. 1, 335; as a charm against witchcraft, x. 345 n. 3

Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, x. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq., 338; thrown into the air at Midsummer, x. 179; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, x. 191, 340 sq.; perhaps intended to burn witches, x. 345

Wherry, Mrs., as to Lenten fires in Belgium, x. 108 n. 2; as to processions with effigies of giants, xi. 36 n. 1

Whetham, W. C. D., on atomic disintegration, viii. 305 n. 2

Whip made of human skin used in ceremonies for the prolongation of the king’s life, vi. 224, 225. See also Whips

Whipping people on Senseless Thursday in the Tyrol, ix. 248 sq.; to rid them of ghosts, ix. 260 sqq. See also Beating

Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, ix. 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 214; used by maskers, ix. 243, 244; cracked to make the flax grow, ix. 248; cracked to drive away witches, xi. 74

Whirling or turning round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

Whirlwind, attacking the, i. 329 sqq.

Whirlwinds thought to be demons or spirits, i. 331 n. 2

Whit-Monday, custom observed by Russian girls on, ii. 80; the Leaf King at Hildesheim on, ii. 85; the King in Bohemia on, ii. 85; the king’s game on, ii. 89, 103; custom of rolling down a slope on, ii. 103; pretence of beheading leaf-clad man on, iv. 207 sq.; pretence of beheading the king on, iv. 209 sqq. See also Whitsuntide

Whitby, All Souls’ Day at, vi. 79; the Yule log at, x. 256

White, Rev. G. E., on dervishes of Asia Minor, v. 170; on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, xi. 186; on passing sheep through a rifted rock, xi. 189 sq.

White, Miss Rachel Evelyn (Mrs. Wedd), on the position of women in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 n. 1, 216 n. 1

White, faces and bodies of man-slayers painted, iii. 175, 186 n. 1; widows painted, iii. 178 n. 1; lion-killer painted, iii. 220; the colour of Upper Egypt, vi. 21 n. 1; as a colour to repel demons, ix. 115

—— and black in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220; figs worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272

White birds, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162; ten, external soul in, xi. 142

—— bull, soul of a dead king incarnate in a, vi. 164

—— bulls sacrificed to Jupiter, ii. 188 sq.; sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. 189, xi. 77

—— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, xi. 241

—— clay, Caffre boys at circumcision smeared with, iii. 156; people smeared with, at festival, viii. 75; bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, xi. 255 n. 1, 257

—— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, x. 65, xi. 291; springwort caught in a, x. 70; mistletoe caught in a, xi. 77, 293; used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, xi. 292, 293

—— cloths in homoeopathic magic, i. 137

—— cock buried at boundary, iii. 109; disease transferred to, ix. 187; as scapegoat, ix. 210 n. 4; burnt in Midsummer bonfire, xi. 40

White crosses made by the King of the Bean, ix. 314

—— Crown of Upper Egypt, vi. 20, 21 n. 1; worn by Osiris, vi. 87

—— dog, Iroquois sacrifice of a, viii. 258 n. 2, ix. 127, 209

—— god and black god among the Slavs, ix. 92

—— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, xi. 143

—— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, x. 203

—— horses sacrificed to Diomede, i. 27; used to draw triumphal car of Camillus, ii. 174 n. 2; sacred among the Aryans, ii. 174 n. 2

—— Maize, Goddess of the, in Mexico, lepers sacrificed to her, vii. 261

—— mice spared by Bohemian peasants, viii. 279, 283; under the altar of Apollo, viii. 283

—— Nile, the Dinkas of the, ix. 193

—— ox, sacrament of, among the Abchases, viii. 313 n. 1

—— poplar, the, at Olympia, ii. 220, xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

—— ram, consecration of a, among the Kalmucks, viii. 313 sq.

—— and red wool in ceremony of the expulsion of evils, ix. 208

—— roses dyed red by the blood of Aphrodite, v. 226

—— sails that turned black, ix. 202

—— snake eaten to acquire supernatural knowledge, viii. 146

—— Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent and the first Sunday after Easter, x. 11 n. 1

—— thorn, a charm against witches, ii. 53, 191

—— victims sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291, 292, 314

Whiteborough, tumulus near Launceston, Midsummer fires on, ii. 141, x. 199

Whitekirk, St. Mary’s well at, ii. 161

Whitethorn a protection against witches, ii. 53, 191

Whiteway, R. S., on custom of regicide in Bengal and Sumatra, iv. 51 n. 2

Whitsun-bride in Denmark, ii. 91 sq.

Whitsunday, dragon carried in procession at Tarascon on, ii. 170 n. 1

Whitsuntide, rain-charms at, ii. 47; races, ii. 69, 84; contests for the kingship at, ii. 84, 89; rolling down a slope at, ii. 103; cattle first driven out to pasture at, ii. 127 n. 2, iv. 207 n. 1; drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257; ceremonies concerned with vegetation at, ix. 359

Whitsuntide Basket in Frickthal, ii. 83

—— Bride, the, ii. 89, 91 sq., 96

—— Bridegroom, the, ii. 91

—— customs in Brunswick, ii. 56 n. 3, 85, 96; in Holland, ii. 80, 104; in Russia, ii. 64, 79 sq., 93

—— crown, the, ii. 64, 89 sq., 91

—— Flower, ii. 80

—— King, ii. 84 sqq., 89, 90, iv. 209 sqq. See also Whit-Monday

—— -lout, the, ii. 81

—— Man, the Little, ii. 81

—— Mummers, iv. 206 sqq.

—— Queen, ii. 87, 89 sq., iv. 210

Whittled sticks in religious rites, viii. 185, 186 n., 192, 196, 278, ix. 261

Whittlesey in Cambridgeshire, the Straw-bear at, viii. 328 sq.

Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, xi. 180; Bulgarian cure for, by crawling under the root of a willow, xi. 181; child passed under an ass as a cure for, xi. 192

Whydah, on the Slave Coast, human sacrifices by drowning at, ii. 158; expiation for the slaughter of a sacred python at, iii. 222; the doctrine of reincarnation at, iv. 188; serpents fed with milk at, v. 86 n. 1; snakes sacred at, viii. 287

—— (Fida), in Guinea, king of, rule as to his drinking, iii. 129; his worship of serpents, v. 67; the hoeing and sowing of his fields, ix. 234

Wicked after death, fate of the, in Egyptian religion, vi. 14

Wicked Sower, driving away the, on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 107, 118

Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, x. 326, 327 n. 1 See also Rowan

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 sqq.; burnt in summer bonfires, xi. 38

Widow, claim to kingdom through marriage with the late king’s, ii. 281 sqq.; iv. 193; re-marriage of, in Salic law, ii. 285 sq.

——, bald-headed, in cure, ix. 38

Widow-burning in Greece, v. 177 n. 3

Widowed Flamen, the, vi. 227 sqq.

Widows painted white, iii. 178 n. 1; wear skull-caps of clay, iii. 182 n. 2; cleansing of, ix. 35 sq.; drag plough round village in time of epidemic, ix. 172

—— and widowers, mourning customs observed by, iii. 142 sq., 144 sq.; not allowed to eat fresh salmon, viii. 253 sq.

Wied, Prince of, on the objection of Indians to have their portraits taken, iii. 96 sq.

Wiedemann, Professor Alfred, on the confusion of religion and magic in ancient Egypt, i. 230 sq.; on Wen-Ammon, v. 76 n. 1; on the Egyptian name of Isis, vi. 50 n. 4, viii. 35 n. 4

Wiedingharde, in Schleswig, custom at threshing at, vii. 230

Wieland’s House, name given to certain labyrinths used for children’s games in Northern Europe, iv. 77

Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, x. 319

Wiesent, the valley of the, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat in, vii. 282 sq.

Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, vii. 140 sqq.

Wife’s infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, i. 123, 124 sq., 128. See also Wives

—— mother, the savage’s dread of his, iii. 83 sqq.; her name not to be pronounced by her son-in-law, iii. 337, 338, 343

—— name not to be pronounced by her husband, iii. 337, 338, 339

Wiglet, king of Denmark, killed his predecessor and married the widow, ii. 281, 283

Wigtownshire, water thrown on last wagon-load of corn at harvest in, v. 237 n. 4

Wiimbaio tribe of South-Eastern Australia, bleeding in the, i. 91; their medicine-men, v. 75 n. 4

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, on the Sacred Marriage of Dionysus, ii. 137 n. 1

Wild animals propitiated by hunters, viii. 204 sqq.

—— beasts not called by their proper names, iii. 396 sqq.

—— Dog clan of the Arunta, i. 107

—— fig-trees held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113. See also Fig-Tree

“—— fire,” the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 277

—— fruits and roots, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, viii. 80 sqq.

—— Huntsman, ix. 164, 241

—— Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 208 sq., 212

—— parsnip stalks burnt for ceremonial fumigation, viii. 248, 249

—— seeds and roots collected by women, vii. 124 sqq.

Wild Wa, the, of Burma, vii. 241 sqq. See Wa

Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, x. 204 sq.

Wilhelmina, a Bohemian woman, worshipped, i. 409

Wilken, G. A., on the transmigration of human souls into animals as a base of totemism, viii. 298 n. 2; on the external soul, xi. 96 n. 1

Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of Washington State, x. 43

Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91 n. 3

Wilkinson, R. J., on different dialectic names for the same animal in the Malay language, ii. 383 n. 1; on the Malay’s attitude to nature, iii. 416 n. 4; on the Indonesian conception of the rice-soul, vii. 181 sq.

Will-fire, or need-fire, x. 288, 297

Willcock, Rev. Dr. J., on Up-helly-a’ at Lerwick, ix. 169 n. 2

William III. refuses to touch for scrofula, i. 369 sq.

William of Wykeham, his provisions for a Boy Bishop, ix. 338

Williams, Sir Monier, on the divinity of Brahmans, i. 403 sq.; on the fear of demons in modern India, ix. 91 sq.

Willkischken, in the district of Tilsit, man who cuts the last corn called “the killer of the Rye-woman” at, vii. 223

Willoughby, Rev. W. C., on the purification of Bechuana warriors, iii. 173

Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270; mistletoe growing on, xi. 79, 315, 316; children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, xi. 170; crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, xi. 181; crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, xi. 184; Orpheus and the, xi. 294

Willow-tree at festival of Green George among the gipsies, ii. 76

—— -trees, maladies transferred to, ix. 56, 58, 59; needles stuck into, as a cure for toothache, ix. 71

—— wands as disinfectants, iii. 143

—— -wood used against witches, ix. 160

Willstad, the Yule-goat at, viii. 328

Wilson, Colonel Henry, on a custom at hop-picking, vii. 226 n. 6

Wilson, C. T., and R. W. Felkin, on the worship of the dead kings of Uganda, vi. 173 n. 2

Wilson, Rev. J. Leighton, on the annual expulsion of demons in Guinea, ix. 131

Wilton, near Salisbury, May garlands at, ii. 62

Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 318

Winamwanga of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256 n. 1, xi. 297 sq.; alternate dynasties among the, ii. 293; their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Winckler, H., his excavations at Boghaz-Keui, v. 125 n., 135 n.

Wind, magical control of the, i. 319 sqq.; charms to make the wind drop, i. 320; fighting and killing the spirit of the, i. 327 sqq.; charm to produce a rainy or dry, ix. 176, 178 sq.; bull-roarers sounded to raise a, xi. 232. See also Winds

—— in the corn, sayings as to the, vii. 132, 271, 281 sq., 288, 292, 296, 298, 303

—— of the Cross, Finnish wizards supposed to ride on the, i. 325

Wind clan of the Omahas, their way of starting a breeze, i. 320

—— -doctor among the Caffres of South Africa, his mode of procedure, i. 321 sq.

Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, customs observed by head-hunters on their return, iii. 169 sq.

Winding thread on spindle at planting sugar-cane, viii. 119

Window, skins of slain bears brought in through the, viii. 193; dead game brought in through the, viii. 256; magic flowers to be passed through the, xi. 52

Winds, charms to calm the, i. 320 sqq.; thought to be caused by a fish, i. 320 sq.; sold to sailors, i. 325, 326; tied up in knots, i. 326; kept in jars, iii. 5. See also Wind

Wine not offered to the sun-god, i. 311; poured on head of sacrificial victim, i. 384; considered as a spirit, iii. 248; the blood of the vine, iii. 248; called milk, iii. 249 n. 2; tabooed in certain Egyptian, Roman, and Greek rites, iii. 249 n. 2; new, offered to Liber, viii. 133; the sacramental use of, viii. 167; thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 96

Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the opening of the, ix. 352

Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, x. 169 sq.

Wing-bone of vulture in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; of eagle used to drink through, iii. 189

Winged deities in Cilicia and Phoenicia, v. 165 sq.

—— disc as divine emblem, v. 132

Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268

Winnowing done by women, vii. 117, 128

Winnowing-basket, image of snake in, viii. 316; beaten at ceremony of expulsion of poverty, ix. 145; divination by, x. 236

—— -fan in rain-making, i. 294; in magic rites, iii. 55; used to scatter ashes of human victims, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262; an emblem of Dionysus, vii. 5 sqq., 27, 29; as cradle, vii. 6 sqq.; used at reception of “the bridal pair” at rice-harvest in Java, vii. 200

—— -fork in rain-making, i. 276

Winter, myths of gods and spirits to be told only in, iii. 385 sq.; effigy of, burned at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.; called Cronus, vi. 41; name given to man who cuts the last sheaf, vii. 142; name of harvest-supper, vii. 160; mummer personating, viii. 326 n. 1; ceremony at the end of, ix. 124; general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, ix. 224; dances performed only in, ix. 376; ceremony of the expulsion of, ix. 404 sq.; effigies of, destroyed, ix. 408 sq.

——, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, iv. 254 sqq.

Winter festival of Dionysus, vii. 16 sq.

—— sleep of the god, vi. 41

—— solstice, reckoned the Nativity of the Sun, v. 303, x. 246; Egyptian ceremony at the, vi. 50; Aztec festival of the, viii. 90; corn-spirit represented dramatically in processions about the, viii. 325; ceremony after the, ix. 126; Persian festival of fire at the, x. 269

“Winter’s Grandmother,” burning the, x. 116

Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, xi. 260

Wintun, Indian tribe of California, fear of naming the dead among the, iii. 352; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 42 sq.

Wiradjuri or Wirajuri tribe of South-East Australia, the headman always a magician, i. 335 sq.; their belief as to sorcery, iii. 269

Wissowa, Professor G., on Manius Egerius, i. 22 n. 5; on altar at Nemi, i. 23 n. 2; on sacrifices to Janus, ii. 382 n. 1; on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 n. 3; on introduction of Phrygian rites at Rome, v. 267 n.; on Orcus, vi. 231 n. 5; on Ops and Consus, vi. 233 n. 6; on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 n. 1

Wit, Miss Augusta de, on the importance of rice for Java, vii. 200 n. 1

Witch, Mac Crauford, the great arch, x. 293

Witch burnt in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq.; soul departs from her in sleep, iii. 39, 41, 42; burned at St. Andrews, iii. 309; name given to the last corn cut after sunset, vii. 140; effigy of, burnt on first Sunday in Lent, x. 116, 118 sq.; effigy of, burnt on Walpurgis Night, x. 159; compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she has bewitched, x. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.; in form of a toad, x. 323. See also Witches

——, Old, burning the, on the last day of harvest in Yorkshire, vii. 224; on Twelfth Day in Herefordshire, ix. 319

“Witch-shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, x. 343 n., 345

Witch’s herb, St. John’s wort, xi. 56 n. 1

“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, xi. 185

Witchcraft, precautions against, on May Day, ii. 52 sqq.; the rowan a protection against, ii. 53, 54, ix. 267, x. 154, 327 n. 1, xi. 184 n. 4, 185, 281; strangers suspected of practising, iii. 102; almost universal dread of, iii. 281; the harvest Maiden a protection against, vii. 156; singed sheepskin a protection against, viii. 324; practised in cures in Scotland, ix. 38 sq.; on the Congo, dread of, ix. 77 n. 2; the belief in, persists under the higher religions, ix. 89 sq.; in Moravia, precautions against, ix. 162; bonfires a protection against, x. 108, 109; holy water a protection against, x. 123; cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, x. 175; burs and mugwort a preservative against, x. 177, xi. 59 sq.; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 185, 188; a broom a protection against, x. 210; need-fire kindled to counteract, x. 280, 292 sq., 293, 295; in Devonshire, x. 302; great dread of, in Europe, x. 340; the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, x. 342; stiffness in the back attributed to, x. 343 n., 345; colic and sore eyes attributed to, x. 344; a wheel a charm against, x. 345 n.; thought to be the source of almost all calamities, xi. 19 sq.; leaping over bonfires as a protection against, xi. 40; its treatment by the Christian Church, xi. 42; and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, xi. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72; St. John’s wort a protection against, xi. 54; dwarf-elder used to detect, xi. 64; fern root a protection against, xi. 67; mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85 sq., 282, 283, 294; fatal to milk and butter, xi. 86; oak log a protection against, xi. 92; children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, xi. 185; a “witch’s nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, xi. 185. See also Witch, Witches, and Sorcery

Witches sink ships, i. 135; raise the wind, i. 322, 326; in the wind, knives thrown at, i. 329; souls of dead, said to pass into trees, ii. 32; buried under trees, ii. 32; steal milk of cows on May Day or Walpurgis Night, ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267; precautions against, ii. 52 sqq.; in the shape of hares suck the milk of cows, ii. 53; steal butter, ii. 53; burned out on May Day, ii. 54; driven away by the sound of church bells, ii. 127; steal milk from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176, xi. 74; steal milk on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 sqq.; as cats and dogs, ii.334, 335; make use of cut hair, iii. 270, 271, 279, 282; wedding rings a protection against, iii. 314, 314 sq.; steal cows’ milk, iii. 314 sq., x. 343; burnt alive in Africa, ix. 18, 19; special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, ix. 157 sqq.; annually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, ix. 157 sqq.; active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, ix. 158 sqq.; the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, ix. 158 sq., in Bohemia, ix. 161, in Silesia and Saxony, ix. 163; shooting the, ix. 164; driving out the, ix. 164; burnt in Scotland, ix. 165; beaten with rods of buckthorn on Good Friday, ix. 266; not allowed to touch the bare ground, x. 5 sq.; burnt and beheaded, x. 6; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, x. 107, 116 sq., 118 sq., 342, xi. 43; charm to protect fields against, x. 121; Beltane fires a protection against, x. 154; cast spells on cattle, x. 154; steal milk from cows at Beltane, x. 154; in the form of hares and cats, x. 157, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., 317, 318, 319 sq., xi. 41, 311 sq.; burnt on May Day, x. 157, 159, 160; fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), x. 159 sq., xi. 20 n.; abroad on Walpurgis Night, x. 159 sq.; kept out by crosses, x. 160 n. 2; driving away the, x. 160, 170, 171; resort to the Blocksberg, x. 171; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176, 180; steal milk and butter at Midsummer, x. 185; active on Midsummer Eve, x. 210, xi. 19; abroad at Hallowe’en, x. 226, 245; burnt in Hallowe’en fires, x. 232 sq.; the Yule log a protection against, x. 258; thought to cause cattle disease, x. 302 sq.; at Ipswich, x. 304 sq.; transformed into animals, x. 315 sqq.; as cockchafers, x. 322; come to borrow, x. 322, 323, xi. 73; cause hail and thunder-storms, x. 344; brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, x. 345 sq.; burning missiles hurled at, x. 345; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, xi. 19, 73 sqq., 184 n. 4, 185; burnt or banned by fire, xi. 19 sq.; gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47; gather St. John’s wort on St. John’s Eve, xi. 56; purple loosestrife a protection against, xi. 65; tortured in India, xi. 159; animal familiars of, xi. 202. See also “Burning the Witches”

“Witches, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, xi. 43

—— and hares in Yorkshire, xi. 197

—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, x. 315, 321

—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, xi. 158 sq.; put to death by the Aztecs, xi. 159

—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 sqq., x. 343

Witches’ Sabbath on the Eve of St. George, ii. 335, 338; on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, x. 171 n. 3, 181, xi. 73, 74

Witchetty grubs, ceremony for the multiplication of, among the Arunta, i. 85

“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication at Hallowe’en, x. 234

Wittichenau, in Silesia, custom at end of threshing at, vii. 149

Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, xi. 234

Wives, taboos observed by, in the absence of their husbands, i. 116, 119, 120, 121, 122 sqq., 127 sqq.; exchanged at the appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 n. 1; of dead kings sacrificed at their tombs, vi. 168; of a king taken by his successor, ix. 368 n. 1 See also Wife

Wives, human, of gods, v. 61 sqq., vi. 207; in Western Asia and Egypt, v. 70 sqq.

“—— of Marduk,” at Babylon, ii. 130

Wiwa, the, of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256 n. 1

Wiwa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, vi. 193

Wizards in Melanesia, the variety of their functions, i. 227 sq.; who raise winds, i. 323 sqq.; Finnish, i. 325; capture human souls, iii. 70, 73; gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, xi. 47; gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, xi. 65; animal familiars of, xi. 196 sq., 201 sq. See also Medicine-men and Sorcerers

Woden, Odin, or Othin, the master of spells, iii. 305; the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 n. 1 See also Odin

Wogait, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without cohabitation, v. 103

Woguls, sacred groves of the, ii. 11

Wohlau, district of Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237

Wolf, charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135; imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155; track of, in contagious magic, i. 211; transformation into, iv. 83; said to have guided the Samnites, iv. 186 n. 4; corn-spirit as, vii. 271 sqq., viii. 327; the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 273; the woman who binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 273 sq.; the last sheaf shaped like a, vii. 274; man after threshing wrapt in threshed-out straw and called the, vii. 274 sq.; stuffed, carried about, vii. 275; the beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, viii. 172; figure of, kept throughout the year, viii. 173 n. 4; ceremonies at killing a, viii. 220 sq., 223; name given to thresher of last corn, viii. 327. See also Wolves

——, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, x. 185 sq., xi. 15 n., 25

Wolf clan among the Moquis, viii. 178; in North-Western America, xi. 270, 271, 272 n. 1

—— -god, Zeus as the, iv. 83

—— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, xi. 270 sq.

—— -mountain (Lycaeus) in Arcadia, iv. 83

—— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, xi. 270 sq.

Wolf-worshippers, cannibal, iv. 83

Wolf’s heart eaten to make eater brave, viii. 146

—— hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

—— skin, man clad in, led about at Christmas, vii. 275

Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, xi. 25 sq.

Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, x. 277

Wolfish Apollo, viii. 283 sq.; his sanctuary at Sicyon, viii. 283

Wollaroi, the, of New South Wales, rubbed themselves with the juices of the dead, viii. 163

Wolletz in Westphalia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 238

Wollunqua, a mythical serpent, iii. 384

Wolofs of Senegambia, their superstition as to their names, iii. 323

Wolves in relation to horses, i. 27; feared by shepherds, ii. 327, 329, 330 sq., 333, 334, 340, 341; charms to protect cattle from, iii. 308; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398, 402; sacrifices offered to, viii. 284; transmigration of sinners into, viii. 308

——, the place of (Lyceum), at Athens, viii. 283 sq.

——, Soranian, iv. 186 n. 4

—— and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 sqq., x. 343

Woman representing the Moon and married to the Sun, ii. 146 sq.; feeding serpent in Greek art, v. 87 sq.; as inspired prophetess of a god, vi. 257; burnt alive as a witch in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq.

——, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, iv. 240 sqq.

Woman’s bracelets and earrings worn by man who has been stung by a scorpion, iii. 95 n. 8

—— dress assumed by men to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 sq.

—— ornaments, scapegoat decked with, ix. 192

—— part in primitive agriculture, vii. 113 sqq.

Women forbidden to spin under certain circumstances, i. 113 sq.; observe certain rules while the men are away hunting, i. 120 sqq.; forbidden to sew in the absence of whalers and warriors, i. 121, 128; observe certain rules while the men are away fighting, i. 127 sqq.; forbidden to sleep by day in the absence of warriors, i. 127 sq.; forbidden to cover their faces in the absence of warriors, i. 128; dance while the men are at war, i. 131 sqq.; dance to make crops grow tall, i. 139 n.; employed to sow the fields on the principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 141 sq.; who have borne many children employed to fertilize fruit-trees, i. 141; plough as a rain-charm, i. 282 sq.; chief makes women fruitful, i. 347; worshipped by the ancient Germans, i. 391; married to gods, ii. 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq.; fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 sqq.; impregnated by fire, ii. 195 sqq., 230 sq., vi. 235; alone allowed to make pottery, ii. 204 sq.; tabooed at menstruation, iii. 145 sqq., x. 76 sqq.; tabooed at childbirth, iii. 147 sqq., x. 20; abstinence of men from, during war, iii. 157, 158 n. 1, 161, 163, 164; in childbed holy, iii. 225 n.; dying in childbed, precautions against the return of their ghosts, iii. 236, viii. 97 sq.; blood of, dreaded, iii. 250 sq.; not allowed to see the drawing of men’s blood, iii. 252 n.; not allowed to mention their husband’s names, iii. 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339; impregnated by dead saints, v. 78 sq.; impregnated by serpents, v. 80 sqq.; fear to be impregnated by ghosts, v. 93; impregnated by the flower of the banana, v. 93; excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, v. 113 n. 1, vi. 258 n. 5; their high importance in the social system of the Pelew Islanders, vi. 205 sqq.; the cultivation of the staple food in the hands of women (Pelew Islands), vi. 206 sq.; their social importance increased by the combined influence of mother-kin and landed property, vi. 209; their legal superiority to men in ancient Egypt, vi. 214; priests dressed as, vi. 253 sq.; dressed as men, vi. 255 n. 1, 257, 262 sqq., 263; milk cows, vii. 118; influence of corn-spirit on, vii. 168; swear by the Pleiades, vii. 311; thought to have no soul, viii. 148; ceremonies performed by, to rid the fields of vermin, viii. 279 sq.; impregnated by ghosts, ix. 18; as exorcizers, ix. 200; personating goddesses, ix. 238; fertilized by effigy of a baby, ix. 245, 249; fertilized by mummers, ix. 249; put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, ix. 283 sqq.; in hard labour, charm to help, x. 14; who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, x. 24; impregnated by the sun, x. 74 sq.; impregnated by the moon, x. 75 sq.; dread of menstruous, x. 76 sqq.; at menstruation painted red, x. 78; leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, x. 194, 339; fertilized by tree-spirits, xi. 22; creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, xi. 189; not allowed to see bull-roarers, xi. 234, 235, 242. See also Barren, Childless, Menstruous, Pregnant, and Sacred women

Women, barren, thought to sterilize gardens, i. 142; tied to wild fig-trees to be fertilized by them, ii. 316; passed through holed stones as cure for barrenness, v. 36, with n. 4, xi. 187; fertilized by being struck with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264; hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51

——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, vi. 191, 192; reputed the wives of gods, vi. 207

——, pregnant, employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 sq.; taboos on, i. 141 n. 1; wear garments made of bark of sacred tree, ii. 58; mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 sq.

—— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 sq.; inspired by gods, vi. 207

Women’s clothes, supposed effects of touching, iii. 164 sq.

—— hair, sacrifice of, v. 38

—— race at harvest, vii. 76 sq.

“—— speech” among the Caffres, iii. 335 sq.

Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the, xi. 227

Wonkgongaru tribe of Central Australia, their magical ceremony for the multiplication of fish, i. 90

Wood, fire kindled by the friction of, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372. See also Fire

——, King of the, at Nemi, i. 1 sqq., ii. 1 sq., 378 sqq., iv. 28, x. 2, xi. 285, 286, 295, 302, 309; at Aricia, ix. 409

——, Lord of the, prayed to by the Gayos before they clear the forest, ii. 36; prayed to by the Gayos before they hunt in the woods, ii. 125

Wood-spirits in goat form, viii. 2 sq.

—— woman, stalks of corn left on the harvest field for the, vii. 232

Woodbine as a charm to keep witches from cows on May Day, ii. 53, ix. 267; sick children passed through a wreath of, xi. 184

Woodford, C. M., on offering of canarium nuts to ghosts, viii. 126 sq.

Woodmen, sacrifices offered by, at felling trees, ii. 14, 15; ask pardon of trees at felling them, ii. 18, 19; form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 sq.; ceremonies observed by, at felling trees, ii. 37 sqq.

Woodpecker (picus) said to have guided the Piceni, iv. 186 n. 4; sacred among the Latins, iv. 186 n. 4; brings the mythical springwort, xi. 70 sq.

Woods (forests), of ancient Europe, ii. 7 sq., 350 sqq.; of England, the old, ii. 7 sq.; of ancient Italy and Greece, ii. 8; of ancient Latium, ii. 188

Woods used in house-building, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146; species of, used in making fire by friction, ii. 248-252

Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Words tabooed, iii. 318 sqq.; savages take a materialistic view of words, iii. 331. See also Language and Speech

——, common, changed because they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375, or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.; tabooed, iii. 392 sqq.

——, special, applied to the person and acts of a sacred chief or king, i. 398, 401, 401 n. 3; used by Scotch fowlers, iii. 393 sq.; used by Scotch fishermen, iii. 393 sqq.; used by German huntsmen, iii. 396; used by Nandi warriors, iii. 401; used by elephant-hunters in Laos, iii. 404; used by searchers for eagle-wood and lignum aloes in Indo-China, iii. 404; used by searchers for camphor in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, iii. 405 sqq.; used by Malay tin-miners, iii. 407; used by Malay fowlers, iii. 407 sq.; used by Malay fishermen, iii. 408 sq.; used by Achinese fishermen, iii. 409; used by gold-miners in Sumatra, iii. 409; used by reapers in Nias, iii. 410 sq.; used by the Javanese at night and in gathering simples, iii. 411; used by workers in the harvest-fields in Celebes, iii. 411 sq.; used by the Toradjas of Celebes in the forest, iii. 412 sq.; used by the Bugineese and Macassars of Celebes at sea, iii. 413; used by the Sangi Islanders at sea, iii. 414; used by the Kenyahs of Borneo in poisoning fish, iii. 415; used by reapers among the Tomori of Celebes, vii. 193

Wordsworth, W., on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104

Work in huts of absent whalers tabooed, i. 121; on holy days, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to see, iii. 14

“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, x. 287 sq.

World regarded by early man as the product of conscious will and personal agency, i. 374; conceived as animated, ix. 90 sq.; daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, ix. 411

Worm, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Wormeln, holy oak of, ii. 371

Worms, charm against, i. 152; souls of dead in, viii. 289; popular cure for, x. 17

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), xi. 58 n. 3; burnt to stupefy witches, x. 345; superstitions concerning, xi. 61 n. 1

Wororu, man supposed to cause conception in women without sexual intercourse, in West Australia, v. 105

Worship of trees, ii. 7 sqq.; of the oak, ii. 349 sqq., xi. 298 sqq.; of mephitic vapours, v. 203 sqq.; of hot springs, v. 206 sqq.; of volcanoes, v. 216 sqq.; of cattle, viii. 35 sqq.; of animals, two forms of the, viii. 311; of snake, viii. 316 sq.; paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 282, 289, 293; of ancestors in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

—— of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 sqq.; among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203

—— of the dead, magic blent with the, i. 164; perhaps fused with the propitiation of the corn-spirit, v. 233 sqq.; founded on the theory of the soul, vii. 181; among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

—— of dead kings and chiefs, iv. 24 sq.; in Africa, vi. 160 sqq.; among the Shilluks, vi. 161 sqq.; among the Baganda, vi. 167 sqq.; among the Barotse, vi. 194 sq.; an important element in African religion, vi. 195 sq.

—— of frogs by the Newars, i. 294 sq.

Worshipful animal killed once a year, viii. 322

Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop up wells, vi. 111

Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, x. 302

Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, contagious magic of clothes among the, i. 206; their rain-making, i. 251 sq.; their notion as to falling stars, iv. 64; their sorcery by means of spittle, iii. 288; sex totems among the, xi. 215 sq.

Wotyaks (Votiaks), the, of Russia, sacred groves of the, ii. 43 sq.; their marriage of Keremet to the Earth-wife, ii. 145 sq.; their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231; their annual festivals of the dead, vi. 76 sq.; annual expulsion of Satan among the, ix. 155 sq.

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, i. 201 sqq.

Wounded men not allowed to drink milk, iii. 174 sq.

Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, iv. 13 sq.

—— were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, x. 308 sqq.

Wounds at reaping, customs and sayings as to, vii. 281, 285, 288, 296; self-inflicted, of inspired men, ix. 117 sq.; St. John’s wort a balm for, xi. 55

“—— between the arms” of Hebrew prophets, v. 74 n. 4

“—— of the Naaman,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

Wrach (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, vii. 142 sqq.

Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, xi. 184

Wreaths of flowers thrown into water, divination from, ii. 339; as amulets, vi. 242 sq.; of corn made out of last sheaf at harvest, vii. 134, 135; of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, x. 174; superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, x. 174; hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201

Wren, hunting the, viii. 317 sqq., in the Isle of Man, viii. 318 sq., in Ireland, viii. 319 sq., in England, viii. 320, in France, viii. 320 sq.; called the king of birds, viii. 317; superstitions as to the, viii. 317 sq., 319

Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead among the Kirghiz, iv. 97; at New Year festival among the Kayans, vii. 98; at festival of first-fruits in Tonga, viii. 131

Wright, Dr. Joseph, on hockey, vii. 147 n. 1; on the mell-sheaf, vii. 152 n.

Wrist-bands as amulets, iii. 315

Wrists tied to prevent escape of soul, iii. 32, 43, 51

Wukari, in Nigeria, custom of king-killing at, iv. 35

Wunenberger, Ch., on kings as rain-makers in Africa, i. 348

Wünsch, R., on the Anthesteria, v. 235 n. 1; on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, v. 246; on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254 n.

Wünschensuhl, in Thüringen, the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Wurmlingen in Swabia, pretence of beheading a leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide at, iv. 207 sq.; the Carnival Fool at, iv. 231 sq.

——, in Thüringen, man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the Barley-cow, Oats-cow, Peas-cow, etc., at, vii. 290

Würtemberg, bushes set up on houses on Palm Sunday in, ii. 71; the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at Ertingen in, ii. 83; thresher of last corn called the He-goat at Tettnang in, vii. 286; effigy of goat made out of last corn threshed at Ellwangen in, vii. 287; Midsummer fires in, x. 66; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, recovery of lost soul in the, iii. 42 sq.

Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, x. 165

Wuttke, A., on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 n. 4

Wyingurri, tribe of Western Australia, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208

Wyld, E., on shrieks of tree-spirits, ii. 18

Wyse, Miss A., on May Day custom at Halford in Warwickshire, ii. 89 n. 1

Wyse, William, as to circumcision in the Old Testament, i. 101 n. 2; as to the Greek custom of sacrificing to the dead on their birthdays, i. 105 n. 5; as to edible acorns in Don Quixote, ii. 356 n. 3; as to Cretan sacrifices without the use of iron, iii. 227 n. 2; on a reported Roman custom, iv. 144; on the causes of the downfall of ancient civilization, v. 301 n. 2; as to the fixed and movable Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 n. 2; as to an Egyptian festival of lights, vi. 51 n. 1

Wyttenbach, D., his emendation of Plutarch, ix. 341 n. 1

Xanthicus, a Macedonian month, vii. 259 n. 1

Xenophanes of Colophon, on the creation of the gods in the likeness of men, iii. 387; on the Egyptian rites of mourning for gods, vi. 42, 43

Xenophon, his rural home, i. 7; on Triptolemus, vii. 54

Xeres, Fr., Spanish historian, on the sacrifice of children among the Indians of Peru, iv. 185

Xerxes in Thessaly, iv. 161, 163; identified with Ahasuerus, ix. 360

Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, ix. 285; woman annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 285 sq.

Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their first-born children, iv. 185 sq.

Xipe, “the Flayed One,” Mexican god, ix. 297, 298, 299; statuette of, ix. 291 n. 1; his festival of the flaying of men, ix. 296 sqq.; his image clad in the skin of a flayed man, ix. 297

Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, in ancient Mexico, ix. 298, 299

Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, change of word to avoid the use of chief’s name in the, iii. 377

Xochiquetzal, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices offered to, vii. 237

Xomanas, an Indian tribe of the Rio Negro in Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157

Yabim (Jabim), tribe of German New Guinea, their treatment of the navel-string, i. 182; their custom at childbirth, iii. 151; drive away the ghosts of the murdered, iii. 170; precaution against the ghost of a murdered man among the, iii. 186 n. 1; their use of magic knots in fishing-boats, iii. 306; avoidance of parents-in-law among the, iii. 342; unwilling to name the dead, iii. 354; tell stories to promote the growth of the crops, iii. 386; propitiate the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 104; tell tales to get good harvests, vii. 104 sq.; their offerings to the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 228; their way of getting rid of caterpillars and worms, viii. 275 sq.; their belief in the transmigration of some human souls into swine, viii. 295 sq.; their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, ix. 188 sq.; girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 35; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 232; rites of initiation among the, xi. 239 sqq.

Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 59

Yakut shamans, their descent into the lower world to recover lost souls, iii. 63; keep their external souls in animals, xi. 196

Yakuts, their charm to make the wind blow, i. 319; inspired sacrificial victims among the, i. 384; leap over fire after a burial, xi. 18

Yakutsk, rain-making by means of bezoa stones at, i. 305

Yam, island of Torres Straits, heroes worshipped in animal forms in, v. 139 n. 1; treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Yam vines, continence observed at the training of, ii. 105 sq.

Yams, magical stones to promote the growth of, in New Caledonia, i. 163; feast of, at Onitsha on the Niger, iii. 123; charm for the growth of, among the Kai of New Guinea, vii. 100, 101; cultivated in Africa, vii. 119; cultivated in South America, vii. 120, 121; cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123; dug by Australian aborigines, vii. 126 sq.

——, ceremonies at eating the new, in New Caledonia, viii. 53; in West Africa, viii. 58 sqq., ix. 134

——, festivals of the new, in West Africa, viii. 115 sq.; in Tonga, viii. 128 sqq.

Yang-Seri, prayers for the crops offered by the Banars of Cambodia to, viii. 33

Yaos, the, of British Central Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 97 sq.; their offerings of first-fruits to the dead, viii. 111 sq.

Yap (Uap), one of the Caroline Islands, precaution as to the spittle of important people in, iii. 290; taboos observed by men for the sake of immature girls in, iii. 293; prostitution of unmarried girls in, vi. 265 sq.; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 36. See also Uap

Yaraikanna, the, of Northern Queens land, seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 37 sq.

Yarilo, the funeral of, celebrated in Russia on June 29th, iv. 261, 262 sq.; a personification of vegetation, v. 253

Yarn, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 235, 240, 241, 243; sick children passed through a ring of, xi. 185

Yarra river in Victoria borders the Bad Country, iii. 109; treatment of girls at puberty among the aborigines of the Upper, x. 92 n. 1

Yasawu Islands of Fiji, reverence for coco-nuts in the, ii. 12 sq.

Yassin, king of Fazoql, put to death, iv. 16

Yawning, soul supposed to depart in, iii. 31

Year, beginning of, marked by appearance of Pleiades, vii. 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315; divided into thirteen moons, viii. 77; burning out the Old, ix. 165, 230 n. 7; supposed representatives of the old, ix. 230; called a fire, x. 137. See also New Year

——, the fixed Alexandrian, vi, 28, 49, 92

——, the Caffre, beginning of, marked by festival of new fruits, viii. 64 sq.

——, the Celtic, reckoned from November 1st, vi. 81

——, the Egyptian, a vague year, not corrected by intercalation, vi. 24 sq.

——of God, a Sothic period, in ancient Egypt, vi. 36 n. 2; began with the rising of Sirius, vi. 35

——, the Great, in ancient Greece, iv. 70

——, the old Iranian, vi. 67

——, the Julian, vi. 28

——, lunar, of old Roman calendar, ix. 232; equated to solar year by intercalation, ix. 325, 342 sq.

——, the old Roman, began in March, ix. 229

——, the Slavonic, beginning of, ix. 228

——, solar, length of, determined by the Theban priests, vi. 26; intercalation of the, ix. 407 n. 1

——, the solar and lunar, early attempts to harmonize, ix. 325 sq., 339, 341 sqq.

——, the Teutonic, reckoned from October 1st, vi. 81

Year-man, the, in Japan, ix. 144

Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece, iv. 68 sqq., vii. 80 sqq.; mode of counting the, in Manipur, iv. 117 n. 1; named after eponymous magistrates, ix. 39 sq.

——, the King of the, in Tibet, ix. 220, 221

Yegory or Yury, Russian name for St. George, ii. 332, 333. See St. George

Yehar-baal, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yehaw-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yellow the royal colour among the Malays, i. 362, ix. 187

—— and black, face of human representative of goddess painted, ix. 287

Yellow birds in magic, i. 79 sq.

—— colour in magic, i. 79 sqq.

—— Day of Beltane, x. 293

—— Demeter, vii. 41 sq.

—— River, girls married to the, ii. 152

—— snow, the year of the, x. 294

—— things supposed to cure jaundice, i. 79 sqq.

Yerkla-mining tribe of South-Eastern Australia, their belief in the contagious magic of wounds, i. 202; the headmen medicine-men in the, i. 336

Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 64

Yewe order, secret society in Togo, iii. 383

Yezidis, their belief as to New Year’s Day, iv. 117

Yezo or Yesso, Japanese Island, the Ainos of, viii. 180, 185

Yibai, tribal subdivision of the Coast Murring tribe, xi. 236

Yluta, in Mexico, bones of the dead preserved for the resurrection in, viii. 259

Ynglingar family, members of the, obtain kingdoms in Norway through marriage, ii. 279 sq.

Ynglings, a Norse family, descended from Frey, vi. 100

Yoke, purification by passing under a, xi. 193 sqq.; ancient Italian practice of passing conquered enemies under a, xi. 193 sq.

Yokuts, a tribe of Californian Indians, influence of rain-makers among the, i. 358

Yombe, the, of Rhodesia, their sacrifice of first-fruits to the dead, vi. 191, viii. 112 sq.

Yopaa, in southern Mexico, governed by a sacred pontiff, iii. 6

Yopico, temple in Mexico, ix. 299

York, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337, 338; custom formerly observed at Christmas, in the cathedral at, xi. 291 n. 2

Yorkshire, custom as to the placentas of mares at Cleveland in, i. 199; May garlands (hoops) in, ii. 62 sq.; the mell-sheaf in, vii. 151 sq.; “burning the Old Witch” on the last day of harvest in, vii. 224; first corn cut at harvest by clergyman in, viii. 51; Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 2; Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 198; the Yule log in, x. 256 sq.; need-fire in, x. 286 sqq.; witch as hare in, x. 317, xi. 197