The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 3 of 7)

GENERAL INDEX

The Roman numerals (i., ii., iii., etc.) refer to the volumes; the Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) refer to the pages. The volumes of the work are cited by the following numerals:—

i. = The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. ii. = " " " vol. ii. iii. = Taboo and the Perils of the Soul. iv. = The Dying God. v. = Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Third Edition, vol. i. vi. = " " " vol. ii. vii. = Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, vol. i. viii. = " " " vol. ii. ix. = The Scapegoat. x. = Balder the Beautiful, vol. i. xi. = " " vol. ii.

Aachen, effigy burnt on Ash Wednesday at, x. 120, xi. 25

Aargau, Swiss canton of, the Whitsuntide Basket in, ii. 83; Lenten fire-custom in, x. 119; superstition as to oak-mistletoe in, xi. 82; mistletoe called “thunder-besom” in, xi. 85, 301; birth-trees in, xi. 165

Ab, a Jewish month, equivalent to August, i. 14, vii. 259 n. 1

Ababa, a tribe of the Congo region, believe that their souls transmigrate at death into animals, viii. 288 sq.

Ababua, the, of the Congo valley, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65

Aban, a Persian month, vi. 68

Abbas Effendi, divine head of the Babites, i. 402

Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia, temporary substitute for, iv. 157

Abbehausen, fever transferred to dog and cat at, ix. 51

Abbeville, huge trunks of oak in the peat-bog near, ii. 351

Abbot of Folly in France, ix. 334

—— of Unreason in Scotland, ix. 312, 331

Abchases of the Caucasus, their ceremony of rain-making, i. 282 n. 4; their worship of the thunder-god, ii. 370; their memorial feasts, iv. 98, 103; their use of effigies as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 105; their sacrament of shepherds, viii. 313; their sacrifice of white ox, viii. 313 n. 1

Abd-Hadad, priestly king of Hierapolis, v. 163 n. 3

Abdera, human scapegoats at, ix. 254

Abdication of kings in favour of their infant children, iii. 19, 20; during the reign of their substitutes, iv. 115; annual, of kings, iv. 148; of father when his son is grown up, iv. 181; of the king on the birth of a son, iv. 190; temporary, of chief, viii. 66, 68

Abduction of souls by demons, iii. 58 sqq.

Abeghian, Manuk, on the belief of the Armenians in demons, ix. 107 sq.; on creeping through cleft trees in Armenia, xi. 172

Abensberg in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Abeokuta, in West Africa, the Alake (king) of, iv. 203; his head kept and delivered to his successor, iv. 203; use of bull-roarers at, xi. 229 n.

Aber, the Lake of, in Upper Austria, xi. 189

Aberdeenshire, All Souls’ Day in, vi. 79 sq.; harvest customs in, vii. 158 sqq., 215 sq., x. 12; need-fire in, x. 296; holed rock used by childless women in, xi. 187

Aberdour, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheath in, vii. 158 sqq.

Aberfeldy, Hallowe’en fires near, x. 232

Abi-baal, “father of Baal,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-el, “father of El,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-jah, King, his family, v. 51 n. 2; “father of Jehovah,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-melech, “father of a king,” v. 51 n. 4

Abi-milk (Abi-melech), king of Tyre, v. 16 n. 5

Abimelech massacres his seventy brothers, v. 51 n. 2

Abingdon in Berkshire, May carols and garlands at, ii. 60

Abipones, the, of South America thought it sinful to mention their own names, iii. 328; the dead not named among the, iii. 352; changes in their language caused by the fear of naming the dead, iii. 360; their belief as to meteors, iv. 63; their worship of the Pleiades, v. 258 n. 2, vii. 308; ate jaguars to become brave, viii. 140

Abjuration, form of, imposed on Jewish converts, ix. 393

Abnormal mental states accounted inspiration, iii. 248

Abolition of the kingship at Rome, ii. 289 sqq.

Abomey, the old capital of Dahomey, iv. 40

Abonsam, an evil spirit on the Gold Coast, ix. 132

Aborigines retained as priests of the local gods by conquering races, ii. 288; of Victoria, their custom as to emu fat, x. 13

Abortion, superstition as to woman who has procured, iii. 153

Abougit, Father X., S.J., on the ceremony of the new fire at Jerusalem, x. 130

Abraham, his attempted sacrifice of Isaac, iv. 177, vi. 219 n. 1

—— and Sarah, ii. 114

——, the Pool of, at Ourfa, i. 285

Abrahams, Israel, on the Purim bonfires, ix. 393 n. 2

Abruzzi, barren fruit-trees threatened in the, ii. 22; belief as to falling stars in the, iv. 66, 67; burning an effigy of the Carnival in the, iv. 224; seven-legged effigy of Lent in the, iv. 244 sq.; gossips of St. John in the, v. 245 n. 2; marvellous properties attributed to water on St. John’s Night in the, v. 246; Easter ceremonies in the, v. 256; the feast of All Souls in the, vi. 77 sq.; rules as to sowing seed and cutting timber in the, vi. 133 n. 3; Epiphany in the, ix. 167 n. 2; new Easter fire in the, x. 122; water consecrated at Easter in the, x. 122 sqq.; Midsummer rites of fire and water in the, x. 209 sq.

Absalom, his intercourse with his father’s concubines, ix. 368

Absence and recall of the soul, iii. 30 sqq.

Absites, the, iii. 312

Absrot, village of Bohemia, precaution against witches on Walpurgis Night at, ix. 161

Abstinence, periods of, observed before sowing, ii. 98, 105; as a charm to promote the growth of the seed, ix. 347 sqq.

Abstract notions, the personification of, not primitive, iv. 253

Abu ’Ilberecat, a Berber, ii. 153 sq.

Abu Rabah, resort of childless wives in Palestine, v. 78, 79

Abuse (vituperation), beneficial virtue ascribed to, i. 279 sq.

Abydos, head of Osiris at, vi. 11; the favourite burial-place of the Egyptians, vi. 18 sq.; specially associated with Osiris, vi. 18, 197; tombs of the ancient Egyptian kings at, vi. 19; the ritual of, vi. 86; hall of the Osirian mysteries at, vi. 108; representations of the Sed festival at, vi. 151; inscriptions at, vi. 153; temple of Osiris at, vi. 198; ancient shrine of Osiris at, vii. 260 n. 2

Abyssinia, rain-making in, i. 258; rain-making priests among tribes on the borders of, ii. 2 sq.; Tigre-speaking tribes to the north of, ii. 19; fear of the evil eye in, iii. 116; severed hands and feet preserved against the resurrection in, iii. 281; personal names concealed in, iii. 322; the Kamants of, iv. 12; sacrifice of first-born children among tribes on the borders of, iv. 181 sq.; the Faleshas of, viii. 266 n. 1

Abyssinian festival of Mascal or the Cross, ix. 133 sq.

Acacia, Osiris in the, vi. 111; the heart in the flower of the, xi. 135 sq.

—— -tree, worshipped in Patagonia, ii. 16; sacred in Arabia, ii. 42

Acacia albida, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

—— catechu, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 249

—— Suma, ii. 250 n.

Academy at Athens, funeral games held in the, iv. 96

Acagchemem tribe of California, their worship of the sacred buzzard, viii. 170 sq.

Acaill, Book of, on kings of Ireland, iv. 39

Acarnanian story of Prince Sunless, x. 21

Acatay mita, festival to make alligator pears ripen, ii. 98

Accession of a Shilluk king, ceremonies at the, iv. 23 sq.

Accoleian family, coins of the, ii. 185

Accusations of ritual murders brought against the Jews, ix. 394 sqq.

Achaia, subject to earthquakes, v. 202

Acharaca, cave of Pluto at, v. 205 sq.

Acharnae, Attic township, Dionysus Ivy at, vii. 4

Achelous and Dejanira, ii. 161 sq.

Achern, St. John’s fires at, x. 168

Achilles at the court of Lycomedes, ii. 278; his hair devoted to the river Sperchius, iii. 261

Achinese, the, of northern Sumatra, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 315

Achinese fishermen, special vocabulary employed by, at sea, iii. 409

Achterneed, in Ross-shire, Beltane cakes at, x. 153

Acilisena, in Armenia, temple and worship of Anaitis at, v. 38, ix. 369 n. 1

Acireale, in Sicily, Midsummer fires at, x. 210

Acorns as an attribute of Artemis, i. 38 n. 1; shamans responsible for crop of edible, i. 358; found in the lake-dwellings of Europe, ii. 353; as food, ii. 353, 355 sq.; as fodder for swine, ii. 354, 356

Acosta, J. de, early Spanish historian of Peru and Mexico, ix. 276 n. 1; on the Peruvian Mother of the Maize, vii. 171 sq.; on the sacramental eating of bread among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 86 sqq.; on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 131 n.; on Aztec custom of sacrificing human representatives of the gods, ix. 275 sqq.; on the sacrifice of the human representative of Quetzalcoatl, ix. 281 sqq.

Acre, in Syria, residence of the head of the Babites, i. 402

Acropolis of Athens, the sacred serpent on the, iv. 86 sq.; Sacred Ploughing at foot of the, vii. 108 n. 4, 109 n. 1; annual sacrifice of a goat on the, viii. 41

Actium, games celebrated at, vii. 80, 85

Acts, tabooed, iii. 101 sqq.

Açvina, an Indian month, iv. 124

Adad, Syrian king, v. 15; Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder and lightning, v. 163

Adad-Nirari, king of Assyria, ix. 370 n. 1

Adair, James, on the self-inflicted mortifications of the Creek Indians in war, iii. 161 sqq.; on the refusal of American Indians to taste blood, iii. 240; on Indian belief in homoeopathic magic of animal flesh, viii. 139; on American Indian custom of cutting out the sinew of the thigh of deer, viii. 264; his discovery of the Ten Lost Tribes in America, viii. 264 n. 4

Adaklu, Mount, in West Africa, evils sent away to, ix. 135 sq., 206 sq.

Adam, man in Lent called, ix. 214

—— and Eve, suggested explanation of their aprons of fig-leaves, ix. 259 n. 3

—— of Bremen, on the thunder-god Thor, ii. 364

Adams, J., on divinity of king of Benin, i. 396

Adana in Cilicia, v. 169 n. 3

Adar, a Jewish month, vii. 259 n. 1, ix. 361, 394, 397, 398, 415

Adder stones among the Celts, x. 15

Addison, Joseph, on the Italian opera, ii. 299; on the grotto dei cani at Naples, v. 205 n. 1; on witchcraft in Switzerland, xi. 42 n. 2

Adelaide tribe of South Australia, namesakes of the dead change their names in the, iii. 355

Adeli, the, of the Slave Coast, their festival of new yams, viii. 116

Adhar, a Persian month, vi. 68

Adivi or forest Gollas of Southern India, seclusion of women at childbirth among the, iii. 149 sq.

Adom-melech or Uri-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14, 17

Adon, a Semitic title, v. 6 sq., 16 sq., 20, 49 n. 7

Adonai, title of Jehovah, v. 6 sq.

Adoni, “my lord,” Semitic title, v. 7; names compounded with, v. 17

Adoni-bezek, king of Jerusalem, v. 17

Adoni-jah, elder brother of King Solomon, v. 51 n. 2

Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, v. 17

Adonis at Byblus, i. 30; myth of, v. 3 sqq.; Greek worship of, v. 6; in Greek mythology, v. 10 sqq.; in Syria, v. 13 sqq.; monuments of, v. 29; in Cyprus, v. 31 sqq., 49; identified with Osiris, v. 32; mourning for, at Byblus, v. 38; said to be the fruit of incest, v. 43; his mother Myrrha, v. 43; son of Theias, v. 43 n. 4, 55 n. 4; the son of Cinyras, v. 49; the title of the sons of Phoenician kings in Cyprus, v. 49; his violent death, v. 55; music in the worship of, v. 55; sacred prostitution in the worship of, v. 57; inspired prophets in worship of, v. 76; human representatives of, perhaps burnt, v. 110; doves burned in honour of, v. 147; personated by priestly kings, v. 223; the ritual of, v. 223 sqq.; his death and resurrection represented in his rites, v. 224 sq., ix. 398; festivals of, v. 224 sqq.; flutes played in the laments for, v. 225 n. 3; the ascension of, v. 225; images of, thrown into the sea or springs, v. 225, 227 n. 3, 236; born from a myrrh-tree, v. 227, vi. 110; bewailed by Argive women, v. 227 n.; analogy of his rites to Indian and European ceremonies, v. 227; his death and resurrection interpreted as representations of the decay and revival of vegetation, v. 227 sqq.; interpreted as the sun, v. 228; interpreted by the ancients as the god of the reaped and sprouting corn, v. 229; as a corn-spirit, v. 230 sqq.; hunger the root of the worship of, v. 231; perhaps originally a personification of wild vegetation, especially grass and trees, v. 233; the gardens of, v. 236 sqq.; rain-charm in the rites of, v. 237; resemblance of his rites to the festival of Easter, v. 254 sqq., 306; worshipped at Bethlehem, v. 257 sqq.; and the planet Venus as the Morning Star, v. 258 sq.; sometimes identified with Attis, v. 263; swine not eaten by worshippers of, v. 265; rites of, among the Greeks, v. 298; lamented by women at Byblus, vi. 23; and Linus, vii. 216, 258; at Alexandria, vii. 263, ix. 390; and the boar, viii. 22 sq.; his marriage with Ishtar (Aphrodite), ix. 401. See also Tammuz

Adonis and Aphrodite, v. 11 sq., 29, 280, xi. 294 sq.; their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224; perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Attis identified with Dionysus, vi. 127 n.

——, Attis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Osiris, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— or Tammuz, ii. 346; the summer lamentations for, iv. 7

—— and Venus (Aphrodite), i. 21, 25, 40, 41

——, the river, its valley, v. 28 sqq.; annual discoloration of the, v. 30, 225

Adoption, pretence of birth at, i. 74 sq.

Adrammelech, burnt sacrifice of children to, iv. 171

Adultery of wife thought to spoil the luck of her absent husband, i. 123, 124 sq., 128; supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sq., 114

Aeacus, the son of Zeus by Aegina, ii. 278, 359 n. 1; king of Aegina, the dispersal of his descendants, ii. 278; obtains rain from his father Zeus, ii. 359

Aedepsus, hot springs of Hercules at, v. 211 sq.

Aedesius, Sextilius Agesilaus, dedicates altar to Attis, v. 275 n. 1

Aegina, daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus, ii. 359 n. 8

——, island, Panhellenian Zeus worshipped on the peak of, ii. 359

Aegipan and Hermes, v. 157

Aegira in Achaia, inspired priestess of Earth at, i. 381 sq.

Aegis, Athena and the, viii. 40, 41

Aegisthus, the murder of, i. 12 n.; at Mycenae, his marriage with the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Agamemnon, ix. 19

Aegosthena, annual kingship at, i. 46

Aelian, on impregnation of Judean maid by serpent, v. 81; on a Babylonian king Gilgamus, ix. 372 n. 1

Aelst, Peter van, painter, xi. 36

Aenach, Irish fair, iv. 100 n. 1

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, i. 11, ii. 379, xi. 285, 293 sq.; his vision of the glories of Rome, ii. 178; his disappearance in a thunderstorm, ii. 181; worshipped after death as Jupiter Indiges, ii. 181; and the Game of Troy, iv. 76

—— and Dido, iii. 312, 313, v. 114 n. 1

Aeolus, King of the Winds, i. 326

Aeschines, spurious epistles of, ii. 162 n. 2

Aeschylus, on Typhon, v. 156

Aesculapius brings Hippolytus or Virbius to life, i. 20, iv. 214; horses dedicated by Hippolytus to, i. 21 n. 2, viii. 41 n. 5; at Cos, ii. 10; in relation to serpents, v. 80 sq.; reputed father of Aratus, v. 80 sq.; his shrines at Sicyon and Titane, v. 81; his dispute with Hercules, v. 209 sq.; said to have raised Hippolytus from the dead, viii. 41 n. 5; at Pergamus, viii. 85; at Epidaurus, ix. 47

Aeson and Medea, v. 181 n. 1, viii. 143

Aetna, Latin poem, v. 221 n. 4

Aetolians, the, shod only on one foot, iii. 311

Afars. See Danakils

Afghanistan, ceremony at the reception of strangers in, iii. 108

Africa, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 195 sq.; rise of magicians, especially rain-makers, to chieftainship and kingship in, i. 342 sqq., 352; human gods in, i. 392 sqq.; belief in, that sexual crimes disturb the course of nature, ii. 111 sq.; the diffusion of round huts in, ii. 227 n. 3; corpulence as a beauty in, ii. 297; rules of life or taboos observed by kings in, iii. 5 sq., 8 sqq.; detention of souls by sorcerers in, iii. 70 sq.; fear of being photographed in, iii. 97 sq.; cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 n. 1; smith’s craft regarded as uncanny in, iii. 236 n. 5; reluctance of people to tell their own names in, iii. 329 sq.; the Bogos of, iii. 337; names of animals and things tabooed in, iii. 400 sq.; belief as to transmigration of the dead into serpents in, iv. 84; succession to the soul in, iv. 200 sq.; serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, v. 82 sqq.; infant burial in, v. 91 sq.; reincarnation of the dead in, v. 91 sq.; annual festivals of the dead in, vi. 66; worship of dead kings and chiefs in, vi. 160 sqq.; supreme gods in, vi. 165, 173 sq., 174, 186, with n. 5, 187 n. 1, 188 sq., 190; worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of, vi. 174 sqq.; inheritance of the kingship under mother-kin in, vi. 211; cat’s cradle in, vii. 103 n. 1; woman’s share in agriculture among the tribes of, vii. 113 sqq.; observation of the Pleiades by agricultural tribes in, vii. 315 sqq.; sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 109 sqq.; belief as to the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet in, viii. 140 sqq.; crocodiles respected in, viii. 213 sq.; sickness transferred to animals in, ix. 31 sq.; girls secluded at puberty in, x. 22 sqq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 79 sqq.; birth-trees in, xi. 160 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 n., 232

Africa, British Central, the tribes of, their custom of carrying about fire, ii. 259; the Yaos of, iii. 97 sq., viii. 111; customs observed after a death in, iii. 286; the Angoni of, iv. 156 n. 2, viii. 149; the Nyanja-speaking tribes of, viii. 26; crops guarded against baboons and wild pigs in, viii. 32; flesh and hearts of lions eaten to make eaters brave in, viii. 142; parts of brave enemies eaten to make the eaters brave in, viii. 149; the Anyanja of, x. 81

——, British East, the Akikuyu (Kikuyu) of, ii. 44, iii. 175, 214, vii. 317, ix. 32, x. 81, xi. 262 sq.; the Nandi of, ii. 112, iii. 141, 175, 423, vii. 117, 317, viii. 64, xi. 229 n.; the Ketosh of, iii. 176; the En-jemusi of, vii. 118; the Suk of, vii. 118, viii. 84, 142, x. 81; observation of the Pleiades by tribes in, vii. 317; the Akamba of, viii. 113, ix. 122 n.; ceremony of new fire in, x. 135 sq.

—— Central, the Banyoro of, i. 348; the Lendu of, i. 348; the Basoga of, ii. 19, 112; the Baganda of, ii. 246, 269, iii. 78, vii. 118; the pygmies of, ii. 255, iii. 282; the Monbuttu of, ii. 297, iii. 118, vii. 119; reception of strangers in, iii. 108; the Latuka of, iii. 245, 284; the Madi or Moru tribe of, iii. 277, viii. 314, ix. 217; the Wahoko of, iii. 278; the Wanyoro (Banyoro) of, iii. 278; the Fors of, iii. 281; Unyoro in, iii. 291 sq., iv. 34; the Akamba of, iii. 353; the Nandi of, iii. 353; the Bahima of, iii. 375, viii. 288, ix. 32; the Niam-Niam of, vii. 119; the Wanyamwesi of, viii. 227

Africa, East, the Wambugwe of, i. 290, 342, iv. 65; the Wataturu of, i. 342 sq., viii. 84; the Wanika of, ii. 12, iii. 247; the Tanga coast of, ii. 34; the Wakamba of, ii. 46; the Wabondei of, ii. 47, iii. 272, viii. 142; the Masai of, ii. 210; the Winamwanga of, ii. 256 n. 1; the Wiwa of, ii. 256 n. 1; the Jaggas of, ii. 259; the Bogos of, ii. 267 n. 4; avoidance of parents-in-law in, iii. 85; the Wa-teita of, iii. 98; custom of elephant-hunters in, iii. 107; the Nubas of, iii. 132; the Bageshu of, iii. 174; the Akamba of, iii. 204; the Akikuyu of, iii. 204; the Warundi of, iii. 225 n.; the Wajagga of, iii. 286, 290; the Barea of, iii. 337; the Masai of, iii. 354; the Waziguas of, iii. 400; infanticide in, iv. 196; the Danakils or Afars of, iv. 200; the Arabs of, viii. 164; propitiation of dead lions in, viii. 228; ceremony of the new fire in, x. 135; the Swahili of, xi. 160

——, German East, viii. 142; the Wagogo of, i. 343, iii. 186 n. 1, viii. 26, 149, 276, ix. 6; the Wahehe of, iii. 86 n., viii. 26; the Wageia of, iii. 177; continence of hunters in, iii. 196 sq.; the Wadowe of, vii. 118; the Waheia of, viii. 26; the Wajagga of, viii. 276, xi. 160; the Washamba of, ix. 29, xi. 183; the Bondeis of, xi. 263; the Wadoe of, xi. 312

——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, xi. 183

——, North, magical images in, i. 65 sq.; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; the Arabs of, i. 277; artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314; charms to render bridegrooms impotent in, iii. 300 sq.; festivals of swinging in, iv. 284; custom of bathing at Midsummer among the Mohammedan peoples of, v. 249; cairns in, ix. 21; Mohammedan reverence for living saints in, ix. 22; popular cure for toothache in, ix. 62; tribes of, their expulsion of demons, ix. 110 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sqq.

——, South, use of rat’s hair as a charm in, i. 151; the Herero of, i. 209; stopping rain by means of a rabbit in, i. 295; the Bechuanas of, i. 313; way of retarding the sun in, i. 318; the Caffres of, i. 321, iii. 87; frightening away a storm in, i. 327; the Chevas of, i. 331 n. 2; the Tumbucas of, i. 331 n. 2; chiefs as rain-makers in, i. 350 sqq.; the Mashona of, i. 393; the Maraves of, ii. 31, ix. 19; the Ovambo of, ii. 264, iii. 176; the Ba-Pedi of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202; the Ba-Thonga of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202; Bantu tribes of, iii. 152, viii. 111, ix. 77 sq.; seclusion and purification of manslayers in, iii. 174 sq.; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278; magic use of spittle in, iii. 288; the Makalaka of, iii. 369; belief as to stepping over persons or things among the tribes of, iii. 423; the Baronga of, iv. 61; crops devastated by wild pigs in, viii. 32; the Matabele of, viii. 70; Caffre remedy for caterpillars in, viii. 280; heaps of sticks or stones to which passers-by add, in, ix. 11; dread of demons in, ix. 77 sq.; sacrificial fire in, ix. 391 n. 4; the Thonga of, xi. 297

Africa, South-East, the Hlubies and Swazies of, i. 249; the Baronga of, i. 267; many tribes of, will not cut down timber while the corn is green, ii. 49; the Bantu tribes of, ii. 210; the Barotse of, iii. 107; custom of infanticide in some tribes of, iv. 183; flesh of lions and leopards eaten by warriors in, viii. 142; rites of initiation in, viii. 148; inoculation of warriors in, viii. 159; hunters cut out right eye of game in, viii. 268; prayers at cairns in, ix. 29

——, South-West, the Herero of, i. 211; the Ovambo of, iii. 227, viii. 109

——, West, rain-making in, i. 249 sq.; magical functions of chiefs in, i. 349 sq.; the Banjars of, i. 353; the Yorubas of, i. 364, iv. 41, viii. 98; reverence for silk-cotton trees in, ii. 14 sq.; kings forced to accept office in, iii. 17 sq.; fetish kings in, iii. 22 sqq.; traps set for souls by wizards in, iii. 70 sq.; the Bavili of, iii. 78; purification after a journey in, iii. 112; custom as to blood shed on ground in, iii. 245, 246; hair, nails, and teeth as rain-charms in, iii. 271; shorn hair burnt or buried for fear of witchcraft in, iii. 281; the Kru negroes of, iii. 322 sq.; Human Leopard Societies of, iv. 83; human sacrifices at king’s funeral in, iv. 117; stories of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 128 sq., 130 n. 1; sacrificial blood smeared on doorways in, iv. 176 n. 1; sacred men and women in, v. 65 sqq.; human sacrifices in, vi. 99 n. 2; human sacrifices for the crops in, vii. 239; the Kimbunda of, viii. 152; the Beku of, viii. 163; propitiation of dead leopards in, viii. 228 sqq.; bones of sacrificial victims not broken in, viii. 258 n. 2; belief in demons among the negroes of, ix. 74 sqq.; dances at sowing in, ix. 234; theory of an external soul embodied in an animal prevalent in, xi. 200 sqq.; ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 251 sqq.

African stories of the external soul, xi. 148 sqq.; Balders, xi. 312 sqq.

—— hunters, ceremonies of purification observed by, iii. 220 sq.

—— kings forbidden to see their mothers, iii. 86; thought to render themselves immortal by their sorceries, iv. 9

—— tribes, household fires extinguished after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4; descent of property and power to sister’s children among, ii. 285; combination of the elective with the hereditary principle in regulating the descent of kingships or chiefships among, ii. 292 sqq.; believe that their dead kings turn into lions, leopards, pythons, etc., iv. 84

Afterbirth (placenta), portion of a man’s spirit supposed to reside in his, i. 100; contagious magic of, i. 182-201; part of child’s spirit in, i. 184; buried under a tree, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, xi. 160 sq., 162, 163, 164, 165; hung on a tree, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199; thrown into the sea, i. 187, 190; regarded as brother or sister of child, i. 189, 191, 192, 193, xi. 162 n. 2; seat of external soul, i. 193 sq., 200 sq.; regarded as a second child, i. 195, xi. 162 n. 2; of cows, treatment of the, i. 198 sq.; regarded as a person’s double or twin, vi. 169 sq.; of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a banana-tree, xi. 162; and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, xi. 162 n. 2; regarded as a guardian spirit, xi. 223 n. 2 See also Afterbirths and Placenta

Afterbirths buried in banana groves, v. 93; regarded as twins of the children, v. 93; Shilluk kings interred where their afterbirths are buried, vi. 162

Agamemnon, sceptre of, worshipped as a god, i. 365; said to have reigned in his wife’s home, Lacedaemon, ii. 279

—— and Aegisthus, ix. 19

Agar Dinka, rain-makers killed among the, iv. 33

Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, x. 148

Agariste, daughter of Clisthenes, the wooing of, ii. 307

Agathias, on the identification of Anaitis and Aphrodite, ix. 369 n. 1; on Sandes, ix. 389

Agathocles, his siege of Carthage, iv. 167

Agbasia, West African god, sacred slaves of, v. 79; prayers to, viii. 59, 60

Agdestis, a man-monster in the myth of Attis, v. 269

Age of Magic, i. 235, 237

Agesipolis, king of Sparta, his conduct in an earthquake, v. 196

Aglu, New Year fires at, x. 217

Agni, Indian god, viii. 120, ix. 410, x. 99 n. 2; the fire-god, ii. 230, 249, xi. 1, 296; addressed at marriage, ii. 230

Agnihotris, Brahman fire-priests, ii. 247 sqq.

Agnus castus strewed by married women under their beds at the Thesmophoria, vii. 116 n. 2; used in ceremony of beating, ix. 252, 257

Agome, in Togoland, ceremonies observed by hunters at, viii. 229

Agraulus, daughter of Cecrops, worshipped at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145, 146

Agricultural peoples worship the moon, vi. 138 sq.

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— year determined by observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313 sqq.; expulsions of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the, ix. 225

Agriculture, religious objections to, v. 88 sqq., vii. 93, 108; in the hands of women in the Pelew Islands, vi. 206 sq.; its tendency to produce a conservative character, vi. 217 sq.; magical significance of games in primitive, vii. 92 sqq.; origin of, vii. 128 sq.; woman’s part in primitive, vii. 113 sqq.

Agriculture of the Nabataeans, ii. 100, 346 n. 3

Agrigentum, Empedocles at, i. 390; Phalaris of, iv. 75

Agrionia, a festival at Orchomenus, iv. 163

Agrippa, king of Judea, his mockery at Alexandria, ix. 418

Agrippina, her marriage with Claudius, ii. 129 n. 1

Agu, Mount, in Togo, wind-fetish on, i. 327; fetish priest on, iii. 5

Ague, transferred to trees, ix. 56, 57 sq.; Suffolk cure for, ix. 68; Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, x. 162; leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive of, x. 174

Agutainos of the Philippines, customs observed by widows among the, iii. 144

Agweh on the Slave Coast, custom at end of mourning at, iii. 286; custom of widows at, xi. 18 sq.

Agylla, in Etruria, funeral games at, iv. 95

Ahasuerus, King, ix. 397, 401; the Hebrew equivalent of Xerxes, ix. 360

Ahaz, King, his sacrifice of his children, iv. 169 sq.

Ahlen, in Munsterland, the Yule log at, x. 247

Ahne-bergen, near Stade, thresher of last corn called Corn-pug at, vii. 273

Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, x. 95

Ahts or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island regard the moon as the husband of the sun, vi. 139 n. 1; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 43 sq.

Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, x. 95

Ai San Bushmen, their fire-sticks, ii. 218 n. 1

Aijaruc, a Tartar princess, ii. 306

Ain, de l’, French department, leaf-clad mummer on May Day in, ii. 81 n. 3; Lenten fires in, x. 114

Aino fishermen, their ways of making rain, i. 288

—— hunters, their custom at killing a fox, viii. 267

—— type of animal sacrament, viii. 312 sq.

—— women may not mention their husbands’ names, iii. 337

Ainos, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212; their rain-making, i. 251, 253; their fear of whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2; their ceremony at eating new millet, viii. 52; their custom as to eating the heads of otters and the hearts of water-ousels, viii. 144; their worship of bears, viii. 180 sqq.; their worship of eagle-owls, eagles, and hawks, viii. 199 sq.; thank the sword-fish which they kill, viii. 251; their customs in regard to the first fish of the season, viii. 255 sq.; their propitiation of mice, viii. 278; their ambiguous attitude towards the bear, viii. 310 sq.

—— of Japan, their use of magical images, i. 60; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; their custom of killing bears ceremonially, viii. 180 sqq.; their mourning caps, x. 20; their use of mugwort in exorcism, xi. 60; their veneration for mistletoe, xi. 79

—— of Saghalien, pregnant women forbidden to spin among the, i. 114; their bear-festivals, viii. 188 sqq.

Aiora, festival of swinging, at Athens, i. 46 n. 1

Air, prohibition to be uncovered in the open, iii. 3, 14; thought to be poisoned at eclipses, x. 162 n.

Airi, a deity of North-West India, his worshippers inspired, v. 170

Airu, Assyrian month corresponding to May, ii. 130

Aïsawa or Isowa, order of saints in Morocco, devour live goats, vii. 21 sq.

Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 187

Ait Sadden, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

—— Warain, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 178 sq.

—— Yusi, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

Aitan, a Khasi goddess, ix. 173

Aivilik, the Esquimaux of, i. 121

Aix, squibs at Midsummer at, x. 193; Midsummer king at, x. 194, xi. 25

Aiyar, N. Subramhanya, on Indian dancing-girls, v. 63 sqq.

Ajax and Teucer, names of priestly kings of Olba, v. 144 sq., 161

Ajumba hunter, his apologies to the hippopotamus which he had killed, viii. 235

Akamba of British East Africa, believe that every woman has a spiritual husband who fertilizes her, ii. 317; continence observed by them on journeys and while the cattle are at pasture, iii. 204; their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 113; riddles asked at circumcision among the, ix. 122 n.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 23

—— of Central Africa, reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353

Akawés, a tribe of Garos, their harvest festival, viii. 337

Akhetaton (Tell-el-Amarna), the capital of Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1

Akikuyu, the, of British East Africa, ceremony of the new birth among the, i. 75 sq., 96 sq., xi. 262 sq.; worship fig-trees, ii. 44 sq.; worship a snake, and marry girls to the snake-god, ii. 150, v. 67 sq.; believe that barren women can be fertilized by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316; purification of manslayers among the, iii. 175 sq.; continence observed by them on journeys and while the cattle are at pasture, iii. 204; auricular confession among the, iii. 214; use of scapegoats among the, iii. 214 sq.; their women purified after a miscarriage in childbirth, iii. 286; their treatment of premature and unusual births, iii. 286, 287 n. 6; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85; transfer guilt to a goat, ix. 32; their dread of menstruous women, x. 81. See also Kikuyu

Akurwa, a village of the Shilluk, iv. 19, 23, 24

Alabama, harvest festival of the Indians of, viii. 72 n. 3

Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, xi. 105

Alafin of Oyo, paramount king of Yoruba land, iv. 203

Alake, the, of Abeokuta, custom of cutting off the head of his corpse, iv. 203

Alaska, the Esquimaux of, i. 121, 328, iii. 145, vi. 51, ix. 124, xi. 155; the Aleuts of, iii. 207; the Kaniagmuts of, iii. 207; the Koniags of, i. 121, vi. 106; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 45 sq.

Alaskan hunters, their respect for dead sables and beavers, viii. 238

—— islanders mistook the Russians for cuttle-fish, viii. 206

Alastir and the Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of, xi. 129 sq.

Alba, Vestal fire and Vestal virgins at, i. 13

—— Longa, the kings of, ii. 178 sqq., 268 sq.; perhaps mimicked Latian Jupiter, ii. 187

Alban dynasty descended from a Vestal, ii. 197

—— Hills, i. 2, ii. 178

—— kings, iv. 76

—— Lake, i. 2; tradition of a submerged city in the, ii. 180, 181 n.

—— League, religious centre of the, ii. 187

—— Mountain, the, ii. 187 sq., 202, 387

Albania, bloodstones in, i. 165; milk-stones in, i. 165; fear of portraiture in, iii. 100; expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, iv. 265, ix. 157; marriage custom in, vi. 246; mock lamentations for locusts and beetles in, viii. 279; Midsummer fires in, x. 212; the Yule log in, x. 264

Albanian custom of beating men and beasts in March, ix. 266

—— story of the external soul, xi. 104 n. 3

Albanians of the Caucasus, did not mention the names of the dead, iii. 349; their worship of the moon, v. 73; their use of human scapegoats, ix. 218

Albano, ancient necropolis near, ii. 201

Albert, Lake, Lendu tribe of, i. 348

—— Nyanza, Lake, the Wahuma of the, i. 250; crocodiles in the, viii. 213; the Wakondyo of the, xi. 162 sq.

Alberti, L., on Caffre purification of lion-killer, iii. 220

Albigenses worshipped each other, i. 407

Albino sacrificed to river, ii. 158; head of secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 251

Albinoes the offspring of the moon, v. 91

Albirûni, Arab geographer, on the Persian festival of the dead, vi. 68; on the burning of effigies of Haman at Purim, ix. 393

Alchemy leads up to chemistry, i. 374

Alcheringa, remote legendary time of the Arunta, i. 88, 98, 102

Alcibiades of Apamea, his vision of the Holy Ghost, iv. 5 n. 3

Alcidamus wins Barce in a foot-race, ii. 300 sq.

Alcman on dew, vi. 137

Alcmena, her long travail with Hercules, iii. 298 sq.

Alcyonian Lake, Dionysus at the, vii. 15

Alder branches, sacrificial, viii. 232

Alders free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Alectrona, daughter of the Sun, taboos observed at her sanctuary in Rhodes, viii. 45

Alençon, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n. 1

Aleutian Islands, Atkhans of the, ix. 3; cairns in the, ix. 16

—— hunter injured by unchastity of absent wife or sister, i. 123

Aleutians, effeminate sorcerers among the, vi. 254

Aleuts of Alaska, seclusion of successful whaler among the, iii. 207

Alexander the Great, his fiery cresset, ii. 264; cuts the Gordian knot, iii. 316; funeral games in his honour, iv. 95; expels a king of Paphos, v. 42; his fabulous birth, v. 81; assumes costumes of deities, v. 165; sacrifices to Megarsian Athena, v. 169 n. 3

Alexander Severus, at festival of Attis, v. 273

Alexandria, festival of Adonis at, v. 224, ix. 390; the Serapeum at, vi. 119 n., 217; mockery of King Agrippa at, ix. 418

Alexandrian calendar, used by Plutarch, vi. 84; used by Theophanes, ix. 395 n. 1

—— year, the fixed, vi. 28, 92; Plutarch’s use of the, vi. 49

Alfai, title of rain-making priest among the Barea and Kunama, ii. 3

Alfoors of Buru, names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 341

—— or Toradjas of Central Celebes, their custom at child-birth, iii. 33; taboos observed by their priest, iii. 129; priest with unshorn hair among the, iii. 260; riddles among the, ix. 122 n.; their custom at the smelting of iron, xi. 154; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 222. See also Toradjas

—— of Ceram, their high-priest regarded as a demigod, i. 400

Alfoors of Halmahera, name of wife’s father tabooed among the, iii. 341; their expulsion of the devil, ix. 112

—— of Minahassa, inspired priest among the, i. 382 sq.; ceremony at house-warming among the, iii. 63 sq.; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340 sq.; their custom as to the first rice sowed and reaped, viii. 54; attempt to deceive demons of sickness, viii. 100

—— of Poso, in Central Celebes, their belief as to demons of trees, ii. 35; abduction of souls by demons among the, iii. 62 sq.; will not pronounce their own names, iii. 332; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340

Algeds, rain-maker among the, ii. 3

Algeria, rain-making in, i. 250; the Aisawa sect in, vii. 22 n. 1; fever transferred to tortoise in, ix. 31; popular cure by knocking nails in, ix. 60; Midsummer fires in, x. 213

——, the Arabs of, avoid using the proper name for lion, iii. 400; tale of, iv. 130 n. 1

Algidus, Mount, its oak forests, ii. 187, 380; a haunt of Diana, ii. 380

Algiers, the Moors of, light no fires after a death, ii. 268 n.

Algonquin Indians caught souls in nets, iii. 69 sq.

Algonquins or Algonkins, the, their treatment of the navel-string, i. 197; marry their fishing-nets to girls, ii. 147 sq.; their women seek to be impregnated by the souls of the dying, iv. 199

Alice Springs in Central Australia, i. 259, xi. 238; magical stones at, i. 162

Aline, Loch, fishing magic on, i. 110

All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, xi. 77, 79, 82

All Saints, Feast of, perhaps substituted for an old pagan festival of the dead, vi. 82 sq.

All Saints’ Day, November 1st, old Celtic New Year’s Day, x. 225; omens on, x. 240; bonfires on, x. 246; sheep passed through a hoop on, xi. 184

All Souls, Festival of, iv. 98, vi. 51 sqq., vii. 30, x. 223 sq., 225 n. 2; originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81; instituted by Odilo, abbot of Clugny, vi. 82

All Souls’ College, Oxford, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Allallu bird beloved by Ishtar, ix. 371

Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, xi. 283

Allandur temple, at St. Thomas’s Mount, Madras, fire-festival at, xi. 8 n. 1

Allatu, Babylonian goddess, v. 9

Allerton, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Allhallow Even, the thirty-first of October, Lords of Misrule on, ix. 332

All-Hallows (All Saints’ Day), iii. 11, 12

Allifae in Samnium, baths of Hercules at, v. 213 n. 2

Alligator pears, Peruvian ceremony to make them ripen, ii. 98

Alligators, souls of dead in, viii. 297

Allumba, in Central Australia, magic tree at, i. 145 sq.

Almagest, the, vii. 259 n. 1

Almo, procession to the river, in the rites of Attis, v. 273

Almond causes virgin to conceive, v. 263; the father of all things, v. 263 sq.

—— -trees, mistletoe on, xi. 316

Almora, in Kumaon, ix. 197

A-Louyi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28 n. 5

Alpach, valley in Tyrol, the Wheat-bride or Rye-bride at harvest in, vii. 163

Alpheus, the sacred, ii. 8

Alqamar, tribe of nomads in Hadramaut, their way of stopping rain, i. 252

Alsace, May-trees in, ii. 64; the Little May Rose in, ii. 74; stuffed goat or fox at threshing in, vii. 287, 297; Midsummer fires in, x. 169; cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, xi. 40

Alt Lest, in Silesia, the binder of the last sheaf called the Beggar-man at, vii. 231

—— -Pillau, in Samland, harvest custom at, vii. 139

Altars, bloodless, ix. 307

Altdorf and Weingarten, in Swabia, the Carnival Fool on Ash Wednesday at, iv. 232

Althenneberg, in Bavaria, Easter fires at, x. 143 sq.

Altisheim, in Swabia, the last sheaf called the Old Woman at, vii. 136

Altmark, custom with birch branches at Whitsuntide in the, ii. 64; the May Bride at Whitsuntide in the, ii. 95; the He-goat at reaping in the, vii. 287; Easter bonfires in the, x. 140, 142

Alum burnt at Midsummer, x. 214

Alungu, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Alur, a tribe of the Upper Nile, bury their cut hair and nails, iii. 277 sq.; their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214; their treatment of insanity, x. 64

Alus, sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus at, iv. 161, 164; custom of sacrificing princes at, vii. 25

Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, kills a nagual, xi. 214

Alyattes, king of Lydia, v. 133 n. 1

Alynomus, king of Paphos, v. 43 n. 1

Amadhlozi, Zulu ancestral spirits in serpent form, xi. 211 n. 2

Ama-terasu, Japanese goddess of the Sun, vii. 212

Amambwe, a Bantu tribe of Northern Rhodesia, believe that their head chief at death turns into a lion, vi. 193, viii. 287; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.

Amapondo country, cairn to which passers-by added stones in the, ix. 30 n. 2

Amasis, king of Egypt, substitutes images for human victims, iv. 217; his body burnt by Cambyses, v. 176 n. 2

Amata, “Beloved,” title of Vestals, ii. 197

Amata, wife of King Latinus, ii. 197

Amathus, in Cyprus, Adonis and Melcarth at, v. 32, 117; statue of lion-slaying god found at, v. 117

Amatongo, ancestral spirits (Zulu term), v. 74 n. 4, vi. 184, xi. 212 n.

Amaxosa Caffres propitiate the elephants which they kill, viii. 227

Amazon, Indians at the mouth of the, ix. 264; ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, x. 62 sq.

Amazons set up a statue of Artemis under an oak, i. 38 n. 1

—— of Dahomey ate the hearts of brave foes to make themselves brave, viii. 149

Amazulu, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316

Ambabai, an Indian goddess, v. 243

Ambala District, Punjaub, rebirth of children in the, v. 94

Ambamba, in West Africa, death, resurrection, and new birth in, xi. 256

Ambarvalia, cattle crowned at the, ii. 127 n. 2; an agricultural festival of ancient Italy, ix. 359

Amboin, in Angola, new fire at, ii. 262

Amboyna, custom as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 179; rice in bloom treated like a pregnant woman in, ii. 28; ceremony to fertilize clove-trees in, ii. 100; recovery of lost souls in, iii. 66 sq.; abduction of souls by doctors in, iii. 73; fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87; sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105; new fruits offered to the gods in, viii. 123; belief in spirits in, ix. 85; disease-transference in, ix. 187; hair of criminals cut in, xi. 158

Ambras, Midsummer customs at, x. 173

Amedzowe, the spirit land, viii. 105

Amei Awa, a Kayan god, vii. 93

Amélineau, E., discovers the tomb of Egyptian King Khent, vi. 21 n. 1

Amelioration in the character of the gods, iv. 136

Amenophis III., king of Egypt, birth of, ii. 131 sqq.; his birth represented on the monuments, iii. 28

Amenophis IV., king of Egypt, his attempt to abolish all gods but the sun-god, vi. 123 sqq.

Ameretât, a Persian archangel, ix. 373 n. 1

America, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 195 sqq.; the breach of England with, i. 216; association of the frog with rain in, i. 292 n. 3; reincarnation of the dead in, v. 91; the moon worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical, vi. 138; cat’s cradle in, vii. 103 n. 1; the Corn-mother in, vii. 171 sqq.

——, Central, the Pipiles of, ii. 98; the Indians of, practise continence for the sake of the crops, ii. 105; the Quiches of, viii. 134; the Mosquito Indians of, viii. 258 n. 2; the Mosquito territory in, x. 86

——, North, the Natchez of, i. 249; the Omahas of, i. 249; power of medicine-men in, i. 356 sqq.; the Hidatsa Indians of, ii. 12; Indians of, their dread and avoidance of menstruous women, iii. 145 sq., x. 87 sqq.; Indians of, will not eat blood, iii. 240; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; Indians of, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, x. 5; Indians of, seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 41 sqq.; Indians of, stories of the external soul among, xi. 151 sq.; Indians of, religious associations among, xi. 267 sqq. See also North American Indians

——, North-West, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; the Chilcotin Indians of, i. 312; the Loucheux of, i. 356; artificial elongation of the head among the Indian tribes of, ii. 298; the Carrier Indians of, iv. 199; the Salish Indians of, viii. 80; the Tinneh Indians of, viii. 80; Indian tribes of, their masked dances, ix. 375 sqq.; Secret Societies among the Indians of, ix. 377 sqq.

——, South, the Guarani of, i. 145; the Payaguas of, i. 330; power of medicine-men in, i. 358 sqq.; the Itonamas of, iii. 31; custom of swallowing ashes of dead kinsfolk in, viii. 156 sq.; the Palenques of, viii. 221; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 56 sqq.; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128; Midsummer fires in, x. 212 sq. See also South America

American Indians, power of medicine-men among the, i. 355 sqq.; drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 170 sq.; confession of sins among the, iii. 215 sq., 216 n. 2; personal names kept secret among the, iii. 324 sqq., 327 sq.; their fear of naming the dead, iii. 351 sqq.; relations of the dead change their names among the, iii. 357; changes in their languages caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 360 sq.; their Great Spirit, iv. 3; women’s agricultural work among the, vii. 120 sqq.; their personification of maize, vii. 171 sqq.; do not sharply distinguish between animals and men, viii. 204 sqq.; their ceremonies at hunting bears, viii. 224 sqq.; treat elans, deer, and elks with ceremonious respect, viii. 240; cut out the sinew of the thigh of deer which they kill, viii. 264. See also North American Indians and South American Indians

American prairies, skulls of buffaloes awaiting resurrection on, viii. 256

Amestris, wife of Xerxes, her sacrifice of children, vi. 220 sq.

Amethysts thought to keep their wearers sober, i. 165; in rain-charms, i. 345

Amiens, “killing the Cat” at harvest near, vii. 281

Amisus, in Pontus, ix. 421 n. 1

Ammerland, in Oldenburg, cart-wheel used as charm against witchcraft in, x. 345 n. 3

Ammon, the god, married to the queen of Egypt, ii. 130 sqq.; human wives of, ii. 130 sqq., v. 72; regarded as the father of Egyptian gods, ii. 131; costume of, ii. 133; king of Egypt masqueraded as, ii. 133; high priests of, their usurpation of regal power, ii. 134; identified with the sun, vi. 123; rage of King Amenophis IV. against, vi. 124; at Thebes in Egypt, ram annually sacrificed to, viii. 41, 172; the Theban, represented with the body of a man and the head of a ram, viii. 172 sq.

—— -Ra, king of the gods, ii. 132

Ammon (country), Hanun, king of, iii. 273; conquered by King David, iii. 273

——, Milcom, the god of, v. 19

Ammonite, fossil, regarded as an embodiment of Vishnu, ii. 26, 27 n. 2

Amoor River, the Manegres of the, iii. 323; the Gilyaks of the, v. 278 n. 2, viii. 103, 267, ix. 101; the Goldi of the, viii. 103; bears in the valley of the, viii. 191; the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Amorgos, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 2

Amorites, their law as to fornication, v. 37 sq.

Amoy, fear of tree-spirits in, ii. 14; spirits who draw away the souls of children at, iii. 59; euphemism for fever among the Chinese of, iii. 400; puppets as substitutes among the Chinese of, viii. 104

Ampasimene, in Madagascar, viii. 40 n.

Amphictyon, king of Athens, married the daughter of his predecessor, ii. 277

Amphipolis, death of Brasidas at, iv. 94

Amphitryo besieges Taphos, xi. 103

Amsanctus, the valley of, v. 204 sq.

Amshaspands, Persian archangels, ix. 373 n. 1

Amsterdam, “dew-treading” at Whitsuntide at, ii. 104 n. 2

Amulets, hair and teeth of sacred kings preserved as, ii. 6; knots used as, iii. 306 sqq.; rings and bracelets as, iii. 314 sqq., x. 92; crowns and wreaths as, vi. 242 sq.; against demons, ix. 95; as soul-boxes, xi. 155; degenerate into ornaments, xi. 156 n. 2. See also Talismans

Amulius Silvius, his rivalry with Jupiter, ii. 180

Amyclae, ancient capital of Lacedaemon, Agamemnon buried at, ii. 279; in the vale of Sparta, v. 313; tomb of Hyacinth at, v. 314; festival of Hyacinthia at, v. 315

Amyclas, father of Hyacinth, v. 313

Anabis, in Egypt, human god at, i. 390

Anacan, a month of the Gallic calendar, ix. 343

Anacreon, on Cinyras, v. 55

Anacyndaraxes, father of Sardanapalus, v. 172

Anadates, at Zela, ix. 373 n. 1

Anaitis, Persian goddess, afterwards equivalent to Ishtar, i. 16 sq., ix. 369, 389; identified with Artemis, i. 37 n. 2; served by prostitutes at Acilisena, in Armenia, ii. 282 n. 3, v. 38, ix. 369 n. 1; her sanctuary at Zela, ix. 370, 421 n. 1; associated with the Sacaea, ix. 355, 368, 369, 402 n. 1; identified with Aphrodite, ix. 369 n. 1, 389

Anammelech, burnt sacrifice of children to, iv. 171

Anansa, tutelary god of Old Calabar, ii. 42

Anassa, “Queen,” title of goddess, v. 35 n. 2

Anatomie of Abuses, ii. 66

Anazarba or Anazarbus, in Cilicia, the olives of, ii. 107; Zeus at, v. 167 n. 1

Ancestor, wooden image of, xi. 155

—— -worship among the Bantu peoples, ii. 221, vi. 176 sqq.; in relation to fire-worship, ii. 221; among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203; combined with mother-kin tends to a predominance of goddesses over gods in religion, vi. 211 sq.; in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

Ancestors, prayers to, i. 285, 286, 287, 345, 352, vii. 105; skulls of, in rain-charm, i. 285; sacrifices to, i. 290 sq., 339; souls of, in trees, ii. 29, 30, 31, 32, 317; represented by sacred fire-sticks, ii. 214, 216, 222 sqq.; dead, regarded as mischievous beings, ii. 221; souls of, in the fire on the hearth, ii. 232; propitiation of, by rubbing their skulls, iii. 197; names of, bestowed on their reincarnations, iii. 368 sq.; reborn in their descendants, iii. 368 sq.; propitiation of deceased, v. 46; images of, viii. 53; offerings of first-fruits to spirits of, viii. 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125; worshipped as guardian spirits, viii. 121, 123; spirits of, take up their abode in their skulls or in images, viii. 123; images of, viii. 124; dead, worshipped as gods, viii. 125; fear of the spirits of, ix. 76 sq.

Ancestral Contest at the Haloa, vii. 61; at the Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 74, 77; at the Festival of the Threshing-floor, vii. 75

—— skulls used in magic, i. 163

—— spirits worshipped at the hearth, ii. 216 sq., 221 sq.; cause sickness, iii. 53; sacrifices to, iii. 104, vi. 175, 178 sq., 180, 181 sq., 183 sq., 190; on shoulders of medicine-men, v. 74 n. 4; incarnate in serpents, v. 82 sqq., xi. 211; in the form of animals, v. 83; worshipped by the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 sqq.; prayers to, vi. 175 sq., 178 sq., 183 sq.; on the father’s and on the mother’s side, the two distinguished, vi. 180, 181; propitiation of, ix. 86. See also Ancestors and Dead

—— tree, fire kindled from, ii. 221, 223 sq.

Anchiale in Cilicia, v. 144; monument of Sardanapalus at, v. 172

Ancient deities of vegetation as animals, viii. 1 sqq.

Ancona, sarcophagus of St. Dasius at, ii. 310 n. 1, ix. 310

Ancus Martius, Roman king, said to have murdered his predecessor, ii. 181 n. 5; his maternal descent, ii. 270 n. 4; his death, ii. 320

Andalusia, guisers in, ix. 173

Andaman Islanders, said to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253; perhaps first got fire from volcano, ii. 256 n. 2; regard their reflections as their souls, iii. 92; their ideas as to shooting stars, iv. 60; boar’s fat poured on novice at initiation among the, viii. 164

Andaman Islands, mourning custom in the, iii. 183 n.; cat’s cradle in the, vii. 103 n. 1

Andania in Messenia, grove of the Great Goddesses at, ii. 122; mysteries of, iii. 227 n.; sacred men and women at, v. 76 n. 3

Anderida, forest of, ii. 7

Anderson, J. D., on the winds of Assam, ix. 176 n. 3

Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, ix. 169 n. 2, x. 171 n. 3

Andes, the Colombian, i. 416

——, the Peruvian, net to catch the sun in, i. 316; the Indians of, their thunder-god, ii. 370; Indians of, their fear of the sea, iii. 10; cairns in, to which passing Indians add stones, ix. 9, 10; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128

Andjra, a district of Morocco, magical virtue of rain-water in, x. 17; Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sq.; Midsummer rites of water in, x. 216; animals bathed at Midsummer in, xi. 31

Andreas, parish of, in the Isle of Man, x. 224, 305, 307 n. 1

Andree, Dr. Richard, ix. 246 n. 1; on the Pleiades in primitive calendars, vii. 307

—— -Eysn, Mrs., on the processions and masquerades of the Perchten, ix. 245 sq., 249

Andriamasinavalona, a Hova king, vicarious sacrifice for, vi. 221

Andromeda and Perseus, ii. 163

Anemone, the scarlet, sprung from the blood of Adonis, v. 226

Ang Teng, in Burma, sacred fish at, viii. 291

Angakok, Esquimaux wizard or sorcerer, iii. 211, 212

Angamis (Angami), a Naga tribe of Assam, death custom among the, iv. 13; their human sacrifices, vii. 244; spare butterflies, viii. 291

Angass, the, of Manipur, their rain-making, i. 252; a tribe of the Brahmapootra, their custom of stabbing those who die a natural death, iv. 13; believe that the souls of the dead are in butterflies, viii. 291

——, the, of Northern Nigeria, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, xi. 210

Angel, need-fire revealed by an, x. 287

—— dance, the, viii. 328

—— of Death, iv. 177 sq.

Angel, the Destroying, over Jerusalem, v. 24

—— -man, effigy of, burnt at Midsummer, x. 167

Angelus bell, the, x. 110, xi. 47

Angla, on the Slave Coast, prohibition to ride on horseback in, viii. 45

Angola, the Matiamvo of, iv. 35

——, the Ovakumbi of, i. 318 n. 6; the Mucelis of, ii. 262; the Bangalas of, ii. 293; Humbe in, iii. 6; the negroes of, speak respectfully of lions, iii. 400; Cassange in, iv. 56, 203

Angoni, the, of British Central Africa, their way of stopping rain, i. 263; their sacrifices for rain and fine weather, i. 291; drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 174; purification of manslayers among the, iii. 176; custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1; ceremony of standing on one leg among the, iv. 156 n. 2; sham burial to deceive demons among the, viii. 99; eat parts of enemies to acquire their qualities, viii. 149

Angoniland, British Central Africa, rain-making in, i. 250; the Nyanja-speaking tribes of, viii. 26; customs as to girls at puberty in, x. 25 sq.; customs as to salt in, x. 27

Angoulême, poplar burned on St. Peter’s day in, ii. 141

Angoy, the king of, must have no bodily defect, iv. 39

Angus, belief as to the weaning of children in, vi. 148; superstitious remedy for the “quarter-ill” in, x. 296 n. 1

Anhalt, custom at sowing in, i. 139, v. 239; harvest customs in, vii. 226, 233, 279; Easter bonfires in, x. 140

Anhouri, Egyptian god, the mummy of, iv. 4 sq.

Animal, corn-spirit as an, vii. 270 sqq.; killing the divine, viii. 169 sqq.; worshipful, killed once a year and promenaded from door to door, viii. 322; bewitched, or part of it, burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.; sickness transferred to, xi. 181; and man, sympathetic relation between, xi. 272 sq.

—— embodiments of the corn-spirit, on the, vii. 303 sqq.

—— enemy of god originally identical with god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31

—— familiars of wizards and witches, xi. 196 sq., 201 sq.

—— form, god killed in, vii. 22 sq.

—— food, supposed acquisition of virtues or vices through, viii. 139

—— god, two types of the custom of killing the, viii. 312 sq.

Animal masks worn by Egyptian kings and others, ii. 133, iv. 72, vii. 260 sq.; worn by mummers at Carnival, viii. 333

—— sacrament, types of, viii. 310 sqq.

Animals, homoeopathic magic of, i. 150 sqq.; association of ideas common to the, i. 234; rain-making by means of, i. 287 sqq.; spirits of plants in shape of, ii. 14; injured through their shadows, iii. 81 sq.; propitiation of spirits of slain, iii. 190, 204 sq.; atonement for slain, iii. 207; blood of, not allowed to fall on ground, iii. 247; dangerous, not called by their proper names, iii. 396 sqq.; thought to understand human speech, iii. 398 sq., 400; sacred to kings, iv. 82, 84 sqq.; transformations into, iv. 82 sqq., xi. 207; sacrificed by being hanged, v. 289 sq., 292; and plants, edible, savage lamentations for, vi. 43 sq.; dead kings and chiefs incarnate in, vi. 162, 163 sq., 173, 193; sacrificed to prolong the life of kings, vi. 222; torn to pieces and devoured raw in religious rites, vii. 17, 18, 19, 20 sqq.; regarded as unclean were originally sacred, viii. 24; belief in the descent of men from, viii. 25; spirits of ancestors in, viii. 123; language of, acquired by eating serpent’s flesh, viii. 146; resurrection of viii. 200 sq., 256 sqq.; and men, savages fail to distinguish accurately between, viii. 204 sqq.; wild, propitiation of, by hunters, viii. 204 sqq.; apologies offered by savages to animals for killing them, viii. 221 sqq.; bones of, not to be broken, viii. 258 sq.; bones of, not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 259; savage faith in the immortality of, viii. 260 sqq.; transmigration of human souls into, viii. 285 sqq.; two forms of the worship of, viii. 311; processions with sacred, viii. 316 sqq.; transference of evil to, ix. 31 sqq., 49 sqq.; as scapegoats, ix. 31 sqq., 190 sqq., 208 sqq., 216 sq.; guardian spirits of, ix. 98; prayed to, ix. 236; dances taught by, ix. 237; imitated in dances, ix. 376, 377, 381, 382; burnt alive as a sacrifice in England, Wales, and Scotland, x. 300 sqq.; witches transformed into, x. 315 sqq., xi. 311 sq.; bewitched, buried alive, x. 324 sqq.; live, burnt at Spring and Midsummer festivals, xi. 38 sqq.; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, xi. 41 sq., 43 sq.; the language of, learned by means of fern-seed, xi. 66 n.; external soul in, xi. 196 sqq.; helpful, in fairy tales. See Helpful

Animism, the Buddhist, not a philosophical theory, ii. 13 sq.; passing into polytheism, ii. 45; passing into religion, iii. 213

Aninga, aquatic plant in Brazil, ix. 264

Anitos, spirits of ancestors, in Luzon, ii. 30, viii. 124

Anjea, mythical being, who causes conception in women, i. 100, 184, v. 103

Ankenmilch bohren, to make the need-fire, x. 270 n.

Anklets, as amulets, iii. 315; made of human sinews, worn by king of Uganda, vi. 224 sq.

Ankole, in Central Africa, the Bahima of, vi. 190, viii. 288, x. 80

Anna, sister of Dido, v. 114 n. 1

Anna Kuari, an Oraon goddess, human sacrifices to, vii. 244

Annals of Tigernach and Ulster, ii. 286

Annam, rain-making ceremonies in caves of, i. 301 sq.; the Chams of, ii. 159; dangers apprehended from women in childbed in, iii. 155; ceremonies observed when a whale is washed ashore in, iii. 223; wild beasts spoken of respectfully in, iii. 403; natives of, their indifference to death, iv. 136 sq.; offerings to the dead in spring in, v. 235 n. 1; annual festivals of the dead in, vi. 62 sqq.; inauguration of spring by means of an effigy of an ox in, viii. 13 sq.; mountaineers of, sacrifice to their nets, viii. 240 n. 1; demons of sickness transferred to fowls in, ix. 33; demon of cholera sent away on a raft from, ix. 190; explanation of human mortality in, ix. 303; dread of menstruous women in, x. 85; use of wormwood to avert demons in, xi. 61 n. 1

Annamite tale of a bleeding tree, ii. 33

Annamites, their belief as to demons, iii. 58; their way of protecting infants from demons, iii. 235

Annandale, Nelson, as to H. Vaughan Stevens, ii. 237 n.

Anne, Queen, touches for scrofula, i. 370

Anno, in West Africa, use of magical dolls at, i. 71

Annual abdication of kings, iv. 148

—— death and resurrection of gods, v. 6

—— renewal of king’s power at Babylon, iv. 113

—— sacrifice of a sacred animal, viii. 31

—— tenure of the kingship, iv. 113 sqq.

Anodynes based on the principle of sympathetic magic, i. 93 sq.

Anointed, human scapegoat, ix. 218

Anointing a stone in a rain-charm, i. 305

—— stones in order to avert bullets from absent warriors, i. 130

Anointment, of weapon which caused wound, i. 202 sqq.; of priests at installation, iii. 14; as a ceremony of consecration, v. 21 n. 2 and 3, 68, 74; of sacred stones, custom of, v. 36; of the body as a means of acquiring certain qualities, viii. 162 sqq.

Anpu and Bata, ancient Egyptian story of, xi. 134 sqq.

Ant-hill, insane people buried in an, x. 64

Antaeus, grave of the giant, i. 286

——, king of Libya, and his daughter Barce, ii. 300 sq.

Antagonism of religion to magic, i. 226

Antaimorona, the, of Madagascar, their chiefs held responsible for failure of the crops, i. 354

Antambahoaka, the, of Madagascar, confession of sins among the, iii. 216 sq.

Antandroy, the, of Madagascar, their custom at circumcision, iii. 227

Antankarana tribe of Madagascar believe that their souls at death pass into animals, viii. 290

Antelope (Antilope leucoryx), ceremony after killing a, viii. 244

Antelopes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Anthemis nobilis, camomile, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63

Anthesteria, dramatic death and resurrection of Dionysus perhaps acted at the, iv. 32; festival of the dead at Athens, v. 234 sq., ix. 152 sq.; an Athenian festival of Dionysus, compared with a modern Thracian celebration of the Carnival, vii. 30 sqq.

Anthesterion, Attic month, corresponding to February, ii. 137, ix. 143 n., 352

Anthropomorphism of the spirits of nature, vii. 212

Antiaris toxicaria, poison tree, superstition of the Kayans as to the, ii. 17

Antibes, Holy Innocents’ Day at, ix. 336 sq.

Antichrist, expected reign of, iv. 44 sq.

Antigone, the execution of, ii. 228 n. 5

Antigonus, King, v. 212; deified by the Athenians, i. 390, 391 n. 1

Antilope leucoryx, ceremony of Ewe hunter after killing a, viii. 244

Antimachia in Cos, priest of Hercules dressed as woman at, vi. 258

Antimores of Madagascar, their chiefs held responsible for the operation of the laws of nature, i. 354

Antinmas, the twenty-fourth day after Christmas, ix. 167

Antinous, games in honour of, at Mantinea, vii. 80, 85

Antioch, destroyed by an earthquake, v. 222 n. 1; festival of Adonis at, v. 227, 257 sq.; how it was freed from scorpions, viii. 280 sq.

Antiochus, Greek calendar of, v. 303 n. 3

Antiquity, of the cultivation of the cereals in Europe, vii. 79; human scapegoats in classical, ix. 229 sqq.

Antoninus Liberalis, on the birth of Hercules, iii. 299 n. 1

—— Marcus, plague in his reign, ix. 64

Antonius Mountain, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire on the, x. 265 sq.

Antrim, harvest customs concerning the last corn cut in, vii. 144, 154 sq.; “Winning the Churn” in, vii. 154 sq.

Ants, bites of, used in purificatory ceremony, iii. 105; eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 147; superstitious precaution against the ravages of, viii. 276; jealousy transferred to, ix. 33; stinging people with, ix. 263, x. 61, 62 sq.

Antwerp, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70; wicker giants at, xi. 35 sq.

Anu, Babylonian god, visit of Ishtar to, ix. 399 n. 1

Anubis, Egyptian jackal-headed god, vi. 15, 18 n. 3, 22 n. 2; represented by a masked man, ii. 133; finds the body of Osiris, vi. 85; personated by a priest wearing the mask of a dog or a jackal, vi. 85 n. 3

Anula tribe of Northern Australia, their disposal of foreskins at circumcision, i. 95; burial customs of the, i. 102 sq.; their way of stopping rain, i. 253; their mode of making rain, i. 287 sq.; their rites of initiation, xi. 235

Anyanja of British Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, x. 81 sq.

Anzikos, the, of West Africa, iii. 271

Aola, village of Guadalcanar, viii. 126

Apaches, the, iii. 182, 183, x. 21; their way of procuring rain, i. 306; avoidance of wife’s mother among the, iii. 85; custom observed by them on the war-path, iii. 160; purify themselves after the slaughter of foes, iii. 184; keep their names from strangers, iii. 325, 328; propitiated the animal gods before hunting deer, antelope, or elk, viii. 242; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n.

Apachitas, heaps of stones in Peru, ix. 9

Apala cured by Indra in the Rigveda, xi. 192

Apamea in Syria, Alcibiades of, iv. 5 n. 3; worship of Poseidon at, v. 195

Ape in homoeopathic magic, i. 156; a Batta totem, xi. 223. See also Apes

Apepi, Egyptian fiend, i. 67

Apes, thought to be related to twins, i. 265; voices of, imitated as a charm, ii. 23; ceremony of Yuracares after killing, viii. 235 sq.

Aphaca in Syria, sanctuary of Astarte at, v. 28, 259; meteor as signal for festival at, v. 259

Ap-hi, Abchase god of thunder and lightning, ii. 370

Aphrodite, represented as mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes, i. 391; the grave of, iv. 4; human sacrifices to, iv. 166 n. 1; her sacred doves, v. 33, 147; sanctuary of, at Paphos, v. 33 sqq.; the month of, v. 145; her blood dyes white roses red, v. 226; name applied to summer, vi. 41

—— and Adonis, i. 25, v. 11 sq., 29, 280, ix. 386, xi. 294 sq.; their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224

—— Askraia, i. 26

—— and Cinyras, v. 48 sq.

—— of the Lebanon, the mourning, v. 29 sq.

—— the Oriental, ix. 369 n. 1

—— and Pygmalion, v. 49 sq.

Aphtha or thrush transferred to a frog, ix. 50

Api, female hippopotamus goddess of Egypt, ii. 133

Apinagos Indians of Brazil, their dances and presentation of children to the moon, vi. 145 sqq.

Apis, sacred Egyptian bull, vi. 11, 119 n., viii. 34 sqq., ix. 217; mourning for the death of, v. 225; held to be an image of the soul of Osiris, vi. 130; drowned in a holy spring, viii. 36; not suffered to outlive a certain term of years, viii. 173

Apodtho, the ancestor of all men, iii. 79

Apollo at Delos, i. 32, 34 sq., ii. 135; prophetess of, inspired by laurel, i. 384, iv. 80; image of, in sacred cave at Hylae, i. 386; at Patara, ii. 135; purification of, iii. 223 n. 1; servitude of, iv. 70 n. 1, 78; and the laurel, iv. 78 sqq.; at Thebes, iv. 79; purged of the dragon’s blood in the Vale of Tempe, iv. 81; dedication of a tithe-offering to, iv. 187 n. 5; the friend of Cinyras, v. 54; music in the worship of, v. 54 sq.; his musical contest with Marsyas, v. 55, 288; reputed father of Augustus, v. 81; purified at Tempe, vi. 240; temple of, at the Lover’s Leap, ix. 254; temple of, at Cumae, x. 99; identified with the Celtic Grannus, x. 112

Apollo and Artemis, birthdays of, i. 32; the birth of, ii. 58; their priesthood at Ephesus, vi. 243 sq.; cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351 n. 3

—— at Delphi, hair offered by boys at puberty to, i. 28; first-fruits offered to, i. 32; grave of, at Delphi, i. 34, 35, iv. 4; seems to have usurped the place of an older god or hero at Delphi and Thebes, ii. 88; and the Dragon at Delphi, iv. 78, 79, 80 sq., vi. 240; sacrifices of Croesus to, v. 180 n. 1

——, the Cataonian, v. 147 n. 3

——, the Clarian, iv. 80 n. 1

—— Diradiotes, inspired priestess at temple of, i. 381

—— Erithasean, ii. 121

—— the Four-handed, vi. 250 n. 2

—— of the Golden Sword, v. 176

—— surnamed Locust and Mildew, viii. 282

—— the Mouse, his temple in the Troad, viii. 283

—— Soranus, xi. 14, 15 n. 3

——, the Wolf-slayer, viii. 283 sq.

Apollonia, festival at Delos, i. 32 n. 2

——, a city in Macedonia, ix. 143 n.

Apollonius of Tyana, how he rid Antioch of scorpions, viii. 280 sq.; how he rid Constantinople of flies, viii. 281

Apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 sq., 30, 36 sq.; for trespass on sacred groves, ii. 328; offered by savages to the animals they kill, viii. 215, 217, 218, 221, 222 sqq., 235 sqq., 243

Apotheosis by being burnt alive, v. 179 sq.

Apoyaos, tribe in Luzon, their human sacrifices, vii. 241

Appam, a town on the Gold Coast, family descended from a fish at, iv. 129

Appian, on the costume of a priest of Isis, vi. 85 n. 3

Apple, offered instead of ram or ox to Hercules, viii. 95 n. 2; divination by a sliced, at Hallowe’en, x. 238; and candle, biting at, x. 241, 242, 243, 245

—— -tree, afterbirth of cow hung in an, i. 198 sq.; straw-man placed on oldest, viii. 6; as life-index of boy, xi. 165

—— -trees, barren women roll under, to obtain offspring, ii. 57; torches thrown at, x. 108; mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316 n. 5

Apples at festival of Diana, i. 14, 16; forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280 n. 7; dipping for, at Hallowe’en, x. 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 245

Apricot-trees, mistletoe on, xi. 316

April, religious rites performed by the Vestals in, ii. 229; the first Sunday of, custom observed at Naples on, iv. 241; Siamese festival of the dead in, ix. 150; ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136 sq., xi. 3; Chinese festival of fire in, xi. 3

April 2nd, annual sacrifice of wild boars in Cyprus on, viii. 23 n. 3

—— 15th, sacrifice on, ii. 229, 326

—— 21st, date of the Parilia, ii. 325, 326; ceremony performed by the Vestals on, viii. 42

—— 23rd, St. George’s Day, ii. 75, 76, 330 sqq.

—— 24th, in some places St. George’s Day, ii. 337, 343; the great mondard made on, viii. 6

—— 27th, in popular superstitions of Morocco, x. 17 sq.

—— 30th, Walpurgis Day, ix. 163

Apuleius, as to the love-charm of a Thessalian witch, iii. 270; his story of Cupid and Psyche, iv. 131 n. 1; on the worship of Isis, vi. 119 n.; on a cure for scorpion bite, ix. 50 n. 1

Aquaelicium and Jupiter, ii. 184 n.

Aquilex, rain-maker, i. 310 n. 4

Arab belief that a game of ball may cause rain, ix. 179

—— charm to forget sorrow, i. 150; to bring back a runaway slave, i. 152; to ensure birth of strong children, i. 153; to fertilize a barren woman, i. 157; of the setting sun, i. 165 sq.; to get good teeth, i. 181; to make rain, i. 303

—— commentator as to the fig and the olive, ii. 316; on the Koran as to knots in magic, iii. 302

—— cure by means of knotted thread, iii. 304; cure for melancholy, ix. 4

—— legend of king bled to death, iii. 243 n. 7

—— love-charm by means of knots, iii. 305

—— mode of cursing an enemy, iii. 312

—— name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

—— sacrifice for rain, i. 289

—— women, their custom of muffling their faces, iii. 122; in North Africa give their male children the hearts of lions to eat, viii. 142 sq.; in Morocco, their superstitions as to plants at Midsummer, xi. 51

—— writer on the death of the King of the Jinn, iv. 8; on talismans against locusts and murrain, viii. 281

Arabia, sacred acacia-tree in, ii. 42; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; use of camel as scapegoat for plague in, ix. 33

Arabia, ancient, taboos observed by incense-growers in, ii. 106 sq.; belief as to shadows in, iii. 82; Sabaea or Sheba in, iii. 124; tree-spirits in snake form in, xi. 44 n. 1

Arabian, modern, story of the external soul, xi. 137 sq.

Arabian Nights, story of the external soul in the, xi. 137

Arabic treatise on magic, i. 65; writer on the mourning for Tâ-uz (Tammuz) in Harran, v. 230

Arabs believe the soul to be in the blood, iii. 241; avoid using the proper names for lion, leprosy, etc., iii. 400; ancient, supposed to know the language of birds, viii. 146; their custom as to widows, ix. 35; their custom in regard to murder, ix. 63; beat camels to deliver them from jinn, ix. 260

—— of Algeria, their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1

—— of East Africa, their faith in an unguent of lion’s fat, viii. 164

——, the heathen, their custom as to a boy’s cast teeth, i. 181; their way of procuring rain, i. 303; their treatment of a man stung by a scorpion, iii. 95 n. 8

—— of Moab, their charm against scorpions, i. 153; their charm to ensure the birth of children, i. 157; their rain-making ceremony, i. 276; their use of shorn hair as a hostage, iii. 273; preserve their nail-parings against the resurrection, iii. 280; resort to the springs of Callirrhoe, v. 215 sq.; their custom at harvest, vi. 48, 96, vii. 138; their remedies for ailments, vi. 242

—— of Morocco, their custom at the Great Feast, ix. 265; their Midsummer customs, x. 214

—— of North Africa, their rain-charm, i. 277; jinn invoked by their names among the, iii. 390

Aracan, ix. 117; the Mrus of, ix. 12 n. 1; dances for the crops in, ix. 236

Arachnaeus, Mount, altars of Zeus and Hera on, ii. 360

Arad, in Hungary, thresher of last corn wrapt in a cow’s hide at, vii. 291

Araguaya River in Brazil, iii. 348

Aran, in the valley of the Garonne, Midsummer fires at, x. 193

Aran Islands, off Galway, St. Eany’s well in the, ii. 161

Aratus of Sicyon, sacrifices to, i. 105; deemed a son of Aesculapius, v. 81

Araucanians of South America, the, ix. 12; their idea as to toads, i. 292 n. 3; their belief that thunder-storms are caused by the spirits of the dead, ii. 183; afraid of having their portraits taken, iii. 97; keep their names secret, iii. 324; eat fruit of Araucanian pine, v. 278 n. 2 See also Aucas

Araunah, the threshing-floor of, v. 24

Arawak Indians of British Guiana, murderers taste the blood of their victims among the, viii. 154 sq.; their explanation of human mortality, ix. 302 sq.

Arcadia, the oak forests of, ii. 354 sq.

Arcadian boys offer their hair to a river, i. 31

—— custom of beating Pan’s image, ix. 256

Arcadians ate and eat acorns, ii. 355, 356; sacrifice to thunder and lightning, v. 157

Arch to shut out plague, ix. 5; creeping through, as a cure, ix. 55; child after an illness passed under an, xi. 192; young men at initiation passed under a leafy, xi. 193; triumphal, suggested origin of the, xi. 195. See also Arches, Archways

Archangel, worship of Leschiy in the Government of, ii. 125

Archangels, Persian, ix. 373 n. 1

Archbishop of Innocents, ix. 334

Archer (Tirant), effigy of, xi. 36

Archery, contest of, for a bride, ii. 306

Arches made over paths at expulsion of demons, ix. 113, 120 sq.; novices at initiation passed under arches in Australia, xi. 193 n. 1 See also Arch, Archways

Archigallus, high-priest of Attis, v. 268, 279; prophesies, v. 271 n.

Archways, passing under, as a means of escaping evil spirits or sickness, xi. 179 sqq. See also Arch, Arches

Arctic origin, alleged, of the Aryans, v. 229 n. 1

—— regions, ceremonies at the reappearance of the sun in the, ix. 124 sq., 125 n. 1

Arcturus, Greek vintage timed by, vii. 47 n. 2; Greek festival before, 51, 52

Arden, Forest of, ii. 7

Ardennes, May Day custom in the, ii. 80; Arduinna, goddess of the, ii. 126; effigies of Carnival burned in the, iv. 226 sq.; precautions against rats in the, viii. 277; the King of the Bean in the, ix. 314; the Eve of Epiphany in the, ix. 317; bonfires on the first Sunday of Lent in the, x. 107 sq.; the French, Lenten fires and customs in, x. 109 sq.; Midsummer fires in the, x. 188; the Yule log in the, x. 253; cats burnt alive in Lenten bonfires in the, xi. 40

Ardrishaig, in Argyleshire, the harvest Maiden at, vii. 155 sq.

Arduinna, goddess of the Ardennes, ii. 126

Aren palm-tree, superstition as to, ii. 22

Arenna or Arinna, the Hittite sun-goddess of, v. 136, with n. 1

Arensdorf, custom at sowing in, v. 239

Ares, men sacred to, iii. 111; the grave of, iv. 4

Argaeus, Mount, in Cappadocia, v. 190 sq.

Argentina and Bolivia, passes of, ix. 9

Argenton, in Berry, Mid-Lenten custom at, iv. 241 sq.

Argive brides wore false beards, vi. 260

—— maidens sacrificed their hair to Athena, i. 28

—— tradition as to descent of Dionysus into Hades, vii. 15

—— women bewailed Adonis, v. 227 n.

Argo, tree of which the ship was made, xi. 94 n. 1

Argolis, Eastern, physical features of, ii. 360

Argos, titular kings at, i. 47 n.; Apollo Diradiotes at, i. 381; Flowery Hera at, ii. 143 n. 2; new fire after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4; altar of Rainy Zeus at, ii. 360 n. 8

Argus, Hermes tried for the murder of, ix. 24

Argyleshire, locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296; use of knotted threads as a cure in, iii. 304; last corn cut at harvest called the Maiden in, vii. 155 sq.; the last corn cut at harvest called the Old Wife (Cailleach) in, vii. 164

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 127 sqq.

Argyrus, temple of Hercules at, x. 99 n. 3

Ari or totem, mode of determining a young man’s, i. 99

Ariadne, Cyprian worship of, vii. 209 n. 2

—— and Dionysus, ii. 138

—— and Theseus, iv. 75

Ariadne’s crown, ii. 138

—— Dance, iv. 75, 77

Ariccia, the modern descendant of Aricia, i. 3, xi. 309

Aricia, sacred grove at, i. 3, viii. 95; the beggars of, i. 4; Orestes at, i. 10; “many Manii at,” i. 22, viii. 94 sqq.; its distance from the sanctuary, ii. 2; the priest of, ix. 273; King of the Wood at, ix. 409; the priest of, and the Golden Bough, x. 1; the priest of Diana at, perhaps a personified Jupiter, xi. 302 sq.

Arician grove, the sacred, i. 20, 22, ii. 115, ix. 274, 305; horses excluded from, i. 20, viii. 40 sqq.; ritual of, iv. 213; perhaps the scene of a common harvest celebration, viii. 44; said to have been founded by Manius, viii. 95; the Midsummer festival of fire in, xi. 285; the priest of, a personification of an oak-spirit, xi. 285. See also Nemi

Arician priesthood, ix. 305

—— slope, the, i. 4 n. 5

Aries, the constellation, the sun in, ix. 361 n. 1, 403

Arikara Indians, their rule as to breaking marrow bones, i. 115 sq.; their preparation for war by fasting and lacerating themselves, iii. 161

Ariminum, triumphal arch of Augustus at, xi. 194 n. 4

Aristeas of Proconnesus, his soul as a raven, iii. 34

Aristides, the rhetorician, on first-fruit offerings, vii. 56; on Eleusinian Games, vii. 71

Aristomenes, Messenian hero, his fabulous birth, v. 81

Aristophanes, Strepsiades in, i. 285; on the Spartan envoy, v. 196 n. 4; on Hercules as patron of hot springs, v. 209

Aristotelian philosophy, revival of the, v. 301

Aristotle, on death at ebb-tide, i. 167; on the marriage of the Queen to Dionysus, ii. 137; his Constitution of Athens, ii. 137 n. 1, vii. 79; on the political institutions of Cyprus, v. 49 n. 7; on earthquakes, v. 211 n. 3; on the trial of lifeless objects by the King at Athens, viii. 5 n. 1; on men of genius, viii. 302 n. 5; his statement of the principle of the survival of the fittest, viii. 306

Arizona, the aridity of, i. 306; the Moquis of, iii. 228; mock human sacrifices in, iv. 215; the Pueblo Indians of, vii. 312; and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers in, xi. 230 n., 231

Arjun and Draupadi, ii. 306

Arkansas Indians, their offerings of first-fruits to the Master of Life, viii. 134

Arkon, in Rügen, sacred shrine at, ii. 241 n. 4

Arks, sacred, of the Cherokees, x. 11 sq.

Armadillos not to be shot with poisoned arrows, i. 116

Armengols, in the Pelew Islands, vi. 265

Armenia, rain-making in, i. 275 sq., 277, 282, 285; rain-charm by means of pebbles in, i. 305; rain-charms by means of rocks in, i. 306; the Paulicians of, i. 407; barren fruit-trees threatened in, ii. 22; new fire after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4; worship of Anaitis in, ii. 282 n. 3, ix. 369 n. 1; sacred prostitution of girls before marriage in, v. 38, 58; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; were-wolves in, x. 316; sick people creep through cleft trees in, xi. 173

Armenian charms by means of knots and locks, iii. 308

—— church, the day of the Virgin in the, i. 16; bonfires at Candlemas in the, x. 131

—— custom as to extracted teeth, i. 182

—— idea of the sun as a wheel, x. 334 n. 1

Armenians, their belief that lightning is produced by means of flints, ii. 374; preserve their cut hair and nails and extracted teeth for use at the resurrection, iii. 280; their festivals of the dead, vi. 65 sq.; their opinion of the baleful influence of the moon on children, vi. 148; their belief in demons, ix. 107 sq.

Arms of youths punctured to make them good hunters, x. 58

Army under arms, Flamen Dialis forbidden to see, iii. 13

Arnobius on the Roman custom of keeping perpetual fires, ii. 260

Arnold, Matthew, on the English middle class, iv. 146

Arnstadt, witches burnt at, x. 6

Arran, magical stone in, i. 161; the need-fire in, x. 293

Arrephoroi at Athens, the, ii. 199

Arriaga, J. de, on the Peruvian Maize-mothers, Coca-mothers, and Potato-mothers, vii. 173 n.

Arrian, on sacrifices to Artemis, ii. 125 sq.; on Attis, v. 282

Arrows, poisoned, not to be used against certain animals, i. 116; in homoeopathic magic, i. 143; in contagious magic, i. 201, 202; fire-tipped, shot at sun during an eclipse, i. 311; shot as a rain-charm, i. 396; shot at sacred trees as mark of respect, ii. 11; to keep off death, iii. 31; invisible, of demons, ix. 101, 126; used as a love-charm, x. 14

Arsacid house, divinity of Parthian kings of the, i. 417 sq.

Art, sylvan deities in classical, ii. 45; Demeter and Persephone in, vii. 43 sq.

Artaxerxes II., his promotion of the worship of Anaitis, ix. 370

Artemis at Ephesus, i. 7; temple dedicated to her by Xenophon, i. 7; the Asiatic, i. 7; vineyards dedicated to, i. 15; at Delos, i. 28; hair of maidens sacrificed to, before marriage, i. 28 sq.; birthday of, i. 32, ii. 125; a goddess of the wild life of nature, i. 35 sq.; mated with a male consort, i. 35 sq.; not originally a virgin goddess, i. 35 sq.; the patroness of childbirth, i. 37; identified with lewd Asiatic goddesses of love and fertility, i. 37; the birth of, ii. 58; sacrifices to, ii. 125; the Huntress, first-fruits of the chase offered to, ii. 125 sq.; worshipped by the Celts, ii. 125 sq.; at Perga, v. 35; name given by Greeks to Asiatic Mother Goddesses, v. 169

Artemis, Aetolian, her sacred grove among the Veneti, i. 27

—— and Apollo, birthdays of, i. 32; the birth of, ii. 58; their priesthood at Ephesus, vi. 243

——, Brauronian, sacrifice of a goat to, viii. 41 n. 3

—— of Ephesus, i. 7, 37 sq., ii. 128, 136; her image, i. 37 sq.; in relation to the Virgin Mary, i. 38 n. 1; served by eunuch priests, v. 269

—— the Hanged, v. 291

—— and Hippolytus, i. 19 sq., 24 sqq.

——, Laphrian, at Patrae, v. 126 n. 2

——, Munychian, sacrifice to, iv. 166 n. 1; mock human sacrifice in the ritual of, iv. 215 sq.

—— Parthenos, i. 36

——, Perasian, at Castabala in Cappadocia, v. 115, 167 sqq., xi. 14

——, Sarpedonian, in Cilicia, v. 167, 171

——, Savonian, i. 26

——, the Tauric, human sacrifices to, v. 115

—— Tauropolis, v. 275 n. 1

——, Wolfish, i. 26 sq.

Artemisia founds Mausoleum, iv. 94 sq.; drinks ashes of her husband Mausolus, viii. 158

Artemisia absinthium, wormwood, xi. 58 n. 3, 61 n. 1

—— laciniata, garlands of, ix. 284

—— vulgaris, mugwort, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 58 sqq.

Artemision, a Greek month, vi. 239 n. 1, viii. 8

Artictis, the bear-cat, associated with the spirits of the dead, viii. 294

Artificers, worship of the, viii. 60 sq.

Artocarpus integrifolia, jack wood burnt in exorcism, iv. 216

Artois, mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59

Arts and crafts, use of spells or incantations in, ix. 81

Aru Archipelago, riddles propounded while a corpse is uncoffined in the, ix. 121 n. 3

—— Islands, custom of not sleeping after a death in the, iii. 37, 95; children’s hair deposited on a banana-tree in the, iii. 276; dog’s flesh eaten to make eater brave in the, viii. 145

Arum acaule, forbidden as food to the king of Fernando Po, iii. 291

Arunta of Central Australia, magical ceremonies among the, i. 85 sqq.; custom observed by women during operation of subincision, i. 93 sq.; the rain or water totem among the, i. 98; burial customs of the, i. 102; cannibalism among the, i. 106; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 183; their rain-making ceremonies, i. 259 sqq.; their belief as to the ghosts of the slain, iii. 177 sq.; their fear of women’s blood, iii. 251; ceremonies at the end of mourning among the, iii. 373 sq.; their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 99, 100; their sacred pole, x. 7; their dread of women at menstruation, x. 77; legend that the ancestors kept their spirits in their churinga, xi. 218 n. 3; rites of initiation among the, xi. 233 sq.; initiation of medicine-men among the, xi. 238

Arval Brothers, their holy pots, ii. 203 sq.; expiation for bringing an iron tool into the sacred grove of the, iii. 226; their wreaths of corn, v. 44 n., ix. 232; a Roman college of priests charged with the performance of rites for the crops, vi. 239, ix. 230, 232; their song, ix. 238. See also Fratres Arvales

Aryan custom of leading a bride thrice round the hearth of her new home, ii. 230; of counting by nights instead of days, ix. 326 n. 2

—— family, custom of putting the old and sick to death in several branches of the, iv. 14 n. 3; marriage customs of the, vi. 235

—— god of the oak and thunder, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265; god of the sky, ii. 374 sq.

—— languages, names for moon and month in, ix. 325

—— peoples, descent of kingship through women among, ii. 280; their correction of the lunar year, ix. 342; stories of the external soul among, xi. 97 sqq.

—— stock, tree-worship among all the great European families of the, ii. 9

—— tribes of Gilgit revere the chili, a species of cedar, ii. 49

Aryans, magical powers ascribed to kings among the, i. 366 sqq.; perpetual fires among the, ii. 260; female kinship among the, ii. 283 sqq.; importance of cattle and milk among the ancient, ii. 324 n. 1; the primitive, their theory of personal names, iii. 319; their alleged Arctic origin, v. 229 n. 1; annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 67 sqq.

—— of Europe, their oak forests and use of oak-wood, ii. 372, 378; agriculture among the early, vii. 129 sq.; totemism not proved for the, viii. 4; importance of the Midsummer festival among the, xi. 40; the oak the chief sacred tree of the, xi. 89 sq.

Aryans of India, transubstantiation among the, viii. 89 sq.

—— of the Vedic age, ix. 324; their calendar, ix. 325, 342

Aryenis, daughter of Alyattes, v. 133 n. 1

Asa, a branch of the Masai, how they dispose of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278

Asaba, on the Lower Niger, chiefs eat in privacy at, iii. 118

Asada, name of a month in Bali, vii. 315

Asakusa, in Tokio, expulsion of the devil on the last day of the year at, ix. 213

Ascalon, the goddess Derceto at, v. 34 n. 3, ix. 370 n. 1

Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, ii. 197; and the Game of Troy, iv. 76

Ascension of Adonis, v. 225

—— Day, the May-tree in Saxony on, ii. 69; annual pardon of a criminal at Rouen on, ii. 165, 166, 168, 169, ix. 215 sq.; the “Carrying out of Death” on, at Braller, iv. 222 n. 1, 247 sqq.; cures on Eve of, ix. 54; annual expulsion of the devil on, ix. 214 sq.; bells rung to make flax grow on, ix. 247 sq.; parasitic rowan should be cut on, xi. 281

Ascent of Persephone, viii. 17

Ascetic idealism of the East, ii. 117

Asceticism not primitive, x. 65

Aschbach, in Bavaria, the Old Man at reaping and threshing at, vii. 219 sq.

Asclepias gigantea, man married to, in Barar, ii. 57 n. 4

Ash-tree, parings of nails buried under an, iii. 276; in popular cure, ix. 57

—— -trees, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets, xi. 168 sqq.

—— Wednesday, death of Caramantran on, iv. 220; burial of the Carnival on, iv. 221; effigies of Carnival or of Shrove Tuesday burnt or buried on, iv. 226, 228 sqq., x. 120; effigy of the Queen of Lent fashioned on, iv. 244; pea-soup and pigs’ bones eaten on, vii. 300

Ashantee, licence accorded to king’s sisters in, ii. 274 sq.; royal criminals drowned in, iii. 242 sq.; precaution as to the spittle of the king of, iii. 289; kings of, addressed as “Elephant” and “Lion,” iv. 86; kings of, take one of their titles from borri, a venomous snake, iv. 86; human sacrifices at earthquakes in, v. 201; kings of, their human sacrifices, vi. 97 n. 7; annual period of licence in, ix. 226 n. 1

Ashantees, the, sanctity of the king’s throne among, i. 365; their festivals of new yams, viii. 62 sq.; ate Sir Charles McCarthy to acquire his bravery, viii. 149

Asherim (singular asherah), sacred poles, in Canaan, iv. 169, v. 18, 18 n. 2, 107, 108

Ashes from a pyre used to cause sleep, i. 148; of serpents in homoeopathic magic, i. 152 sq.; of spiders in homoeopathic magic, i. 152; of wasps in homoeopathic magic, i. 152; of a blind cat in homoeopathic magic, i. 153; of the dead turned into rain, i. 287; scattered as a rain-charm, i. 304; scattered to make sunshine, i. 314; of holy fire rubbed on foreheads of warriors, ii. 215; of unborn calves used in a fertility charm, ii. 229, 326; strewn on the head, iii. 112; as manure, vii. 117; of human victims scattered on fields, vii. 258; of the dead swallowed as a mode of communion with them, viii. 156 sqq.; in divination, x. 243, 244, 245. See also Sticks, Charred

—— of bonfires put in fowls’ nests, x. 112, 338; mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121; increase fertility of fields, x. 141, 337; make cattle thrive, x. 141, 338; placed in a person’s shoes, x. 156; administered to cattle to make them fat, xi. 4

—— of dead smeared on mourner, viii. 164; disposal of the, x. 11

—— of Hallowe’en fires scattered, x. 233

—— of holy fires a protection against demons, xi. 8, 17

—— of human victim scattered with winnowing-fans, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262; scattered on earth to fertilize it, vii. 240; scattered on fields, vii. 249, 250, 251

—— of Midsummer fires strewed on fields to fertilize them, x. 170, 190, 203; a protection against conflagration, x. 174, 196; a protection against lightning, x. 187, 188; a protection against thunder, x. 190; put by people in their shoes, x. 191 sq.; a cure for consumption, x. 194 sq.; rubbed by people on their hair or bodies, x. 213, 214, 215; good for the eyes, x. 214

—— of the need-fire strewn on fields to protect the crops against vermin, x. 274; used as a medicine, x. 286

—— of New Year’s fire used to rub sore eyes, x. 218

Ashes of Yule log strewed on fields, x. 250; used to heal swollen glands, x. 251

Ashintilly, Spalding of, bewitched, iii. 299

Ashira, the, of West Africa, make fetishes out of clipped hair, iii. 271 sq.; women the agricultural labourers among, vii. 120

Ashtaroth, Babylonian goddess, ix. 365 sq.

Ashtoreth (Astarte), v. 18 n. 2 See Astarte

Ashur, Arab New Year’s Day, x. 217, 218

Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria, marries daughter of Sanda-sarme, v. 144; confused with the legendary Sardanapalus, v. 173 sq., ix. 387 sq.; carries off the bones of the kings of Elam, vi. 103

Ashwin (Ashvin), Indian month, iv. 55, v. 243

Asia, North-Eastern, the Chuckchees of, ii. 225; the Koryaks of, ii. 225, iii. 32 sq.

——, Western, Saturnalia in, ix. 354 sqq.

Asia Minor, pontiffs in, i. 47; the Yourouks of, ii. 43; priestly dynasties of, v. 140 sq.; subject to volcanic forces, v. 190; subject to earthquakes, v. 202; the Caunians of, ix. 116; use of human scapegoats by the Greeks of, ix. 255; rapid diffusion of Christianity in, ix. 420 sq.; the Celts in, xi. 89; cure for possession by an evil spirit in, xi. 186; creeping through rifted rocks in, xi. 189

Asiatic goddesses of love and fertility, their lewd worship, i. 37; served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.

Asin, Indian month, iv. 279

Asongtata, an annual ceremony performed by the Garos of Assam, ix. 208

Asopus, the river, ii. 140, 141, v. 81

“A-souling,” custom of, in England, vi. 79

Aspalis, a form of Artemis, v. 292

Aspens, fevers transferred to, ix. 57; mistletoe on, xi. 315

Aspidium filix mas, the male fern, superstitions as to, xi. 66 sq.

Ass in rain-making ceremony, i. 282 n. 4; son of a god in the form of an, iv. 124 sq.; the crest or totem of a royal family, iv. 132, 133; in cure for scorpion’s bite, ix. 49 sq.; introduced into church at Festival of Fools, ix. 335 sq.; triumphal ride of a buffoon on an, ix. 402 sq.; child passed under an, as a cure for whooping-cough, xi. 192 n. 1 See also Asses

Assam, viii. 116; the hill tribes of, taboos in respect of food observed by headmen and their wives among, iii. 11; taboos observed by warriors among, iii. 165; concealment of personal names among, iii. 323; genna in, vii. 109 n. 2; agriculture in, vii. 123; head-hunting in, vii. 256

Assam, the Khasis of, i. 194, ii. 114 n. 1, 294, v. 46, vi. 202 sqq., ix. 173, xi. 146; the Garos of, i. 291, viii. 43 n. 1, 116, ix. 208 sq.; the Miris of, ii. 39, 267 n. 4, vii. 123, viii. 145; the Padams of, ii. 39; the Mundaris of, ii. 46; the Bodos of, iii. 285; the Dhimals of, iii. 285; the Kacha Nagas of, iii. 333; the Kukis of, iii. 333; the Zemis of, iii. 333; the Tangkul Nagas of, vi. 57 sqq., ix. 177; the Nagas of, viii. 100, 290, ix. 177; the Kochs of, viii. 116; the Kacharis of, ix. 93; the Lushais of, ix. 94, xi. 185 sq.; the Tangkuls of, ix. 177

“Assegai, child of the,” iv. 183

Assembly of the gods at the New Year in Babylon, ix. 356

Asses crowned at Vesta’s festival in June, ii. 127 n. 2; excluded from sanctuary of Alectrona, viii. 45; transmigration of sinners into, viii. 299, 308. See also Ass

—— and men, redemption of firstling, among the Hebrews, iv. 173

Assiga, tribe of South Nigeria, xi. 204

Assimilation of rain-maker to water, i. 260 sqq.; of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 133; of victims to gods, vii. 261 sq.; of men to their totems or guardian animals, viii. 207 sq.; of human victims to trees, ix. 257, 259 n. 3

Assiniboins, their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225

Assinie, West African kingdom, custom as to eating the new yams in, viii. 63

Association of ideas, magic based on a misapplication of the, i. 53, 174, 221 sq.; common to the animals, i. 234

Associations, religious, among the Indian tribes of North America, xi. 267 sqq.

Assumption of the Virgin in relation to the festival of Diana, i. 14-16, v. 308, 309

Assusa, king of Fazoql, iv. 16 sq., 17 n. 1

Assyria, kings of, their annual homage to Marduk, iv. 113; festival of Zagmuk in, iv. 116; Ashurbanipal, king of, ix. 387 sq.

Assyrian cavalry, v. 25 n. 3

—— eponymate, iv. 116 sq.

—— kings took into their harem the daughters of the vanquished princes, ix. 368 n. 1

Assyrian monarchs, conquerors of Babylonia, ix. 356

—— monuments, illustrative of the artificial fertilization of the date-palm, ii. 25 n., ix. 273 n. 1

—— ritual, use of golden axe in, xi. 80 n. 3

—— settlers in Israel petition for an Israelitish priest, ii. 288 n. 1

Assyrians, their use of knotted cords in magic, iii. 303 sq.; forbidden to mention the mystic names of their cities, iii. 391; in Cilicia, v. 173; the ancient, their belief in demons, ix. 102

Astarte or Ishtar, a great Babylonian goddess, ix. 365; the moon-goddess, iv. 92; at Byblus, hair offerings to, i. 30, v. 13 sq.; her temple at Hierapolis, iii. 286; and the asherim, v. 18; kings as priests of, v. 26; at Paphos, v. 33 sqq.; doves sacred to, v. 147; identified with the planet Venus, v. 258; of the Syrian Hierapolis served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.; called by Lucian the Assyrian Hera, v. 280 n. 5; the Heavenly Goddess, v. 303; the planet Venus her star, vi. 35. See also Ishtar

—— Aphrodite, v. 304 n.

—— and Semiramis, ix. 369 sqq.

Asteria, mother of the Tyrian Hercules (Melcarth), v. 112

Asthma transferred to a mule, ix. 50

Asti, a Thracian tribe, vii. 26

Aston, W. G., on the Japanese word for god, iii. 2 n. 2; on the annual expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 sq.; on Japanese and Chinese ceremonies of purification, ix. 213 n. 1; on Japanese ceremony for averting pestilence, x. 137 sq.; on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 n. 1

Astral spirit of a witch, x. 317

Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea, ii. 255 n. 1; precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Astronomical considerations determining the early Greek calendar, iv. 68 sq.

Astronomy, origin of, vii. 307

Astyages, king of the Medes, v. 133 n. 1

Asuras, the rivals of the Indian gods, viii. 120

Asvattha tree, v. 82

Aswang, an evil spirit, exorcism of, ix. 260

Atai, external soul in the Mota language, xi. 197 sq.

Atalante and her wooers, ii. 301

Atargatis, Syrian goddess, v. 34 n. 3, 137; worshipped at Hierapolis-Bambyce, v. 162 sq.; derivation of the name, v. 162; her husband-god, v. 162 sq.

Ates, a Phrygian, v. 286

Ath, in Hainaut, procession of giants at, xi. 36

Athamanes of Epirus, women tilled the ground among the, vii. 129

Athamas, king of Alus, vii. 24, 25; and his children, legend of, iv. 161 sqq.; sentenced to be sacrificed as expiatory offering for the country, iv. 162; said to have reigned at Orchomenus, iv. 164; the dynasty of, v. 287

Athanasius, on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 217

Athboy, in County Meath, rath near, x. 139

’Atheh, Cilician goddess, v. 162

Athena, hair offered by maidens before marriage to, i. 28; mother of Erichthonius, ii. 199; perpetual lamp of, in the Erechtheum, ii. 199; at Troy, Locrian maidens in the sanctuary of, ii. 284; served by maidens on the Acropolis at Athens, iii. 227 n.; sacrifices to, iv. 166 n. 1, vii. 56; temple of, at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145; and hot springs, v. 209, 210; and the aegis, viii. 40, 41; priestess of, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 n. 1

——, Magarsian, a Cilician goddess, v. 169 n. 3

—— Sciras, sanctuary of, vi. 238

Athenaeus, on Celtic and Roman indifference to death, iv. 143

Athenian boys, race of, at the vintage, vi. 238; boy carrying an olive-branch in procession, vi. 238

—— custom of keeping a sacred serpent on the Acropolis, iv. 86

—— festival of swinging, iv. 281

—— sacrifice of the bouphonia, viii. 4 sqq.

—— sacrifices to the Seasons, i. 310

Athenians decree divine honours to Demetrius Poliorcetes and his father Antigonus, i. 390 sq.; prayed to Zeus for rain, ii. 359; their tribute of youths and maidens to Minos, iv. 74; their superstition as to an eclipse of the moon, vi. 141; sacrifice to Dionysus for the fruits of the land, vii. 4; the first to receive corn from Demeter, vii. 54; claimed to be the first to spread the knowledge of corn among mankind, vii. 54 sqq.; sacrifice an apple to Hercules, viii. 95 n. 2; their annual festival of the dead at the Anthesteria, ix. 152 sqq.; their use of human scapegoats, ix. 253 sq.; their mode of reckoning a day, ix. 326 n. 2; their religious dramas, ix. 384; offer cakes to Cronus, x. 153 n. 3

Athens, barrow of Hippolytus at, i. 25; sacred new fire brought from Delphi to, i. 32 sq.; King and Queen at, i. 44 sq.; stone of swearing at, i. 160; the Eudanemi at, i. 325 n. 1; titular king at, ii. 1; marriage of Dionysus at, ii. 136 sq.; sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera at, ii. 143 n. 1; female kinship at, ii. 277; sacred spots struck by lightning at, ii. 361; sacrificial hearth of Lightning Zeus at, ii. 361; kings at, iii. 21 sq.; ritual of cursing at, iii. 75; Athena served by maidens on the Acropolis at, iii. 227 n.; Mid-summer rites of Adonis at, iv. 7; the Laurel-bearing Apollo at, iv. 79 n. 3; funeral games at, iv. 96; hand of suicide cut off at, iv. 220 n.; sacred serpent at, v. 87; the Commemoration of the Dead at, v. 234; sacrifice of an ox at, v. 296 sq.; marriage custom at, vi. 245; Dionysus of the Black Goatskin at, vii. 17; Queen of, married to Dionysus, vii. 30 sq.; sacred ceremony of ploughing at, vii. 31; the Prytaneum at, vii. 32; sanctuary of Green Demeter at, vii. 42, 89 n. 2; first-fruits of the corn sent to, vii. 51, 56, 71; called “the Metropolis of the Corn,” vii. 58; Demeter worshipped as Fruit-bearer at, vii. 63 n. 14; sanctuary of Earth the Nursing-Mother at, vii. 89 n. 2; Sacred Ploughing at, vii. 108 n. 4, 109 n. 1; annual sacrifice of a goat on the Acropolis of, viii. 41; ceremony of killing a wolf at, viii. 221; the Lyceum at, viii. 283, 284; fever transferred to pillar at, ix. 53; Cronus and the Cronia at, ix. 351 sq.; ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 130

Athis, in Normandy, Christmas bonfires at, x. 266

Athletic competitions among harvesters, vii. 76 sq.

Athos, Mount, mistletoe at, xi. 319, 320 n.

Athribis, heart of Osiris at, vi. 11

Athyr, Egyptian month, vi. 8, 41, 49 n. 1; Osiris murdered on the seventeenth day of, vi. 8, 84; festival of Osiris in the month of, vi. 84 sqq., 91

Atkhans, the, of the Aleutian Islands, transference of sin to weeds among, ix. 3

Atkinson, J. C., on the treatment of the placentas of mares, i. 199

Atlas, Berbers of the Great, ix. 178

Atlatatonan, Mexican goddess of lepers, ix. 292; woman annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 292

Atomic disintegration, viii. 305

Atonement for slain animals, iii. 207; to animals for wrong done to them, viii. 310 sq. See also Expiation

Atonement, the Jewish day of, ix. 210

Atonga, the, of British Central Africa, their custom after a death, iii. 286; tribe of Lake Nyassa, their theory of earthquakes, v. 199

Atrae, city in Mesopotamia, x. 82

Atreus, king of Mycenae, ii. 279

—— and Thyestes, i. 365

Attacking the wind, i. 327 sqq.

Attacks on kings permitted, iv. 22, 48 sqq.

Attic months lunar, vii. 52

Attica, traces of female kinship in, ii. 284; tradition of sexual communism in, ii. 284; Sacred Ploughings in, iii. 108; summer festival of Adonis in, v. 226; Flowery Dionysus in, vii. 4; time of threshing in, viii. 4; the killing of an ox formerly a capital crime in, viii. 6; vintage custom in, viii. 133

Atticus, his villa on the Quirinal, ii. 182 n. 1

Attis, vii. 2, 14, 214; priests of Cybele called, v. 140, 285, 287; sometimes identified with Adonis, v. 263; myth and ritual of, v. 263 sqq.; beloved by Cybele, v. 263, 282; legends of his death, v. 264; his legend at Pessinus, v. 264; his self-mutilation, v. 264 sq.; and the pine-tree, v. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277 sq., 285, vi. 98 n. 5; his eunuch priests, v. 265, 266; festival of his death and resurrection in March, v. 267 sqq., 272 sq., 307 sq.; violets sprung from the blood of, v. 267; the mourning for, v. 272; bath of bull’s blood in the rites of, v. 274 sqq.; mysteries of, v. 274 sq.; as a god of vegetation, v. 277 sqq., 279; as the Father God, v. 281 sqq.; identified with Zeus, v. 282; as a sky-god, v. 282 sqq.; emasculation of, suggested explanation of myth, v. 283; his star-spangled cap, v. 284; identified with Phrygian moon-god Men Tyrannus, v. 284; human representatives of, v. 285 sqq.; his relation to Lityerses, vii. 255 sq.; killed by a boar, viii. 22

Attis, Adonis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Cybele (Mother of the Gods), i. 18, 21, 40, 41; perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

Attiuoindarons, Indian tribe of Canada, their custom of resuscitating the dead in their namesakes, iii. 366 sq.

Attraction and repulsion in the physical universe, viii. 303 sqq.

Atua, Polynesian term for god or guardian-spirit, i. 387 n. 1, viii. 153, 156; ancestral spirit, iii. 134, 265

Atys, son of Croesus, his death, v. 286

Atys, early king of Lydia, v. 286

Aubrey, John, on soul-cakes, vi. 78; on sin-eating, ix. 43 sq.; on the Midsummer fires, x. 197

Aucas (Araucanians), their custom of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12. See Araucanians

Auch, the archbishop of, i. 232 sq.

Aufkirchen in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Augsburg, harvest custom near, vii. 298

Augur’s staff at Rome, iii. 313

August, procession of wicker giants in, xi. 36

—— 1st, Festival of the Cross on the, x. 220

—— 6th, festival of St. Estapin, xi. 188

——, the Ides (13th) of, Diana’s day, i. 12, 14-17

—— 15th, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14-16

—— 18th, feast of Florus and Laurus, x. 220

Augustine, on the one God, i. 121 n. 1; on the effeminate priests of the Great Mother, v. 298; on the heathen origin of Christmas, v. 305; on the discovery of corn by Isis, vi. 116; on Salacia as the wife of Neptune, vi. 233; on the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 88; on Roman deities of the corn, vii. 210 n. 3

Augustodunum (Autun), worship of Cybele at, v. 279

Augustus as a ruler, i. 216; granted the oak crown, ii. 176 sq.; reputed a son of Apollo, v. 81; celebrates games at Actium, vii. 80; triumphal arch of Augustus at Ariminum, xi. 195 n. 4

Aulus Gellius on the influence of the moon, vi. 132. See also Gellius

Aun, or On, King of Sweden, sacrifices his sons to save his life, iv. 57, 160 sq., 188, vi. 220

Aunis, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 69 sq.; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve in, xi. 45; St. John’s wort in, xi. 55; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62 n. 4; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

—— and Saintonge, Midsummer fires in, x. 192. See Saintonge

Aunts named after their nieces, iii. 332

Aunund, King, in Norse legend, viii. 146

Aurelia Aemilia, a sacred harlot, v. 38

Aurich, in East Friesland, “cutting the hare’s tail off” at harvest at, vii. 268, 280

Auricular confession, iii. 214. See Confession

Aurohuaca Indians of Colombia, auricular confession among the, iii. 215 sq., v. 23 n. 2

Aurora, one of the New Hebrides, rain-making by means of a stone in, i. 308; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127; tamaniu in, xi. 198

Aurora Australis, fear entertained by the Kurnai of the, iv. 267 n. 1

Ausonius, on the Ides of August, i. 12 n. 2

Aust, E., on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 n. 1

Australia, use of magical images among the aborigines of, i. 62; cave-paintings in, i. 87 n. 1; rain-making in, i. 251 sq., 254-261, 287 sq., 304; dust-columns in, thought to be spirits, i. 331 sq.; government of old men in aboriginal, i. 334 sq.; influence of magicians in aboriginal, i. 334 sqq.; ceremony observed at approaching the camp of another tribe in, iii. 109; custom of personal cleanliness observed from superstitious motives among the aborigines of, iii. 158 n. 1; names of relations tabooed among the aborigines of, iii. 345 sq.; belief as to the reincarnation of the dead in, v. 99 sqq.; totemism in, viii. 311; demons in, ix. 74; annual expulsion of ghosts in, ix. 123 sq.; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 76 sqq.; passing under an arch as a rite of initiation in, xi. 193 n. 1; initiation of young men in, xi. 227, 233 sqq.; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 289 n. 2 See also Australian aborigines, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria

——, Central, ceremony to promote the growth of hair in, i. 83; magical ceremonies for the supply of food in, i. 85 sqq.; charm to promote the growth of beards in, i. 153 sq.; charm to ensure wakefulness in, i. 154; churinga (sacred sticks or stones) in, i. 199; contagious magic of wounds in, i. 204; the Arunta of, i. 259; headmen of the totem clans are public magicians in, i. 335; the Kaitish of, ii. 105, iii. 82, iv. 60; the Warramunga of, ii. 156, ix. 2; the Urabunna of, ii. 209; the tribes of, do not let women see men’s blood, iii. 252 n.; the aboriginal tribes of, make no magical use of shorn hair, iii. 268 n. 1; concealment of personal names among the aborigines of, iii. 321 sq.; avoidance of the names of the dead among the tribes of, iii. 351; the Luritcha tribe of, iv. 180 n. 1, viii. 260; magical rites for the revival of nature in, iv. 270; the Dieri of, vii. 106, viii. 151, ix. 110; use of a species of Claytonia as food in, vii. 128; the aborigines of, their ceremonies for the multiplication of kangaroos, viii. 165; the Tjingilli tribe of, ix. 2; pointing sticks or bones in, x. 14 n. 3; its desert nature, xi. 230 n. 2

Australia, Northern, the Anula of, i. 253, 287; the Tjingilli of, i. 288; homoeopathic magic of flesh diet in, viii. 145

——, North-West, fat about heart of great warrior eaten to acquire his courage in, viii. 150 sq.

——, South, custom as to the placenta in, i. 183; the Dieri of, ii. 29; the Narrinyeri of, iii. 126 sq., 372, viii. 259 n.; the Encounter Bay tribe of, iii. 127, 251, 355, 359, 372, vii. 126; the Booandik tribe of, iii. 251, 346; the Adelaide tribe of, iii. 355; the Port Lincoln tribe of, iii. 365; first-born children destroyed among some tribes of, iv. 180

——, South-Eastern, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 207 sq.; contagious magic of bodily impressions among the aborigines of, i. 213; belief as to the connexion of frogs with rain in, i. 292 sq.; the Theddora and Ngarigo tribes of, viii. 151; sex totems among the natives of, xi. 214 sqq.

——, South-Western, medicine-men (doctors) in, i. 336

——, Western, belief as to the placenta in, i. 183; belief as to water-serpents in, ii. 156; names of the dead not mentioned in, iii. 364; native women dig for yam roots in, vii. 126 sq.; the aborigines of, call certain flowering plants “Mothers,” vii. 130

Australian aborigines, magical images among the, i. 62; ceremonies of initiation among the, i. 92 sqq.; contagious magic of teeth among the, i. 176; magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, i. 183 sq.; magic universally practised but religion nearly unknown among the, i. 234; their custom of carrying fire with them, ii. 257; their conception of the soul, iii. 27; dread of a wife’s mother among the, iii. 83 sq.; die from effects of imagination, iii. 136; their fear of menstruous women, iii. 145; of Queensland burn women’s cut hair, iii. 282; burn women’s hair after childbirth, iii. 284; personal names kept secret among the, iii. 320 sqq.; their fear of naming the dead, iii. 349 sqq.; namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 355 sq.; changes in their languages caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 358 sqq.; their fear of a woman stepping over them, iii. 424; their beliefs as to shooting stars, iv. 60 sq., 64; their custom of destroying first-born children, iv. 179 sq.; their custom of killing and eating children, iv. 180 n. 1; infanticide among the, iv. 187 n. 6; their preparation for marriage, v. 60; their belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 99 sqq.; their cuttings for the dead, v. 268; division of labour between the sexes in regard to the collection of food among, vii. 126 sqq.; worshipped the Pleiades as the givers of rain, vii. 307; their belief that the Pleiades were once women, vii. 308 n.; anoint themselves with the fat of the dead in order to acquire their qualities, viii. 162 sq.; their objection to breaking the bones of the native bear, viii. 258 n. 2; their custom of burning the bones of the animals which they eat, viii. 259 n. 1; their mutilations of the dead, viii. 272; their totemism the most primitive known to us, viii. 311; said to propitiate the kangaroos which they have killed, viii. 312 n.; their cure for toothache, ix. 6; their belief in demons, ix. 74

Australian blacks afraid of passing under a leaning tree, iii. 250 n. 1

—— custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318; as to blood shed at initiatory rites, rain-making, etc., iii. 244

—— funeral custom, iv. 92

—— languages, words for fire and wood in, xi. 296

—— magic wrought on cut hair, iii. 269

—— medicine-man, his recovery of a lost soul, iii. 54

—— mode of magically tying up the inside of an enemy, iii. 303

—— tribes, their custom of knocking out teeth of boys at initiation, i. 176

—— way of detaining the sun, i. 318; of hastening the descent of the sun, i. 318 sq.

Australians, the Central, their ceremony for multiplying kangaroos, viii. 165

Austria, dancing or leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 138; gipsy mode of stopping rain in, i. 295 sq.; meal offered to the wind in, i. 329 n. 5; peasants of, their belief in the sensitiveness of trees, ii. 18; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; leaping over Midsummer fires in, v. 251; children warned against the Corn-cock in, vii. 276; mythical Calf in corn in, vii. 292; cure for warts in, ix. 48; dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268 sq.; custom of young people beating each other on Holy Innocents’ Day in, ix. 270; weather of the twelve months thought to be determined by the weather of the Twelve Days in, ix. 322; weather forecasts in, ix. 323; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329; Midsummer fires in, x. 172 sqq.; the Yule log among the Servians of, x. 262 sqq.; fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65; mistletoe used to prevent nightmare in, xi. 85

Austria, Lower, presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester’s Day in, iii. 88

——, Upper, processions round fields on St. George’s Day in, ii. 344; need-fire in, x. 279

Austrian charm to make fruit-trees bear, i. 140 sq.

Autumn, ceremony of the Esquimaux in late, ix. 125

—— fires, x. 220 sqq.

Autun, procession of goddess at, ii. 144; the Festival of Fools at, ix. 335

Auvergne, milk bewitched at Corrèze in, iii. 93; Lenten fires in, x. 111 sq.; story of a were-wolf in, x. 308 sq.

Auxerre, the last sheaf called the Corn-mother near, vii. 135; “killing the Bull” at threshing at, vii. 291

Auxesia and Damia, female powers of fertility at Troezen, i. 39

Ave Maria bell on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47

Avebury, Lord, on the distinction between religion and magic, i. 225 n.; on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 146 n., 273

Avengers of blood, ceremony performed by, before starting, i. 92

Aventine, Diana on the, ii. 128; oaks on the, ii. 185

Avernus, Lake, and the Golden Bough, xi. 285 n. 2

Aversion of spirits and fairies to iron, iii. 229, 232 sq.; to innovation among savages, iii. 230 sqq.

Averting ill-luck at marrying a second, third, or fourth wife, ii. 57 n. 4

Avestad, in Sweden, heaps of sticks and stones on graves at, ix. 20 sq.

Avoidance of the wife’s mother, iii. 83 sqq.; of common words to deceive spirits or other beings, iii. 416 sqq.

“Awakening of Hercules,” festival at Tyre, v. 111

Awa-nkonde, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28

“Awasungu, the house of the,” x. 28

Awe, Loch, vii. 165; the Old Wife at harvest on, vii. 142

Awemba, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, their belief in a supreme being, vi. 174; their worship of ancestral spirits, vi. 175; their prayers to dead kings before going to war, vi. 191 sq.; woman’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 115; among them murderers mutilate their victims in order to disable their ghosts, viii. 272 sq.

Awka in South Nigeria, taboos observed by priest at, x. 4

Awujale, title of chief of the Ijebu tribe, in South Nigeria, iv. 112

Awuna tribes of the Gold Coast, their belief as to the sacredness of their heads, iii. 257

Axe, emblem of Hittite god of thundering sky, v. 134; as divine emblem, v. 163; symbol of Asiatic thunder-god, v. 183; that slew the ox, trial and condemnation of the, viii. 5

——, double-headed, symbol of Sandan, v. 127; carried by Lydian kings, v. 182; a palladium of the Heraclid sovereignty, v. 182; figured on coins, v. 183 n.

Axim, on the Gold Coast, annual expulsion of the devil at, ix. 131

Ayambori, in Dutch New Guinea, woman’s share in agriculture among the Papuans of, vii. 123

Aymara Indians of Peru and Bolivia, their rain-charm by means of frogs, i. 292; afraid of being photographed, iii. 97; their use of a black llama as a scapegoat in time of plague, ix. 193

Ayrshire, mode of cutting the last corn in, vii. 154; “cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Azadirachta Indica in a rain-charm, i. 293

Azazel, a bad angel, in connexion with the Jewish scapegoat, ix. 210 n. 4

Azemmour, in Morocco, cairns reared by pilgrims near, ix. 21; Midsummer fires at, x. 214

Azores, bonfires and divination on Midsummer Eve in the, x. 208 sq.; fern-seed at Midsummer in the, xi. 66

Aztec mode of keeping sorcerers from houses, iii. 93

—— priests, their hair unshorn, iii. 259

Aztecs, their view of intoxication as inspiration, iii. 249 sq.; their priests, iii. 259; their festival at end of fifty-two years, vii. 310 sq.; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 310 sq.; their sacred new fire, vii. 310 sq.; eating the god among the, viii. 86 sqq.; their custom of sacrificing human representatives of gods, ix. 275; their five supplementary days, ix. 339; their punishment of witches and wizards, xi. 159

Azur, the month of March, ix. 403

Azyingo, Lake, in West Africa, viii. 235

Ba-Bwende, a tribe of the Congo, v. 271 n.

Ba-Lua, in the Congo region, will not pronounce name of their tribe, iii. 330

—— -Mbala, a Bantu tribe, woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 119

—— -Pedi, the, of South Africa, grave-diggers not allowed to handle food among, iii. 141; women in childbed not allowed to handle food, iii. 148 sq.; their superstitions as to miscarriage in childbed, iii. 153 sq.; their continence in war, iii. 163; continence at building a new village among the, iii. 202; their belief as to a woman stepping over their legs, iii. 424

—— -Ronga, the, of South Africa, their women employ a child under puberty to light the potter’s kiln, ii. 205. See Baronga

—— -Sundi, a tribe of the Congo, v. 271 n.

—— -Thonga, the, of South Africa, grave-diggers not allowed to handle food among the, iii. 141; women in childbed not allowed to handle food, iii. 148 sq.; attribute drought to concealed miscarriage in childbed, iii. 154; their continence in war, iii. 163; continence at building a new village among the, iii. 202; their belief as to a woman stepping over their legs, iii. 424. See also Thonga

—— -Yaka, tribe of the Congo State, power of magicians among the, i. 348; custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1; their use of nail-parings in making treaties, iii. 274

—— -Yanzi, tribe of the Congo State, the chief as a magician among the, i. 348 sq.

Baal, Semitic god, in relation to Minos and Minotaur, iv. 75; the prophets of, their cutting themselves with knives, i. 258; human sacrifices to, iv. 167 sqq., 195, ix. 353, 354; kings claiming affinity with, v. 15; royal names compounded with, v. 16; as the god of fertility, v. 26 sq.; conceived as god who fertilizes land by subterranean water, v. 159

—— and Beltane, x. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1, 157

—— of the Lebanon, v. 32

—— and Sandan at Tarsus, v. 142 sq., 161

Baal of Tarsus, v. 117 sqq., 162 sq.

Baalath or Astarte, v. 26, 34

—— and Baal, v. 27

—— Gebal, v. 14

Baalbec (Heliopolis), in Syria, v. 28; the ruins at, i. 30 n. 3; sacred prostitution at, v. 37; image of Hadad at, v. 163

Baalim, the, lords of underground waters, ii. 159; firstlings and first-fruits offered to the, v. 27; called lovers, v. 75 n.

Baba or Boba, name given to last sheaf, vii. 144 sq.; “the Old Woman,” at the Carnival, viii. 332, 333

Babalawo, a Yoruba priest, ix. 212

Babar Archipelago, ceremony to obtain a child for a barren woman in the, i. 72; chastity and fasting of women during absence of warriors in the, i. 131; treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 186; saturnalia at the marriage of the Sun and Earth in the, ii. 99; recovery of lost souls in the, iii. 67; souls as shadows in the, iii. 78; fatigue transferred to stones in the, ix. 8 sq.; sickness expelled in a boat from the, ix. 187

Babaruda, girl as rain-maker in Roumania, i. 273

Babine Lake in British Columbia, x. 47

Babites, a Persian sect, their divine head, i. 402

Baboons, their depredations on crops, viii. 32; sent by evil spirits, ix. 110 sq.

Baby, effigy of, used to fertilize women, ix. 245, 249

Babylon, magical images in ancient, i. 66 sq.; theocratic despotism of ancient, i. 218; sanctuary of Bel at, ii. 129 sq.; festival of Zagmuk at, iv. 110, 113, 115 sqq.; festival of the Sacaea at, iv. 113 sqq., ix. 354 sqq.; early kings of, worshipped as gods, v. 15; worship of Mylitta at, v. 36; religious prostitution at, v. 58; human wives of Marduk at, v. 71; sanctuary of Serapis at, vi. 119 n.

Babylonia, worship of Tammuz in, v. 6 sqq.; the moon-god took precedence of the sun-god in ancient, vi. 138 sq.; belief in demons in ancient, ix. 102 sq.; the star-gazers of, ix. 326; conquered by Assyria, ix. 356; the feast of Purim in, ix. 393

Babylonian calendar, ix. 398 n. 2

—— Genesis, ix. 410

—— gods, mortality of the, iv. 5 sq.

—— hymns to Tammuz, v. 9

—— kings, divinity of the early, i. 417

—— legend of creation, iv. 105 sq., 110

—— myth of Marduk and Tiamat, iv. 105 sq., 107 sq.

Babylonian witches and wizards, their use of knotted cords, iii. 302

Bacchanalia, Purim a Jewish, ix. 363

Bacchanals of Thrace chew ivy, i. 384; tore Pentheus in pieces, vi. 98, vii. 24, 25; wore horns, vii. 17

Bacchic frenzy, iv. 164; orgies suppressed by Roman Government, v. 301 n. 2

Bacchus, his legendary connexion with the Athenian festival of swinging, iv. 281, 283

—— or Dionysus, vii. 2. See Dionysus

Bacchylides as to Croesus on the pyre, v. 175 sq.

Bachofen, J. J., on Roman kings and the Saturnalia, ii. 313 n. 1; on the Nonae Caprotinae and the Saturnalia, ii. 314 n. 1

Backache at reaping, leaps over the Midsummer bonfire thought to be a preventive of, x. 165, 168, 189, 344 sq.; set down to witchcraft, x. 343 n., 345; at harvest, mugwort a protection against, xi. 59; creeping through a holed stone to prevent backache at harvest, xi. 189

Backbone of Osiris represented by the ded pillar, vi. 108 sq.

Bacon, Francis, on anointing weapon that caused wound, i. 202

Bad Country, the, in Victoria, ceremonies observed at entering, iii. 109 sq.

Badache, double-axe, Midsummer King of the, x. 194

Badagas, the, of the Neilgherry Hills, their customs as to sowing and reaping the first grain, viii. 55; transfer the sins of the dead to a buffalo calf, ix. 36; their fire-walk, xi. 8 sq.

Baddeley, Mr. St. Clair, i. 5 n. 2

Baden, homoeopathic magic at sowing in, i. 138; St. George’s Day in, ii. 337; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 74; customs as to the last sheaf at harvest in, vii. 283, 292, 298; the Corn-goat at threshing in, vii. 286; Lenten fire-custom in, x. 117; Easter bonfires in, x. 145; Midsummer fires in, x. 167 sqq.

Badham, Rev. Charles, D.D., his proposed emendation of Euripides, iii. 156 n.

Badham Court oak, in Gloucestershire, xi. 316

Badi, performer at a tight-rope ceremony in India, ix. 197

Badnyak, Yule log, in Servia, x. 259, 263

Badnyi Dan, Christmas Eve, in Servia, x. 258, 263

Badonsachen, King of Burma, claims divinity, i. 400

Badumar, in West Africa, ii. 293

Baduwis, an aboriginal race in the mountains of Java, seclusion of their hereditary ruler, iii. 115 sq.; use no iron in husbandry, iii. 232

Baethgen, F., on goddess ’Hatheh, v. 162 n. 2

Baffin Land, the Esquimaux of, i. 113, iii. 32 n. 2, 152, 207, 399, viii. 257, ix. 125

Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, iii. 63 sq., xi. 142, 153, 155; soul of dying chief caught in a, iv. 199

Baganda, the, of Central Africa, their belief as to the sterilizing influence of barren women, i. 142, ii. 102; their treatment of the afterbirth and navel-string, i. 195 sq., xi. 162; spirits of their dead kings preserved in their navel-strings and jawbones, i. 196; their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2; their incarnate human god of the Lake Nyanza, i. 395; their belief in the influence of the sexes on vegetation, ii. 101 sq.; their customs in regard to twins, ii. 102 sq.; their fire-drill, ii. 210; their Vestal Virgins, ii. 246; their list of kings, ii. 269; their mode of fertilizing women by means of a wild banana-tree, ii. 318; stabbed the shadows of enemies, iii. 78; their superstition as to shadows, iii. 87; their belief as to women stepping over a man’s weapons, iii. 423; their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 11; their worship of the python, v. 86; rebirth of the dead among the, v. 92 sq.; their belief in impregnation by the flower of the banana, v. 93; their theory of earthquakes, v. 199; their presentation of infants to the new moon, vi. 144, 145; ceremony observed by the king at new moon, vi. 147; their worship of dead kings, vi. 167 sqq.; their veneration for the ghosts of dead relations, vi. 191 n. 1; their pantheon, vi. 196; human sacrifices offered to prolong the life of their kings, vi. 223 sqq.; woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 118; their ceremony at eating the new beans, viii. 64; significance of stepping over a woman among the, viii. 70 n. 1; their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 113; their precaution against the ghosts of the elephants, which they kill, viii. 227 sq.; dread the ghosts of sheep, viii. 231; propitiate the ghosts of slain buffaloes, viii. 231; treat ceremonially the first fish caught, viii. 252 sq.; their custom of mutilating dead enemies, viii. 271 sq.; their transference of plague to a plantain-tree, ix. 4 sq.; their transference of sickness to effigies, ix. 7; their precautions against the ghosts of suicides and other unfortunates, ix. 17 sq.; throw sticks or grass on graves or places of execution of certain persons, ix. 18; their worship of the river Nakiza, ix. 27; transfer sickness to animals, ix. 32; human scapegoats among the, ix. 42; children live apart from their parents among the, x. 23 n. 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 23 sq.; their superstition as to women who do not menstruate, x. 24; abstain from salt in certain cases, x. 27 sq.; their dread of menstruous women, x. 80 sq. See also Uganda

Baganda fishermen, taboos observed by, iii. 194 sq.

Bagba, a wind-fetish, i. 327, iii. 5

Bagdad, death of the King of the Jinn reported at, iv. 8

Bageshu (Bagishu), the, of Mount Elgon, in East Africa, their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, i. 103, v. 92; seclusion and purification of manslayers among, iii. 174

Bagobos of Mindanao, one of the Philippines, their human sacrifices at sowing, vii. 240; their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31, 315; never utter their own names, iii. 323 sq.; their theory of earthquakes, v. 200; their custom of hanging and spearing human victims, v. 290 sq.; their pretence of feeding their agricultural implements at harvest, viii. 124

Baharutsis, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, their worship of ancestors, vi. 179

Bahaus. See Kayans

Bahima of Central Africa, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 75; custom of herdsmen at watering their cattle among the, iii. 183 n.; names of their dead kings not mentioned, iii. 375; their belief as to dead kings and chiefs, v. 83 n. 1; their worship of the dead, vi. 190 sq.; their belief in a supreme god Lugaba, vi. 190; their belief in transmigration, viii. 288; believe that at death their kings turn into lions, and their queens into leopards, viii. 288; their transference of abscesses, ix. 6; their use of scapegoats to cure disease among their cattle, ix. 32; their dread of menstruous women, x. 80

—— of Kiziba, vi. 173

—— of the Uganda Protectorate, ix. 6, 32

Bahnars of Cochin-China, their recall of lost souls, iii. 52, 58 sq.

Bahr-el-Ghazal province, the Golos of the, i. 318; ceremony of the new fire in the, x. 134 sq.

Baiga, aboriginal priest in Mirzapur, ix. 27

Baigas, Dravidian tribe of India, their objection to agriculture, v. 89

Bailey, Mabel, on the May Queen, ii. 88 n. 1

Bailly, J. S., French astronomer, on the Arctic origin of the rites of Adonis, v. 229

Bairu, the, of Kiziba, vi. 173

Baisâkh, Indian month (April), iv. 265

Bakairi, the, of Brazil, call bull-roarers “thunder and lightning,” xi. 231 sq.

Bakara, a village of Sumatra, i. 398, 399

Baker, F. B., on relic of tree-worship at Magnesia, i. 386 n. 2

Bakers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Baking, continence observed at, iii. 201

—— -forks, witches ride on, xi. 73, 74

Bakongs, the, of Borneo, associate the souls of the dead with bear-cats and other animals, viii. 294

Baku, on the Caspian, perpetual fires at, ii. 256, v. 192

Bakuba or Bushongo of the Congo, rule as to persons of royal blood among the, x. 4. See Bushongo

Bakundu of the Cameroons, burial custom of the, viii. 99

Balabulan, a person of the Batta Trinity, ix. 88 n. 1

Bald-headed widow, transference of fever to a, ix. 38

Balder, the Norse god, and his lame foal, iii. 305 n. 1; his body burnt, x. 102; worshipped in Norway, x. 104; camomile sacred to, xi. 63; burnt at Midsummer, xi. 87; Midsummer sacred to, xi. 87; a tree-spirit or deity of vegetation, xi. 88 sq.; his invulnerability, xi. 94; why Balder was thought to shine, xi. 293; perhaps a real man deified, xi. 314 sq.

—— and the mistletoe, x. 101 sq., xi. 76 sqq., 302; interpreted as a mistletoe-bearing oak, xi. 93 sq.; his life or death in the mistletoe, xi. 279, 283

——, the myth of, x. 101 sqq.; reproduced in the Midsummer festival of Scandinavia, xi. 87; perhaps dramatized in ritual, xi. 88; Indian parallel to, xi. 280; African parallels to, xi. 312 sqq.

Balder’s Balefires, name formerly given to Midsummer bonfires in Sweden, x. 172, xi. 87

—— Grove, x. 104, xi. 315

Balders-brâ, Balder’s eyelashes, a name for camomile, xi. 63

Baldness a supposed effect of breaking a taboo, iii. 140

Bâle, statuette of the Mexican god Xipe at, ix. 291 n. 1; Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, x. 119

Balefires, Balder’s, at Midsummer in Sweden, x. 172

Bali, inspired mediums in, i. 378 sq.; special forms of speech used in addressing social superiors in, i. 402 n.; the rice personified as husband and wife in, vii. 201 sqq.; observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 314 sq.; propitiation of mice to induce them to spare the fields in, viii. 278; belief in demons in, ix. 86; periodical expulsion of demons in, ix. 140; filing of teeth in, x. 68 n. 2; birth-trees in, xi. 164

Balinese, their conduct in an earthquake, v. 198

Balkan Peninsula, the Slavs of the, ii. 237, 241; need-fire in the, x. 281

Ball, Valentine, on hook-swinging, iv. 279

Ball, game of, played as a rite, viii. 76, 79; played as a magical ceremony, ix. 179 sq.; in Normandy, ix. 183 sq.; played to determine the King of Summer, x. 195

—— -players, homœopathic charms employed by, i. 144, 155

Balli Atap, the God of the Roof, among the Kenyahs, ii. 385

Ballinasloe, in County Galway, Candlemas custom at, ii. 95 n.

Balls, gold and silver, to imitate the sun and moon, ii. 63

Ballymagauran, in County Cavan, ancient idol near, iv. 183

Ballymote, the Book of, iv. 100

Ballyvadlea, in Tipperary, woman burnt as a witch at, x. 323 sq.

Balnagown Loch, in Lismore, witch-hare at, x. 316

Baloi, mythical beings of the Basutos, i. 177; witches and wizards, vi. 104

Balolo, a sea-slug, ix. 141. See also Palolo veridis

Balong of the Cameroons, their external souls in animals, xi. 203

Balquhidder, in Perthshire, the harvest Maiden at, vii. 157; hill of the fires at, x. 149; Hallowe’en bonfires at, x. 232

Balsam plants, wild, as representatives of the harvest goddess, vii. 207

Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Nutt., the sunflower root, superstitions of Thompson Indians concerning the, viii. 81

Balthasar, one of the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq.

Balum, a mythical being of German New Guinea, iii. 306

Balum, spirits, vii. 104, ix. 83, xi. 242

Balwe in Westphalia, Burying the Carnival at, iv. 232

Bâm-Margi, Hindoo sect, their use of magical images, i. 65

Bambaras of the Niger, their sacred trees, ii. 42

Bamboo-rat sacrificed for riddance of evils, ix. 208 sq.

Bampton-in-the-Bush in Oxfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 62

Banana, women impregnated by the flower of the, v. 93; shoots beaten to make them grow, ix. 264

—— -tree, supposed to fertilize barren women, ii. 318; child’s hair deposited on a, iii. 276; afterbirth of child buried under a, xi. 162, 163, 164

—— -trees, fruit-bearing, hair deposited under, iii. 286

Bananas, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 142; sown by young children, vii. 115; cultivated by women, vii. 115, 118; cultivated in South America, vii. 120, 121; cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123; cultivated in New Guinea, vii. 123; soul of dead man in, viii. 298; mode of fertilizing, ix. 264; the cause of human mortality, ix. 303

Banars of Cambodia, their prayers for the crops, viii. 33

Bancroft, H. H., on the external souls of the Zapotecs, xi. 212

Bandages to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 32, 71

Bandiagara, Mount, in Nigeria, iii. 124

Bandicoot in rain-making, i. 288

Bangala, the, of the Upper Congo, continence observed by fishers and hunters among, iii. 195 sq.; names of fishermen not mentioned among, iii. 330 sq.; rebirth of dead among, v. 92; women’s share in agriculture among, vii. 119. See also Boloki

Bangalas of Angola, elective chieftainship among the, ii. 293

Bangerang, an Australian tribe, iii. 321

Bangkok, ix. 150; human foundation sacrifices at, iii. 90

Bangweolo, Lake, custom as to sowing on the islands of, vii. 115

Banished prince, charm to restore a, i. 145

Banishment of homicide, iv. 69 sq.; of evil spirits, ix. 86

Banivas of the Orinoco, their scourging of girls at puberty, x. 66 sqq.

Banjars in West Africa punish their king for drought or excessive rain, i. 353

Banks’ Islanders, their ways of making sunshine, i. 314; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

Banks’ Islands, magical stones in the, i. 164; supernatural power of chiefs in the, i. 338; ghosts in stones in the, iii. 80; Vanua Lava in the, iii. 85; names of relations by marriage tabooed in the, iii. 344 sq.; burial of women who have died in childbed in the, viii. 97 sq.; fatigue transferred to stones, sticks, or leaves in the, ix. 9

Banksia, used as fuel by Australian aborigines, ii. 257

Banmanas of Senegambia, their custom at the death of an infant, ix. 261 sq.

Banna, a tribe accustomed to strangle their first-born children, iv. 181 sq.

Banner, Macleod’s Fairy, i. 368

Banquets in honour of the spirits of disease, ix. 119

Bantiks of Celebes, their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1

Banting in Sarawak, rules observed by women during absence of warriors at, i. 127, 128

Bantu tribes, ancestor-worship among the, ii. 221, vi. 174 sqq.; their small regard for the ghosts of women, ii. 224 n. 4; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82 sqq.; their worship of dead chiefs or kings, vi. 175 sqq., 191 sqq.; cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual on certain occasions among the, viii. 70 n. 1

—— tribes of Kavirondo, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 176 sq.; their belief as to the effect of eating a totemic animal, viii. 26

—— tribes of South Africa, their ideas as to the virulent infection spread by a woman who has had a miscarriage, iii. 152 sqq.; their rule as to eating the new corn, viii. 111; their fear of demons, ix. 77 sq.

—— tribes of South-East Africa, their fire-drill, ii. 210 sq.

—— tribes of West Africa, their belief in demons, ix. 74

Banyai, chieftainship among the, ii. 292

Banyan-trees revered by the Chinese, ii. 14

Banyoro, the, of Central Africa, foes of the Baganda, ix. 42, 194; the king as rain-maker among, i. 348; succession to the throne determined by mortal combat among, ii. 322; their worship of serpents, v. 86 n. 1 See also Unyoro

Baobab-trees thought to be inhabited by mischievous spirits, ii. 34; worshipped, ii. 46; goats sacrificed to, ii. 47

Baoules of the Ivory Coast, extraction of chief’s soul among the, iii. 70

Baperis or Malekootoos, a Bechuana tribe, their customs as to their totem the porcupine, viii. 164 sq.

Baptism of bull’s blood in the rites of Cybele, v. 274 sqq.

Baptist, St. John the, day of, i. 277. See St. John

Bar-rekub, king of Samal, v. 15 sq.

Bar-tree (Ficus Indica), married to a mango in India, ii. 25; sacred in India, ii. 43

Bara, a tribe of Madagascar, names of dead kings not pronounced among the, iii. 380

—— country in Madagascar, fear of being photographed in the, iii. 98

Barabbas and Christ, ix. 417 sqq.

Baraka, blessed or magical virtue, in North Africa, ix. 23 n., x. 216, 218, xi. 51; of saints, ix. 22; of skins of sacrificed sheep, ix. 265

Baram River, in Sarawak, tree-worship on the, ii. 38 sq.; in Borneo, magical stones on the, iii. 30

Barar, third marriage deemed unlucky in, ii. 57 n. 4

Barat, a ceremony performed in Kumaon, ix. 196

Barber, Rev. Dr. W. T. A., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 n., 275

Barbosa, Duarte, on the suicide of the kings of Quilacare, iv. 46 sq.

Barce or Alceis, daughter of Antaeus, ii. 300 sq.

Barcelona, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 242

Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe’en fires, x. 232

Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, x. 318

Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, xi. 129 sq.

Barea, of East Africa, rain-making priest among the, ii. 3; women will not name their husbands, iii. 337

—— and Kunama, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66

Barenton, the fountain of, used in rain-making, i. 306, 307

Bari, the, of the Upper Nile, rain-makers as chiefs among, i. 345, 346 sq.; Rain Kings among, ii. 2

Barito, the, of Borneo, sacrifice cattle instead of human victims, iv. 166 n. 1

——, river in Borneo, worship of spirits on the, ix. 87

Bark of sacred tree used to make garments for pregnant women, ii. 58

Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, x. 286 sq.

Barking a tree, old German penalty for, ii. 9

Barley forced for festival, v. 240, 241, 242, 244, 251 sq.; awarded as a prize in the Eleusinian games, vii. 73, 74, 75; oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, vii. 132

—— Bride among the Berbers, vii. 178 sq.

—— -cow at harvest, vii. 289, 290

—— -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece, vii. 48, 77

—— loaf eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255

—— -meal and water drunk as a form of communion with the Barley-Goddess at Eleusis, vii. 161

—— -mother, the, vii. 131; the last sheaf called the, vii. 135

—— plant, external soul of prince in a, xi. 102

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11

—— -sow at threshing, vii. 298

—— -water, draught of, as a form of communion in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38

—— and wheat discovered by Isis, vi. 116

—— -wolf in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273

Barolongs, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, their worship of ancestors, vi. 179; their custom of inoculation, viii. 159 n. 4

Baron, R., on the reverence for dead kings in Madagascar, iii. 380

Baron, S., on annual expulsion of demons in Tonquin, ix. 147 sq.

Baronga, the, of South Africa, their charm against worms, i. 152; their charm against snake-bite, i. 153; their beliefs and customs as to twins, i. 267 sq.; preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs, iii. 272; their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 10 sq.; their custom as to falling stars, iv. 61; women’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 114 sq.; their mode of freeing the fields from beetles, viii. 280; their story of a clan whose external souls were in a cat, xi. 150 sq. See also Ba-Ronga

Barotse or Marotse, a Bantu tribe of the Zambesi, rain-making among the, i. 310 n. 7; regard their chief as a demi-god, i. 392 sq.; exorcism after a funeral among the, iii. 107; their belief in a supreme god Niambe, vi. 193; their worship of dead kings, vi. 194 sq.; woman’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 115; inoculation among the, viii. 159; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28, 29

Barren cattle driven through fire, x. 203, 338

—— fruit-trees threatened in order to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 sqq.

—— women, charms to procure offspring for, i. 70 sqq.; sterilizing influence ascribed to, i. 142; embrace a tree to obtain offspring, i. 182; thought to conceive through eating nuts of a palm-tree, ii. 51; fertilized by trees, ii. 56 sq., 316 sq.; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 102; fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 sqq., v. 213 sq., 216; resort to graves in order to get children, v. 90; entice souls of dead children to them, v. 94; hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51. See also Childless

Barrenness of women cured by passing through holed stone, v. 36, with n. 4; removed by serpent, v. 86; children murdered as a remedy for, v. 95

Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

“Barring the fire,” i. 231 n. 3

Barringtonia, offerings made under a, in Guadalcanal, viii. 126

Barros, De, Portuguese historian, on custom of regicide at Passier, iv. 51 sq.

Barrows of Halfdan, vi. 100

Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, xi. 2, 5

Barsom, bundle of twigs used by Parsee priests, v. 191 n. 2

Barth, H., on sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n. 1

Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, power of magicians at, i. 338; festival of the wild mango tree at, x. 7 sqq.

Barwan, river in Australia, annual expulsion of ghosts on the, ix. 123

Bas Doda, in India, marriage of girls to the god at, ii. 149

Basagala, the, of Central Africa, changes in their language caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 361

Bashada, a tribe accustomed to strangle their first-born children, iv. 181 sq.

Bashilange, a tribe of the Congo Basin, reception of subject chiefs by head chief among the, iii. 114

Bashkirs, their horse-races at funerals, iv. 97

Basil, curses at sowing, i. 281; the Holy, plant worshipped in India, ii. 25 sqq.; pots of, on St. John’s Day in Sicily, v. 245. See also Tulasi

Basilai, officials at Olympia, i. 46 n. 4

Basis, physical, of magic, i. 174 sq.; for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Basket, souls gathered into a, iii. 72

Basoga, the, of Central Africa, form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 sq.; their punishment of the seduction of a virgin, ii. 112; their abhorrence of incest in cattle, ii. 112 sq.; their pretended human sacrifice, iv. 215

Basque hunter transformed into bear, xi. 226, 270

—— story of the external soul, xi. 139

Bassa tribe, of the Cameroons, reputed to be magicians, ix. 120

Bassareus, a title of Dionysus, viii. 282 n. 5

Bassari, the, of Togoland, their superstition as to the mothers of twins, ii. 102 n. 1; their offerings of new yams, viii. 116

Bassia latifolia worshipped, viii. 119

Bassus, Roman officer, ix. 309

Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, xi. 159

Bastard, traveller in Madagascar, iii. 103

——, name applied to the last sheaf in West Prussia, vii. 150

Bastian, Adolf, on extinguishing fires after a death, ii. 268; as to sanctity of head in Siam and Burma, iii. 252 sq.; on animal sacraments among pastoral tribes, viii. 313; on the worship of nats in Burma, ix. 96 n. 3; on rites of initiation in West Africa, xi. 256 sq.

Basutoland, attempts to regulate the calendar in, vii. 116 sq.; inoculation in, viii. 158 sq., 160

Basutos, use of magical dolls among the, i. 71; their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 177; their contagious magic of bodily impressions, i. 214; keep all defiled persons from the sight of corn, ii. 112; their belief as to the spirits of waterfalls, ii. 157; their custom of kindling a new fire after a birth, ii. 239; abhor the sea, iii. 10; avoidance of wife’s mother among the, iii. 85; their superstition as to reflections in water, iii. 93; their burial custom, iii. 107; their purification of warriors, iii. 172; purification of cattle among the, iii. 177; their chiefs buried secretly, vi. 104; their worship of the dead, vi. 179 sq.; their customs as to the new corn, viii. 110; their sacrifice of first-fruits, viii. 110; eat the hearts of brave men to make themselves brave, viii. 148; their custom of placing stones on cairns, ix. 30 n. 2; their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 31

Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, xi. 134 sqq.

Bataks or Battas of Sumatra, their theory of earthquakes, v. 199 sq.; their tondi, the soul of human beings and of rice, vii. 182. See Battas

Batang Lupar, in Borneo, the Dyaks of, their “lying heaps,” ix. 14

—— -Lupars of Borneo, the foes of the Kayans, vii. 96

Bataraguru, a person of the Batta Trinity, v. 199 sq., ix. 88 n. 1

Batari Sri, a goddess in Lombok, vii. 202

Batavia, rain-making by means of a cat in, i. 289

Batchelor, Rev. J., on the Aino ceremony with the new millet, viii. 52; on the Aino kamui, viii. 180 n. 2; on the bear as a totem or god of the Ainos, viii. 180, 198; on the suckling of bears by the Aino women, viii. 182 n. 2; on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 183 sq.; on the inao of the Ainos, viii. 186 n.; on the Aino belief in the resurrection of animals, viii. 201; his purification after visiting an Aino grave, ix. 261

Bath before marriage, intention of, ii. 162; of ox blood, iv. 35, 201; in river at the rites of Cybele, v. 273, 274 n.; of bull’s blood in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sqq.; of image of Cybele perhaps a rain-charm, v. 280

—— of Aphrodite, v. 280

—— of Demeter, v. 280

—— of Hera in the river Burrha, v. 280; in the spring of Canathus, v. 280

Bathing and washing forbidden to rain-doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272; bathing as a rain-charm, i. 277 sq.; (washing) as a ceremonial purification, iii. 141, 142, 150, 153, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 179, 183, 192, 198, 219, 220, 222, 285, 286; forbidden, vii. 94

—— on St. John’s Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), v. 246 sqq.; pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— at Easter, x. 123; at Midsummer, x. 208, 210, 216, xi. 29 sqq.; thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26 sq.

Baths of Hercules, v. 212

—— of Solomon in Moab, v. 215

Baton of Sinope, on the Thessalian festival Peloria, ix. 350

Batoo Bedano, an earthquake god in Nias, v. 202

Bats, souls of dead in, viii. 287; the lives of men in, xi. 215 sq., 217; called men’s “brothers,” xi. 215, 216, 218

Batta magicians exorcize demons by means of images, viii. 102

Battambang, a province of Siam, ceremony to procure rain in, i. 299

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, magical images among the, i. 71 sq.; their belief as to the placenta, i. 193; fight the storm, i. 330; worship a prince as a deity, i. 398 sq.; revere the Sultan of Minangkabau, i. 399; their sacred trees, ii. 41; think that fornication and incest injure the crops, ii. 108; their use of rice to prevent the soul from wandering, iii. 34 sq.; their recall of lost souls, iii. 45 sqq.; their belief in the transmigration of souls, iii. 65; afraid of being photographed, iii. 99; ceremony at the reception of a traveller among the, iii. 104; their custom as to eating, iii. 116; untie things to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 sq.; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 338 sq.; use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405 sq.; their personification of the rice, vii. 196; their observation of Orion and the Pleiades, vii. 315; their ceremonies at killing a tiger, viii. 216 sq.; believe that the souls of the dead often transmigrate into tigers, viii. 293; their use of swallows as scapegoats, ix. 34 sq.; their belief in demons, ix. 87 sq.; their belief in a Trinity, ix. 88 n. 1; their use of human scapegoats, ix. 213; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 223; their totemic system, xi. 224 sqq. See also Bataks

Battel, Andrew, on the king of Loango, iii. 117 sq.; on the colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 n. 1

Battle, purificatory ceremonies after a, iii. 165 sqq., vi. 251 sq.; mock, viii. 75; annual, among boys in Tumleo, ix. 143

—— of the gods and giants, v. 157

—— of Summer and Winter, iv. 254 sqq.

Battle-axe, sacred golden, i. 365

Battus, king of Cyrene, i. 47

Baudissin, W. W. Graf von, on Tammuz and Adonis, v. 6 n. 1; on Adonis as the personification of the spring vegetation, v. 228 n. 6; on summer festival of Adonis, v. 232 n.; on Linus song, vii. 216 n. 4

Baumeister, A., on the date of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, vii. 35 n. 1

Bautz, Dr. Joseph, on hell fire, iv. 136 n. 1

Bavaria, custom as to cast teeth in, i. 178; greasing the weapon instead of the wound which it inflicted, in, i. 204; green bushes placed at doors of newly-married pairs in, ii. 56; the Maypole renewed every few years in, ii. 70; the Walber in, ii. 75; drama of the Slaying of the Dragon at Furth in, ii. 163 sq.; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 206 sq.; carrying out Death in, iv. 233 sqq.; dramatic contests between Summer and Winter in, iv. 255 sq.; gardens of Adonis in, v. 244; Dinkelsbühl in, vii. 133; Weiden in, vii. 139; harvest customs in, vii. 147, 148, 150, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223, 232, 282, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298, 299; the thresher of the last corn obliged to “carry the Pig” in, vii. 299; cure for fever in, ix. 49; annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 159 sq.; old Mrs. Perchta (a mythical old woman) in, ix. 240 sq.; mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327; Easter bonfires in, x. 143 sq.; belief as to eclipses in, x. 162; Midsummer fires in, x. 164 sqq.; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26; the divining-rod in, xi. 67 sq.; peasants’ belief as to hazel in, xi. 69 n.; creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, xi. 188 sq.

Bavaria, Rhenish, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg in, i. 205; leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide in, ii. 81; gout transferred to willow-bush in, ix. 56

——, Upper, the bride-race in, ii. 304; ceremonies on Ascension Day in villages of, ix. 215; use of mistletoe in, xi. 85 n. 4

Bavarian charm at sowing wheat, i. 137; to make fruit-trees bear, i. 140 sq.

—— farmers will not name the fox, iii. 396

—— peasants, their homoeopathic magic as to fruit-trees, i. 143

—— saying as to crossed legs, iii. 299

Bavili, the, of Loango, their belief that certain unlawful marriages are punished by God with drought, ii. 112; tampering with people’s shadows among, iii. 78; seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 31

Bawenda, tribe of the Transvaal, their chief a rain-maker, i. 351; special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal among the, i. 401 n. 3; blood of princes not to be shed among the, iii. 243; their custom of placing stones in the forks of trees, ix. 30 n. 2; the positions of their villages hidden, vi. 251

Bayazid, the Sultan, and his soul, iii. 50

Bayfield, M. A., on the punishment of unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228 n. 5

Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, x. 198

Bealltaine, May Day, iii. 11. See Beltane

Bean, sprouting of, in superstitious ceremony, i. 266; the budding of a, as an omen, ii. 344

——, King of the, ix. 313 sq., x. 153 n. 1; Queen of the, ix. 313, 315

—— clan among the Baganda, ix. 27

—— -cock at harvest, vii. 276

—— -goat among the beans, vii. 282

Beans in ceremony performed by parents of twins in Peru, i. 266, ii. 102 n. 1; not to be touched or named by the Flamen Dialis, ii. 248, iii. 13 sq.; in magical rite, vii. 9 sq.; the Spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177; cultivated in Burma, vii. 242; ceremony at eating the new, viii. 64; forbidden as food by Empedocles, viii. 301; thrown about the house at the expulsion of demons, ix. 143 sq.; thrown about the house at the expulsion of ghosts, ix. 155; divination by, on Midsummer Eve, x. 209

Bear, customs observed by Lapps after killing a, iii. 221; ambiguous attitude of the Ainos towards the, viii. 180 sqq., 310 sq.; importance of the, for people of Siberia, viii. 191; the corn-spirit as a, viii. 325 sqq.; external soul of warrior in a, xi. 151; Basque hunter transformed into a, xi. 226, 270; simulated transformation of novice into a, xi. 274 sq. See also Bears

——, the Great, constellation, vii. 315; the soul of Typhon in, iv. 5

——, the polar, taboos, concerning, iii. 209

—— -cats, souls of dead in, viii. 294

—— clan of the Moquis, descended from bears, viii. 178; of the Otawa Indians, their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 sq.; of the Niska Indians, xi. 271, 272 n. 1

—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, xi. 274

—— -dances, viii. 191, 195

—— -festivals of the Ainos, viii. 182 sqq.; of the Gilyaks, viii. 190 sqq.; of the Goldi, viii. 197; of the Orotchis, viii. 197

—— -hunting, continence before, iii. 197, 198

—— -skin worn by woman dancer, viii. 223

Bear’s bile and heart eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 146

—— flesh, a person who has eaten of, obliged to abstain from fish for a year, viii. 251

Bear’s heart eaten, viii. 146

—— “little tongue” removed by American Indian hunters, viii. 269

—— liver, as a medicine, viii. 187 sq.

—— skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, xi. 280 n.

“Beard of Volos,” vii. 233

Beard, the first, consecrated, i. 29

Bearded Venus, in Cyprus, v. 165, vi. 259 n. 3

“Beardless One, the Ride of the,” a Persian ceremony, ix. 402 sq.

Beards, homoeopathic magic to promote the growth of, i. 153 sq.; not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers, iii. 260

Bearers to carry royal personages, x. 3 sq.

Bears sacrificed by the Gilyaks of Saghalien, iii. 370; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397 sq., 399, 402; killed ceremonially by the Ainos, viii. 180 sqq.; souls of dead in, viii. 286 sq.; processions with, in Europe, viii. 326 n. 3

——, slain, propitiated by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks, Koryaks, Finns, and Lapps, viii. 222 sqq.; by American Indians, viii. 224 sqq. See also Bear

Beast, the number of the, iv. 44

Beasts, sacred Egyptian, offerings to the, i. 29 sq.; sacred, held responsible for the course of nature in ancient Egypt, i. 354

Beathag, the lucky well of, i. 323

Beating as a mode of purification, ix. 262, x. 61, 64 sqq.

—— the air to drive away demons or ghosts, iii. 373, ix. 109, 111, 115, 122, 131, 152, 156, 234

—— boys with leg-bone of eagle-hawk, viii. 165 n. 2

—— cattle to make them fat or fruitful, iv. 236

—— effigy of ox with rods in China, viii. 11 sq.

—— floors or walls of houses to drive away ghosts, iii. 168, 170

—— frogs as a rain-charm, i. 292

—— girls at puberty, x. 61, 66 sq.

—— human scapegoats, ix. 196, 252, 255, 256 sq., 272 sq.

—— a man clad in a cow’s hide on last day of year, viii. 322 sqq.

—— a man’s garments instead of the man, i. 206 sq.

—— people for good luck, vii. 309; as a mode of conveying good qualities, ix. 262 sqq.; with skins of sacrificial victims, ix. 265; with green boughs, ix. 270 sqq.; to stimulate the reproductive powers, ix. 272

—— persons, animals, or things to deliver them from demons and ghosts, ix. 259 sqq.

Beating with rods in rain-making, i. 257 sq.

—— the sea with rods as a rain-charm, i. 301

Beauce, the great mondard in, viii. 6; festival of torches in, x. 113; story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Beauce and Perche, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; conflagrations supposed to be extinguished by priests in, i. 231 n. 3; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67; fever transferred to an aspen in, ix. 57; cure for toothache in, ix. 62; Midsummer fires in, x. 188

Beaufort, F., on perpetual flame in Lycia, v. 222 n.

Beauty and the Beast type of tale, iv. 125 sqq.

Beauvais, the Festival of Fools at, ix. 335 sq.

Beaver asked to give a new tooth, i. 180; the Great, prayers offered by beaver-hunters to, viii. 240

—— clan of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273

Beavers, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 238 sqq.; their blood not allowed to fall on ground, viii. 240

Bechuana charms, i. 150 sq.

—— king, cure of, ix. 31 sq.

Bechuanas, the, of South Africa, their homoeopathic charms made from animals, i. 150 sq.; their sacrifice for rain, i. 291; their ceremony to cause the sun to shine, i. 313; the hack-thorn sacred among the, ii. 48 sq.; their purification after a journey, iii. 112, 285; their purification of manslayers, iii. 172 sq., 174; will not tell their stories before sunset, iii. 384; think it unlucky to speak of the lion by his proper name, iii. 400; their fear of meteors, iv. 61; their ritual at founding a new town, vi. 249; their sacrifice of a blind bull on various occasions, vi. 249, 250 sq.; human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 240; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316; of the Crocodile clan, their fear of meeting or seeing a crocodile, viii. 28; their ceremonies before eating the new fruits, viii. 69 sq.; the Baperis, a tribe of, viii. 164; their custom of mutilating an ox after a battle, viii. 271; their belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile, xi. 210 sq.

Bed of absent hunter or warrior not to be used, i. 123, 127, 128, 129; feet of, smeared with mud, iii. 14; prohibitionto sleep in a, iii. 194. See also Beds

Bed-clothes, contagious magic of bodily impressions on, i. 213

Bedding at home not to be raised in the absence of hunters, i. 121

Bede, on the succession of Pictish kings, ii. 286; on the Feast of All Saints, vi. 83

Bedouins of East Africa attack whirlwinds, i. 331; regard an acacia-tree as sacred, ii. 42; fire-drill of the ancient, ii. 209; annual festival of the Sinaitic, iv. 97

Bedriacum, the battle of, iv. 140, ix. 416

Beds of absent hunters, children not to play on, i. 123

Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, xi. 101. See also Bees

Beech, M. W. H., on serpent-worship among the Suk, v. 85

Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, x. 249

—— -tree in sacred grove of Diana, i. 40; burnt in Lenten bonfire, x. 115 sq.

—— -woods of Denmark, ii. 351

Beeches of Latium, ii. 188; struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298 sq.; free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Beef and milk not to be eaten at the same meal, iii. 292

Beena marriage, ii. 271; in Ceylon, vi. 215

Beer, continence observed at brewing, iii. 200; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2 n. 1; drunk out of dead king’s skull as means of inspiration, viii. 150

Bees on image of Artemis at Ephesus, i. 37; the King Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 sq.; the sting of, a popular cure for rheumatism, iii. 106 n. 2; transmigration of quiet people into, viii. 308; thought to be killed by menstruous women, x. 96; ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, x. 142

Beetle, in magic, i. 152; external soul in a, xi. 138, 140

Beetles, superstitious precautions against, viii. 279, 280

Befana at Rome and elsewhere, ix. 167

Begbie, General, v. 62 n.

Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, xi. 248

Beggar, name given to last sheaf, vii. 231 sq.

—— -man, the binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 231

Behanzin, king of Dahomey, represented with the head and body of a fish, iv. 85

Behar district of India, virtue ascribed to abuse in, i. 279; rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 305; “wives of the snake” in, ii. 149; custom of swinging in, iv. 279; bullocks let loose on eleventh day of mourning in, ix. 37 n. 4; the fire-walk in, xi. 5

Beheading the King, a Whitsuntide pageant in Bohemia, iv. 209 sq.

—— Whitsuntide mummers, pretence of, iv. 206 sqq.

Beifuss, German name for mugwort, xi. 60 n. 6

Bekes, in Hungary, mode of fertilizing women in, ix. 264

Beku, dwarf tribe of West Africa, their magical ointment for acquiring the power of the dead, viii. 163 sq.

Bel or Marduk, a Babylonian deity, v. 71; his human wife, ii. 129 sq.; identified with Zeus, ix. 389; created the world by cleaving the monster Tiamat in two, ix. 410; the fires of, x. 147, 157, 158 sq.

Belep, the, of New Caledonia, their charm to disable an enemy, i. 150

Beleth, John, his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum quoted, x. 161 n. 2

Belethus, J., on “Easter Smacks,” ix. 270 n.

Belfast, the last sheaf called Granny near, vii. 136

Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, x. 256

Belgian cure for fever, ix. 56 n. 1

Belgium, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; cut hair burnt in, iii. 283; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to meteors in, iv. 67; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70; fox’s tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329; Lenten fires in, x. 107 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 194 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 249; bathing on Midsummer Day in, xi. 30; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53; mugwort gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve in, xi. 59 sq.; vervain gathered on St. John’s Day in, xi. 62; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63; the witches’ Sabbath in, xi. 73

Bell-ringing as a charm to dispel evil influences, ii. 343 sq. See Bells

Bella Coola (Bilqula) Indians of British Columbia, their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34; their cannibal rites, vii. 20; their masked dances, ix. 376 n. 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46; custom of mourners among the, xi. 174

Bellerophon and Pegasus, v. 302 n. 4

Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, xi. 257 sqq.

Bellochroy, enchanter at, x. 290

Bellona and Mars, vi. 231

Bells, carried by leaf-clad mummers, ii. 83, 84 sq.; worn by father of twins, ii. 102; rung to drive away witches, ii. 127; hung on cattle on St. George’s Day, ii. 332; used in exorcism, iii. 102; rung to conjure spirits, iii. 120; worn as amulets, iii. 235; worn by mummers, vii. 26, 28, viii. 332, 333, ix. 242, 243, 244, 246 sqq., 250 sq.; attached to hobby-horse, viii. 337 sq.; on animal used as scapegoat, ix. 37; rung to expel demons, ix. 117, 118; rung as a protection against witches, ix. 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166; used in the expulsion of evils, ix. 196, 200; used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 204, 214, 246 sq., 251; worn by dancers, ix. 242, 243, 246 sqq., 250 sq.; used to exorcize storm fiend, ix. 246; rung to make grass and flax grow, ix. 247 sq.; golden, worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 280, 284; worn by priest in exorcism, x. 5; on priest’s legs, xi. 8

——, church, silenced in Holy Week, x. 123, 125 n. 1; rung on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47 sq.; rung to drive away witches, xi. 73

Beltana, in South Australia, first-born children destroyed among the tribes about, iv. 180

Beltane, the Celtic May Day, x. 146 sqq.; popularly derived from Baal, x. 149 n. 1, 150 n. 1; the need-fire at, x. 293; the Yellow Day of, x. 293; sheep passed through a hoop at, xi. 184

—— cakes, x. 148 sq., 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, x. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 53; a witching time, x. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, x. 148, xi. 25; kindled by the friction of oak-wood, x. 148, 155, xi. 91

—— fires in Scotland, x. 146 sqq.; in Wales, x. 155 sq.; in Ireland, x. 157 sq.; in Nottinghamshire, x. 157

—— and Hallowe’en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, xi. 40 sq.

Belty, the parish of, sacred trees in, ii. 44

Ben Cruachan on Loch Awe, vii. 142

Ben-hadad, king of Damascus, v. 15

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, x. 135

Benares, the clod festival at, i. 279; Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god at, i. 404; serpent in likeness of Brahman at, iv. 132

Bendall, Professor C., v. 229 n. 1

Beneficent powers of tree-spirits, ii. 45 sqq.

Benefit of clergy, v. 68

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 sq.

Benfey, Th., on Buddhist animism, ii. 13; on story of Pururavas and Urvasi, iv. 131

Bengal, rain-making in, i. 278, 283, 284 n.; the Maghs of, ii. 38; marriage ceremony at the digging of wells in, ii. 146; the Oraons of, ii. 148, viii. 117; mourners touch a coral ring in, iii. 315; Bengalee women, their euphemisms for snakes and thieves, iii. 402; kings of, their rule of succession, iv. 51; the Oraons and Mundas of, v. 46, 240, xi. 311; the Korwas of, vii. 123; the Hos of, viii. 117; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 68; stories of the external soul in, xi. 101 sq., 102

Bengkali, East Indian island, swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 277 sq.

Bengweolo, Lake, in Central Africa, state governed by a queen near, ii. 277

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215 sq.; their precaution at bathing on Midsummer Day, xi. 31

—— -Chougran tribe of North Africa, their rain-charm by means of a black cow, i. 290

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, x. 216

Benin, belief as to twins in, i. 265; rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86; ceremony at the reception of strangers in. iii. 108; kings of, not allowed to quit their palace, iii. 123; kings of, put their brothers to death, iii. 243; human victims crucified at, v. 294 n. 3; human sacrifices for the crops at, vii. 240; festival of the new yams at, viii. 63 sq.; time of the “grand devils” in, ix. 131 sq.

——, king of, worshipped as a god, i. 396, iii. 123; represented with panther’s whiskers, iv. 85 sq.; human sacrifices at the burial of a, iv. 139 sq.

Bennett, George, on the placenta in New Zealand, i. 182 sq.

Bennisch district of Silesia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 148

Benomotapa, king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264

Benson, E. F., on May Day custom in Cornwall, ii. 52

Bent, J. Theodore, discovers ruins of Olba, v. 151; identifies site of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168 n. 1; on passing sick children through a cleft oak, xi. 172

Bentley, Richard, as to the soul on the lips, iii. 33 n. 3

Benue River, tributary of the Niger, the Jukos of the, iv. 34, viii. 160; the Igbiras of the, viii. 115

Benvenuto Cellini, his alleged halo, ii. 197 n. 6

Benzoni, G., Italian historian, on Viracocchie, i. 57 n.

Bera Pennu, Earth Goddess of the Khonds, human sacrifices to, vii. 245

Berar, sacred groves in, ii. 41 sq.

Berawans of Sarawak, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74 sq.

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, xi. 138 n. 1

Berbers of North Africa, the Barley Bride among the, vii. 178 sq.; their Midsummer customs, x. 213 sqq., 219

Berecynthia, title of Cybele, v. 279 n. 4

Bérenger-Feraud, L. J. B., on the Festival of Fools, ix. 334 sq.

Berenice and Ptolemy, annual festival in their honour, vi. 35 n. 1

Bergell, in the Grisons, bells rung to make the grass grow at, ix. 247

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, x. 171

Bergkirchen, horse-races after harvest at, vii. 76

Bergslagshärad, in Sweden, the Yule Goat at, viii. 327

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 9, 70, iii. 96, 205, 206, 228, 328, 371, 399, viii. 150, 247

Berkhampstead, in Hertfordshire, ague transferred to oaks at, ix. 57 sq.

Berkshire, May garlands in, ii. 60

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Berlin, fox’s teeth as an amulet in, i. 180; treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; curses for good luck in, i. 281; insignia of royal family of Hawaii at, i. 388 n. 3; the Ethnological Museum at, i. 388 n. 3, ix. 70 n. 1; the divining-rod at, xi. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172; the Yule log in the canton of, x. 249; witches put to death in the canton of, xi. 42 n. 2

Bernara, the harvest Cailleach in, vii. 166

Berneck, in Upper Franken, custom at threshing at, vii. 148

Bernera, on the west of Lewis, customs as to the last corn cut in, vii. 140 sq.

Bernkastel, on the Moselle, the harvest Goat at, vii. 285

Berosus, Babylonian historian, on the festival of the Sacaea, iv. 113 sq., vii. 258 sq., ix. 355, 358, 359

Berries, the first of the season, ceremonies before eating, viii. 80 sqq.

Berry, province of France, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 241 sq.; the calf at harvest in, vii. 292; “seeing the Horse” at harvest in, vii. 294; Lenten fire custom in, x. 115; Midsummer fires in, x. 189; the Yule log in, x. 251 sq.; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

Bertat, a people on the Blue Nile, their orgiastic annual festivals, iv. 16 n. 2

Berwickshire, kirn-dollies of last corn at harvest in, vii. 153 sq.

Bes, grotesque Egyptian god, ii. 133, v. 118 n. 1

Besbau, near Luckau, races after harvest at, vii. 76

Besisis of the Malay Peninsula, their dread of noon, iii. 87; their carnival at rice-harvest, ix. 226 n. 1

Besoms placed crosswise at doors of cattle-stalls as a protection against witches, ii. 127

——, burning, hurled against witches, ix. 162; flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340; used to drive away witches, xi. 74

Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 329, 331

Bethlehem, worship of Adonis at, v. 257 sqq.; fertility of the neighbourhood of, v. 257 n. 3; the Star of, v. 259, ix. 330; new Easter fire carried to, x. 130 n.

Betimor, woman turned into crocodile, viii. 212

Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, attribute divine powers to their chiefs, i. 397; lickers of blood and eaters of nail-parings among the, iii. 246; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 83; offer the first-fruits of all crops to their king, viii. 116; their belief in the transmigration of souls, viii. 289 sq.

“Between the two Beltane fires,” x. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, x. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., on the Arab fire-drill, ii. 210 n.; on magical knots, iii. 302 n. 4; on the change of m to v in Semitic, ix. 367 n. 2; on a passage of Tabari, xi. 83 n. 1

Beveridge, P., on the suppression of the names of the dead among the aborigines of New South Wales, iii. 363 sq.

Beverley, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, xi. 266 sq.

Bewitched animals burnt alive, x. 300 sqq.; buried alive, x. 324 sqq.

—— cow, mugwort applied to, xi. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 322

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bghais, a Karen tribe of Burma, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 60 sq.

Bhâdon, Indian month, i. 279, v. 243

Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217 sq.

Bhagavati, goddess, her shrine at Cranganore, i. 280

Bhairava, Hindoo goddess, image of, i. 65; temple of, iv. 219

Bharbhunjas of the Central Provinces, India, marriage custom of the, vi. 262

Bharias of the Central Provinces, India, exchange of costume between men and women at marriage among the, vi. 260 sq.

Bhars of India, their use of a scapegoat in time of cholera, ix. 190

Bhils, the, of Central India, worship of the peacock among, viii. 29; their torture of witches, xi. 159

Bhímsen or Bhím Deo, an Indian deity, viii. 118

Bhootan, the Dhurma Rajah in, i. 410; heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12; offerings at cairns in, ix. 26

Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, ix. 209

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur will not speak of monkeys or bears by their proper names in the morning, iii. 403; their dread of menstrual pollution, x. 84

Bhuiyas, the, of North-Eastern India, ceremony at the installation of a rajah among the, iv. 56; fire-walk among the, xi. 5 sq.

Bhujariya, festival in the Central Provinces of India, v. 242

Bhumiya, Himalayan deity, viii. 117, 118 n.

Bhut, demon, xi. 312

Bhutan, demons diverted into images of animals in, viii. 103

Biajas of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils in a little ship, ix. 200

Biak, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 104

Bibili, island off New Guinea, the natives reputed to make wind, i. 322

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, xi. 147 sq., 220

Biddulph, J., on custom at wheat-sowing in Gilgit, ii. 50 sq.

Biennial cycle, vii. 87

—— festivals, vii. 14, 86

Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at ix. 165

Bikol, in Luzon, demon exorcized by beating in, ix. 260

Bilaspur or Bilaspore, twirling spindles forbidden in, while men are in council, i. 114; way of stopping rain in, i. 253 sq.; iron as an amulet in, iii. 234 sq.; women’s hair unknotted at childbirth in, iii. 298; temporary rajah in, iv. 154; infant burial in, v. 94 sq.; annual festival of the dead in, vi. 60; new-born children placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 6 sq.; cairns to which passers-by add stones in, ix. 27 n. 4; the Rajah of, food eaten out of his dead hand by a Brahman, ix. 44 sq.

Bilda, in Algeria, nails knocked into olive-tree as a cure at, ix. 60

Bilqula. See Bella Coola

Bima, in Celebes, sacred horse at, i. 364

——, a district of Sambawa, human foundation-sacrifices in, iii. 90 sq.

Bin-Thuan, the Chams of, ii. 28, viii. 56

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, burial customs of the, i. 102 sq.; cannibalism among the, i. 106 sq.; their rites of initiation, xi. 234 sq.; initiation of medicine-man in the, xi. 239

Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, vii. 150, 253; tied up in straw or corn-stalks, vii. 220, 221; called the Beggar-man, vii. 231; called the Wolf, vii. 273 sq.; called Goat, vii. 283

Binders of corn, contests between, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 sq., 220, 221, 222, 253

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

Bingfield, the Borewell near, ii. 161

Binsenschneider, vii. 230 n. 5

Binuas of the Malay Peninsula use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405

Bion, the atheist, his attempts to avert death, ii. 191

Bion, Greek poet, on the scarlet anemone, v. 226 n. 1

Bir, a tribal hero of the Bhuiyas, xi. 6

Birbhum district of Bengal, rain-making in the, i. 278

Birch, a protection against witches, ii. 54; crowns of, ii. 64; leaves of, girl clad in, ii. 80; used to kindle need-fire, x. 291

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, x. 177, 196; a protection against witchcraft, xi. 185

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, ix. 162; used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270

—— -tree dressed in woman’s clothes, ii. 64, 141

—— -trees used to keep off witches, ii. 54, 55, xi. 20 n.; gout transferred to, ix. 56 sq.; set up at Midsummer, x. 177; mistletoe on, xi. 315

—— -wreath at Whitsuntide, girls kiss each other through a, ii. 93

Bird, Miss I. L., on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 184 n. 1

Bird, soul conceived as a, iii. 33 sqq., vii. 181, 182 n. 1; soul of a tree in a, vi. 111 n. 1; corn-spirit as a, vii. 295 sq.; disease transferred to, xi. 187; brings first fire to earth, xi. 295

—— called “the soul of Osiris,” vi. 110

—— -chief of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383, 384

—— -lime made from mistletoe, xi. 317

—— of prey, inoculation with a, viii. 162

——, soul of the rice as a, vii. 182 n. 1

—— -wife, Dyak story of the, iv. 127 sq.; Indian story of, iv. 131

Birds, ghosts of slain as, iii. 177 sq.; cause headache through clipped hair, iii. 270 sq., 282; absent warriors called, iii. 330; burnt in honour of Artemis, v. 126 n. 2; ancestral spirits in, viii. 123; tongues of, eaten, viii. 147; souls of dead in, viii. 296; as scapegoats, ix. 35 sq., 51 sq.; external souls in, xi. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150; carry seed of mistletoe, xi. 316

——, language of, learned by means of serpents, i. 158; known to Indian king, iv. 123; learned by eating serpent’s flesh, viii. 146; learned by tasting dragon’s blood, viii. 146

——, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, vii. 204 sq.

—— of omen, stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 sq.

——, white, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Birk, in Transylvania, the harvest Hare at, vii. 280

Birks, Rev. E. B., on harvest custom at Orwell, v. 237 n. 4

Birseck, Lenten fires at, x. 119

Birth of children, magical images to ensure the, i. 70 sqq.; pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 sq., at return of supposed dead man, i. 75, at circumcision, i. 75 sq.; a man’s fortune determined by the day or hour of his, i. 173; from the fire, ii. 195 sqq.; new fire kindled by friction of wood after a, ii. 239; from a golden image, iii. 113; of child on harvest-field, vii. 150 sq., 209. See also Births and Miscarriage

Birth, new i. 74 sqq.; of Brahman sacrificer, simulation of, i. 380 sq.; through blood in rites of Attis, v. 274 sq.; of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 sq.; of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

——, premature, iii. 213. See Miscarriage

Birth-names of Central American Indians, xi. 214 n. 1

—— -trees in Africa, xi. 160 sqq.; in Europe, xi. 165

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105; celebration in China, i. 169

—— of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 sqq., x. 246

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Births, premature, how treated by the Akikuyu, iii. 286, 286 n. 6

Bisa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, iv. 193

—— woman, her mode of sowing bananas, vii. 115

Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, sanctuary of Dionysus among the, vii. 5

Bisection of the year, Celtic, x. 223

Bishnois of the Punjaub, infant burial among the, v. 94

Bishop, Mrs., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 n. 5; on the belief in demons in Corea, ix. 99 sq.

Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 336 sqq.

—— of Fools, ix. 312

—— of Innocents, ix. 333

Bismarck Archipelago, iv. 61; magical powers ascribed to chiefs in the, i. 340; magic practised on refuse of food in the, iii. 128 sq.; reluctance to mention personal names in the, iii. 329; the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, ix. 83

Bisons, the resurrection of, viii. 256

Bissagos Islands, natives of, their sacrifices to sacred trees, ii. 16

—— Archipelago, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Bistritz district of Transylvania, belief as to quail in last corn in the, vii. 295

Bitch, the last sheaf called the, vii. 272

Bites of ants used as purificatory ceremony, iii. 105. See Ants

Bithynia, Arrian of, ii. 126; mournful song of reapers in, vii. 216

—— and Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, ix. 420 sq.

Bithynians invoke Attis, v. 282

Biting bark of tree as mode of transferring a malady, ix. 54, 55

—— a sword as a charm, i. 160

Biyârs, the, of North-Western India, their ceremony of “burning the old year,” ix. 230 n. 7

Bizya (modern Viza), capital of old Thracian kings, vii. 26, 30

Black, Dr. J. Sutherland, on the burning of Winter at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.

Black animals in rain-charms, i. 250, 290 sqq., ii. 367; as scapegoats, ix. 190, 192, 193

—— bull sacrificed to the dead, iv. 95

—— cats, witches turn into, ii. 334

—— colour in magic, i. 83; in rain-making ceremonies, i. 269 sq., iii. 154

—— Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, xi. 129 sq.

—— Demeter, vii. 263

—— drink, an emetic, viii. 76

—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, x. 168

—— goat-skin, in relation to Dionysus, vii. 17

—— god and white god among the Slavs, ix. 92

—— hair, homoeopathic charm to restore, i. 154

—— Isle, Ross-shire, x. 301

—— Mountains, in France, ix. 166; story of sleeping witch in the, iii. 42

—— ox in magic, iii. 154; bath of blood of, iv. 201

—— poplars, mistletoe on, xi. 316, 318 n. 6

—— ram sacrificed to Pelops, ii. 300, iv. 92, 104; in magic, iii. 154

—— -snake clan of the Warramunga, v. 100

—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, x. 325

—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, xi. 74

—— victims in rain-making, iii. 154; sacrificed to the dead, iv. 92, 95

—— and white in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220, 253, 257, 272

Blackened faces, vii. 287, 291, 299, viii. 321, 332, ix. 247, 314, 330; of actors, vii. 27

Blackening faces of warriors, iii. 163; of manslayers, iii. 169, 178, 181, 186 n. 1; of girls at puberty, x. 41, 60

Blackfoot Indians, taboos observed by eagle-trappers among the, i. 116; taboos observed by the wives and children of eagle-hunters among the, i. 119; their use of skulls as charms, i. 149 sq.; their way of bringing on a storm of rain, i. 288; their marriage of the Sun and Moon, ii. 146 sq.; taboos observed by man who kept the sacred pipe among the, iii. 159 n.; unwilling to speak their names, iii. 326; their worship of the Pleiades, vii. 311; their propitiation of the eagles which they have killed, viii. 236

Bladders, annual festival of, among the Esquimaux, iii. 206 sq., 228; of sea-beasts returned by the Esquimaux to the sea, viii. 247 sqq.

Bland, J. O. P., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 274 sq.

Blankenfelde, in district of Potsdam, the Old Man at harvest at, vii. 221

Blankenheim in the Eifel, the King of the Bean at, ix. 313

Blay, men’s clubhouse in the Pelew Islands, vi. 265

Bleeding trees, ii. 18, 20, 33

Blekinge, Swedish province, the Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92, v. 251

Blemishes, bodily, a ground for putting kings to death, iv. 36 sqq.; physical, transferred to witches, x. 160 n. 1

“Blessers” or sacred kings, iii. 125 n.

Blessing of maize, game, and fish by medicine-men among the Bororos, viii. 71 sq.

Blighting effect of illicit love on the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 sqq.

Blind bull sacrificed at the foundation of a town, vi. 249; sacrificed before an army going to war, vi. 250

—— cat in homoeopathic magic, i. 153

—— Tree, the, i. 147

Blindfolded reapers, vii. 144, 153 sq.

Blindness, charm to cause, i. 147

—— of Hother, x. 279 n. 4

Block, the Yule, x. 247

Blocksberg, dance of the witches on the, ix. 163 n. 1; the resort of witches, x. 171; the Mount of the Witches, xi. 74

Blood shed at circumcision and subincision, uses of, i. 92, 94 sq.; drawn from virgin bride, i. 94; the flow of, arrested by blood-stones, i. 165; sympathetic connexion between wounded person and his shed blood, i. 205; of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in making a treaty, i. 211; used to imitate rain, i. 256, 257 sq.; smeared on regalia, i. 363; smeared on king’s throne, i. 365; of sacrificial victim, inspiration by sucking the, i. 381 sq.; offered to trees, ii. 13, 16, 19, 34, 44, 47, 367; smeared on wood-work of house to appease the tree-spirits, ii. 39; smeared on house as an expiatory rite, ii. 109 n. 1; of incestuous persons, blighting effects attributed to the, ii. 110 sq.; smeared on new fire-boards, ii. 225; smeared on sacred trees, ii. 367; put on doorposts, iii. 15; smeared on person as a purification, iii. 104, 115, 219; of slain, supposed effect of it on the slayer, iii. 169; drawn from bodies of manslayers, iii. 176, 180; tabooed, iii. 239 sqq.; not eaten, iii. 240 sq.; soul in the, iii. 240, 241, 247, 250; of game poured out, iii. 241; spilt on ground, covered up, iii. 241, 245, 246; unwillingness to shed, iii. 243, 246 sq.; received on bodies of kinsfolk, iii. 244 sq.; drops of, effaced, iii. 245 sq.; horror of, iii. 245; spilt, used by magicians for evil purposes, iii. 246; of chief sacred, iii. 248; of women, dread of, iii. 250 sq.; fetish priests allowed to drink fresh blood, iii. 291; of sacrifice splashed on door-posts, house-posts, etc., iv. 97, 175, 176 n. 1; remission of sins through the shedding of, v. 299; used in expiation for homicide, v. 299 n. 2; not to be shed in certain sacrifices, vi. 222 n. 2; of sacrificial horse, use made of, viii. 42; drawn from men as a religious rite, viii. 75, 91 sq.; of men drunk to acquire their qualities, viii. 148, 150, 151, 152; as a means of communion with a deity, viii. 316; fatigue let out with, ix. 12; of children used to knead a paste, ix. 129; drawn from ears as penance, ix. 292; girls at puberty forbidden to see, x. 46; drawn from women who do not menstruate, x. 81

Blood, bath of ox, iv. 35, 201; bath of bull’s, in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sqq.

—— of bear drunk, viii. 146

—— of beavers not allowed to fall on ground, viii. 240 n. 2

—— of childbirth, supposed dangerous infection of, iii. 152 sqq.; received on heads of friends or slaves, iii. 245

——, the Day of, in the festival of Attis, v. 268, 285

—— of dragon imparts knowledge of language of birds, viii. 146

——, human, strengthening and fertilizing virtue attributed to, i. 85 sqq., 90 sqq., 105; offered at grave, i. 90 sq., 101; given to sick people, i. 91; used to knit men together, i. 92; used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 256, 257 sq., xi. 232 sq.; offered to the dead, iv. 92 sq., 104; libations of, poured on grave of Pelops, iv. 92; mixed with maize and eaten as a blessed food, viii. 91 sq.

—— of human victims in rain-making ceremonies, iv. 20; smeared on faces of idols, iv. 185; sprinkled on seed, vii. 239, 251; scattered on field, vii. 244, 251

Blood of lamb sprinkled on people, viii. 315

——, menstruous, dread of, x. 76; disastrous effect of seeing, x. 77; deemed fatal to cattle, x. 80; miraculous virtue attributed to, x. 82 sq.; medicinal application of, x. 98 n. 1

—— of pigs in purificatory rites, ii. 107, 108, 109, v. 299 n. 2, ix. 262

——, royal, reluctance to spill, ii. 228; not to be shed on the ground, iii. 241 sqq.

—— of St. John found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer, xi. 56, 57

—— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, x. 82

—— of slain men tasted by their slayers, viii. 154 sqq.

Blood-brotherhood formed by woodman with the tree which he fells, ii. 19 sq.; between men and animals among the Fans, xi. 201, 226 n. 1; between men and animals among the Indians of Honduras, xi. 214, 226 n. 1

—— -covenant, iii. 130, viii. 154 sqq.; by mixture of blood between husband and wife, viii. 69. See also Blood-brotherhood

—— -lickers among the Betsileo, iii. 246

—— -stones thought to arrest the flow of blood, i. 81, 165

Bloodless altars, ix. 307

Bloomfield, Professor Maurice, on the magical nature of Vedic ritual, i. 229

—— River, Queensland, magical effigies on the, i. 62; namesakes of the dead change their names on the, iii. 355 sq.

Blowing on a fire, forbidden to sacred chiefs, iii. 136, 256; upon knots, as a charm, iii. 302, 304

—— of trumpets in the festival of Attis, v. 268

Blows to drive away ghosts, ix. 260 sqq.

Blue Spring, the, at Syracuse, v. 213 n. 1

Bluk, the bull-frog, i. 292

Blu-u Kayans of Borneo, iii. 104; expiation for unchastity among the, ii. 109 sq.

Blydeuitzigt, in Cape Colony, ix. 16

Boa-constrictor, purification of man who has killed a, iii. 221 sq.; need of appeasing the soul of a, viii. 296

Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, iv. 84, xi. 212 n.; souls of dead in, viii. 289 sq.

Boanerges, “sons of thunder,” i. 266 n. 1

Boar, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; grunting like a wild, a charm against sore feet, ii. 22 sq.; and Adonis, v. 11, viii. 22 sq.; Attis killed by a, v. 264; corn-spirit as, vii. 298 sqq.; the Yule, vii. 300 sqq., 302 sq. See also Boars

Boar’s fat poured on novices at initiation in the Andaman Islands, viii. 164

—— head mask worn by actor at a sowing festival, vii. 95 sq.

—— skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, x. 4

Boars, evil spirits transferred to, ix. 31; familiar spirits of wizards in, xi. 196 sq.; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 203, 205; external human souls in, xi. 207

——, wild, hunted in Italy, i. 6; in ancient Greece, i. 6 n. 6; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 411, 415; annually sacrificed in Cyprus, viii. 23 n. 3; their ravages in the corn, viii. 31 sqq.; eaten to make eater brave, viii. 140. See also Swine

Boas, Dr. Franz, on the taboos observed by Esqimaux hunters, iii. 210 sqq.; on the confession of sins, iii. 214; on the masked dances of the Indians of North-Western America, ix. 375 sq.; on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, x. 53; on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, xi. 174; on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, xi. 270 sq.; on the relation between clans and secret societies, xi. 273 n. 1

Boba or Baba, “the Old Woman,” name given to the last sheaf, vii. 144 sq., 223

Bocage of Normandy, rule as to the clipping of wool in the, vi. 134 n. 3; “catching the quail,” at harvest in the, vii. 295; games of ball in the, ix. 183 sq.; Eve of Twelfth Night in the, ix. 316 sq.; weather of the twelve months predicted from the Twelve Days in the, ix. 323; Midsummer fires in the, x. 185; the Yule log in the, x. 252; torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, x. 266

Bock, C., on birth-ceremonies in Laos, vii. 8; on the fear of demons in Laos, ix. 97

Bodia or Bodio, a West African pontiff responsible for the fertility of the earth, i. 353; taboos observed by him, iii. 14 sq., 23

Bodies, souls transferred to other, iii. 49

—— of the dead, magical uses made of the, vi. 100 sqq.; guarded against mutilation, vi. 103; thought to be endowed with magical powers, vi. 103, 104 sq.

Bodmin, in Cornwall, Lord of Misrule at, ii. 319 n. 1

Bodos, the, of Assam, mourners shaved among the, iii. 285

Bodroum in Cilicia, ruins of, v. 167

Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, xi. 107; in a German story, xi. 116 sq.; in a Breton story, xi. 132 sq.; in a Basque story, xi. 139

Boedromion, an Attic month, vii. 52, 77, viii. 6 n.

Boemus, Joannes, on the “carrying out of Death,” iv. 234; on the King of the Bean, ix. 315 n.

Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, xi. 77 n. 1

—— sacrifice to Hercules, viii. 95 n. 2

Bogadjim, in German New Guinea, belief in wind-making at, i. 322; charm to attract fish at, viii. 251

Boghaz-Keui, Hittite capital, excavations of H. Winckler at, v. 125 n.; situation and remains of, v. 128 sqq.; the gods of, v. 128 sqq.; rock-hewn sculptures at, v. 129 sqq.

Bogle, George, envoy to Tibet, his account of a Tibetan New Year ceremony, ix. 203

Bogomiles, a Russian sect, worship each other as embodiments of Christ, i. 407 sq.

Bogos of East Africa allow no fire in a house after a death, ii. 267 n. 4; women of the, will not mention their husbands’ names, iii. 337

Bogota, capital of the Chibchas, i. 416; rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, x. 19

Bohemia, customs as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 180; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 sq.; Midsummer-tree burned in, ii. 66; throwing Death into the water on the fourth Sunday in Lent in, ii. 73 sq.; Whitsuntide King in, ii. 85; girl called Queen on fourth Sunday in Lent in, ii. 87; the soul as a white bird in, iii. 34; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; “burying the Carnival” in, iv. 209; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 209 sqq.; “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237 sq.; bringing in Summer in, iv. 246; May-pole or Midsummer-tree in, v. 250; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72 sq.; harvest customs in, vii. 138, 145, 149, 150, 225 sq., 232, 286, 289; fox’s tongue as amulet in, viii. 270; snake’s tongue cut on St. George’s Eve confers eloquence in, viii. 270; custom as to mice in, viii. 279, 283; the Shrovetide or carnival Bear in, viii. 325 sq.; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 161; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268, 269; the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, ix. 330 sq.; the Festival of Fools in, ix. 336 n. 1; water and fire consecrated at Easter in, x. 123 sq.; bonfires on May Day in, x. 159; Midsummer fires in, x. 173 sqq.; need-fire in, x. 278 sq.; charm to make corn grow high in, x. 340; offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 28; simples gathered on St. John’s Night in, xi. 49; divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 52 sq.; mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59; elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 64; wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, xi. 64; magic bloom of fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 66; “thunder besoms” in, xi. 85; fern-seed on St. John’s Day in, xi. 287, 288

Bohemia, the Germans of Western, their phrase for man who cuts last corn, vii. 138; their custom at Christmas, ix. 270; Twelfth Day among, ix. 331

Bohemian belief that serpents get their poison annually on St. George’s Day, ii. 344 n. 4; cures for fever, ix. 49, 51, 55 sq., 58, 59, 63; remedy for jaundice, ix. 52

—— charm to make fruit-trees bear, i. 141

—— custom of “Shooting the Witches” on St. Sylvester’s Day, ix. 164

—— love-charms on St. George’s Day, ii. 345 sq.

—— poachers, their use of vervain, xi. 62; their use of seeds of fir-cones, xi. 64

—— story of the external soul, xi. 110

—— superstition as to understanding the language of animals, viii. 146

Bohemians, their precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night, ii. 55

Bohlingen, in Baden, the last sheaf called the Oats-stallion at, vii. 292; the last sheaf called the Rye-sow or the Wheat-sow at, vii. 298

Böhmerwald Mountains, the Oats-goat at harvest in the, vii. 284; annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night in the, ix. 159 sq.

Bohus, Midsummer fires in, x. 172

Bohuslän, in Sweden, prehistoric rock-carving at, vii. 129 n. 1

Boidès, torches or bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Boiled flesh tabooed to manslayers, iii. 185

—— meat offered to the Seasons, i. 310

Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, x. 321 sq., 323

—— a thief’s name, iii. 331

Boiling milk, omens drawn from, xi. 8

—— resin, ordeal of, x. 311

Boils caused by magical stones, i. 147; thought to be caused by eating or touching a totemic animal, viii. 25, 29; crawling under a bramble as a cure for, xi. 180

Bolang Mongondo, a district of Celebes, recall of lost soul in, iii. 53 sq.; disposal of child’s first hair, iii. 279; names of relations tabooed in, iii. 341; rajahs of, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 376; custom as to eating the new rice in, viii. 54; belief in demons in, ix. 85 sq.; riddles only asked when there is a corpse in the village in, ix. 121 n. 3

Bolbe in Macedonia, lake of, ix. 142 n. 1

Bolivia, the Moxos Indians of, i. 123; Aymara Indians of, i. 292, iii. 97, ix. 193; the Chiriguanos Indians of, vi. 143 n. 4, 145, viii. 140, 286, ix. 26, 193, x. 56; Tarija in, vii. 173 n.; the Guarayos of, viii. 157; the Pechuyos of, viii. 157; the Retoroños of, viii. 157; the Yuracares Indians of, viii. 235 sq., 257, x. 57 sq.; heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; Indians of, their offerings at cairns, ix. 26 sq.; fires on St. John’s Eve in, x. 213; La Paz in, xi. 50

Boloki, or Bangala, of the Upper Congo, their ceremonies at the new moon, vi. 143; attempt to deceive spirit of disease, vi. 262; their fear of demons, ix. 76 sq.; birth-plants among the, xi. 161 sq.; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Bombay, belief as to absence of sleeper’s soul in, iii. 41; the Suni Mohammedans of, their customs as to mirrors, iii. 95; burial custom in, viii. 100

Bomma, King of the Rain at, ii. 2

Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, xi. 263 sq.

Bonds, no man in bonds allowed in house of Flamen Dialis, iii. 14

Bone used to point with in sorcery, x. 14; of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink out of, x. 45, 48, 49, 50, 73 n. 3, 90, 92; incident of, in folk-tales, x. 73 n. 3

—— of old animals eaten to make the eater old, viii. 143

Bones, departing souls bottled up in hollow, iii. 31; burnt in the Easter bonfires, x. 142; burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 203

—— of animals not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 225, 238 sqq., 243, 259; preserved in order that the animals may come to life again, viii. 256 sqq.; burned or thrown into water, viii. 257; not to be broken, viii. 258 sq.; that have been eaten as a sacrament treated with ceremonious respect, viii. 313

Bones of the dead, in magic, i. 148, 150; of dead shamans placed in trees, ii. 32; their treatment after the decay of the flesh, iii. 372 n. 5; disinterred and scraped, iii. 373 n., iv. 96; used in rain-making ceremonies, v. 22; of dead kings carried off or destroyed by enemies, vi. 103 sq.; cakes baked in the shape of, and eaten as the bones of a god, viii. 87 sqq.; virtues acquired by contact with the, viii. 153 sq.; preserved to facilitate resurrection, viii. 259; of dead enemies destroyed to prevent their resurrection, viii. 260; of dead husbands carried by their widows, x. 91 n. 4

—— of deer not given to the dogs, viii. 241, 242, 243

—— of fish not burned, viii. 250, 251; thrown into the sea or a river, viii. 250, 254; not to be broken, viii. 255

——, fossil, source of myths about giants, v. 157 sq.

——, human, buried as rain-charm, i. 287; burned as a charm against sorcery, ii. 330; of bodies which have been eaten, special treatment of, iii. 189 sq.

——, marrow, not to be broken in a hut, i. 115 sq.

—— of sacrificial victim not broken, iv. 20

—— of salmon not to touch the ground, viii. 254

—— and skulls of enemies not destroyed, viii. 260

—— of white whale kept from dogs, iii. 206

Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, x. 203

Bonfires on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day) in Esthonia, iv. 280; leaping over, iv. 262, ix. 159; on St. John’s Eve, dances round, v. 245; on Walpurgis Night to keep off witches, ix. 163; on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 sqq.; supposed to protect against conflagrations, x. 107, 108; lit by the persons last married, x. 107, 109; a protection against witchcraft, x. 108, 109, 154; a protection against sickness, x. 108, 109; a protection against sorcery, x. 156; quickening and fertilizing influence of, x. 336 sqq.; omens of marriage drawn from, x. 338 sq.; protect fields against hail, x. 344; protect houses against lightning and conflagration, x. 344; at festivals in India, xi. 1 sqq. See also Fires

Bonfires, Midsummer, ii. 65; intended to drive away dragons, x. 161; protect cattle against witchcraft, x. 188; thought to ensure good crops, x. 188, 336

Bongo, the, of the Upper Nile, magical powers of chiefs among, i. 347

Boni, Commendatore G., on the Vestal fire, ii. 186 n. 1

Boni, in Celebes, etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 40

Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, x. 270

Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, xi. 126

Bonnets, special, worn by women at menstruation, iii. 146

Bonny River, human sacrifices at mouth of the, ii. 157 sq.

Bontoc, in Luzon, sacred trees of the natives of, ii. 30; human sacrifices at planting and reaping rice in, vii. 240

Booandik tribe of South Australia, their fear of women’s blood, iii. 251; special form of speech used between relations by marriage in the, iii. 346 sq.

Boobies, the aborigines of Fernando Po, their sacred king, iii. 8 sq.

Booginese. See Buginese

Book of Acaill, ancient Irish work, iv. 39

—— of the Dead, the ancient Egyptian, vi. 13, vii. 215, ix. 103

—— of Rewards and Penalties, Chinese work, i. 61

—— of Rights, ancient Irish work, iii. 12 n. 2

Booth of Orestes, i. 26

Bor, the ancient Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 n. 1

Bor tribe of Dinka, their rain-maker, iv. 32

Borâna Gallas, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1

Borans, their custom of sacrificing their children to a sky-spirit, iv. 181

Bordeaux, May-poles at, ii. 69; magical use of knotted cords at, iii. 299; “killing the Bull” at threshing near, vii. 291

Bordes, torches carried on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Borewell, the, in Northumberland, resorted to by barren women, ii. 161

Borlase, William, on the Cornish custom of the Maypole, ii. 67; on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, x. 199

Bormus, mournful song of Mariandynian reapers, vii. 216, 264; compared to Lityerses, vii. 257

Born again, pretence of being, i. 74 sqq., iii. 113. See also Birth, new

—— “of an oak or a rock,” i. 100 n. 1

—— thrice, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Borneo, use of magical images in, i. 59 sq.; the Dyaks of, i. 73, iii. 52, ix. 14, 383, x. 5, xi. 222; rules observed by camphor hunters in, i. 115; telepathy in war in, i. 127; the Mahakam Dyaks of, i. 159; treatment of the afterbirth and navel-string in, i. 194; gongs beaten in storms in, i. 328; beliefs as to the blighting effect of sexual crime in, ii. 108 sqq.; the Kenyahs of, ii. 385, iii. 110, 415; hooks to catch souls in, iii. 30; rice used to prevent the soul, conceived as a bird, from wandering, in, iii. 35; recall of lost souls in, iii. 55 sq.; the Ot Danoms of, iii. 103; precautions against strangers in, iii. 103 sq.; the Blu-u Kayans of, iii. 104; exorcism of spirits by means of rice in, iii. 106; the Dusuns of, iii. 230, ix. 200; natives of, reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; the Malanau tribes of, iii. 406; the Sakarang Dyaks of, iii. 416; the Barito of, iv. 166 n. 1; custom of head-hunting in, v. 294 sqq.; effeminate sorcerers in, vi. 253, 256; division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124; use of puppets as substitutes for living persons in, viii. 100 sq.; custom in the search for camphor in, viii. 186 n.; the Kalamantans of, viii. 293 sq.; belief in demons in, ix. 87; sickness expelled in a ship from, ix. 187; the Biajas of, ix. 200; festivals in, x. 13; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 35 sq.; birth-custom in, xi. 154 sq.; trees and plants as life-indices in, xi. 164 sq.; the Madangs of, xi. 175; creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, xi. 175 sq.; giving the slip to an evil spirit in, xi. 179 sq.

Borneo, Central, the Kayans of, i. 330, ii. 17, 109, iii. 47, 99, 110, 113, 164, 239, 260, 286, 406, iv. 218, vii. 92, 184, viii. 54 sq., ix. 154 n., 236, 382 sq., x. 4 sq., xi. 175; agricultural communities of, vii. 92

——, Eastern, Tengaroeng in, iv. 280, 281

——, Northern, the Dyaks of, vii. 188

——, South-Eastern, the Dyaks of, iii. 72 n. 1

——, Western, precautions against frightening the spirit of the rice in, ii. 28

Bornu, the Sultan of, hides himself from his people, iii. 120 sq.

Boroma, on the Zambesi, rain-maker with unshorn hair at, iii. 259 sq.

Bororos of Brazil, best singers chosen chiefs among the, ii. 298 sq.; their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34; their belief in dreams, iii. 36; their belief and custom as to meteors, iv. 62 sq.; consecration of maize, game, and fish by medicine-men among the, viii. 71 sq.; their identification of themselves with parrots, viii. 207 sq.; their use of bull-roarers, xi. 230 n.

Borrow, witches come to, x. 322, 323, xi. 73

Borsippa, temple of E-zida at, iv. 110

Bosanquet, Professor R. C., on the Four-handed Apollo, vi. 250 n. 2

Boscana, Father Geronimo, on the customs and superstitions of the Californian Indians, vii. 125, viii. 169

Bosco Sacro, the grove of Egeria, i. 18 n. 4

Bosman, W., on serpent-worship in Guinea, v. 67

Bosnia, hawthorn used as a protection against vampyres in, ix. 153 n. 1; need-fire in, x. 286; life-trees of children in, xi. 165

Bosnian Turks, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74

Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, x. 182

Botocudos of Brazil, their reason for eating the flesh of their enemies, viii. 156

Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for epilepsy at, xi. 83

Bottle, external soul of queen in a, xi. 138

Bouche, Abbé, on West African priestesses, v. 66 n. 3, 69

Bougainville Straits, the natives of, their observation of the Pleiades and Orion’s belt, vii. 313; their expulsion of demons, ix. 116; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 n.

Bough, the Golden, xi. 279 sqq.; plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; and the King of the Wood, i. 11, x. 1; the plucking of it not a piece of bravado, ii. 123 sq.; grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379; a branch of mistletoe, xi. 284 sqq., 315 sqq. See also Golden Bough

Boughs, green, a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127. See also Branches

Boulia district of Queensland, magical pointing bones in the, x. 14

Bouphonia, “the murder of the ox,” ritual flight at the, ii. 309 n. 2; an Athenian sacrifice, viii. 4 sqq.

Bouphonion, a Greek month, viii. 6 n.

Bourail, in New Caledonia, ceremony at eating the new yams at, viii. 53

Bourbonnais, the Fox in the corn in, vii. 296; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83

Bourbourg, Brasseur de, on Mexican human sacrifices in connexion with the crops, vii. 237

Bourdifailles, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Bourges, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 242

Bourgogne, in Ain, the Fox in the last sheaf at, vii. 297

Bourke, Captain J. G., on the Pimas, iii. 184; on mock human sacrifices in Arizona, iv. 215; on the totem clans of the Zuni, viii. 178; on the bull-roarer, xi. 231

Bourlet, A., on the belief of the Thay in spirits, ix. 97 sqq.

Bouzygai, “Ox-yokers,” priestly family at Eleusis, curses uttered by the, vii. 108 sq.

Bouzygios, epithet applied to the Sacred Ploughing at Athens, vii. 109 n. 1

Bovillae, King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44 n. 1; Vejovis at, ii. 179; the Julian family at, ii. 179, 180 n.

Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set of, xi. 235 sqq.

Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, x. 287

Box, strayed soul caught in, iii. 45, 70, 76; external soul of king in a, xi. 102, 149; external soul of cannibal in a, xi. 117. See also Boxes

—— -tree, external soul of giant in a, xi. 133

Boxers at funerals, iv. 97

Boxes opened in house to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296; or arks, sacred, x. 11 sq. See also Box

Boxing, in the pancratium, vii. 71 n. 5, viii. 131

Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, x. 184, xi. 47

Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, xi. 281

—— Bishop on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 336 sqq.

Boys of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 sqq.; dressed as girls to avert the Evil Eye, vi. 260; marriage customs to ensure the birth of, vi. 262; at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, xi. 233; at initiation thought to be born again, xi. 246 sqq.

Brabant, Whitsuntide custom in, ii. 80; Midsummer fires in, x. 194; St. Peter’s bonfires in, x. 195; wicker giants in, xi. 35

Bracelets as amulets, iii. 55, 315, x. 92

Bradbury, Professor J. B., on hemlock as an anaphrodisiac, ii. 139 n. 1

Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe’en fires, x. 233 sq.

Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the Hindoo Trinity, i. 225

Brahman, the Hindoo creator, x. 95

Brahman, priest, derivation of name, i. 229; not to blow a fire with his mouth, ii. 241; called “twice born,” xi. 276. See also Brahmans

Brahman boys sacrificed, vii. 244; forbidden to see the sun, x. 68 n. 2

—— charms by treading on a stone, i. 160

—— fire-priests, ii. 247 sqq.

—— householder supposed to become a deity through sacrifice, i. 380; new birth of the, i. 380 sq.

—— marriage ceremony, i. 160

—— marriage in Southern India, bride dressed as a boy at, vi. 260

—— student, his cut hair and nails, iii. 277; his observances at end of his studentship, x. 20

—— teachers, taboos observed by, iii. 239

—— theology, gods at first mortal in, i. 373 n. 1

—— women in rain-making ceremonies, i. 283

Brâhmanas, the magical nature of the sacrifices prescribed in the, i. 228 sq.

Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, x. 4

Brahmanism akin to shamanism, i. 229; vestiges of, under Mohammedanism, ix. 90 n. 1

Brahmans deemed superior to the gods, i. 226; morning offerings of the, i. 314; thrice-born, i. 381; divinity of the, i. 403 sq.; their common and secret names, iii. 322; the ceremonial swinging of, iv. 150, 156 sq.; on transubstantiation, viii. 89; first-fruits of sugar-cane given to, viii. 119; sacrificial custom of the, ix. 25; as human scapegoats, ix. 42 sq., 44 sq.; their theory of sacrifice, ix. 410 sq.

Brahmapootra, head-hunting tribes in the valley of the, iv. 13

Brain, drippings of, used to acquire wisdom of dead, viii. 163 sq.

Brains of enemies eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 152

Braller in Transylvania, the hanging of Carnival at, iv. 230 sq.; “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 247 sqq.; the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., xi. 180

Bran úa Faeláin, King of Leinster, saved by the voluntary death of fifty monks, iv. 159 n. 1

Branch of sacred cedar cut and brought home at wheat-sowing, ii. 50 sq.; of hawthorn in bloom on May Day, ii. 52; of oak dipped in a spring as a rain-charm, ii. 359; lost soul brought back in a, iii. 67

Branches dipped in water as a rain-charm, i. 248, 250, 309, ii. 46 sq.; not to be broken or cut in sacred groves, ii. 9, 10, 41 sqq.; stuck in fields to ensure rain or an abundant crop, ii. 46, 47, 48; stuck in flax-fields to make the flax grow tall, ii. 86; used in exorcism, iii. 109; fatigue transferred to, ix. 8; sickness transferred to, ix. 186. See also Bough, Boughs

Brand, John, on the Harvest Queen, vii. 146; on the Yule log, x. 247, 255

Brandenburg, Mark of, fruit-trees girt with straw at Christmas in, ii. 17; race of bride and bridegroom in, ii. 303; race to a sheaf on harvest-field in, vii. 137; cure for headache and giddiness in, ix. 52, 53; cure for toothache in, ix. 60; simples culled at Midsummer in, xi. 48

Brandons, the Sunday of the, first Sunday in Lent, x. 110; torches carried about fields and streets, x. 111 n. 1

Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, conflagration, and spells, x. 183; a protection against thunder, x. 191; lighted, carried round cattle, x. 341. See also Sticks, charred

Brandy, North American Indian theory of, viii. 147

Bras Basah, a village on the Perak river, ix. 199

Brasidas, funeral games in his honour at Amphipolis, iv. 94

Brass rings as amulets, iii. 31, 314; instruments sounded to frighten away demons, ix. 147

Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, x. 142

Braunsberg, in East Prussia, the Corn-goat at harvest at, vii. 282

Brauronia, festival of Brauronian Artemis, viii. 41 n. 3

Bray, Mrs., on Devonshire custom of “crying the neck,” vii. 265 sq.

Brazen serpent, the, viii. 281

Brazier, walking through a lighted, xi. 3 sqq.

Brazil, the Tupinambas of, i. 142, vii. 122; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; the Guayana Indians of, iv. 12; the Apinagos of, vi. 145; the Kaua and Kobeua Indians of, vii. 111, ix. 236, 381; observation of the Pleiades by the Indians of, vii. 309 sq.; the Bororos of, viii. 71, 207 sq., xi. 230 n.; the Botocudos of, viii. 156; the Passes of, viii. 157; the Xomanas of, viii. 157; the Chiambioa Indians of, viii. 208 n. 1; the Tupi Indians of, viii. 272; the Guaranis of, x. 56; the Uaupes of, x. 61; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128; fires of St. John in, x. 213; the Caripunas of, xi. 230; the Nahuqua of, xi. 230; the Bakairi of, xi. 231

Brazil, Indians of, their rule as to hamstringing deer, i. 115; their charm to strengthen a girl’s teeth, i. 153; power of medicine-men among the, i. 358 sq.; their explanation of headache, iii. 40; death from imagination among the, iii. 136; think that wind may be caused by reading, iii. 231; their indifference to death, iv. 138; their belief in the noxious influence of the moon on children, vi. 148; play various games of cat’s cradle, vii. 103 n. 1; women’s agricultural labours among the, vii. 122; their belief in the homoeopathic magic of animal flesh, viii. 139; their apologies to the ounces which they have caught in traps, viii. 235; at mouth of Amazon, beat themselves with an aquatic plant to increase their generative force, ix. 264; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 56, 59 sq.; ordeals undergone by young men among the, x. 62 sq.

——, Indians of North-Western, their masked dances, vii. 111 sq., ix. 236, 381

Bread, leavened, Flamen Dialis forbidden to touch, iii. 13; fast from, in mourning for Attis, v. 272; communion, baked from first corn cut, viii. 51; eaten sacramentally as the body of a god, viii. 86 sqq.; unleavened, baked with new corn, viii. 136; the sacramental use of, viii. 167; reverence for, x. 13

Bread-fruit, magical stones to promote the growth of, i. 162 sq., 164; ceremony at eating the new, viii. 52 sq.; tree planted over navel-string of child, xi. 163

Breadalbane, use of a scapegoat in, ix. 209; “hill of the fires” in, x. 149; treatment of mad cow in, x. 326

Breasted, Professor J. H., on the eye of Horus, vi. 121 n. 3; on Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1; on the Sed festival, vi. 156 n. 1

Breath, holy fire not to be blown upon with the, ii. 241; of chief sacred, iii. 136, 256; of dying chief caught by his successor, iv. 198; not to defile sacred flame, v. 191

“——, scoring above the,” cutting a witch on the forehead, x. 315 n. 2

Breathing on a person as a mode of purification, iii. 149

Breconshire, the sin-eater in, ix. 43

Breech-cloth worn by widow to keep off her husband’s ghost, iii. 143

Breezes, magical means of securing, iv. 287

Breitenbrunn, the “Charcoal Man” at Midsummer at, xi. 26 n. 2

Brekinjska, in Slavonia, need-fire at, x. 282

Brenner, J. von, on savage fear of being photographed, iii. 99

Bresse, the Mariée in May in, ii. 96; “cutting off the fox’s tail” at harvest in, vii. 268; the King of the Bean in, ix. 315 n. 1; Midsummer bonfires in, x. 189

Brest, Midsummer fire-custom at, x. 184

Bret Harte, Relieving Guard, iv. 66 n. 4; on the Spanish missions in California, viii. 171 n. 1

Breteuil, canton of, Midsummer fires in the, x. 187

Brethren of the Free Spirit, i. 408

—— of the Ploughed Fields (Fratres Arvales), a Roman college of priests, ii. 122, vi. 239, ix. 232. See also Arval Brothers

Breton belief that women can be impregnated by the moon, x. 76

—— peasants, their way of getting rain, i. 306 sq.; throw knives at the wind, i. 329

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 132 sq.

—— superstitions as to the tides, i. 167

Bretons, their dread of noon, iii. 88

Brewing, continence observed at, iii. 200, 201 sq.; water to be called by another name in, iii. 395

Brezina, in Slavonia, need-fire at, x. 282

Brhaspati, as a magician, i. 241

Briançon, in Dauphiné, the Bridegroom of the Month of May at, ii. 92 sq.; “the Cat of the ball-skin” at harvest at, vii. 280 sq.

Briar-thorn, divination by, x. 242

Bribri Indians of Costa Rica, their ideas as to the uncleanness of women, iii. 147, 149; seclusion of women at menstruation among the, x. 86

Bricknell, J., on a custom of the Carolina Indians, iv. 184 sq.

Bridal pair, the, at Whitsuntide in Saxony, ii. 91; at rice-harvest in Java, vii. 200 sq.

Bride tied to tree at marriage, ii. 57; the Whitsuntide, ii. 89, 96; the May, ii. 95; led to or round the hearth at marriage, ii. 221, 230, 231; races for a, ii. 300 sqq.; contests for a, ii. 305 sqq.; fishing-net thrown over, iii. 307; dressed as a man, vi. 260; the last, privilege of, ix. 183; not allowed to tread the earth, x. 5; last married, made to leap over bonfire, xi. 22

—— and bridegroom, the Whitsuntide, ii. 91 sq.; the Midsummer, in Sweden, ii. 92, v. 251; all knots on their garments unloosed, iii. 299 sq.; carry locked locks at marriage, iii. 308; mock, at bonfires, x. 109 sq.

Bride of God, the, in a rain-making ceremony, i. 276

——, name given to last sheaf, vii. 162, 163

—— of the Nile, vi. 38

—— race among Teutonic peoples, ii. 303 sqq.

Bride, parish of, in the Isle of Man, x. 306, 307 n. 1

Bridegroom, the Whitsuntide, ii. 91; girt with a net, iii. 307; dressed as a woman, vi. 260 sq.; disfigured in order to avert the evil eye, vi. 261; not to touch the ground with his feet, x. 5

—— of May, ii. 91, 93, iv. 266

Bridget’s bed on the night before Candlemas in the Highlands of Scotland and the Isle of Man, ii. 94 sq. See also St. Bridget

Bridlington, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Brie (Isle de France), the May-tree and Father May at, ii. 74 sq.; farmer tied up in first sheaf at, vii. 221; stranger tied up in sheaf at harvest at, vii. 226; effigy of giant burnt on Midsummer Eve at, xi. 38

Brigit, a Celtic goddess, ii. 95, 240 sqq.; her Christian namesake and successor at Kildare, ii. 240 sqq. See also St. Brigit

Brihaspati, Hindoo deity, i. 166, x. 99 n. 2

Brimo and Brimos, in the mysteries of Eleusis, ii. 139

Brincker, Dr. P. H., on the sacred sticks representing ancestors among the Herero, ii. 224 n. 4

Bringing in Summer, iv. 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.

Briony, wreaths of, at Midsummer, x. 210

Brisbane River in Queensland, use of bull-roarers on the, xi. 233 sqq.

British Columbia, Indians of, their dislike of telling their own names, iii. 328; respect the animals and plants which they eat, vi. 44; their address to the first fish of the season, viii. 253; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46 sqq.; dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, x. 89 sq.; rites of initiation among the, xi. 270 sqq.

——, Koskimo Indians of, xi. 229

——, the Kwakiutl of, i. 263, iii. 53, 188, 386, viii. 220, 250, xi. 152, 186

——, the Shuswap Indians of, i. 265, iii. 83, 142, viii. 226, 238, x. 53, xi. 174 n. 2, 276 n. 1, 297 n. 3

——, the Thompson Indians of, i. 132, ii. 208, viii. 81, 133, 140, 207, 226, 268, ix. 154 n., x. 49, 89 sq., 98 n. 1, xi. 275, 297

Britomartis and Minos, iv. 73

Brittany, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 sq.; the Veneti of, ii. 353; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; Burial of Shrove Tuesday or of the Carnival in, iv. 229 sq.; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 69; belief as to warts and the moon in, vi. 149; Mother-sheaf at harvest in, vii. 135, 209; custom of sticking pins into a saint’s image in, ix. 70; riddles asked after a burial in, ix. 121 sq., n.; forecasting the weather for the year in, ix. 323 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 183 sqq.; stones thrown into the Midsummer fires in, x. 240; the Yule log in, x. 253; mistletoe hung over doors of stables and byres in, xi. 287; fern-seed used by treasure-seekers in, xi. 288

Broceliande, the wild woods of, i. 306

Brochs, prehistoric ruins, x. 291

Brockelmann, C., on the Assyrian eponymate, iv. 116

Brocken, in the Harz mountains, associated with witches, x. 160 n. 1, 171 n. 3

Brodek, in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257

Bromios, epithet of Dionysus, vii. 2 n. 1

Bromo, volcano in Java, worshipped, v. 220 sq.

Bronze employed in expiatory rites, iii. 226 n. 6; priests to be shaved with, iii. 226

—— Age, in Denmark, ii. 351; rock-carving of the, in Sweden, vii. 129 n. 1

—— knife to cut priest’s hair, iii. 14

—— ploughs used by Etruscans at founding cities, iv. 157

Brooke, Rajah, of Sarawak, viii. 211; supposed to fertilize the rice-crops, i. 361 sq.

Broom, a protective against witchcraft, x. 210

Brooms used to sweep misfortune out of house, ix. 5

Broomstick in rain-making, i. 275

Broomsticks, witches ride on, ix. 162, 163

Brother of a god, v. 51; dead elder, worshipped, vi. 175

—— and sister not allowed to mention each other’s names, iii. 344

“Brother” and “sister,” titles given by men and women to their sex totems, xi. 215, 216, 218

Brotherhood formed with trees by sucking their sap, ii. 19 sq.; of the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy, x. 185 sq. See also Blood-brotherhood

Brothers reviled by sisters for good luck, i. 279; of king put to death on his accession, iii. 243; childless persons named after their younger, iii. 332, 333; ancient Egyptian story of the Two, xi. 134 sqq.

Brothers and sisters, marriages of, in royal families, iv. 193 sq., v. 44; in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 sqq.; their intention to keep the property in the family, vi. 215 sq.

—— -in-law, their names not to be pronounced, iii. 338, 342, 343, 344, 345

Brown, A. R., as to the Andaman Islanders, ii. 254 n.; on the beliefs of the West Australian aborigines as to the causes of childbirth, v. 104 sqq.

Brown, Dr. Burton, on a burial custom of the Nagas, viii. 100 n. 2

Brown, Dr. George, on the magical powers ascribed to chiefs in New Britain, i. 340; on snakes as reincarnations of chiefs, v. 84; on the annual appearance of the Palolo veridis in the Samoan Sea, ix. 142 n. 1; on the seclusion of girls at puberty in New Ireland, x. 32 sqq.; on external soul in Melanesia, xi. 199

Bruck in Styria, the last sheaf called the Corn-mother at, vii. 134

Bructeri, a German tribe, worship a woman, i. 391

Bruges, Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70

Brughe, John, his cure for bewitched cattle, x. 324 sq.

Brugsch, H., on Egyptian names for a year, vi. 26 n. 1; on the Sothic period, vi. 37 n.; on the grave of Osiris at Philae, vi. 111; on Isis as a personified corn-field, vi. 117

Bruguière, Mgr., on the fear of demons in Siam, ix. 97; on the annual expulsion of the devil in Siam, ix. 150 sq.

Brund (or brand), the Christmas, the Yule log, x. 257

Brunhild, Queen of Iceland, the wooing of, ii. 306 sq.

Brunnen, Twelfth Night at, ix. 165

Brunshaupten, in Mecklenburg, the Wheat-wolf at harvest at, vii. 274

Brunswick, custom at Whitsuntide in, ii. 56 n. 3; May King at Whitsuntide in, ii. 84, 85; the May Bride at Whitsuntide in, ii. 96; dramatic contest between Summer and Winter in, iv. 257; toothache nailed into a wall or a tree in, ix. 62; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96; Easter bonfires in, x. 140; need-fire in, x. 277 sq.

Brushes used in magic, i. 132

Brutus, D. Junius, his mitigation of human sacrifices at graves, iv. 143 n. 4

——, L. Junius, one of the first consuls, ii. 290; his feigned imbecility, ii. 291

Brutus, the assassin, his meeting with Cicero, i. 5

Bryant, Jacob, and Noah’s ark, i. 334

Bubastis, shrine of, at Nemi, i. 5

Bubui River, in German New Guinea, viii. 295

Buch, Max, on a ceremony of the Wotyaks, ii. 146

Buchan, Hallowe’en fires in, x. 232 sq.

Buchanan, Francis, on Burmese nats, ix, 175 sq.

Bûche de Noël, the Yule log, x. 249

Buckie, names tabooed by fishermen in the village of, iii. 395

Buckthorn, a charm against witches on May Day, ii. 54; a protection against thunderbolts, ii. 191 n. 1; torch of, at a Roman marriage, ii. 191 n. 1; a protection against witches, ii. 191, ix. 153 n. 1, 163; used in making fire by friction, ii. 251; chewed to keep off ghosts, ix. 153; used to beat cattle, ix. 266

Buckwheat cultivated in Burma, vii. 242

Bucolium at Athens, vii. 30

Buddha appealed to for rain, i. 251, 299; image of, whipped in drought, i. 297 n. 7; images of, drenched as a rain-charm, i. 308; imitated by a king of Burma, i. 400; thought to be incarnate in the Grand Lamas, i. 411; images of, iii. 253; transmigrations of, viii. 299, 301, ix. 41; date of his death, viii. 302 n. 7; in relation to spirits, ix. 97; offerings to, ix. 150

—— and Buddhism, vi. 159

—— and the crocodile, Indian story, xi. 102 n. 4

——, Footprint of, in Siam, iii. 275

Buddhas, living, i. 410 sq.

Buddhism, Tibetan form of, iii. 20; spiritual declension of, v. 310 sq.; in relation to lower religions, ix. 89, 90 n. 1, 94, 95 sqq.; in Burma, ix. 95 sq.; the pope of, ix. 223

Buddhist animism not a philosophical theory, ii. 13 sq.

—— Lent, the, ix. 349 sq.

—— monk, who sent his soul out of himself, ii. 49 sq.

—— monks, suicide of, iv. 42 sq.; ceremony at the funeral of, ix. 175

—— priests expel demons, ix. 116

Buddhists of Ceylon, their propitiation of demons, ix. 90 n. 1; the Laosians of Siam nominal, ix. 97

Budding of a bean an omen, ii. 344

Budge, E. A. Wallis, on trinities of Egyptian gods, iv. 5 n. 3; on goddess Net, v. 282 n.; on an Egyptian funeral rite, vi. 15 n. 2; on Isis, vi. 115 sq.; on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 n. 2; on the solar theory of Osiris, vi. 131 n. 3; on the historical reality of Osiris, vi. 160 n. 1; on Khenti-Amenti, vi. 198 n. 2; on human sacrifices in ancient Egypt, vii. 259 n. 3; on the shrines of Osiris, vii. 260 n. 2; on the fear of demons among the ancient Egyptians, ix. 103 sq.

Buduna tribe of West Australia, their beliefs as to the birth of children, v. 104 sq.

Buecheler, F., his corruption of the text of Petronius, ix. 253 n. 2

Buffalo sacrificed for human victim, vii. 249; external souls of a clan in a, xi. 151; a Batta totem, xi. 223

Buffalo-bull, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 289

—— calf, sins of dead transferred to a, ix. 36 sq.

—— clan in Uganda, x. 3

—— dance to ensure a supply of buffaloes, ix. 171

—— Society among the Omahas, i. 249

Buffaloes not to be mentioned by their proper name, iii. 407, 408, 412; sacrificed instead of young girls, iv. 124; propitiation of dead, viii. 229, 231; their death bewailed, viii. 242; the resurrection of, viii. 256; revered by the Todas, viii. 314; as scapegoats, ix. 190, 191; external human souls in, xi. 207, 208

Buffooneries at the Festival of Fools, ix. 335 sq.

Buginese of Celebes, their homoeopathic charm to ensure longevity, i. 158; their use of the regalia as a remedy for plague or dearth, i. 363; their belief as to the blighting effects of incestuous blood, ii. 110; their custom of swinging at harvest, iv. 277; ascribe a soul to rice, vii. 183

—— sailors, words tabooed to, iii. 413

Bugis of South Celebes, effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, vi. 253 sq.

Bühl, St. John’s fires at, x. 168

Bühler, G., on the identity of the names Perkunas and Parjanya, ii. 367 n. 3; on Parjanya, ii. 369

Building shadows into foundations, iii. 89 sq.

—— of a canoe, continence at the, iii. 202

—— a house, taboos observed after, ii. 40; Malay custom as to shadows in, iii. 81

—— houses, magic art resorted to in, ix. 81

—— a new village, continence at, iii. 202

Buir, in district of Cologne, last sheaf shaped like wolf at, vii. 274

Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, tell stories to promote the growth of the crops, vii. 103 sq., 105; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 124 sq.; their belief in demons, ix. 83 sq.; girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 35; their rites of initiation, xi. 239 sqq.

Bukowina, the Ruthenians of, i. 198; witches on St. George’s Day in, ii. 335

Bu-ku-rú, ceremonial uncleanness, in Costa Rica, iii. 147, x. 65 n. 1, 86

Bulaa, village in New Guinea, iii. 192 n. 5

Bulawayo, capital of the Matabele, rain-making ceremony at, i. 351; ceremony of the first-fruits at, viii. 70

Bulebane, in Senegambia, precaution as to the spittle of chiefs at, iii. 289

Buléon, Mgr., on the rite of blood-brotherhood with an animal, quoted by Father H. Trilles, xi. 202 n. 1

Bulgaria, ceremony of adoption in, i. 74; rain-making in, i. 274; rolling in the dew on St. George’s morning in, ii. 333; superstition as to milk and butter on St. George’s Day in, ii. 339; building custom in, iii. 89; marriage customs in, vi. 246; masquerade at Carnival in, viii. 333 sq.; cure for fever in, ix. 55; the Yule log in, x. 264 n. 1; need-fire in, x. 281, 285; simples and flowers culled on St. John’s Day in, xi. 50; creeping through an arch of vines as a cure in, xi. 180; creeping under the root of a willow as a cure for whooping-cough in, xi. 180 sq. See also Bulgarian and Bulgarians

——, Simeon, prince of, xi. 156 sq.

Bulgarian charm for guarding cattle from wolves, iii. 307

—— peasants threaten fruit-trees to make them bear fruit, ii. 21

—— superstition as to crossed legs, iii. 299

—— women, their charm to hoodwink their husbands, i. 149; their charm to procure offspring on St. George’s Day, ii. 344

Bulgarians, their customs as to the last sheaf at harvest, vii. 146; the Carnival among the, viii. 331 sqq.; their way of keeping off ghosts, ix. 153 n. 1

Bull sacrificed to Poseidon, i. 46; blood of, drunk by priestess to procure inspiration, i. 381 sq.; as emblem of a thunder-god, ii. 368, v. 134 sqq., 136; sacrificed to the dead, iii. 227; Pasiphae and the, iv. 71; as symbol of the sun, iv. 71 sq.; as type of reproductive energy, iv. 72; the brazen, of Phalaris, iv. 75; perhaps the king’s crest at Cnossus, iv. 111 sq.; said to have guided the Samnites, iv. 186 n. 4; as emblem of generative force, v. 123; worshipped by the Hittites, v. 123, 132; Hittite god standing on a, v. 135; as symbol of thunder and fertility, v. 163 sq.; the emblem of the Father God, v. 164; worshipped at Euyuk, v. 164; testicles of, used in rites of Cybele and Attis, v. 276; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 16 sq., 31; corn-spirit as, vii. 288 sqq., viii. 8; sacrificed at Zulu festival of first-fruits, viii. 68 n. 3; sacrificed to the dead, viii. 113. See also Bulls

Bull, black, sacrificed to the dead at Plataea, iv. 95

—— and cow, represented by masked actors, iv. 71

——, live, torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, vii. 15, 17, viii. 16

——, sacrifice of, at Egyptian funeral, vi. 15; to prolong the life of a king, vi. 222; to Zeus, the Saviour of the City, vi. 238; at the foundation of a town, vi. 249; at Magnesia, viii. 7 sq.; in Mithraic religion, viii. 10; at festival of new fruits, viii. 68 n. 3; at tomb of dead chief, viii. 113. See also Bulls

——, white, sacrificed, ii. 188 sq.; soul of dead king incarnate in a, vi. 164

Bull-fights and athletic games at festival of new fruits, viii. 66

—— -headed image of the sun, iv. 75, 76, 78

—— -roarers, sacred, used in magical ceremonies to multiply totems, i. 88; used to make fine weather, i. 265, with note 4; sounded to make wind blow, i. 324, xi. 232; whirled at tearing dogs to pieces, vii. 19 n. 1; whirled to make the crops thrive and to multiply game, vii. 104, 106 sq., 110, xi. 230 sq., 232; fertilizing virtue attributed to, by savages, vii. 106, xi. 230 sq.; called the “mother of yams,” vii. 106; swung at Greek mysteries, vii. 110; sounded at initiation of lads, viii. 295, xi. 227, 228 sqq., 233 sqq., 240, 241; swung at kindling of sacred fire, x. 133; sound of, thought to resemble thunder, xi. 228 sqq.; sounded at festivals of the dead, xi. 230 n.; made from trees struck by lightning, xi. 231; called “thunder and lightning,” xi. 232; magical instrument for causing thunder, wind, and rain, xi. 233; sound of, supposed to be the voice of a spirit, xi. 233, 234, 235; not to be seen by women, xi. 234, 235, 242; called by name which means a ghost or spirit of the dead, xi. 242; called by the same name as the monster who swallows lads at initiation, xi. 242; kept in men’s clubhouse, xi. 242; named after dead men, xi. 242 n. 1

Bull-shaped deities, vii. 3 sqq.

Bull’s blood drunk as means of inspiration, i. 381 sq.; as ordeal, i. 382 n. 1; bath of, in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sq.

—— hide, bride seated on a, vi. 246; cut in strips and pegged down round the site of a new town, vi. 249

—— skin, body of the dead placed in a, vi. 15 n. 2

Bullets, magical treatment of, i. 110; magical modes of averting, i. 130; blessed by St. Hubert used to shoot witches with, x. 315 sq.

Bullock, bewitched, burnt to cause the witch to appear, x. 303

Bullocks as scapegoats, ix. 34, 35

Bulloms, the, of Sierra Leone, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 318

Bulls sacrificed to water-spirits, ii. 157; husband-god at Hierapolis seated on, v. 163; sacrificed at caves of Pluto, v. 206; sacrificed to Persephone, v. 213 n. 1; sacrificed to dead chiefs, vi. 191; eaten to make eater brave, viii. 140; as scapegoats in Cashmeer, ix. 190 n. 5; as scapegoats in ancient Egypt, ix. 216 sq.

——, sacred, of ancient Egypt, viii. 34 sqq.

Bulmer, J., on concealment of personal names among the aborigines of Victoria, iii. 321

Bundelcund, stopping rain in, i. 296

Bundles of sticks representing ancestors, ii. 214, 216

Bunjil Kraura, a wind-maker of the Kurnai, i. 324

Bunsen, Baron C. C. J., on St. Hippolytus, i. 21 n. 2

Bunyoro, in Central Africa, scapegoats sent to, ix. 195

Bunzlau, district of Silesia, last sheaf made up in shape of ox in, vii. 289 sq.

Burchard, Bishop of Worms, his condemnation of a heathen practice, xi. 191

Bures, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110 n. 1, 111 n. 1

Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer giant and dragon at, xi. 37

Burgebrach in Bavaria, straw-man burnt on Ash Wednesday at, iv. 232

Burghead, the burning of the Clavie at, iii. 229 sq., x. 266 sq.; the old rampart at, x. 267 sq.

Burghers or Badagas. See Badagas

Burglars, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 sq.

Burgundians deposed their kings for failure of the crops, i. 366

Burgundy, Firebrand Sunday in, x. 114 the Yule log in, x. 254

Burial at flood tide, i. 168 alive of unfaithful virgins in Rome and Peru, ii. 228, 244 alive, in other cases, ii. 228 n. 5 at night, iii. 15 of the aged, iv. 11 sq. in jars, iv. 12 sq. of Shrove Tuesday, iv. 228

—— of infants, ix. 45 to ensure their rebirth, iv. 199 sq., v. 91, 93 sqq.

—— under a running stream, iii. 15 at cross-roads, v. 93 n. 1 at Gezer, v. 108 sq. of Osiris in his rites, vi. 88

—— of the wren in the Isle of Man, viii. 318 sq.

Burial customs, certain, perhaps designed to ensure reincarnation, i. 101 sqq. to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 51,52

—— -grounds, magical stones kept in, i. 163 regarded as holy, ii. 31 deemed sacred, viii. 111

—— rites intended to deceive ghosts or demons, viii. 97 sqq.

Burials, customs as to shadows at, iii. 80 sq. fictitious, to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, viii. 98 sqq. passing through narrow openings after, xi. 175 sq., 177 sq., 178 sq.

Buring Une, a Kayan goddess, vii. 93

Burkitt, Professor F. C., on Jesus Barabbas, ix. 420 n. 1

Burlesques of ecclesiastical ritual, ix. 336 sq.

Burma, magical images in, i. 62 sq. the Shans of, i. 128, 308 the Karens or Karennis of, i. 209, ii. 69, 107, iii. 13, 43, 250, 252, 292, iv. 130 n. 1, vii. 10, 189, xi. 157 rain-making by means of fish in, i. 288 sq. king of, claims divinity, i. 400 sq. the En of, ii. 41 Sagaing district of, ii. 46 Kengtung in, ii. 150 the Kachins of, ii. 237, iii. 200, viii. 120 fire on hearth extinguished after a death in, ii. 267 n. 4 kings of, screened from public gaze, iii. 125 sq. the Sotih of, iii. 237 royal princes executed without bloodshed in, iii. 242 the Sgaus of, iii. 337 names of the kings of, not to be pronounced by their subjects, iii. 375 the Bghais of, vi. 60 securing the rice-soul in, vii. 189 sqq. the Taungthu of, vii. 190 the Szis of Upper, vii. 203 sq. custom of threshing rice in, vii. 203 sq. head-hunting in, vii. 256 offering of first-fruits to the king of, viii. 116; the Chins of, viii. 121; ravages of rats in, viii. 282 n. 8; sacred fish in, viii. 291; heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12; belief in demons in, ix. 95 sq.; expulsion of demons in, ix. 116 sq.; the tug-of-war in, ix. 175 sq.

Burmese, their conception of the soul as a butterfly, iii. 51 sq.; their belief as to ghosts of men who have died a violent death, iii. 90; their conduct during an earthquake, v. 201

—— cure by burying effigy of sick man, viii. 103

—— custom on return from a funeral, iii. 51

—— doctrine of nats, ix. 175

—— Lent, ix. 349 sq.

—— mode of rain-making, i. 284; of disposing of cut hair and nails, iii. 277

—— recall of lost soul, iii. 51 sq.

—— superstitions as to the head, iii. 253

Burne, Miss C. S., on Devonshire custom of “crying the neck,” vii. 266

——, Miss C. S., and Miss G. F. Jackson, on “Souling Day” in Shropshire, vi. 78 sq.; on the fear of witchcraft in Shropshire, x. 342 n. 4

Burning refuse of food as a magical means of causing the eater to fall ill, i. 341; of sacred trees or poles, ii. 141 sq.; of cut hair and nails to prevent them being used in sorcery, iii. 281 sqq.; of Melcarth, v. 110 sqq.; of Sandan and Hercules, v. 117 sqq., 388 sqq.; of Cilician gods, v. 170 sq.; of Sardanapalus, v. 172 sqq.; of Croesus, v. 174 sqq.; of a god, v. 188 sq.; of last sheaf of corn, vii. 146; of the Clavie at Burghead, x. 266 sq.; of a bewitched animal or part of it to cause the witch to appear, x. 303, 305, 307 sq.; of human beings in the fires, xi. 21 sqq.; of live animals at spring and Midsummer festivals, xi. 38 sqq.; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, xi. 41 sq., 43 sq.; of human victims annually, xi. 286 n. 2

—— alive as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 243; human victims to prolong king’s life, vi. 226; human victims of Fire-god, ix. 301; animals to stay cattle-plague, x. 300 sqq.

—— effigies of the Carnival, iv. 223, 224, 228 sq., 229 sq., 232 sq.; of Shrove Tuesday, iv. 227 sqq.; of Winter at Zurich, iv. 260 sq.; in the Midsummer fires, x. 195

—— the Easter Man, x. 144

“—— the Old Wife (Old Woman),” x. 116, 120

Burning the Old Witch, vii. 224

“—— the Old Year,” at Biggar, ix. 165; among the Biyars of North-Western India, ix. 230 n. 7

—— the Witches (invisible or represented by effigies) on May Day in the Isle of Man, ii. 54, x. 157, in the Tyrol, ix. 158 sq.; on Walpurgis Night in Bohemia, ix. 161, x. 159, in Silesia and Saxony, ix. 161, x. 160; on Twelfth Night in Herefordshire, ix. 319; on the first Sunday in Lent in Luxemburg, the Tyrol, and Swabia, x. 116, in Switzerland, x. 118 sq.; on Beltane (May Day) in Scotland, x. 154; at Hallowe’en in Scotland, x. 232 sq.; “Burning the Witches” name for fires of European festivals, xi. 43

—— witches (in flesh and blood) among the Baganda, ix. 19; at Leith, ix. 165; in Germany, x. 6; after shaving them, xi. 158

Burning discs thrown into the air, x. 116 sq., 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 sq., 172

—— -glass or mirror, fire kindled by, ii. 207 n. 1, 243, 244 n. 1

—— wheels rolled down hill, x. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq.; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, x. 191, 340, sq.; perhaps to burn witches, x. 345

Burnings for dead kings of Judah, v. 177 sq.; for dead Jewish Rabbis at Meiron, v. 178

Burns, Robert, on John Barleycorn, v. 230 sq.; “bonny woods and braes” of Loudon, x. 207; on Hallowe’en, x. 234

Burnt alive, apotheosis by being, v. 179 sq.

—— Land of Lydia, v. 193 sq.

—— sacrifices to stay cattle-plague in England, Wales, and Scotland, x. 300 sqq.

Burrha, river, Hera’s bath in the, v. 280

Burs, homoeopathic magic of, i. 144; a preservative against witchcraft, x. 177

Buru, East Indian island, sacrifice of girl to crocodile in, ii. 152; oil made by unmarried girls in, iii. 201; natives of, forbidden to utter their own names, iii. 324; names of relations tabooed among the Alfoors of, iii. 341; unlawful to use words resembling the names of the dead in, iii. 361; use of oil as a charm in, v. 21 n. 2; the natives of, ascribe a soul to rice, vii. 183; “eating the soul of the rice” in, viii. 54; dog’s flesh eaten to make eater brave in, viii. 145; demons of sickness expelled in a proa from, ix. 186

Buryat shaman, his mode of recovering lost souls, iii. 56 sq.

Buryats of Siberia place the bones of dead shamans in trees, ii. 32

“Burying the Carnival,” iv. 209, 220 sqq.

—— bewitched animals alive, x. 324 sqq.

—— the evil spirit, ix. 110

—— girls at puberty in the ground, x. 38 sqq.

“—— the sheaf” in Ireland, i. 69

Bush negroes of Surinam set up two-headed idols at entrance of villages, ii. 385; their belief that leprosy is caused by eating a certain animal, viii. 26

Bushes, ailments transferred to, ix. 54, 56

Bushmen, magical telepathy among the, i. 123; of the Kalahari desert, their fire sticks, ii. 218 n. 1; custom as to their shadows, iii. 83; think it unlucky to speak of the lion by his proper name, iii. 400; their rules of diet based on sympathetic magic, viii. 140 sq.; will not let their children eat a jackal’s heart, viii. 141; unable to distinguish between animals and men, viii. 206; will not eat the sinew in the thigh of a hare, viii. 266 n. 1; throw stones on the devil’s grave, ix. 16; their prayers at a cairn, ix. 30; their dread of menstruous women, x. 79; their way of warming up the star Sirius, x. 332 sq.

Bushongo, royal persons among the, not allowed to set foot on the ground, x. 4; their use of bull-roarers, xi. 229; their rites of initiation, xi. 264 sqq.

Busiris, an Egyptian city, “the house of Osiris,” iii. 390, vii. 260; backbone of Osiris at, vi. 11, 18; ritual of Osiris at, vi. 86, 87 sq.; festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, vi. 108; temple of Usirniri at, vi. 151

——, king of Egypt, his human sacrifices, vii. 259; slain by Hercules, vii. 259

Busiro, district containing the graves and temples of the kings of Uganda, vi. 168, 169, 224

Busk, festival of first-fruits among the Creek Indians, viii. 72

Busoga, pretended human sacrifice in, iv. 215

Bust, double-headed, at Nemi, i. 41 sq.

Bustard totem of the Ingarda, v. 104

Butea frondosa worshipped, viii. 119; its flowers offered, ix. 136

Butlers, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 sq., 205

Buto, city in Egypt, Horus and Isis at, vi. 10

Butter, time for making, i. 167; stolen by witches on May Day, ii. 53; stolen by witches on Walpurgis Night and Midsummer Eve, ii. 127; thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, x. 180; bewitched, burnt at a crossroad, x. 322

“Butter-churning,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, x. 279

Butterflies, souls of dead in, vi. 164, viii. 290, 291, 296 sq.; annual expulsion of, ix. 159 n. 1

Butterfly, the soul as a, iii. 29 n. 1, 41, 51 sq.

—— of the rice, vii. 190

Butterfly dance in Brazil, ix. 381

—— god in Samoa, viii. 29

Buttmann, Ph., on Virbius and the King of the Wood, i. 40 n. 2; on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 n. 3; on the derivation of janua from Janus, ii. 384 n. 2

Büttner, C. G., on the firesticks of the Herero, ii. 218

Button-snake root used as a purgative, viii. 73, 75

Buzzard, the bald-headed, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; killing the sacred, viii. 169 sqq.

Byblus, hair offerings to Astarte at, i. 30; Adonis at, v. 13 sqq.; the kings of, v. 14 sqq.; mourning for Adonis at, v. 38; religious prostitution at, v. 58; inspired prophets at, v. 75 sq.; festival of Adonis at, v. 225; Osiris and Isis at, vi. 9; the queen of, vi. 9; Osiris associated with, vi. 22 sq., 127; its relation to Egypt, vi. 127 n. 1

Byrne, H. J., on Twelfth Night in Roscommon, ix. 321 sq.

Byron, Lord, and the oak, xi. 166

Byrsa, origin of the name, vi. 250

Cabag Head, witches at, i. 135

Cabbages, charm to make cabbages grow, i. 136 sq.; divination by, at Hallowe’en, i. 242; threatened by Esthonian peasants to make them grow, ii. 22. See also Kail

Cabugatan, in the Philippine Islands, the Igorrots of, viii. 292

Cabunian, Mount, grave of the Creator on, iv. 3

Cachar, the Kookies of, i. 160 n. 3

Cacongo, in West Africa, rules observed by the king of, iii. 115, 118

Cactus, taboos observed by the Huichol Indians during their search for the sacred, i. 123 sq.; hung at door of house where there is a lying-in woman, iii. 155

Cadiz, death at low tide at, i. 167; custom of swinging at, iv. 284

Cadmea, the, at Thebes, named after Cadmus, iv. 79

Cadmus, servitude of, for the slaughter of the dragon, iv. 70 n. 1, 78; the slayer of the dragon at Thebes, iv. 78 sq.; seeks Europa and founds Thebes, iv. 88; at Samothrace, iv. 89 n. 4; turned into a snake, v. 86 sq.; perhaps personated by the Laurel-bearer at Thebes vi. 241