The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 5 of 7)

The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 5 of 7)

Materialization of prayer, ix. 22 n. 2

Maternal uncle preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285; in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 n. 1

Maternity and paternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 sqq.

Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, iv. 35 sq.

Matlalcuéyé, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices offered to, vii. 237

“Matriarchate,” v. 46; inappropriateness of the term, ii. 271 n. 2

Matronalia, Roman festival on the 1st of March, ix. 346

Matse tribe of Togoland, two royal families in the, ii. 293; their sacrifice of new corn to the Earth Goddess, viii. 115; their transference of sorrow to leaves, ix. 3

Matthes, Dr. B. F., on harvest festival in Celebes, viii. 122 sq.; on sympathetic relation between man and animal among the Malays, xi. 197

Matthews, Dr. Washington, on unwillingness of Indians to speak of their gods at certain times, iii. 385

Mattogrosso, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; the Pleiades worshipped by some tribes of, vii. 309

Matuana, Zulu chief, drank gall of foes, viii. 152

Matuku, in Fiji, iii. 39, 40

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59; ordeal of young men among the, x. 62

Maui, Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 n.

Maundrell, H., on the discoloration of the river Adonis, v. 225 n. 4

Maundy Thursday, church bells silent on, x. 125 n. 1

Maurer, Konrad, on succession to the kingdom in Scandinavia, ii. 280 n. 1; on Icelandic story of the external soul, xi. 125 n. 1

Mauretanians, rain-charm of the, i. 286

Maury, A., on the Easter ceremonies compared with those of Adonis, v. 257 n. 1

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, iv. 94 sq.

Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, v. 95; his ashes swallowed by his widow Artemisia, viii. 158

Mauss, M., and H. Hubert, Messrs., on taboo as negative magic, i. 111 n. 2

Mawu, god, in the language of the Hos of Togoland, i. 396 sq.; Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, ix. 74 sq., 76 n. 1

Mawu Sodza, a Ewe goddess, viii. 115

Maximian and Diocletian, reign of, ix. 308

Maxims of Pythagoras, their superstitious nature, i. 213 sq.

Maximus, Tyrius, on conical image at Paphos, v. 35 n.; on the rites of Demeter at the threshing-floor, vii. 62 n. 1

Maxwell, W. E., on the stratification of religious beliefs among the Malays, ix. 90 n. 1

May, J. D., viii. 281 n. 2

May, modern Greek Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78 n. 1; puppets thrown into the Tiber at Rome in, viii. 107; Roman festival of ghosts in, ix. 154 sq.; Mexican human sacrifices in, ix. 276, 280; dances of Castilian peasants in, ix. 280

——, the 2nd of, called Walburgis Day in Bavaria, ii. 75 n. 2

——, King of, ii. 84, 85 sq.; King and Queen of, iv. 266, ix. 406

——, Queen of, ii. 84, 87 sq.; in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

May Bride, the, ii. 95, iv. 266; the, at Whitsuntide, in Brunswick, ii. 96

—— bridegroom, ii. 91, 93

—— -bushes, ii. 84, 85, 89, 90, 142; placed at doors of stables and byres, ii. 52

—— Day, the first of May, dance of milkmaids on, ii. 52; witches rob cows of milk on, ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267; precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 52 sqq.; green bushes placed at doors of loved maidens on, ii. 56; celebration of, ii. 59 sqq.; licence of, ii. 67, 103 sq.; a festival of flowers in Peloponnese, ii. 143 n. 2; in Sweden, iv. 254; in the Isle of Man, iv. 258, x. 157; magpies’ eggs and young carried from house to house on, viii. 321 n. 3; in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, ix. 158 sq.; dance of witches on the Blocksberg on, ix. 163 n. 1; ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359; bonfires on, x. 146 sqq.; bonfires on, a precaution against witchcraft, x. 295; sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, x. 306; witches active on, xi. 19, 184 n. 4, 185 the Eve of (Walpurgis Night), witches steal milk from cattle on, ii. 52; ceremony at Meiron in Galilee on, v. 178; Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15; witches active on, ix. 158 sqq., xi. 73; a witching time, x. 295. See Walpurgis

—— -flowers over the door a protection against elves and witches, ii. 53

—— Fools, ii. 91

—— garlands, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

—— Lady in Cambridge, ii. 62; representative of the spirit of vegetation, ii. 79

—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, ix. 266

—— -pole, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52; at Midsummer in Sweden, ii. 65; carried on May Day in Warwickshire, ii. 88 sq.; or Midsummer-tree in Sweden and Bohemia, v. 250; set up in front of house of mayor or burgomaster, viii. 44

—— -poles, ii. 59, 65 sqq.; village, in England, ii. 66 sqq.; permanent, ii. 70 sq.

—— Rose, the Little, ii. 74

—— -tree, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52; burned at the end of the year, ii. 71; horse-race to, iv. 208; brought into village and called summer, iv. 246; carried about, x. 120, xi. 22

—— -trees, ii. 59 sq., 64, 68 sq., iv. 251 sq.; at Whitsuntide, iv. 208, 210, 211

Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon of evil, ix. 171; their calendar, ix. 171; their five supplementary days, ix. 171, 340

Mayenne, French department of, May carols and trees in, ii. 63

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, x. 228

Mayos or Mayes, on May Day in Provence, ii. 80

Mbaya Indians of South America, self-sacrifice of old woman among the, iv. 140; their custom of infanticide, iv. 197

M’Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, xi. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, xi. 10 sq.

Mbete, priest, in Fiji, i. 378

Me Bau, a Thay goddess, ix. 98

Méac (February), a Cambodian month, iv. 148

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, x. 214 n.

Meal offered to the wind, i. 329 n. 5; sprinkled to keep off evil spirits, iii. 112; rubbed on man as a purificatory rite, iii. 113

“Meal and ale,” standing dish at harvest supper, vii. 160, 161

Measuring shadows at laying foundations, iii. 89 sq.

Measuring-tape deified, iii. 91 sq.

Meat and milk, dietary rules as to, viii. 83 sq.

Meath, County, hunting the wren in, viii. 320 n.; Hill of Ward in, x. 139; Uisnech in, x. 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, x. 182

Mecca, pilgrims to, not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 sq.; stone-throwing at, ix. 24

Mechanisms, primitive, for determining the time of year by observation of the sun, vii. 314

Mecklenburg, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210, 211; locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296; wolves and other animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396 sq.; harvest customs in, vii. 229, 274; the Corn-wolf in, vii. 273; the Harvest-goat in, vii. 283; cure for fever in, ix. 56; precaution against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 163 n. 1; cattle beaten on Good Friday in, ix. 266; mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327; need-fire in, x. 274 sq.; simples gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 48; mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 60; the divining-rod in, xi. 67; treatment of the afterbirth in, xi. 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 sq.; custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, xi. 279 n. 4

Medea and her magic cauldron, v. 180 sq.

—— and Aeson, viii. 143

Medes, the king of, not to be seen by anybody, iii. 121; law of the, iii. 121

Medicine differentiated from magic, i. 421 n. 1; in Bolang Mongondo nothing but sacrifice, magic, and talismans, ix. 86

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, xi. 268 sq.

—— -man bleeds a man, i. 91; bottles up departing souls, iii. 31; dance of, at blessing maize or dead game, viii. 71 sq.; propitiates rattlesnake, viii. 217; atones for slaughter of wolf, viii. 220; conjures soul of infant into coco-nut, xi. 154 sq.; his mode of cure in Uganda, xi. 181 sq.; in Australia, initiation of, xi. 237 sqq. See also Medicine-men

Medicine-men (magicians, sorcerers), drive away rain, i. 253; their political power in South-east Australia, i. 336; power of, among African tribes, i. 342 sqq.; power of, among the American Indians, i. 355 sqq.; develop into gods and kings, i. 375, 420 sq.; progressive differentiation of, i. 420 sq.; the oldest professional class, i. 420; employed to recover lost souls, iii. 42 sq., 45, 47 sq., 54, 56, 58, 66; swinging of, as a mode of cure, iv. 280 sq.; of Zulus, feel ancestral spirits in their shoulders, v. 74 n. 4; of Wiimbaio, extract disease in shape of crystals, v. 75 n. 4; assimilated to women or thought to be transformed into women, vi. 256; need of, to circumvent evil spirits, ix. 76; whirl bull-roarers, xi. 231; in initiatory rites, xi. 237. See also Magicians, Shamans, Sorcerers, and Wizards

Medium inspired by dead king of Uganda, vi. 171

Mediums, inspired, in Bali, i. 378 sq.; human, inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions, leopards, and serpents, viii. 213

Medontids at Athens, changed from kings to magistrates, ii. 290; reduction in their tenure of office, vii. 86

Mefitis, Italian goddess of mephitic vapours, v. 204, 205

Megalopolis, battle of gods and giants in plain of, v. 157

Megara, annual kingship at, i. 46; besieged by Minos, xi. 103

Megara, sacred caverns or vaults, viii. 17 n. 6

Megarian girls offer their hair to Iphinoe, i. 28

Megassares, king of Hyria, v. 41

Megha Raja, the lord of rain, his figure painted in a rain-charm, i. 296

Meilichios, epithet of Dionysus, vii. 4

Meiners, C., on purification by blood, v. 299 n. 2

Meinersen, in Hanover, need-fire at a village near, x. 275

Meiningen, use of pigs’ bones at sowing in, vii. 300

Meiron, in Galilee, burnings for dead Jewish Rabbis at, v. 178 sq.

Meissen or Thuringia, horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire in, xi. 40

Mekeo, district of British New Guinea, homoeopathic magic of drums in, i. 134 sq.; taboos observed for the sake of the crops in, ii. 106; double chieftainship in, iii. 24 sq.; customs observed by widowers in, iii. 144 sq.; women after childbirth tabooed in, iii. 148

Mela’s description of the Corycian cave, v. 155 n., 156

Melampus and Iphiclus, i. 158

Melancholy, characteristic of men of genius, viii. 302 n. 5

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 164; contagious magic of wounds in, i. 201; confusion of religion and magic in, i. 227 sq.; wizards in, the variety of their functions, i. 227 sq.; weather doctors in, i. 321; wind-charms in, i. 321; supernatural power of chiefs in, i. 338 sqq.; continence observed while the yam vines are training in, ii. 105; close relation of mother’s brother to his nephews in, ii. 285; practice of lengthening the head artificially in, ii. 298 n. 2; attempt to recover a lost soul in, iii. 65; ghost-haunted stones in, iii. 80; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127 sq.; tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 141; cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 n. 1; story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 130 n. 1; belief in conception without sexual intercourse in, v. 97 sq.; magicians buried secretly in, vi. 105; conception of the external soul in, xi. 197 sqq. See also Melanesians

Melanesian and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

—— wizard, his soul as an eagle, iii. 34

Melanesians of the Bismarck Archipelago, unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329; mother-kin among the, vi. 211; of New Britain, their use of flowers and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 sq.; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.; their stories of the origin of death, ix. 303 sq.

—— of Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, their fear of offending ghosts after eating of certain foods, viii. 85

Melawie River, the Dyaks of the, iii. 71

Melcarth, the god of Tyre, identified with Hercules, v. 16, 111; worshipped at Amathus in Cyprus, v. 32, 117; the burning of, v. 110 sqq.; worshipped at Gades, v. 112 sq., vi. 258 n. 5

Melchior, one of the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 sqq.

Melchizedek, king of Salem, v. 17

Meleager, his life bound up with a firebrand, ii. 265, xi. 103; and the olive-leaf, xi. 103 n. 2

Melech and Moloch, vi. 219 sq.

Melenik, in Macedonia, rain-making at, i. 274; fiends scalded to death on New Year’s Eve at, ix. 320

Meles, king of Lydia, banished because of a dearth, v. 183; causes lion to be carried round acropolis, v. 184

Melicertes, Isthmian games at Corinth celebrated in his honour, iv. 93, 103; son of Athamas and Ino, iv. 161; changed with his mother into marine divinities, iv. 162; in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, iv. 162; a form of Melcarth, v. 113

Melite in Phthia, Aspalis, a form of the Hanged Artemis, at, v. 291 sq.

Melito on the father of Adonis, v. 13 n. 2

Mell, last corn cut, vii. 151 sq.

Mell-doll, vii. 151

—— -sheaf, vii. 151 sq.

—— -supper, vii. 151

Melos, milk-stones in, i. 165

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8 sq.

Memnonium at Thebes, vi. 35 n.

Memorial stones, flat and standing, in honour of women and men respectively, among the Khasis, vi. 203

Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, iv. 259 n. 1; head of Osiris at, vi. 11; oath of the kings of Egypt at, vi. 24; festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, vi. 108; Apis the sacred bull of, vi. 119 n., viii. 34; the sanctuary of Serapis at, vi. 119 n.

Men, masked, personating the dead, ii. 178, vi. 53; injured through their shadows, iii. 78 sqq.; create gods in their own likeness, iv. 194; make gods, vi. 211; dressed as women, vi. 253 sqq.; dressed as women at marriage, vi. 261 sq.; dressed as women to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 sq.; dressed as women at circumcision, vi. 263; parts of, eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 sqq.; disguised as animals, processions of, viii. 325 sqq.; evil transferred to, ix. 38 sqq.; possessed by spirits in China, ix. 117; disguised as demons, ix. 170 sq., 172, 173, 213, 214 sq., 235; as scapegoats, ix. 194 sqq.; divine, as scapegoats, ix. 217 sqq.; masked, as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable and animal, ix. 249 sq.; sacrifices of deified, ix. 409; disguised as women, x. 107

—— and asses, redemption of firstling, iv. 173

“—— of God,” prophets, v. 76

—— and women, difference of language between, iii. 348 sq.; inspired by the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, vi. 171, 172, 192 sq.; forbidden by Mosaic law to interchange dress, ix. 363; eat apart, x. 81

Men’s blood not to be seen by women, iii. 252 n.

Men Tyrannus, Phrygian moon-god, v. 284; custom as to pollution of death at his shrine, vi. 227

Mên-an-tol, “holed stone” in Cornwall, xi. 187

Mendalam River in Borneo, vii. 97, 98, 187

Mendes, in Egypt, mummy of Osiris at, iv. 4; the ram-god of, iv. 7 n. 2; the goat the beast-god of, viii. 172

Menedemus, sacrifices without the use of iron to, iii. 226 sq.

Menelaus, husband of Helen and king of Sparta, ii. 279

Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, forbids sanguinary fights for purpose of procuring rain, i. 258

Mengap, a Dyak liturgy, ix. 383

Menoeceus, his voluntary death, iv. 192 n. 3

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268 n. 1

Menstruation, women tabooed at, iii. 145 sqq.; seclusion of girls at the first, x. 22 sqq.; the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, x. 24; reasons for secluding women at, x. 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, x. 76. See also Blood

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, x. 98 n. 1

—— woman forbidden to touch roof-thatch, i. 179 n. 1

—— women, avoidance of, by hunters, iii. 211; disability of, viii. 253 sq.; keep their heads or faces covered, x. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90, 92; not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, x. 77; not allowed to go near water, x. 77; supposed to spoil fisheries, x. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93; painted red, or red and white, x. 78; not allowed to use the ordinary paths, x. 78, 80, 84, 89, 90; not allowed to approach the sea, x. 79; not allowed to enter cultivated fields, x. 79; obliged to occupy special huts, x. 79, 82, 85 sqq.; supposed to spoil crops, x. 79, 96; not allowed to cook, x. 80, 82, 84, 90; not allowed to drink milk, x. 80, 84; not allowed to handle salt, x. 81 sq., 84; kept from wells, x. 81, 82, 97; obliged to use separate doors, x. 84; not allowed to lie on high beds, x. 84; not allowed to touch or see fire, x. 84, 85; not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, x. 84, 91, 93; excluded from religious ceremonies, x. 85; not allowed to eat with men, x. 85, 90; thought to spoil the luck of hunters, x. 87, 89, 90, 91, 94; not allowed to ride horses, x. 88 sq., 96; not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, x. 90; dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, x. 94; not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, x. 96; not allowed to salt or pickle meat, x. 96 n. 2; not allowed to cross running streams, x. 97; not allowed to draw water at wells, x. 97; used to protect fields against insects, x. 98 n. 1

Menstruous women dreaded and secluded, iii. 145 sqq., 206; in Australia, iii. 145, x. 76 sqq.; in America, iii. 145 sqq., x. 85 sqq.; in the Torres Straits Islands, x. 78 sq.; in New Guinea, x. 79; in Galela, x. 79; in Sumatra, x. 79; in Africa, x. 79 sqq.; among the Jews and in Syria, x. 83 sq.; in India, x. 84 sq.; in Annam, x. 85

Mentawei Islands, ceremony at reception of strangers in the, iii. 104

Mentras of Malacca use a special language in searching for lignum aloes, iii. 404; their tradition as to primitive man, vi. 140

Mephitic vapours, worship of, v. 203 sqq.

Mequinez in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer at, x. 216

Mercato Nuovo at Florence, the Old Woman sawn through at Mid-Lent in the, iv. 241

Mercurial temperament of merchants and sailors, vi. 218

Merenra, king of Egypt, worshipped in his lifetime, i. 418

Meriahs, human victims sacrificed for good crops among the Khonds, iv. 139, vii. 245, 246, 249, 250

Merkel, R., on the grove of Helernus, ii. 190 n. 2

Merker, Captain M., on the power of medicine-men among the Masai, i. 343 sq.

Merlin, the wizard, his magic sleep, i. 306

Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, ix. 356. See Marduk

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, iv. 15

Merolla, G., da Sorrento, on food taboos in Congo, iii. 137; on the custom of putting the Chitomé to death, iv. 14 sq.; on seclusion of girls at puberty on the Congo, x. 31 n. 3

Merovingian kings may have touched for scrofula, i. 370

Merrakech, in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer at, x. 216; New Year fires at, x. 217

Merseburg, binder of last sheaf called the Oatsman near, vii. 221

Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, ix. 332 sq.

Mesha, king of Moab, his god Kemosh, v. 15; sacrifices his first-born, v. 110

Mesopotamia, artificial fertilization of the date-palm in, ix. 272 sq.; Atrae in, x. 82

Mespelaer, in Belgium, St. Peter’s fires at, x. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, children passed through holed rock near, xi. 189

Messenia, Andania in, ii. 122

Messiah, pretended new, in America, i. 409; pretended Jewish, at Smyrna, iv. 46; “the Anointed One,” v. 21

Metageitnion, an Attic month, vii. 77, viii. 17 n. 2, ix. 354

Metal instruments, the clash of, a protection against witches, ix. 158

Metapontum, head of Demeter on a coin of, vii. 68 n. 1

Meteor as signal for festival, v. 259

Meteorite, powdered, in a charm, viii. 166 sq.

Meteors, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq. See also Falling Stars

Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, v. 41

Methide plant growing over grave of Osiris, vi. 111

Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, iv. 192

Meton, his cycle of nineteen years, vii. 81 n. 3

“Metropolis of the Corn,” Athens called the, by Delphic oracle, vii. 58

Metsik, a forest-spirit, the patron of cattle, ii. 55; his effigy carried out of the village by the Esthonians on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 233, 252 sq.

Metz, F., on the fire-walk among the Badagas, xi. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, xi. 39

Mexican calendar, its mode of intercalation, vi. 28 n. 3

—— custom of veiling the images of the gods during the king’s sickness, iii. 95 n. 8; of making images of gods out of dough and eating them sacramentally, viii. 86 sqq.

—— human sacrifices in connexion with the maize crop, vii. 236 sqq., 251; assimilation of the victims to the gods in, vii. 261, ix. 275 sqq.

—— Indians, confession of sins among the, iii. 216 n. 2

—— kings, oath taken by them at their accession, i. 356, 416

—— sacraments, viii. 86 sqq.

—— temples, their form, ix. 279

Mexicans, their custom of eating a man as an embodiment of a god, viii. 92 sq.

——, the ancient, their human sacrifices to the sun, i. 314 sq.; human sacrifices of, vi. 107, vii. 236 sqq.; their customs at maize-harvest, vii. 174 sqq.

Mexico, the Huichol Indians of, i. 123, 154 sq., 302, iii. 197, vii. 177, viii. 93; Indians of, their charm to cause sleep, i. 148; the Tarahumare Indians of, i. 150, 155, 249, 284, ii. 156 sq., vii. 227 sq., viii. 252, ix. 10, 236; the Tepehuanes of, iii. 325, 424, ix. 10; rule as to the felling of timber in, vi. 136; the Zapotecs of, vii. 174, xi. 212; the Tzentales of, viii. 241; heaps of stones and sticks to which passers-by add, in, ix. 10; the Cora Indians of, ix. 238, 381; effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 127 sq.

——, ancient, custom as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 179; treatment of the navel-string in, i. 196 sq.; custom of passing new-born children through the smoke of fire in, ii. 232 n. 3; virgin-priestesses of fire in, ii. 245; continence at brewing pulque in, iii. 201 sq.; tears of human victims a sign of rain in, vii. 248 n. 2; magic ointment in, viii. 165; use of skins of human victims in, ix. 265 sq., 297, 298 sq.; killing the god in, ix. 275 sqq.; story of the creation of the sun in, ix. 410; ceremony of new fire in, x. 132; representation of the sun as a wheel in, x. 334 n. 1

Meyer, Professor Eduard, on prophecy in Canaan, v. 75 n. 5; on the Hittite language, v. 125 n.; on costume of Hittite priest or king, v. 133 n., 141 n. 1; on the rock-hewn sculptures of Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n.; on Anubis at Abydos, vi. 18 n. 3; on the hawk as an Egyptian emblem, vi. 22 n. 1; on the date of the introduction of the Egyptian calendar, vi. 36 n. 2; on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 n. 2, vii. 260 n. 2; on the relation of Byblus to Egypt, vi. 127 n. 1; on the Lycian language, vi. 213 n. 1; on the age of the Egyptian calendar, ix. 340 n. 4

Meyer, Professor Kuno, on an Irish legend, iv. 159 n. 1

Mezentius, king of Caere, his battle with Latinus, iv. 283

Mhaighdean-Bhuana (or Maighdean-Buana), the Corn-maiden in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 156, 164 sq.

Míamis, Indian tribe of North America, their myth of the Corn-spirit, vii. 206 sq.

Miao-Kia, aborigines of China, their sacred trees and groves, ii. 31

Micah, the prophet, on man’s duty, i. 223, iv. 174; on sacrifice, iv. 171

Mice asked to give new teeth, i. 178, 179; and shorn hair, superstition as to, iii. 270; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397, 399, 415; thought to understand human speech, iii. 399; eaten by the Jews as a religious rite, viii. 24; their ravages on the crops, viii. 33, 282; the genius of, viii. 243; superstitious precautions taken by farmers against, viii. 276 sqq., 281; superstition as to white, viii. 279, 283; white, under the altar of Apollo, viii. 283. See also Mouse

—— and rats, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 sqq.

—— and twins, supposed connexion between, i. 118

Michael, in the Isle of Man, x. 307

Michael Angelo, the Pietà of, v. 257

Michaelmas, 29th September, festival of the dead among the Letts at, vi. 74; cakes baked at, x. 149. See also St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, x. 5

Micksy, rivulet, holy oak on the, ii. 371 sq.

Microseris Forsteri, roots of, dug and eaten by Australian aborigines, vii. 127

Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, iv. 222 n. 1; also called Dead Sunday, iv. 221; custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 234, 236 sq.; ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 sqq.

Midas and his ass’s ears, iii. 258 n. 1

—— and Gordias, names of Phrygian kings, v. 286

——, King of Gordium, iii. 316

——, King of Phrygia, father of Lityerses, vii. 217; the tomb of, v. 286

Middle Ages, belief as to consummation of marriage being prevented by knots and locks in the, iii. 299; the Yule log in the, x. 252; the need-fire in the, x. 270

Middleton, J. H., on the temple of Apollo at Delphi, vii. 14 n. 3; on “crying the neck” in Cornwall, vii. 266

Midianites, the slaughter of the, iii. 177

Midsummer, precautions against witches at, ii. 127; new fire made at, ii. 242; reason for celebrating the death of the spirit of vegetation at, iv. 263 sq.; gardens of Adonis at, v. 244 sqq.; old heathen festival of, in Europe and the East, v. 249 sq.; divination at, v. 252 sq.; wells crowned with flowers at, xi. 28; processions of giants at, xi. 33 sqq.; sacred to Balder, xi. 87

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” x. 334

—— bonfires in Sweden, ii. 65; intended to drive away dragons, x. 161. See Midsummer fires

—— Bride and Bridegroom in Sweden and Norway, ii. 92, v. 251

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, xi. 54

—— Day (St. John’s Day), cattle crowned on, ii. 127; ancient Roman festival of, ii. 272, x. 178; ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359; charm for fig-trees on, x. 18; water claims human victims on, x. 26 sqq.; regarded as unlucky, xi. 29. See also St. John’s Day

—— Day or Eve, custom of bathing on, v. 246 sqq., xi. 29 sq.; pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— Eve (St. John’s Eve), May-poles and bonfires in Sweden on, ii. 65; trees burned on, ii. 66, 141, v. 250; activity of witches and warlocks on, ii. 127, ix. 158, 160, x. 176 sq., xi. 19, 73 sqq.; bonfires in Cornwall on, ii. 141; figures of Kupalo carried over bonfires in Russia on, iv. 262, v. 250 sq.; Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15; trolls and evil spirits abroad on, x. 172; the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, xi. 45 sqq.; the magic flowers of, xi. 45 sqq.; divination on, xi. 46 n. 3, 50, 52 sqq., 61, 64, 67 sqq.; dreams of love on, xi. 52, 54; fern-seed blooms on, xi. 65, 287; the divining-rod cut on, xi. 67 sqq.; treasures bloom in the earth on, xi. 288 n. 5; theoak thought to bloom on, xi. 292, 293. See also St. John’s Eve

—— festival, in Europe, ii. 272 sq., x. 161 sqq.; named after St. John, v. 244; the bonfires, processions with torches, and rolling wheels of the, x. 161; Kirchmeyer’s account of the, x. 162 sq.; of fire and water among the Mohammedan peoples of North Africa, x. 213 sqq.; common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, x. 219, xi. 31; the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, xi. 40; its relation to Druidism, xi. 45

—— fires, x. 160 sqq.; and couples in relation to vegetation, v. 250 sq.; leaping over the fires to make flax or hemp grow tall, v. 251; in Germany, x. 163 sqq.; in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, x. 171 sq.; in Austria, x. 173 sqq.; cows driven through, to guard them against witchcraft, x. 175, 176, 185, 188; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 176, 180; in Russia and Lithuania, x. 176 sqq.; among the Magyars, x. 178 sq.; among the Esthonians, x. 179 sq.; in Finland and among the Cheremiss, x. 180 sq.; in France, x. 181 sqq.; in Belgium, x. 194 sqq.; in England, x. 196 sqq.; in Wales, x. 156, 200 sq.; in Ireland, x. 201 sqq.; in Scotland, x. 206 sq.; in Spain and the Azores, x. 208 sq.; in Italy, x. 209 sq.; in Malta, x. 210 sq.; in Greece, the Greek islands, and Macedonia, x. 211 sq.; in America, x. 212 sq.; among the Mohammedans of North Africa, x. 213 sqq.; animals burnt in the, xi. 38 sqq. See also Cattle and Leaping

Midsummer flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, xi. 72

—— Men, orpine, xi. 61

—— morning, church bells rung on, to drive away witches, ii. 127

—— mummers clad in green fir branches, xi. 25 sq.

—— solstice, rain-making ceremony performed at the, viii. 179. See also Solstice

—— tree burned in Bohemia, ii. 66

Midwinter fires, x. 246 sqq.

Migrations of princes in ancient Greece a trace of female descent of the kingship, ii. 278 sq.

Mijatovich, Chedo, on the Zadrooga or Servian house-community, x. 259 n. 1

Mikado, the, an incarnation of the sun goddess, i. 417, iii. 2; rules of life of, iii. 3 sqq.; not allowed to set foot on ground, iii. 3, x. 2 sq.; the sun not allowed to shine on him, iii. 3, x. 18 sq.; supposed effect of using his dishes or clothes, iii. 131; custom as to cutting his hair and nails, iii. 265; his absolution and remission of sins, ix. 213 n. 1

Mikados, their relations to the Tycoons, iii. 19; human sacrifices formerly offered at the graves of the, iv. 218

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron, on the ignorance of the art of making fire on the Maclay coast of New Guinea, ii. 253 sq.; on protective ceremony in New Guinea, iii. 109

Milan, alleged incarnation of the Holy Ghost at, i. 409; festival of the Three Kings of Twelfth Day at, ix. 331

Milcom, the god of Ammon, v. 19

Mildew worshipped by the Romans, viii. 282

Mildew Apollo, viii. 282

Milk, offered at graves, i. 287, v. 87; stolen by witches from cows on Walpurgis Night or May Day (Beltane), ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267, x. 154; stolen by witches from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176 sq., 185, xi. 74; poured on grave of ancestor, ii. 223; offered to the fig-tree of Romulus, ii. 318; stolen by witches on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 sqq.; not given away on St. George’s Eve, ii. 339; customs observed when the king of Unyoro drinks, iii. 119; not drunk by those who have handled a corpse, iii. 141; not to be drunk by wounded men, iii. 174 sq.; consecrated by lying-in woman, iii. 225 n.; wine called, iii. 249 n. 2; serpents fed with, v. 84 sqq., 87; omens from boiling, viii. 56, xi. 8; taboos referring to, viii. 83 sq.; temporary abstinence from, viii. 161; offered to snakes, viii. 288; heifers beaten to make them yield, ix. 266 sq.; girls at puberty forbidden to drink, x. 22, 30, 38; poured on fire-place, x. 30; not to be drunk by menstruous women, x. 80, 84; stolen by witches from cows, x. 343; libations of, poured on fire, xi. 8, 9; libations of, poured into a stream, xi. 9; poured on sick cattle, xi. 13

Milk and butter stolen from cow’s by witches at Midsummer, ii. 127, x. 185; thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, x. 180; witchcraft fatal to, xi. 86

—— and cattle, importance of, for the early Italians, ii. 324

—— of cows, charm to increase the, i. 198 sq.; chiefs held responsible for the, i. 354; thought to be promoted by green boughs on May Day, ii. 52

—— and meat (flesh), dietary rules as to, iii. 292, viii. 83 sq.

—— of pig thought to cause leprosy, viii. 24, 25

——, women’s, promoted by milk-stones, i. 165

Milk pails wreathed with garlands on May Day, ii. 52; wreathed with rowan on May Day, ii. 53; wreathed with flowers on St. George’s Day, ii. 338, 339

—— -stones, magical, produce milk, i. 165

—— -tie as a bond of kinship, xi. 138 n. 1

—— -tree not to be cut while the corn is in the ground, ii. 49

—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, x. 80

Milking cows as a rain-charm, i. 284; through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” xi. 185

Milkmaids on May Day, dance of, ii. 52

Milkmen of the Todas sacred or divine, i. 402 sq.; taboos observed by, iii. 15 sqq.

Milky juice of wild fig-tree in religious rite, ii. 313, ix. 258

Mill, women mourning for Tammuz eat nothing ground in a, v. 230; Tammuz ground in a, vii. 258

Mill-stones crowned at Vesta’s festival in June, ii. 127 n. 3

Millaeus on judicial torture, xi. 158

Miller, Hugh, on absence of soul in sleep, iii. 40 sq.

Miller’s wife a witch, story of the, x. 319 sq.

Millet, homoeopathic magic of, i. 145; cultivated in Africa, vii. 115, 117; cultivated in Assam, vii. 123; cultivated in New Guinea, vii. 123; the deity of, worshipped by the Ainos, viii. 52; first-fruits of, offered to the dead, viii. 111, 112

Millingtonia, the sacred tree of the Todas, viii. 314

Milne, Mrs. Leslie, on Shan custom as to cutting bamboos, vi. 136

Miltiades, funeral games celebrated in his honour in the Thracian Chersonese, iv. 93 sq.

Milton on chastity, ii. 118 n. 1; on the laments for Tammuz, v. 226 n.; on the Harvest Queen, vii. 147

Mimicry the principle of religious or magical dramas, ix. 374

Miming, a satyr of the woods, in the Balder legend, x. 103

Minahassa, a district of Celebes, rain-making in, i. 277; inspired priests among the Alfoors of, i. 382 sq.; ceremony at house-warming among the Alfoors of, iii. 63 sq., xi. 153; reluctance to be photographed in, iii. 99; Alfoors of, forbidden to pronounce the names of parents-in-law, iii. 340 sq.; special language at rice-harvest in, iii. 412; mock human sacrifices in, iv. 214 sq.; quail associated with rice in, vii. 296; customs as to sowing and plucking the new rice in, viii. 54; dummies to deceive demons in, viii. 100; festival of “eating the new rice” in, viii. 123; hair of slain foe used to impart courage in, viii. 153; expulsion of demons in, ix. 111 sq.

Minangkabau, the Sultan of, revered by the Battas, i. 399

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their use of magical images, i. 58; their homoeopathic magic at building a rice barn, i. 140; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 193; their treatment of women in childbirth, iii. 32; their conception of the soul as a bird or a fly, iii. 36; their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41; their customs as to the Mother of Rice, vii. 191 sq.; their respect for crocodiles, viii. 211 sq.; their respect for tigers, viii. 215 sq.; their belief as to menstruous women, x. 79; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Mindanao, one of the Philippines, the Bogabos of, iii. 323, vii. 240

Minden, dances round an oak in the principality of, ii. 371

Miners, special language employed by, iii. 407, 409

Mingoli, spirits of the dead, among the Boloki, ix. 77

Mingrelia, holy image ducked as a rain-charm in, i. 308

Miniature fields dedicated to spirits in Nias, vii. 233 sq.

Minnetarees, Indian tribe of North America, their personification of maize as an Old Woman, vii. 204 sq.; ceremony for securing good crop of maize among the, vii. 209 n. 2; their belief in the resurrection of bisons, viii. 256

Minnigaff, parish in Galloway, “cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Minoan age of Greece, v. 34

Minorca, seven-legged images of Lent in, iv. 244 n. 1

Minos, king of Cnossus, his reign of eight years, iv. 70 sqq.; tribute of youths and maidens sent to, iv. 74 sqq.

——, king of Crete, besieges Megara, xi. 103

—— and Britomartis, iv. 73

Minotaur, the, legend of, iv. 71, 74; perhaps an image of the sun, iv. 75, 77

—— and the labyrinth, iv. 71, 74, 77

—— and Pasiphae, iv. 71, vii. 31

Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John’s Day, xi. 51

Minucius Felix on the Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n. 1; on the rites of Osiris, vi. 85 n. 3; on the Salii, ix. 231 n. 3

Minyas, king of Orchomenus, his treasury, iv. 164

Miotse, the, of China, drive away the devil by means of a kite, ix. 4

Mirabeau, hunting the wren at, viii. 321

Miracles, god-man expected to work, i. 376; not conceived by early man as breaches of natural law, i. 376 sq.

Miraculous births of gods and heroes, v. 107

Mirasans, the, of the Punjaub, their worship of snakes, viii. 316 sq.

Miris of Assam, fear to offend woodland spirits, ii. 39; new fire made after a death among the, ii. 267 n. 4; woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 123; eat tiger’s flesh to make them brave, viii. 145

Mirror or burning-glass, fire made by means of, ii. 243, 245 n.

Mirrors, superstitions as to, iii. 92 sq., 94 sqq.; covered after a death, iii. 94 sq.

Mirzapur, the Chero of, i. 209; taboos and ceremonies connected with the rearing of silk-worms in, iii. 193 sq.; the Majhwârs of, iii. 234, ix. 36, 60; the Pankas of, iii. 402; remedy for locusts in, viii. 276; transference of disease in, ix. 6; sacrifices at cairns in, ix. 27; the Korwas and Pataris of, their use of scapegoats, ix. 192; the Bhuiyars of, x. 84

Miscarriage in childbed, dread of, iii. 149, 152 sqq.; supposed danger of concealing a, iii. 211, 213

Misfortune swept out of house with brooms, ix. 5; burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 215; got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, x. 215

Misrule, the Lord of, ix. 251, 312; at Bodmin in Cornwall, ii. 319 n. 1; in England, ix. 331 sqq.

Missel-thrush and mistletoe, xi. 316

Missiles hurled at dangerous ghosts or spirits, ix. 17 sqq.

Mississippi, lighted torch carried before chiefs among the Indians of the, ii. 263 sq.

Missouri, the, cottonwood trees in the valley of, ii. 12

“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, x. 279

Mistletoe, worshipped by the Druids, ii. 358, 362, xi. 76 sq., 301; wreath of, on pole to which a wren is fastened, viii. 321; the divining-rod made of, xi. 69, 291; cut on the sixth day of the moon, xi. 77; makes barren animals and women to bring forth, xi. 77, 78, 79; cut with a golden sickle, xi. 77, 80; thought to have fallen from the sky, xi. 77, 80; called the “all-healer,” xi. 77, 79, 82; an antidote to all poison, xi. 77, 83; gathered on the first day of the moon, xi. 78; not to touch the earth, xi. 78, 80, 280; a cure for epilepsy, xi. 78, 83, 84; extinguishes fire, xi. 78, 84 sq., 293; venerated by the Ainos of Japan, xi. 79; growing on willow specially efficacious, xi. 79; confers invulnerability, xi. 79 sq.; its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about it, xi. 80, 81, 84; not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, xi. 81 sq.; in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, xi. 81 sqq.; medical virtues ascribed to, xi. 82 sqq.; cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, xi. 82, 86; growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, xi. 83; mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John’s Day or Eve), xi. 83, 86; these virtues a pure superstition, xi. 84; cut at the full moon of March, xi. 84, 86; called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, xi. 85, 301; a master-key to open all locks, xi. 85; a protection against witchcraft, xi. 85 sq.; given to first cow that calves after New Year, xi. 86; gathered especially at Midsummer, xi. 86 sq.; grows on oaks in Sweden, xi. 87; ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire nor water, xi. 94; life of oak in, xi. 280, 292; a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, xi. 282, 283, 294; a protection against fairy changelings, xi. 283; hung over doors of stables and byres in Brittany, xi. 287; thought to disclose treasures in the earth, xi. 287, 291 sq.; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, xi. 291 sqq.; traditional privilege of, xi. 291 n. 2; growing on a hazel, xi. 291 n. 3; growing on a thorn, xi. 291 n. 3; perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, xi. 292; sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, xi. 301; two species of, Viscum album and Loranthus europaeus, xi. 315 sqq.; found most commonly on apple-trees, xi. 315, xi. 316 n. 5; growing on oaks in England, xi. 316; seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, xi. 316; ancient names of, xi. 317 sq.; Virgil on, xi. 318 sqq.; Dutch names for, xi. 319 n. 1

Mistletoe and Balder, x. 101 sq., xi. 76 sqq., 302; his life or death in the mistletoe, xi. 279, 283

—— and the Golden Bough, xi. 315 sqq.

Mistress, sanctuary of the, at Lycosura, in Arcadia, taboos observed, at the, iii. 227 n., 314, viii. 46; cow-headed or sheep-headed statuettes of women found at the, viii. 21 n. 4

—— of the Earth, worshipped in Timor, ix. 85

“—— of Turquoise,” goddess at Sinai, v. 35

Mitani, ancient people of Northern Mesopotamia, v. 135 n.

Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain in Scotland, x. 326

Mithr, Armenian fire-god, x. 131 n. 3

Mithra, Persian deity, popularity of his worship in the Rotnan Empire, v. 301 sq.; identified with the Unconquered Sun, v. 304; his nativity on December 25th, v. 304

Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, xi. 277

—— religion a rival to Christianity, v. 302; festival of Christmas borrowed from the, v. 302 sqq.

—— sacrifice of bull, viii. 10

Mithridates, his siege of Cyzicus, viii. 95 n. 2

Mitigations of human sacrifices, vii. 33, ix. 396 sq., 408

Mittelmark, district of Prussia, the last sheaf called the Old Man in, vii. 219

Mizimu, spirits of the dead, among the Wadowe of East Africa, xi. 312

Miztecs of Mexico, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 54 sq.

Mlanje, in British Central Africa, xi. 314 n. 1

Mnasara tribe of Morocco kindle fires at Midsummer, x. 214

Mnevis, sacred Egyptian bull of Heliopolis, iv. 72, vi. 11, viii. 34 sq., ix. 217

Moa, island of, taboos observed by women and children during war in, i. 131; treatment of the navel-string in, i. 187; theory of earthquakes in, v. 198; annual expulsion of diseases in a proa in, ix. 199

Moab, Arabs of, i. 153, 157, 276, iii. 280, vii. 138; their custom of shaving prisoners, iii. 273; their custom at harvest, vi. 48, 96; their remedies for ailments, vi. 242. See also Arabs

——, king of, and his god Kemosh, v. 15; sacrifices his son on the wall, iv. 166, 179

——, the wilderness of, v. 52 sq.; the springs of Callirrhoe in, v. 214 sqq.

Moabite stone, the inscription on the, v. 15 n. 3, 20 n. 2, 163 n. 3

Moabites, King David’s treatment of the, iii. 273 sq.; burn the bones of the kings of Edom, vi. 104

Mock battle at festival of new fruits among the Creek Indians, viii. 75. See Sham fight

—— executions, iv. 148, 158

—— human sacrifices, iv. 214 sqq.; sacrifices of finger-joints, iv. 219

—— kings, iv. 148 sqq., ix. 403 sq.

—— marriage of human victims, ix. 257 sq.

—— sultan in Morocco, iv. 152 sq.

—— sun in charm to secure sunshine, i. 314

Mockery of Christ, ix. 412 sqq.

Mocobis, the, of Paraguay, their reverence for the Pleiades, vii. 309

Modai, invisible spirits, among the Kacharis, ix. 93

Models in cardboard offered to the dead instead of the things themselves, vi. 63 sq.

Moesia, Durostorum in Lower, ix. 309

Moffat, Dr. R., on the power of rain-makers in South African tribes, i. 351; on the observation of the Pleiades by the Bechuanas, vii. 316

Mogador, in Morocco, devils nailed into a wall at, ix. 63

Moggridge, Mr., on sin-eating in Wales, ix. 44 n. 2

Mogk, Professor Eugen, on May-trees and Whitsuntide-trees in Saxony, ii. 68 sq.; as to the purificatory intention of the European fire-festivals, x. 330

Mohammed forbade the artificial fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 n. 1; on the fig, ii. 316; bewitched by a Jew, iii. 302 sq.; said to have stoned the devil, ix. 24

Mohammed ben Isa or Aïsa, of Mequinex, founder of the order called Isowa or Aïsawa, vii. 21

Mohammedan belief as to falling stars, iv. 63 sq.

—— calendar lunar, x. 216 sq., 218 sq.

—— custom of raising cairns near sacred places, ix. 21

—— New Year festival in North Africa, x. 217 sq.

—— peoples of North Africa, their custom of bathing at Midsummer, v. 249; Midsummer fires among the, x. 213 sqq.

—— popular belief, traces of the bird-soul in, iii. 36 n. 3

—— saints as givers of children, v. 78 n. 2; reverence for, in North Africa, ix. 21, 22

—— students of Fez, their annual mock sultan, iv. 152 sq.

Mohammedanism, its success due to its founder, vi. 160 sq.

Mohammedans of India, no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.; the Suni, of Bombay, cover mirrors after a death, iii. 95; of Oude, their mode of drinking moonshine, vi. 144

Moharram, first Mohammedan month, x. 217

Moire, sister of Tylon, v. 186

Mole-cricket in homoeopathic magic, i. 156

—— -hill, earth from a, thrown at fairies, i. 329

Moles, hearts of, eaten by diviners to acquire prophetic power, viii. 143

“—— and Field-mice,” fire ceremony on Eve of Twelfth Night in Normandy, ix. 317

—— and field-mice driven away by torches, x. 115, xi. 340

Molina, J. I., on Araucanian belief as to toads, i. 292 n. 3; on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 130 n.

Moloch, sacrifice of children to, iv. 75, 168 sqq., v. 178; meaning of the name, v. 15; the king, vi. 219 sqq.

—— and Melech, vi. 219 sq.

Molonga, a demon of Queensland personified by a man, ix. 172

Molsheim in Baden, bonfires and burning discs on the first Sunday in Lent near, x. 117

Molucca Islanders, their festival of heaven, i. 399 sq.

Moluccas, clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women in the, ii. 28; fear of offending forest-spirits in the, ii. 40; abduction of human souls in the, iii. 61 sq.; ceremony on return from a journey in the, iii. 113

Mombasa, in British East Africa, king of, expected to give rain, i. 396; preceded on the march by fire, ii. 264; avoidance of the word smallpox at, iii. 400

Mommsen, August, on a Delphic ceremony, i. 46 n. 1; on the Sacred Marriage, ii. 137 n. 1; on the Eleusinian games, vii. 77 n. 4; on the Anthesteria, ix. 153 n. 1; on the Cronia at Athens, ix. 352 n. 1

Mommsen, Theodor, on dictatorship of Tusculum, i. 23 n. 3; on the costume of a Roman king, ii. 174 n. 1; on the triumphal golden crown, ii. 175 n. 1; on the election of the Roman kings, ii. 296; on the date of the festival of Osiris at Rome, vi. 95 n. 1; on the Roman custom of knocking in a nail annually, ix. 67 n. 2

Mon, island of, belief of Esthonian reapers in, as to cutting the first corn, vii. 285

Monarchy in ancient Greece and Rome, tradition of its abolition, i. 46; rise of, i. 216 sqq.; essential to emergence of mankind from savagery, i. 217; hereditary and elective, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

Monbuttu (Monbutto) or Mangbettou of Central Africa, their custom of lengthening the heads of chiefs’ children, ii. 297; their king takes his meals in private, iii. 118 sq.; women the agricultural labourers among the, vii. 119

Mondard, the great, a straw-man placed on oldest apple-tree while apples are ripening, viii. 6

Mondays, witches dreaded on, xi. 73

Money, the oldest Italian, i. 23; magical stones to bring, i. 164

Mongol transference of evil, ix. 7 sq.

Mongolia, rain-making in, i. 305; incarnate human gods in, i. 413

Mongolian peoples, their custom of stuffing skins of sacrificed animals or stretching them on a framework, viii. 257 sq.

—— story, milk-tie in a, x. 138 n. 1; the external soul in a, xi. 143 sq.

Mongols feared by the Chinese government, i. 413; their recall of the soul, iii. 44; their recovery of souls from demons, iii. 63; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; sacred books of the, only to be read in spring or summer, iii. 384; funeral customs of the, v. 293

Monkey sacrificed for riddance of evils, ix. 208 sq.

Monkeys (apes) not to be called by their proper name, iii. 402, 403, 408, 413; sacred at Fishtown, viii. 287

Monmouthshire, All Souls’ Day in, vi. 79

Monomotapa, in East Africa, the king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264; forbidden to wear foreign stuffs, iii. 115; his way of prolonging his life, vi. 222 sq.

Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, xi. 240 sq., 242

Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, witch-hare at, x. 318

Montagne du Doubs, in Franche-Comté, bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in the, ix. 316

Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, x. 135 n. 2

Montalto, in Calabria, custom of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 241

Montanists, their view that the Creation took place at the spring equinox, v. 307 n. 2

Montanus, on the Yule log, x. 248

Montanus the Phrygian, claimed to be the incarnate Trinity, i. 407

Monteiro, Major, his expedition in South Africa, i. 393 n. 2

Montenegro, the Yule log in, x. 263

Montezuma, King of Mexico, worshipped as a god, i. 416; not to be looked on by his subjects, iii. 121; not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 2

Month during which men disguised as devils go about, ix. 132; of general licence before expulsion of demons, ix. 148; intercalary, ix. 342 sqq.

—— and moon, names for, in Aryan languages, ix. 325

Months, the Egyptian, table of, vi. 37 n.; ancient Greek, lunar and therefore shifting in the solar year, vii. 52 sq., 82; lunar, observed by savages, vii. 117, 125

Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic relation to snakes, xi. 209 sq.

Monumbos, the, of German New Guinea, uncleanness of man-slayers among the, iii. 169; pregnant women do not use sharp instruments among, iii. 238; their masked dances, ix. 382

Monyo, village of Burma, tamarind-tree worshipped at, ii. 46

Moon, Esquimau custom at the new, i. 121 sq.; wives sing to the, in the absence of their husbands, i. 125; ceremony at an eclipse of the, i. 311; charm to hasten the, i. 319; Diana conceived as the, ii. 128; women pray to the moon for an easy delivery, ii. 128 n. 2; woman chosen to represent the, ii. 146; ceremonies at new, iii. 15; represented by a cow, iv. 71 sq.; myth of the setting and rising, iv. 73; married to Endymion, iv. 90; human victims sacrificed to the, v. 73, vii. 261; albinoes thought to be the offspring of the, v. 91; Osiris and the, vi. 129 sqq.; popularly regarded as the cause of growth and decay, vi. 132, 138; practical rules based on a theory of the influence of the, vi. 132 sqq., 140 sqq.; popularly regarded as the source of dew and moisture, vi. 137 sq.; worshipped by the agricultural Indians of tropical America, vi. 138 sq.; viewed as the husband of the sun, vi. 139 n.; Athenian superstition as to an eclipse of the, vi. 141; children presented to the, vi. 144 sqq.; thought to have a harmful influence on children, vi. 148; the Greek calendar regulated by the, vii. 80; Basutos attempt to reckon by the, vii. 117; pigs sacrificed to the, viii. 25; bodily ailments transferred to the, ix. 53 sq.; the “dark” and the “light,” ix. 140, 141 n. 1; temple of the, ix. 218; hearts of human victims offered to the, ix. 282; the goddess of the, personated by an actor or dancer, ix. 381; impregnation of women by the, x. 75 sq.; the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, x. 77; the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, x. 78; the full, transformation of werewolves at, x. 314 n. 1; reflected in Diana’s Mirror, xi. 303

—— and Endymion, i. 18

——, the goddess of the, ix. 341, 381

——, the infant god, vi. 131, 153

—— and month, names for, in Aryan languages, ix. 325

——, the new, ceremonies at, vi. 141 sqq.; dances at, vi. 142; custom of showing money to, or turning it in the pocket, vi. 148 sq.

Moon and Sun, their marriage celebrated by the Blackfoot Indians, ii. 146 sq.; mythical and dramatic marriage of the, iv. 71, 73 sq., 78, 87 sq., 90, 92, 105

——, the waning, theories to explain, vi. 130; thought to be broken or eaten up, vi. 130; rule that things should be cut or gathered at, vi. 133; rule that timber should be felled at, vi. 133, 135 sq.; cure for toothache at, ix. 60

Moon Being of the Omahas, vi. 256

—— -god conceived as masculine, v. 73; inspiration by the, v. 73; in ancient Babylonia, vi. 138 sq.

Mooney, James, on the belief of the North American Indians that their names are parts of themselves, iii. 318 sq.; on want of discrimination between animals and men in Cherokee mythology, viii. 204 sq.; on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, xi. 29

Moonshine drunk as a medicine in India, vi. 144; thought to be beneficial to children, vi. 144

Móooi, Tongan god who causes earthquakes, v. 201

Mooraba Gosseyn, a Brahman, incarnation of the elephant-headed god Gunputty, i. 405

Moore, G. F., on the burnt sacrifice of children, vi. 219 n. 1

Moore, Manx Surnames, quoted by Sir John Rhys, x. 306

Moors obliterate marks in sand from superstitious motives, i. 214

—— of Algiers, no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.

—— of Morocco, use boars to divert evil spirits, ix. 31; their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” x. 18

Moorunde tribe of Australia, the dead not named in the, iii. 358

Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer festival at, xi. 26

Mopane country, South Africa, souls of dead chiefs supposed to transmigrateinto lions in the, viii. 287

Moquis of Arizona, their use of stone implements in religious ritual, iii. 228; their theory of transmigration into their totemic animals, viii. 178; their totem clans, viii. 178

Moral evolution, iii. 218 sq.

—— guilt regarded as a corporeal pollution, iii. 217 sq.

Morality developed out of taboo, iii. 213 sq.; shifted from a natural to a supernatural basis, iii. 213 sq.; survival of savage taboos in civilized, iii. 218 sq.

Morasas, the, of South India, sacrifice of finger-joints among the, iv. 219

Moravia, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night among the Germans of, ii. 55, ix. 162; custom observed by the Germans of, on Laetare Sunday, ii. 63; “Meeting the Spring” in, ii. 333; “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 238 sq., 249; drama of Summer and Winter in, iv. 257 sq.; the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 73; harvest custom in, vii. 162; the Wheat-Bride in, vii. 162; the Shrovetide bear in, viii. 326 n. 1; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268, 269; fires to burn the witches in, x. 160; Midsummer fires in, x. 175; the divining-rod in, xi. 67

Moravian belief that serpents get their poison annually on St. George’s Day, ii. 344 n. 4

Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, xi. 49, 54

—— of Silesia, their custom of “Carrying out Death,” iv. 237

Moray Firth, disappearance of herring in the, viii. 251

Morayshire, remedy for a murrain in, x. 326; medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84

Morbihan in Brittany, mistletoe hung over the doors of stables and byres at, xi. 287

Morbus regius, jaundice, i. 371 n. 4

Mordecai, his name equivalent to Marduk or Merodach, ix. 365; his triumphal ride in Susa, ix. 403

—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, ix. 405; the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, ix. 405 sq.

—— and Haman, ix. 364 sqq.; as temporary kings, ix. 400 sq.

Moresby, Captain John, his reception in Shepherd’s Isle, iii. 104 sq.

Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter’s fires in Scotland, x. 207

Moret, Alexandre, on the divinity of Egyptian kings, i. 418 sq.; on assimilation of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 134 n. 1; on Amenophis IV., vi. 123 n. 1; on the Sed festival, vi. 155 sq.

Morgan, L. H., as to Otawa totems, viii. 225 n. 1

Morgan, Professor M. H., on an ancient Greek mode of making fire, ii. 207 n. 1

Mori, a district of Central Celebes, belief of the natives as to a spirit in the moon, vi. 139 n.

Mori clan of the Bhils in Central India, their totem the peacock, viii. 29

Moriah, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Zion, vi. 219 n. 1

Morice, Father A. G., on the seclusion- of menstruous women among the Tinneh Indians, iii. 146 sq.; on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to menstruous women, x. 91 sqq.; on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 sqq.

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, x. 264

Morlanwelz, in Belgium, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 107

Morning, certain animals not to be named in the, iii. 402

Morning Star, the, appearance of, perhaps the signal for the festival of Adonis, v. 258 sq.; human sacrifice at sowing enjoined by the, vii. 238; named in Nias, vii. 315; personated by a man in a dance or dramatic ceremony, ix. 238, 381; the god of the, ix. 381; girl at puberty bathes at the rising of the, x. 40; the rising of the, the signal for kindling new fire at the winter solstice, x. 133

Morocco, magic use of a fowl or pigeon in, i. 151; artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314; iron used as a protection against demons in, iii. 233; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 275; nail-parings preserved for the resurrection in, iii. 280; annual temporary king in, iv. 152 sq.; custom of prostitution in an Arab tribe in, v. 39 n. 3; live goats torn to pieces and devoured by a religious sect in, vii. 21; the Barley Bride in, vii. 178 sq.; homoeopathic magic of flesh diet in, viii. 147; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; cairns near Azemmour in, ix. 21; boars used to divert evil spirits in, ix. 31; devils nailed into a wall in, ix. 63; the tug-of-war in, ix. 178 sq., 182; games of ball played in, to procure rain or sunshine, ix. 179 sq.; custom of beating people for their good in, ix. 265, 266; magical virtue ascribed to rainwater in, x. 17 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 213 sqq.; water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, xi. 30 sq.; magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 51

Morris-dancers, ix. 250 sq.

Morrison, Rev. C. W., on belief of Australian aborigines as to childbirth, v. 103 n. 3

Mortality, savage explanations of human, ix. 302 sqq.

—— of the gods, iv. 1 sqq.

Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, ix. 82

Moru tribe of Central Africa, viii. 314. See Madi

Morven, x. 290; consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, xi. 186 sq.

Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women, ix. 363

—— laws, their similarity to savage customs, iii. 219 n. 1

Mosbach, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat at, vii. 283

Moschus on Europa and the bull, iv. 73 n. 1

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, x. 139

Moselle, the Treveri on the, ii. 126 n. 2; the Fox in the corn in the department of the, vii. 296; bonfires on the, x. 109; Konz on the, x. 118, 163 sq.

Moses, the tomb of, ix. 21; on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, x. 95 sq.

Moslem custom of raising cairns, ix. 21

Mosquito Indians of Central America preserve bones of deer and shells of eggs, viii. 258 n. 2

—— -makers, magicians in Tana, i. 341

—— territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the, x. 86

Moss, W., iv. 284 n. 4

Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, ix. 139

Mostar, in Herzegovina, custom observed by bride at, ii. 230 sq.

Mostene in Lydia, double-headed axe at, v. 183 n.

Mosul, the “Mother of the Grape-cluster” at, iv. 8; cure for headache at, ix. 64

Mosyni or Mosynoeci, in Pontus, kept their king in close custody, iii. 124

Mota, in the New Hebrides, belief as to conception in women in, v. 97 sq.; conception of the external soul in, xi. 197 sq.

“Mother” and “Father” as epithets applied to Roman goddesses and gods, vi. 233 sqq.

“Mother of the Clan” in the Pelew Islands, vi. 205, 206

Mother, dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 185

—— of a god, v. 51, 52

—— of the gods, Attis associated with the, i. 21, v. 266; the Phrygian, her worship adopted by the Romans, v. 265; first-fruits offered in Thera to the, v. 280 n. 1; popularity of her worship in the Roman Empire, v. 298 sq.; Mexican goddess, ix. 289; woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, ix. 289 sq.

—— or Grandmother of Ghosts at Rome, viii. 94, 96, 107

—— of the Grape-cluster, iv. 8

——, the Great, Cybele, at Rome, v. 280; name given to the last sheaf, vii. 135 sq.

“—— of Kings,” in Central African kingdom, ii. 277

—— of the Maize, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 172 sqq.

—— of the Rain, at a rain-making ceremony among the Arabs of Moab, i. 276

—— of the Rice, in Sumatra and Celebes, vii. 191 sqq.

Mother-corn, name given to last sheaf threshed, vii. 147

—— -cotton in the Punjaub, vii. 178

—— Earth prayed to for rain, i. 283; festival in her honour in Bengal, v. 90; fertilized by Father Sky, myth of, v. 282; sickness caused by, viii. 105

—— Goddess of Western Asia, sacred prostitution in the worship of the, v. 36; lions as her emblems, v. 137, 164; her eunuch priests, v. 206; of Phrygia conceived as a Virgin Mother, v. 281

—— -kin, the system of tracing relationship through women, ii. 271, iii. 333; in succession to Roman kingship, ii. 271; among the Aryans, ii. 283 sqq.; superiority of maternal uncle to father under mother-kin, ii. 285; succession in royal houses with, v. 44; trace of, at Rome and Nemi, v. 45; among the Khasis of Assam, v. 46, vi. 202 sqq.; among the Hittites, traces of, vi. 141 sq.; and Mother Goddesses, vi. 201 sqq., 212 sqq.; and father-kin, vi. 202, 261 n. 3; favours the superiority of goddesses over gods in religion, vi. 202 sqq., 211 sq.; among the Pelew Islanders, vi. 204 sqq.; does not imply that government is in the hands of women, vi. 208 sqq.; among the Melanesians, vi. 211; in Africa, vi. 211; in Lycia, vi. 212 sq.; in ancient Egypt, vi. 213 sqq.; traces of, in Lydia and Cos, vi. 259; favours the development of goddesses, vi. 259; in royal families, ix. 368 n. 1 See also Female kinship

—— -in-law, the savage’s dread of his, iii. 83 sqq.; her name not to be mentioned by her son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346

—— Plastene on Mount Sipylus, v. 185

—— -seed, among the Malays, vii. 198

—— -sheaf, in Brittany, vii. 135, 209

“Mother’s Air,” a tune on the flute, v. 288

Mother’s brother preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285

Mothers, African kings forbidden to see their, iii. 86; named after their children, iii. 332, 333, 339

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, x. 162

Motlav, recall of lost souls in, iii. 56; belief as to conception in women in, v. 98.

Motu of New Guinea, their way of detaining the sun, i. 317; taboos observed for the sake of the crops among the, ii. 106; tabooed persons not allowed to handle food among the, iii. 141; chastity of hunters and fishers among the, iii. 192; hunters and fishers regarded as holy among the, iii. 196; continence observed by them before and during a trading voyage, iii. 203 sq.; unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329

Motumotu or Toaripi of New Guinea, magical telepathy among the, i. 125; their way of detaining the sun, i. 317; think that storms are sent by a sorcerer, i. 326 sq.; sorcerers as chiefs among the, i. 337; their belief as to reflections in a mirror, iii. 92; taboos observed by manslayers among the, iii. 167; continence before fishing or hunting among the, iii. 196; unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329; homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet among the, viii. 145. See also Toaripi

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires in, x. 230

Moulins-Engilbert, spring of St. Gervais near, i. 307

Moulton, Professor J. H., iv. 124 n. 1; on the etymology of Quirinus, ii. 182 n. 2; on the relation of the Italian and Celtic languages, ii. 189 n. 3; on the etymology of Flamen, ii. 247 n. 5; on proposed etymologies of Demeter, vii. 41 n., 131 n. 4; on the Twelve Days, ix. 325 n. 3; on the proposed identification of Haman and Hammedatha with two Persian archangels, ix. 373 n. 1; on the etymology of Soranus, xi. 15 n. 1

Mounds of Semiramis, ix. 370, 371, 373

——, sepulchral, iv. 93, 96, 100, 104

Mountain of Parting, in Mexico, ix. 279

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57 sq.; a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, xi. 58

—— -ash, a protection against witches, ii. 53; pastoral crook cut from a, ii. 331; parasitic, used to make the divining rod, xi. 69; mistletoe on, xi. 315. See also Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, xi. 156

Mountains, first berries of the season offered to the, viii. 133 sq.

Mourne Mountains, x. 159

Mourners, customs observed by, iii. 31 sq., 159 n., 315; plug their nostrils, iii. 32; tabooed, iii. 138 sqq., x. 20; refrain from scratching their heads with their fingers, iii. 159 n.; heads of, smeared with mud or clay, iii. 182 n. 2; taboos observed by, in India, iii. 235 sq.; hair and nails of, cut at end of mourning, iii. 285 sq.; touch coral rings as a form of purification, iii. 315; shave their heads in order to escape recognition by the ghost, iii. 357 sq.; rub themselves with the juices of the dead, viii. 163; drink the juices of the dead, viii. 163 n. 3; the purification of, intended to protect them against the spirits of the dead, ix. 105 n. 1; whip themselves at a funeral to keep off evil spirits, ix. 260 sq.; wear special caps, x. 20; pass over fire as a purification after a funeral, xi. 17, 18; customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, xi. 174

Mournful character of the rites of sowing vi. 40 sqq.

Mourning of slayers for the slain, iii. 181; for a dead whale, iii. 223; for Tammuz, v. 9 sqq., 230; for Adonis, v. 224 sq., 226 sq.; of Egyptian reapers, v. 232, vi. 45, 117; for Attis, v. 272; for Osiris, vi. 12; for the corn-god at Midsummer, vi. 34; for the Old Woman of the Corn, vi. 47; at cutting wood of sacred tree, vi. 47 sq.; of Demeter for the descent of Persephone at the time of the autumn sowing, vii. 46; pretended, for insects that destroy the crops, viii. 279 sq.; the great, for Isfendiyar, x. 105. See also Lamentations and Laments

Mourning costume of men in Lycia, vi. 264; perhaps a mode of deceiving the ghost, vi. 264

Mouse, soul in form of, iii. 37, 39 n. 1. See also Mice

Mouse Apollo, viii. 282 sq.

Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57

Mouse’s head hung round child’s neck at teething, i. 180

Mouth closed to prevent escape of soul, iii. 31, 33, 71; soul in the, iii. 33; spirits supposed to enter the body through the, iii. 116; covered to prevent entrance of demons, etc., iii. 122; of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, vi. 15; of dead fox tied up, viii. 267

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, xi. 304 sq.

Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, ix. 368, 387, 388, 391, 401

Mowat, in British New Guinea, magical powers of chief at, i. 338; continence observed during the turtle season at, iii. 192; boys beaten at, to make them strong, ix. 265

Moxos Indians of Bolivia, magical telepathy among the, i. 123

Moylar, male children of sacred prostitutes in Southern India, v. 63

Mozcas. See Chibchas

Mpongwe of the Gaboon, woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 119

Mpongwe kings of the Gaboon, buried secretly, vi. 104

Mrus, the, of Aracan, their custom of placing grass on a pile, ix. 12 n. 1

Muata Jamwo, a potentate of Angola, lights a new fire on his accession, ii. 262; not to be seen eating or drinking, iii. 118; precaution as to his spittle, iii. 290

Mucelis of Angola, all fires among them extinguished on king’s death, ii. 262

Mud, rain-makers smear themselves with, i. 350; smeared on feet of bed of Flamen Dialis, iii. 14; plastered on heads of man-slayers, iii. 182; on heads of women in mourning, iii. 182 n. 2

Muganda (singular of Baganda, plural), viii. 231

Mugema, the earl of Busiro, vi. 168

Müglitz, in Moravia, the Wheat Bride at reaping at, vii. 162

Mugumu or Mugomo, a species of fig-tree revered by the Akikuyu, ii. 42

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), in magic, i. 209; wreaths of, at Midsummer, x. 163, 165, 174; a preventive of sore eyes, x. 174; a preservative against witchcraft, x. 177; gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, xi. 58 sqq.; a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, xi. 59 sq.; thrown into the Midsummer fires, xi. 59; used in exorcism, xi. 60

Mühlbach, in Transylvania, trial of witch at, iii. 39

Mukasa, god of the Victoria Nyanza Lake, worshipped by the Baganda, ii. 150; provided with human wives, ii. 150; probably a dead man, vi. 196 sq.; gives oracles through a woman, vi. 257; fish offered to, viii. 253

Mukuru, an ancestor (plural Ovakuru, ancestors), among the Herero, vi. 185 sq.

Mukylcin, the Earth-wife, among the Wotyaks, ii. 146

Mulai Rasheed II., Sultan of Morocco, iv. 153

Mule, asthma transferred to a, ix. 50

Mules excluded from sanctuary of Alectrona, viii. 45

Mulgarradocks, medicine-men in South-western Australia, i. 336

Mull, the island of, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 155, 166; the need-fire in, x. 148, 289 sq.; the Beltane cake in, x. 149; remedy for cattle-disease in, x. 325; consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, xi. 186 sq.

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against sickness and sorcery, x. 190; bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed, x. 191; yellow (Verbascum), gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63 sq.; yellow hoary (Verbascum pulverulentum), its golden pyramid of blooms, xi. 64; great (Verbascum thapsus), called King’s Candle or High Taper, xi. 64

Müller, K. O., on a custom of the Spartan kingship, iv. 59; on the eight years’ cycle in ancient Greece, iv. 69 n. 1; on octennial celebration of Olympic festival, iv. 90; on mitigation of human sacrifice, iv. 165 n. 1, 166 n. 1; on Sandan, ix. 389 sq.

Müller, F. Max, and the Rosy Dawn, i. 333 sq.

Müller, Professor W. Max, on Hittite name for god, v. 148 n.

Mulongo, “twin,” term applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196

Mulungu, spirits of the dead, among the Yaos, viii. 111 sq.

Mumbo Jumbos, iv. 178

Mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq., 78 sqq.; the Whitsuntide, iv. 205 sqq.; at Hallowe’en in the Isle of Man, x. 224. See also Maskers

Mundaris, of Assam, their sacred groves, ii. 39, 46, 47; their annual saturnalia at harvest, ix. 137

Mundas of Bengal, marriage to trees among the, ii. 57; gardens of Adonis among the, v. 240

Mungarai, Australian tribe, their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 101

Muni, or Rishi Agastya, figure of, in ceremony to stop rain, i. 296

Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, ix. 214 sq.

Munro, Dr. R., on crannogs, ii. 352

Munster, rain-producing fountain in, i. 301; dearth in, attributed to king’s incest, ii. 116; taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 11; tax on fires paid to the king of, x. 139; Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 n.

Münsterland, Easter fires in, x. 141; the Yule log in, x. 247

Munychian Artemis, iv. 166 n. 1 See Artemis

Munzerabad, district of South India, expulsion of the demon of cholera or smallpox in, ix. 172

Münzesheim, in Baden, the Corn-goat at harvest at, vii. 283

Muota Valley in Switzerland, custom observed on Twelfth Night in the, ix. 166

Mura-muras, the remote predecessors of the Dieri, appealed to for rain, i. 255 sq.

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, x. 78

Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, ix. 15

—— of children to secure their rebirth in barren women, v. 95

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, xi. 92 n. 4

Murderers, taboos imposed on, iii. 187 sq.; their bodies destroyed, iv. 11

Murli, female devotee, in Mahratta, v. 62

Murom, district of Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Murrain, brazen oxen, a talisman against, viii. 281; need-fire kindled as a remedy for, x. 278, 282, 290 sqq.; burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, x. 300 sqq.; calf burnt alive to stop a, x. 300 sq.; cattle buried to stop a, x. 326. See also Cattle disease

Murrams, the, of Manipur, foods tabooed to chief of, iii. 292

Murray, Sir James, on kern or kirn, vii. 151 n. 3

Murray, Miss Margaret A., on human sacrifices to Osiris, vii. 260 sq.

Murray, the country of, Beltane fires in, x. 154 n. 1

Murray Island, in Torres Straits, ceremony to raise the wind in, i. 322

—— Islands, in Torres Straits, the fire-drill in the, ii. 209

—— River, in Australia, tribes of the Lower, avoid mentioning the names of the dead, iii. 351; namesakes of the dead change their names among the tribes of the Lower, iii. 355; wild yams on the, vii. 127; natives of the, their dread of menstruous women, x. 77; novices slain and resuscitated by Thrumalun on the, xi. 233

Murring tribe of New South Wales, their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 176

Muses at the marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia, iv. 89

Music as a means of prophetic inspiration, v. 52 sq., 54 sq., 74; and religion, v. 53 sq.; in exorcism, v. 54 sq.

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, xi. 165

Muskoghees eat the hearts of foes to make themselves brave, viii. 150

Musquakie Indians, infant burial among the, v. 91 n. 3

Mutch, Captain J. S., on the dramatic contest between Summer and Winter among the Esquimaux, iv. 259 n. 1

Mutilation of the images of Hermes at Athens, iii. 75; of dead bodies of kings, chiefs, and magicians, vi. 103 sqq.; of dead magicians to prevent their souls from becoming dangerous ghosts, vi. 188; of dead men intended to disable their ghosts, viii. 271 sqq.; of ox, magical equivalent to mutilation of enemy, viii. 271

Muysca Indians of Colombia not allowed to look at their chiefs, iii. 121

Muyscas, the, of New Granada, their way of procuring rain, i. 303 sq. See Chibchas

Muzaffarpur, district in India, rain-charm by means of frogs in, i. 293 sq.

Muzimbas or Zimbas, of South-East Africa, worship their king as a god, i. 392

Muzimos, spirits of the dead, among the Maraves, viii. 111

Muzimu, the human spirit or soul, among the Winamwanga, viii. 112 n. 3

Muzzaffarnagar, in the Punjaub, ceremony for stopping rain at, i. 296

Mwamba, chief of the Wemba, swallowed the ashes of his victims to avert their furies, viii. 158

Mwanga, king of the Baganda, converted to Christianity, ii. 150

Mycenae, golden lamb of, i. 365; royal graves at, v. 33, 34; shield of Euphorbus at, viii. 300

Mycenaean age of Greece, v. 34

Myconus, sacrifices to Subterranean Zeus and Subterranean Earth at, vii. 66

Mylasa in Caria, v. 182 n. 4

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, ix. 372 n. 2, 390; sacred prostitution in her worship, v. 36, 37 n. 1

Myndus, in Asia Minor, rain-making pebbles at, i. 305

Myres, Professor J. L., on the season of threshing in Greece, vii. 62 n. 5

Myrrh or Myrrha, the mother of Adonis, v. 43, 227 sq.

Myrrh-tree, Adonis born of a, v. 227, vi. 110

Myrtle-tree with pierced leaves at Troezen, i. 25

—— -trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, xi. 168

Myrtles of Latium, ii. 188

Mysore in Southern India, rain-making in, i. 285; mimic rite of circumcision in, iv. 220; sacred women in, v. 62 n.; the Komatis of, v. 81 sq.; Munzerabad in, ix. 172

Mysteries as magical ceremonies, ix. 374

—— of Attis, v. 274 sq.

—— of Dionysus, vii. 15

——, Eleusinian, ii. 138 sq., vii. 35, 37 sqq., 65 sqq., 69 sq., 78 sq., 111, 161 sq., 188; founded by Demeter, vii. 37; the myth of Demeter and Persephone acted at the, vii. 39, 66; the Great, their date, vii. 51 sqq.; instituted by Eumolpus, vii. 70; associated with belief in immortality, vii. 90 sq.; designed to promote the growth of the corn, vii. 110 sq. See also Eleusinian Mysteries

——, Greek, bull-roarers swung at, vii. 110

—— at Mantinea, vii. 46 n. 2

—— of Sabazius, v. 90 n. 4

Myth of Adonis, v. 1 sqq.; and ritual of Attis, v. 263 sqq.; myth of Demeter and Persephone, vii. 35 sqq.; myth less constant than custom, viii. 40

Mythical beings represented by men and women, ix. 385 sq.

Mythologists, two rival schools of, their views not necessarily exclusive of each other, ix. 385 sq.

Mythology, Roman, vi. 235

Myths explanatory of festivals, ii. 142 sq.; supposed to originate in verbal misapprehensions or a disease of language, vi. 42; in relation to magic, ix. 374; performed dramatically in dances, ix. 375 sqq.; dramatized in ritual, x. 105

—— of creation, iv. 106 sqq.

—— of gods and spirits to be told only in spring and summer, iii. 384; not to be told by day, iii. 384 sq.; to be told only in winter, iii. 385 sq.

——, Italian, of kings or heroes begotten by the fire-god, vi. 235

—— of the origin of death, ix. 302 sqq.

Mytilene, titular kings at, i. 45, 46 n. 4

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, members of, walk over oven of hot stones, xi. 10

Naaburg, in Bavaria, custom at sowing at, v. 239

“Naaman, wounds of the,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

Nabataeans, Agriculture of the, ii. 100

Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, v. 174

Nabu, a Babylonian god, ix. 358 n.; marriage of, ii. 130; his temple in Borsippa, iv. 110

Nága, serpent god, v. 81

Naga-padoha, the agent of earthquakes, among the Battas, v. 200

—— tribes of Manipur, their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 11

Nagas, demi-gods, concerned in the production of rain, i. 294

—— of Assam, their burial custom, viii. 100; believe that the dead are reborn as butterflies or flies, viii. 290 sq.; the tug-of-war among the, ix. 177; their ceremony of the new fire, x. 136

—— of the Mahabharata, i. 383 n. 4

Nagin, “wives of the snake,” in Behar, ii. 149

Nagir, island of Torres Straits, mode of imparting courage in, viii. 153

Nagpur, the cobra the crest of the Maharajah of, iv. 132 sq.; story of the type of Beauty and the Beast told in, iv. 132 sq.

Nagual, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, xi. 212 sqq., 220, 226 n. 1

Nahak, rubbish used in magic, in Tana, i. 341

Nahals, the, a forest tribe of the Central Provinces in India, their worship of trees, viii. 119

Nahanarvals, German tribe, priest dressed as a woman among the, vi. 259

Nahr Ibrahim, the river Adonis, v. 14, 28

Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, ix. 390

Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, ix. 369 n. 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, xi. 230

Nail of coffin in magic, i. 210, 211

Nail-parings swallowed, iii. 246. See also Nails

Nails, golden or silver, driven into a sacred tree, ii. 36; knocked into trees, walls, etc., ii. 42, 76, ix. 56 sqq.; knocked into doors to keep out witches, ii. 339 sq.; used as charms against fairies, demons, and ghosts, iii. 233, 234, 236; knocked as a solemn ceremony by the highest magistrate at Rome, ix. 64 sqq.; annually knocked into walls to record the years, ix. 67, 67 n. 2; knocked into ground as cure for epilepsy, ix. 68, 330; knocked into idols or fetishes, ix. 69 sq.

Nails, pegs, or pins knocked into images, i. 61, 64, 65, 68, 69

Nails, parings of, used in magic, i. 57, 64, 65, 66; of father of twins not to be cut for a time, ii. 102; of owners of silk-worms not to be cut for a time, iii. 194; parings of, swallowed by attendants, iii. 246; of children not pared, iii. 262 sq.; parings of, swallowed by treaty-makers, iii. 274; clippings of, in popular cures, ix. 68 n. 2

—— and hair, cut, disposal of, iii. 267 sqq.; as rain-charms, iii. 271, 272; deposited in sacred places, iii. 274 sqq.; stowed away in any secret place, iii. 276 sqq.; kept for use at the resurrection, iii. 279 sqq.; burnt to prevent them from falling into the hands of sorcerers, iii. 281 sqq.; in popular cures, ix. 57, 58

—— and teeth of sacred kings preserved as amulets, ii. 6

Nakedness of women in rain-charms, i. 248, 282, 283

Nakelo tribe in Fiji, custom at burial of chief in the, iii. 29

Nakiza, the river, worshipped by the Baganda, ix. 27

Namal tribe of West Australia, their belief as to birth of children, v. 105

Namaquas, their fear of falling stars, iv. 61; their belief in the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet, viii. 141

Nambutiris of Malabar, their use of magical images, i. 64

Name, the personal, regarded as a vital part of the man, iii. 318 sqq.; identified with the soul, iii. 319; the same, not to be borne by two living persons, iii. 370; changed as a cure for ill health, iv. 158

Names of kings changed in time of drought, i. 355; of common objects changed when they coincide more or less with the names of relations, iii. 335, 336, 337, 339, 339 sq., 340, 341, 345, 346; of relations tabooed, iii. 335 sqq.; changed to deceive ghosts, iii. 354 sqq.; of common objects changed when they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 sqq., 375, or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 sqq.; of ancestors bestowed on their reincarnations, iii. 368 sq.; of kings and chiefs tabooed, iii. 374 sqq.; of supernatural beings tabooed, iii. 384 sqq.; of gods tabooed, iii. 387 sqq.; of spirits and gods, magical virtue of, iii. 389 sqq.; of Roman gods not to be mentioned, iii. 391 n. 1; lucky, iii. 391 n. 1; of dangerous animals not to be mentioned, iii. 396 sqq.; conventional, for common objects on long and perilous journeys, iii. 404 n. 3; royal, signifying relation to deity, v. 15 sqq.; Semitic personal, indicating relationship to a deity, v. 51; Hebrew, ending in -el or -iah, v. 79 n. 3; on chimney-piece, divination by, x. 237; of savages kept secret, xi. 224 n. 2

Names of the dead tabooed, iii. 349 sqq.; not borne by the living, iii. 354; revived after a time, iii. 365 sqq.

——, new, given to the sick and old, iii. 319; taken by novices at initiation, iii. 320, 383, xi. 259

——, personal, tabooed, iii. 318 sqq.; kept secret from fear of magic, iii. 320 sqq.; different in summer and winter, iii. 386

Namesakes of the dead change their names to avoid attracting the attention of the ghost, iii. 355 sqq.; of deceased persons regarded as their reincarnations, iii. 365 sqq.

Naming the dead a serious crime, iii. 352, 354; of children, solemnities at the, connected with belief in the reincarnation of ancestors in their namesakes, iii. 372

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, xi. 295

Namosi, in Fiji, human sacrifice at cutting a chief’s hair in, iii. 264

Namuci and Indra, legend of, xi. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, x. 108

Nana, mother of Attis, v. 263, 269, 281

Nana or Nanaea, goddess of Elymais, i. 37 n. 2

Nandi of British East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 344; their custom as to an unchaste girl, ii. 112; their fire-drill, ii. 210; taboos observed by those who have handled the dead among the, iii. 141; purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 175; their use of shorn hair as hostage for a prisoner, iii. 273; their use of magic knots on a journey, iii. 310; names of absent warriors not mentioned among the, iii. 330; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; certain words tabooed to warriors among the, iii. 401; their belief as to stepping over things, iii. 423; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 85; their ceremony at the ripening of the eleusine grain, vi. 47; boys dressed as women and girls dressed as men at circumcision among the, vi. 263; woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 117; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 317; their ceremonies at eating the new eleusine grain, viii. 64; warriors eat hearts of foes to become brave among the, viii. 149; man-slayers drink the blood of their enemies among the, viii. 155; their custom of driving sick cattle round a fire, xi. 13; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 n.

Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, viii. 125, xi. 243, 244

Nanja spots, local totem centres in Central Australia, i. 96, 97; trees, haunted by disembodied spirits, i. 96

Nanjundayya, H. V., on serpent worship in Mysore, v. 81 sq.

Nanna, the wife of Balder, x. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, x. 317

Nanumea, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 102 sq.

Naples, custom observed by boys on the first Sunday of April at, iv. 241; grotto del cani at, v. 205 n. 1; custom of bathing on St. John’s Eve at, v. 246; protected against flies and grasshoppers, viii. 281; feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, x. 220 sq.

Náráyan-chakra, a rain-making stone, i. 305

Narbrooi, a spirit or god of the forest, in New Guinea, iii. 60 sq.

Narcissus and his reflection, iii. 94

Narmer, the mace of, king of Egypt represented as Osiris on, vi. 154

Narrative spells, vii. 104 sqq.

Narrinyeri, the, of South Australia, take great care of the refuse of their food, iii. 126 sq.; names of the recent dead not mentioned among, iii. 372; their custom at breaking bones of animals, viii. 259 n.

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers, xi. 177 sqq.

Nass River in British Columbia, the Indians of the, believe that a physician may swallow his patient’s soul, iii. 76

Nat, spirit, in Burma, ii. 46

Nat superstition in Burma, ix. 90 n. 1

Natal, the Caffres of, their rain-charm by means of a black sheep, i. 290

Natchez Indians of North America, their rain-making, i. 249; claim kindred with the sun, i. 313 n. 3; special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal among the, i. 401 n. 3; their perpetual fires, ii. 262 sq.; customs of man-slayers among the, iii. 181; their festival of new corn, viii. 77 sqq.; their festival of New Fire, viii. 135 sqq.

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, xi. 3

National character partly an effect of geographical and climatic conditions, vi. 217

Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 sqq.

“—— of the sun’s walking-stick,” ancient Egyptian festival, i. 312

—— of the Virgin, feast of the, x. 220 sq.

Nats, spirits in Burma, iii. 90, ix. 175 sq.; propitiation of, ix. 96

Natural calendar of the husbandman, shepherd, and sailor, vi. 25

—— death of sacred king or priest, supposed fatal consequences of, iii. 6, 7; regarded as a calamity, iv. 11 sq.

—— law, the conception of, gradually evolved, i. 374; not grasped by primitive man, i. 376

—— timekeepers, vii. 53

Nature, conception of immutable laws of, not primitive, i. 374; the order and uniformity of, ii. 376; of Osiris, vi. 96 sqq.

Nauders in the Tyrol, sacred larch-tree at, ii. 20

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 267

Naueld, need-fire, in Norway, x. 280

Nauras Indians of New Granada ate the hearts of Spaniards to make themselves brave, viii. 150

Nauroz and Eed festivals in Dardistan, women swing at the, iv. 279

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in, xi. 200

Navajoes of New Mexico, their ceremony at the return of a man from captivity, iii. 112 sq.; keep their names secret, iii. 325; tell their stories only in winter, iii. 385; their story of the external soul, xi. 151 sq.; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n., 231

Navarre, rain-making, by means of images of St. Peter in, i. 307

Navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201; planted with or under a tree, i. 182, 184, 186, 196; worn as an amulet, i. 183, 187, 197, 198; thrown into the sea, i. 184, 185, 190, 191; hung on a tree, i. 185, 186, 190, 198, ii. 56; regarded as brother or sister of child, i. 186, 189, xi. 162 n. 2; called the “twin,” i. 195; worn as amulet by camels, i. 195; used in divination, i. 196; of the living king of Uganda preserved and inspected every new moon, i. 196, vi. 147 sq.; seat of external soul, i. 200 sq.; used to recall the soul, iii. 48; term applied to last handful of corn, vii. 150; buried under a plant or tree, xi. 160 sq., 161, 163

Navel-strings of dead kings of Uganda preserved, vi. 167, 168, 171; preserved by the Baganda as their twins and as containing the ghosts of their afterbirths, vi. 169 sq.

Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, ix. 166 sq.

Nawng Tung Lake, in Burma, virgins dedicated in marriage to the spirit of the lake, ii. 150 sq.

Naxos, Dionysus Meilichios in, vii. 4

Nayan, a rebel against Kublai Khan, iii. 242

Nazarite, vow of the, iii. 262

Ndem Efik, tutelary deity of Calabar, iii. 22

Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 251 sqq.

Ndjambi, Njambi, Njame, Zambi, Nyambe, etc., name of the supreme god among various tribes of Africa, vi. 186, with note 5

—— Karunga, the supreme god of the Herero, vi. 186

Ndok, biennial expulsion of spirits at Calabar, ix. 204

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, chief with external soul in hippopotamus at, xi. 200

Nebseni, the papyrus of, vi. 112

Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, ix. 357

Neck, crying the, at harvest in Devonshire, vii. 264 sqq.

—— of the corn-spirit, vii. 268

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, xi. 26; loaf thrown into the river, xi. 28

Necklace, girl’s soul in a, xi. 99 sq.

Necropolis, ancient, in the Roman forum, ii. 186; near Albano, ii. 201 sq.

Neda, River, at Phigalia, cave of Demeter in the ravine of the, viii. 21

Need-fire, x. 269-300; made without metal, iii. 229; John Ramsay’s account of, x. 147 sq.; kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, x. 270 sqq., 343; cattle driven through the, x. 270 sqq.; derivation of the name, x. 270 n.; kindled by the friction of a wheel, x. 270, 273, 289 sq., 292; kindled with oak-wood, x. 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., 294; called “wild-fire,” x. 272, 273, 277; kindled by nine kinds of wood, x. 278, 280; kindled by fir-wood, x. 278, 282; kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, x. 280, 292 sq., 293, 295; called “living fire,” x. 281, 286; healing virtue ascribed to, x. 281, 286; kindled by lime-wood, x. 281, 283, 286; kindled by poplar-wood, x. 282; regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, x. 282, 285 sq.; kindled by cornel-tree wood, x. 286; revealed by an angel from heaven, x. 287; used to heat water, x. 289; kindled on an island, x. 290 sq., 291 sq.; kindled by birch-wood, x. 291; kindled between two running streams, x. 292; kindled to prevent fever, x. 297; probable antiquity of the, x. 297 sq.; kindled by elm-wood, x. 299; the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, x. 299, 343; Lindenbrog on, x. 335 n. 1; used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, x. 344; sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar, cornel-wood, xi. 91 n. 1

Neftenbach, in Canton of Zurich, the Corn-mother at harvest at, vii. 232

Negative magic or taboo, i. 111 sqq., 143

Negritos of the Philippine Islands, their religion a fear of the dead, ix. 82

Negro children pale at birth, xi. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2; gods black and snub-nosed, iii. 387

Negroes of Guiana, their homoeopathic cure for stammering, i. 156

—— of Surinam. See Bush negroes

Nehrung, in East Prussia, custom at sowing among the Kurs of, i. 137

Neil, R. A., on Hyes Attes, viii. 22 n. 4; on Gaelic name for mistletoe, xi. 82 n.

Neilgherry Hills, the Todas of the, i. 402, ix. 37, x. 136; the Burghers or Badagas of the, viii. 55, ix. 36, 37, xi. 8 sq.

Neisse, in Silesia, Oats-king and Oats-queen about, vii. 164; precautions against witches in the district of, xi. 20 n.

Neit, Neith or Net, Egyptian goddess, patroness of matrimony, ii. 131, v. 282 n., vi. 51 n. 1

Nekht, the papyrus of, vi. 112

Nel Gwynne, ii. 52

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, xi. 47

Nelson, A. E., on custom as to cutting the last corn at harvest in India, vii. 234 n. 2

Nelson, E. W., on the supposed effect of a breach of taboo among the Esquimaux, iii. 206; on the bladder festival of the Esquimaux, iii. 228, viii. 249 n. 1; on taboos observed by Esquimaux after a death, iii. 237; on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, ix. 379 sqq.

Nemean games, celebrated in honour of Opheltes, iv. 93; held every two years, vii. 86

Nemi, sanctuary of Diana at, i. 2 sqq.; the priest of Diana at, i. 8 sqq., 40, 41, ii. 376, 386, 387, iv. 28, 212 sq., 220, xi. 315; the King of the Wood at, i. 11, 40 sqq., ii. 378 sqq., iv. 205 sq., 212 sqq., x. 2; Virbius at, i. 20, 40, 41, ii. 378, 379; derivation of the name, ii. 9; sacred marriage of Diana and Virbius perhaps annually celebrated at, ii. 129; Dianus and Diana at, ii. 376 sqq., v. 45; sacramental bread at, xi. 286 n. 2; at evening, xi. 308 sq.

——, the Lake of, i. 1 sqq.; annual tragedy perhaps formerly enacted at, xi. 286

——, the sacred grove of, i. 2, 8, 12, 17, 40, 41, ii. 378, xi. 315; perhaps composed of oaks, ii. 379, 386

Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, ix. 339

Nemus, meaning of the word, i. 2 n. 1; supposed town of, i. 3 n. 1; a grove or woodland glade, ii. 9

Neolithic implements found in the peatbogs of Denmark and Scandinavia, ii. 352

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, in Epirus, ii. 278

Nepaul, the Newars of, i. 294 sq.; fossil ammonites found in, ii. 27 n. 2; the Dassera festival of, iv. 277, ix. 226 n. 1

Nephele, wife of King Athamas, iv. 161

Nephews, uncles named after their, iii. 332

Nephthys watches over childbirth, ii. 133; Egyptian goddess, sister of Osiris and Isis, vi. 6; mourns Osiris, vi. 12; the birth of, ix. 341

Neptune and Salacia, vi. 231, 233

Nepu, sorcerers, in New Guinea, i. 337

Nerechta, district of Russia, Whitsuntide custom in, ii. 93

Nerio, wife of Mars, vi. 232

Nero consecrates his first beard, i. 29

Nerthus, old German goddess, xi. 28 n. 1; procession of, ii. 144 n. 1

Nestelknüpfen, spell laid on man and wife, x. 346 n. 2

Net to catch the sun, i. 316; the soul or genius of a, ii. 147

Nets, marriage of girls to, ii. 147; to catch souls, iii. 38, 69 sq.; taboos observed at the making of fishing nets, iii. 192; as amulets, iii. 300, 307; treated as living beings, viii. 240 n. 1; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, x. 280

Nettles, whipping with, ix. 263; Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, x. 64

Neuautz, in Courland, pig’s tail at sowing barley at, vii. 300

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172

Neuenkirchen, in Oldenburg, plague hammered into a doorpost at, ix. 64

Neuerburg, in the Eifel, King and Queen of the Bean near, ix. 313

Neugramatin, in Bohemia, custom of beating young women with green boughs in the Christmas holidays at, ix. 270

Neuhausen, near Merseburg, binder of last sheaf wrapt in ears of oats at, vii. 221

Neuhof, near Marburg, remedy for gout at, ix. 56

Neumann, J. B., on the belief in demons among the Battas, ix. 87; on the Batta doctrine of souls, xi. 223 n. 2

Neumark, “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 269

Neusass, in West Prussia, the last sheaf called the Old Woman at, vii. 137

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, x. 170; near Marburg, the need-fire at, x. 270

Neuwied, Prince of, on a Minnetaree ceremony, vii. 209 n. 2

New, Charles, on the exorcism of strangers in East Africa, iii. 103

New birth, simulation of, among the Akikuyu, i. 75 sq., 96 sq.; of Brahman sacrificer, i. 380 sq.; through blood in the rites of Attis, v. 274 sq.; savage theory of, v. 299; of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 sq.; of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq. See also Birth

—— body obtained at initiation, xi. 252

—— -born children brought to the hearth, ii. 232

—— Britain, Gazelle Peninsula in, i. 175, iii. 202, iv. 65, vii. 123, ix. 303; contagious magic by means of personal relics in, i. 175; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 208; rain-making in, i. 248 sq.; the Sulka of, i. 252, 304, ii. 148, 155 n. 1, iii. 151, 331, 384, iv. 65; charm to make the wind blow in, i. 320; magical powers ascribed to chiefs in, i. 340; new-born children passed through the smoke of fire in, ii. 232 n. 3; artificial deformation of heads in, ii. 298 n. 2; avoidance of wife’s mother in, iii. 85; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 128; names of relations by marriage tabooed in, iii. 344; theory of earthquakes in, v. 201; the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.; expulsion of devils in, ix. 109 sq.; the Duk-duk society of, x. 11, xi. 246 sq.

New Calabar River, human victims thrown into the, ii. 158

—— Caledonia, magical effigies in, i. 78; the Belep of, i. 150; homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 162 sqq.; magic blent with the worship of the dead in, i. 164; rain-making by means of a human skeleton in, i. 284 sq., 314, ii. 47; ceremonies for making sunshine and drought in, i. 312 sq., 314; ideas as to reflections among the natives of, iii. 92 sq.; taboos observed by men who bury corpses in, iii. 141; continence at the building of a canoe in, iii. 202; names of relations tabooed in, iii. 344; belief as to woman stepping over a cable in, iii. 424; ceremony at eating first yams in, viii. 53; bodies of slain foes eaten to acquire their bravery in, viii. 151; burying the evil spirit in, ix. 110; taro plants beaten to make them grow in, ix. 264

—— Caledonians, the, their ways of making rain and sunshine, i. 314; their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31

—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

—— corn, eaten sacramentally, viii. 48 sqq.

——, everything, excites awe of savages, iii. 230 sqq.

—— fire, made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290; made by the friction of sticks at Rome, ii. 207, 227; made by the friction of sticks at rebuilding a village, ii. 217, 222; made by friction at taking possession of a new house, ii. 237 sq.; made by the friction of wood after a birth, ii. 239; made at Midsummer, ii. 243; made at beginning of a king’s reign, ii. 262, 267; made by friction of wood, iii. 286, vii. 310 sq., x. 264; made at festivals of new fruits, viii. 65, 74, 75, 78; festival of, among the Natchez, viii. 135; kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 sqq.; made at the New Year, x. 134 sq., 138, 140. See also Fire, new

—— fruits, ceremonies at eating, viii. 52 sqq.

—— Granada, the Muyscas of, i. 303; their belief as to water-serpents, ii. 156; the Nauras Indians of, viii. 150

—— Guinea, the Toaripi or Motumotu of i. 125, 317, 327, iii. 92; the Motu of, i. 317, ii. 106, iii. 141, 192, 203; taboos on pregnant women in, i. 141 n. 1; charms to detain the sun in, i. 317; some of the natives of, reported to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253 sq.; Geelvink Bay in, iii. 60; use of effigies as substitutes for souls in, iii. 63 n. 2; the Maclay Coast of, iii. 109; seclusion and purification of man-slayers in, iii. 167 sqq.; the Gebars of, iii. 190; Mowat in, iii. 192; the Wanigela River of, iii. 192; dread of sorcery in, iii. 246; cut hair destroyed for fear of witchcraft in, iii. 282 n.; names of relations tabooed in, iii. 342 sq.; bull-roarers used to ensure good crops in, vii. 110; division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124; mourners rub themselves with the juices of the dead in, viii. 163; belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals in, viii. 295 sq.

New Guinea, British, charms used by hunters in, i. 109; the Mekeo district of, i. 134, iii. 144, 148; charm against snake-bite in, i. 152 sq.; contagious magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213; influence of magicians in, i. 337 sq.; belief as to demons of trees in, ii. 42; the Sinaugolo tribe of, iii. 147; the Roro district of, iii. 148; the Motumotu tribe of, iii. 167, 196, 329, viii. 145; the Koita of, iii. 168; the Roro-speaking tribes, iii. 168, 193; the Massim of, iii. 169; the Motu of, iii. 329; changes in the languages of, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 361 sq.; belief in ghosts in, ix. 84 sq.; Mowat in, ix. 265; festival of wild mango in, x. 7; custom observed after childbirth in, x. 20; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 35; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 79; the Toaripi of, x. 84; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 228 n. 2

—— Guinea, Dutch, Windessi in, iii. 169; Doreh in, iii. 170, ix. 178; the Nufoors of, iii. 329, 332, 415; the Papuans of Doreh Bay in, iv. 287 (288, in Second Impression); Kaimani Bay in, vii. 123; the Papuans of Ayambori in, vii. 123; the Papuans of, their belief in demons, ix. 83

—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, i. 182, iii. 151, 170, 186 n. 1, 306, 342, 354, 386, vii. 228, viii. 275, 295 sq., ix. 188, 232; contagious magic of personal remains in, i. 213; charm to hasten the moon in, i. 319; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 128; the Monumbos of, iii. 169, xi. 382; precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289; the Kai of, v. 96, vii. 99 sqq., 313, viii. 33, 152, ix. 264, xi. 182; the Tami of, v. 198; the Bukaua of, vii. 103 sq., 313, viii. 124, ix. 83 sq.; rites of initiation in, xi. 193, 239 sqq.

New Guinea, North-West, spirits of ancestors thought to live on trees in, ii. 32

—— Guinea, South-Eastern, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 134

—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

—— Hebrides, Tana (Tanna) in the, i. 206, viii. 125; rain-making in the, i. 308; supernatural powers of chiefs in the, i. 339; artificial deformation of heads in the, ii. 298 n. 2; ghosts impound souls in the, iii. 56; Lepers’ Island in the, iii. 65; magic of refuse of food in the, iii. 127; Vaté in the, iv. 12; burial alive in the, iv. 12; the natives of the, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; conception of the external soul in the, xi. 197 sqq.

—— Ireland, names of relations by marriage tabooed in, iii. 344; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 32 sqq.; Duk-duk society in, xi. 247

—— Mexico, the aridity of, i. 306; the Navajoes of, iii. 325; the Pueblo Indians of, vi. 54; the Zuni Indians of, viii. 175, x. 132; the Indians of, their attempts to escape the pursuit of smallpox, ix. 123; and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, xi. 230 n., 231

—— moon, ceremonies at the, vi. 141 sqq. See also Moon

—— names given to the sick and old, iii. 319; at initiation, iii. 320, 383, xi. 259

—— potatoes, how eaten, viii. 51

—— rice, ceremonies at eating the, viii. 54 sqq.

—— South Wales, custom observed at nose-boring in, i. 94; the Kamilaroi of, i. 101, viii. 151, 162; natives of, bury their dead at flood tide, i. 168; the Murring tribe of, i. 176; tribes of, their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 176; way of stopping rain in, i. 253; the Keramin tribe of, i. 304; the Ta-ta-thi of, i. 304; natives of, their charm for raising a wind, i. 321 n. 1; the Hunter River tribes of, iii. 84; the Yuin tribes of, iii. 84, 320; rule as to covering the mouth observed by newly initiated men in, iii. 122; the Ngarigo tribe of, iii. 141, iv. 60; aboriginal tribes of, mourning custom among the, iii. 182; namesakes of the dead change their names in, iii. 355; sacrifice of first-born children among the aborigines of, iv. 179 sq.; the aborigines of, their ideas as to the Pleiades, vii. 308; the Wollaroi of, viii. 163; fish invited to come and be caught among the aborigines of, viii. 312 n.; dread of women at menstruation in, x. 78; the Wongh tribe of, xi. 227; the drama of resurrection at initiation in, xi. 235 sqq.

New vessels used for new fruits, viii. 81, 83

—— water at Easter, x. 123

—— World, bathing on St. John’s Day in the, v. 249; All Souls’ Day in the, vi. 80; Easter ceremonies in the, x. 127 sq.; magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, xi. 50 sq.

—— yams, ceremonies at eating, viii. 53, 58 sqq., ix. 134 sqq.; festival of the, in West Africa, viii. 115 sq.; festival of the, in Tonga, viii. 128 sqq.

—— Year, dated by the Pleiades, vii. 116, 310, 312, 315; the Chinese, viii. 10; expulsion of evils at the, ix. 127, 133, 149 sq., 155; in Siam, ix. 149 sq.; not reckoned from first month, ix. 149 n. 2; in Japan, ix. 154 n.; sham fight at the, ix. 184; the Tibetan, ix. 197, 203, 218; ceremony at the Tibetan, ix. 197 sq.; new fire made at the, x. 134 sq., 138, 140; the Celtic, on November first, x. 224 sq.; the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, xi. 244

—— Year festival in Laos, i. 251; at Babylon, iv. 100, 115, ix. 356 sqq.; of the Kayans at the end of harvest, vii. 93, 96 sq., 98, 99; among the Iroquois, ix. 127, 209 sq.; among the Tenggerese of Java, ix. 184; among the Mohammedans in North Africa, x. 217 sq.

—— Year’s Day, festival of the dead on, vi. 53, 55, 62, 65; part of Christmas Boar given to cattle on, vii. 302; festival of new yams among the Igbiras on, viii. 115; at Onitsha, on the Niger, ix. 133; among the Wotyaks, ix. 155; in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, ix. 202; in Tibet, ceremony on, ix. 203; in Breadalbane, ix. 209; among the Swahili, ix. 226 n. 1; young women beat young men on, ix. 271; of the Jewish calendar, ix. 359

—— Year’s Eve, divination by shadows on, iii. 88; Highland custom of beating a man in a cow’s hide on, viii. 322; in Corea, ix. 147; “Shooting the Witches” on, ix. 164; in Macedonia, ix. 320. See also St. Sylvester’s Day

—— Year’s Night, omens on, iv. 66 sq.

—— Zealand, customs as to the navel-string in, i. 182; fires in the forests of, ii. 256; sanctity of chiefs in, iii. 134 sqq.; customs as to eating observed by chiefs in, iii. 138; sacredness of chiefs’ blood in, iii. 248; sacredness of chiefs’ heads in, iii. 256 sq.; customs at hair-cutting in, iii. 264 sq.; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 274; magic use of spittle in, iii. 288; names of chiefs not to be pronounced in, iii. 381; Rotomahana in, v. 207, 209 n.; effect of contact with a sacred chief in, viii. 28; eyes of slain chiefs swallowed by warriors in, viii. 153; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; human scapegoats in, ix. 39. See also Maori

Newars of Nepaul, their worship of frogs, i. 294 sq.

Newberry, Professor P. E., on Osiris as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 n. 1

Newman, Ch. L., on the human god of the Makalakas, i. 394 n. 3

Newman, J. H., on music, v. 53 sq.

Newstead, Byron’s oak at, xi. 166

Ngai, Masai god, festivals of prayer in honour of, i. 344; god of the Akikuyu, sheep and goats sacrificed to, ii. 44, iii. 204 n. 3; children of, ii. 150, v. 68

Nganga, medicine-man, among the Boloki, ix. 76; “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, on the Congo, xi. 251

Ngarigo tribe of New South Wales, novices not allowed to touch food with their hands in the, iii. 141 sq.; their belief as to falling stars, iv. 60; ate the hands and feet of their foes, viii. 151

Ngarong, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, xi. 224 n. 1

Ngoc hoang, in Annam, his message of immortality to men, ix. 303

Ngoio, a province of Congo, rule of succession to the chiefship in, iv. 118 sq.

Ngoni, the, of British Central Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82. See also Angoni

Ngumbu, of South Cameroons, their fire-drill, ii. 210

Nguôn So’n valley in Annam, iii. 155

Nguruhi, the supreme god of the Wahehe, vi. 188 sq.

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ghost consulted as oracle in, xi. 312

Niam-Niam, the, of Central Africa, women the agricultural labourers among, vii. 119

Niambe, the supreme god of the Barotse, vi. 193

Nias, island of, magical ceremony to catch wild pigs in, i. 109; homoeopathic magic at planting rice in, i. 143; conception of the soul in, iii. 29; recovery of lost souls in, iii. 64, 67; taboos observed by hunters in, iii. 196; superstition as to personal names among the natives of, iii. 323; taboos observed during the hunting season in, iii. 410; special language of hunters in, iii. 410; special language employed by reapers in, iii. 410 sq.; custom of succession to the chieftain-ship in, iv. 198 sq.; mock human sacrifices at funerals in, iv. 216; conduct of the natives of, in an earthquake, v. 201 sq.; head-hunting in, v. 296 n. 1; division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124; harvest custom in, vii. 233 sq.; the Pleiades observed in, vii. 315; crops guarded against wild pigs in, viii. 32; mode of diverting dangerous spirits from pregnant women in, viii. 102 sq.; first-fruits offered to ancestors in, viii. 124; polite treatment of destructive ants in, viii. 276; expulsion of demons in, ix. 113 sqq.; explanation of human mortality in, ix. 303; story of the external soul told in, xi. 148; ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, xi. 173 sq.

Nias, the natives of, believe in demons of trees, ii. 33 sq.; their custom of bunging up the nose and mouth of corpses, iii. 31; their fear of a rainbow, iii. 79; their custom of scrubbing the things they buy, iii. 107

Nibelungenlied, the, Brunhild and Gunther in, ii. 306

Nicaragua, maize mixed with human blood eaten at festivals in, viii. 91 sq.

——, Indians of, rules observed by them between sowing and harvest, ii. 105; sacrifice human victims to volcanoes, v. 219; their transference of weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, x. 313 sq.

Nicholas Bishop, the Boy Bishop elected on St. Nicholas’s Day, ix. 338

Nicholson, General, worshipped as a god in his life, i. 404

Nicholson, R. A., iii. 51 n.

Nicknames used in order to avoid the use of the real names, iii. 321, 331

Nicobar Islanders reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; their annual expulsion of demons in little ships, ix. 201 sq.

—— Islands, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i, 141; pregnant woman used to fertilize the gardens in the, ii. 101; customs as to shadows at burialsin the, iii. 80 sq.; rain attributed to wrath of spirits in the, iii. 231; changes in the language of the, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 362 sq.; assumption of the names of dead grandparents in the, iii. 370; demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, ix. 189 sq.

Nicobarese mourners change their names and shave themselves for fear of the ghost, iii. 357 sq.; their sham fights in honour of the dead, iv. 96 sq.; their belief in demons, ix. 88; their ceremony of exorcism by means of pig’s blood and leaves, ix. 262

Nicolaus Damascenus on a bad king of Lydia, i. 366

Nicolson, Sheriff Alexander, on the last sheaf in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 164 sq.

Nicosia, in Sicily, ceremonies to procure rain at, i. 300

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8

Niebuhr, B. G., on Servius Tullius, ii. 196 n.; on the list of Alban kings, ii. 269

Nieces, aunts named after their, iii. 332

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, xi. 92 n. 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, xi. 48

Niederpöring in Bavaria, pretence of beheading Whitsuntide mummer at, iv. 206 sq.

Nietzold, J., on the marriage of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 216 n. 1

Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., on the Kayan fear of being photographed, iii. 99; on the fear of strangers among the Kayans of Borneo, iii. 104; on the association of agriculture with religion among the Kayans, vii. 93; on the Kayan fear of strangers at religious rites, vii. 94 n. 2; on a Kayan masquerade, vii. 95; on the New Year festival of the Kayans, vii. 96 sqq.; on games as religious rites among the Kayans, vii. 97 sqq., 107; on the masked dances of the Kayans, ix. 382 sq.

Niger, the Bambaras of the, ii. 42; Onitsha on the, ix. 133, 210; use of human scapegoats on the, ix. 210 sq.; belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, xi. 209

——, the Lower, customs observed by executioners among tribes of, iii. 172 n. 1, viii. 155

Niger Delta, tests of the reincarnation of the dead in the, i. 411 n. 1; deceiving the ghosts of women who died in childbed in the, viii. 98; burial custom in the, viii. 98

Nigeria, the Tomas or Habes of, iii. 124; natives of, loth to mention the owl by its proper name, iii. 401; custom of putting kings to death in, iv. 34 sq.

——, Northern, the Jukos of, viii. 160

——, Southern, chief as fetishman in, i. 349 sq.; trees inhabited by the spirits of the dead in, ii. 32; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278; the Ijebu tribe of, iv. 112; the Ibo of, x. 4; theory of the external soul in, xi. 150, 200, 203 sqq.

Night, burial at, iii. 15; King of the, at Porto Novo, iii. 23. See also Twelfth Night

Night-jars, the lives of women in, among the Wotjobaluk, xi. 215; called women’s “sisters” among the Kulin, xi. 216

Nightingale, the flesh of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

Nights, custom of reckoning by, ix. 326 n. 2 See also Twelve Nights

Nigmann, E., on the religion of the Wahehe, vi. 188 sq.

Nihongi, a Japanese work, ix. 213

Nijegorod Government in Russia, smouldering faggots in stove not to be broken up in the, ii. 232

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, x. 324 sq.

Nikunau, one of the Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in, v. 108 n. 1

Nile, young virgin drowned as a sacrifice to the, ii. 151; the rise and fall of the, vi. 30 sqq.; rises at the summer solstice in June, vi. 31 n. 1, 33; commanded by the king of Egypt to rise, vi. 33; thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis, vi. 33; gold and silver thrown into the river at its rising, vi. 40; the rise of, attributed to Serapis, vi. 216 sq.

——, the Blue, custom as to kings of Fazoql on, iv. 16

——, the “Bride” of the, ii. 151, vi. 38

——, the Upper, medicine-men as chiefs among the tribes of, i. 345; rain-makers on, i. 345 sqq.; Kings of the Rain on, ii. 2; the Alur of, x. 64

——, the White, the Shilluk of, iv. 17; tribes of, never shed human blood in their villages, iii. 246 sq.; the Dinka of, viii. 37, 114, ix. 193

Nilles, N., on the blessing of the herbs on August 15th, i. 15 n. 2

Nilsson, Professor M. P., on custom of sacred prostitution, v. 37 n. 2, 57 n. 1, 58 n. 2; on the sacrifice of a bull to Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia, vi. 239 n. 1, viii. 8 n. 2; on “Bringing home the Maiden,” vii. 58 n. 1; on the festival of the Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 62 n. 6

Nim tree, leaves of, as an amulet, iii. 234

Nimm, a river goddess of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a left ash-tree and attended by nine persons, xi. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, x. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— cows milked for king, iii. 292

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, x. 155; used for the Midsummer bonfires, x. 172, 201; used to kindle need-fire, x. 271, 278, 280; burnt in the need-fire, x. 278

—— fallen leaves in magic, i. 109

—— grains of oats in divination, x. 243

—— handfuls of each kind of grain at autumnal festival, viii. 49

—— knots in magic, iii. 302, 303, 304

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, x. 193

—— male animals of all sorts sacrificed at a festival held in Upsala every nine years and lasting nine days, ii. 364 sq.

—— men in purification of Orestes, i. 26; employed to make fire by the friction of wood, x. 148, 155

—— ridges of earth brought from nine mountains in a magical ceremony performed nine times, ix. 8; ridges of ploughed land in divination, x. 235

—— skeins of red wool in magic, iii. 307

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, x. 175, xi. 52; gathered for purposes of divination or medicine on Midsummer Eve, xi. 52 sq.

—— stalks of rice in bunches to make up the Rice Mother, vii. 195

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, xi. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, x. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, xi. 184; passed through a holed stone, xi. 187

—— turns round a rick, x. 243

—— waves, tops of, thrown on patient’s head, xi. 186 sq.

Nineteen years’ cycle of Meton, vii. 81 n. 3

Nineveh, capital of Assyria, ii. 130; the end of, v. 174; tomb of Sardanapalus at, ix. 388 n. 1; the burning of Sandan at, ix. 390

Ningu, the paramour of Tiamat, tablets of destiny wrested from, iv. 110

Ninus, Assyrian hero, ix. 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, in Brahman ritual, ix. 25

Nirvana, Buddhist monks seek to attain, through voluntary death by fire, iv. 42

Nisan, a Jewish month, vii. 259 n. 1, ix. 356, 361, 415

Nishga Indians of British Columbia, their use of effigies as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 106 sq.

Nishinam Indians of California, ceremony performed by childless women among the, i. 70 sq.; secrecy of personal names among the, iii. 326; husbands never call their wives by name among the, iii. 338

Niska Indians of British Columbia, their cannibal rites, vi. 20; rites of initiation among the, xi. 271 sq.

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, xi. 103

Niué or Savage Island, iv. 219. See Savage Island

Njamus, the, of British East Africa, their sacrifices of sheep at irrigation channels, vi. 38 sq.

Nkimba, secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 n. 1

No, annual expulsion of demons in China, ix. 145 sq.

Noa, common, opposed to tapu, sacred, iii. 109

Noah’s ark, i. 334

Nobosohpoh, a Khasi state, two royal families in, ii. 295

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, xi. 217 n. 4

Noessa Laut, East Indian island, fishermen’s magic in, i. 109; hunter’s magic in, i. 114; treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 187

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, x. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John’s Eve, xi. 45

Noises made to expel demons, ix. 109 sqq., 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 179 n. 4; on Purim and Esther, ix. 366 sq., 367 n. 1, 368 n.; on proposed derivation of some names in the Book of Esther, ix. 368 n.; on Omanos and Anadates, ix. 373 n. 1

Nomarchs in Egypt originally worshipped as gods, i. 390 n. 1

Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, ii. 313 sq., ix. 258

Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, vii. 12 sq.

Noon, fear to lose the shadow at, iii. 87; sacrifices to the dead at, iii. 88; superstitious dread of, iii. 88

Noose, sun caught in a, i. 316

Nootka Indians of British Columbia, superstitions as to twins among the, i. 263 sq.; their idea of the soul, iii. 27; their recovery of lost souls, iii. 67 n.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, iii. 146 n. 1, x. 43 sq.; their preparation for war, iii. 160 sq.; their custom of devouring dogs, vii. 20; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225; their fear of offending fish, viii. 251; ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 270 sq.

Nootka Sound, the Indians of, their preparation for whaling, iii. 191

—— wizard, his magic to procure fish, i. 108

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, xi. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, xi. 284 n. 3

Nördlingen, in Bavaria, last thresher wrapt in straw at, vii. 221 sq.; strangers tied up in sheaves at harvest at, vii. 225; saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log in France, x. 250 sq., 253

Norfolk, Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1; use of orpine for divination in, xi. 61 n. 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John’s Day, xi. 51 sq.

Normandy, rain-producing spring in, i. 301; Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 228; rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, v. 248; pretence of tying up landowner in last sheaf at harvest in, vii. 226; the quail at harvest in, vii. 295; the Bocage of, vii. 295, ix. 183 sq., 316, 323; Midsummer fires in, x. 185 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 252; torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in, x. 266; processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, x. 340; wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46; wreaths of mugwort a protection against thunder and thieves in, xi. 59; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, x. 172

Norse legends as to eating hearts of wolf, bear, and dragon, viii. 146

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 119 sq.

—— trinities, ii. 364

Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, iv. 13 sq.

North Africa, festivals of swinging in, iv. 284; Midsummer festival of fire and water among the Mohammedans of, v. 249, x. 213 sqq.

North American Indian theory of brandy, viii. 147

—— American Indians, their exorcism of strangers, iii. 105; their dread of menstruous women, iii. 145; their customs on the war-path, iii. 158 sqq.; ceremonies observed by manslayers among the, iii. 181 sqq.; their chastity before hunting, iii. 197 sqq.; their theory of names, iii. 318 sq.; personal names kept secret among the, iii. 325 sq.; namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356; tell their mythic tales only in winter, iii. 385 sq.; their funeral celebrations, iv. 97; their firm belief in immortality, iv. 137; the Corn Woman among the, vii. 177; their theory of the lower animals, viii. 205 sq.; their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 217 sqq.; their ceremonies at killing a wolf, viii. 220 sq.; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 sqq.; their ceremonious treatment of dangerous animals, viii. 237; their belief that each species of animals has its patron or genius, viii. 243 sq.; may not break the bones of the animals they eat at feasts, viii. 258 n. 2; their reluctance to let dogs gnaw the bones of animals, viii. 259; revere their totem animals, viii. 311; their personal totems, xi. 222 n. 5, 226 n. 1. See also America and American Indians

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, xi. 158

—— -West America, Indians of, do not speak of a person till his bones are finally disposed of, iii. 372

—— -Western Provinces of India, gods shut up in wood in the, ix. 61; the tug-of-war in the, ix. 181. See also India

Northampton, May garlands in, ii. 60 sq.

Northamptonshire, May-trees in, ii. 59 sq.; May carols in, ii. 61 n. 1; Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1; cure for cough in, ix. 51; sacrifice of a calf in, x. 300

Northern Territory, Australia, beliefs as to the birth of children in the, v. 103 sq.

Northumberland, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 168; the Borewell, near Bingfield in, ii. 161; child’s first nail-parings buried under an ash-tree in, iii. 276; the mell sheaf in, vii. 151; Midsummer fires in, x. 197 sq.; divination at Hallowe’en in, x. 245; the Yule log in, x. 256; need-fire in, x. 288 sq.; ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, x. 301

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, ix. 67

Norton Sound, the small sculpin of, i. 288

Norway, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 54; the Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92; buried timber in the peat-bogs of, ii. 352; nail-parings burnt or buried for fear of elves in, iii. 283; the Pea-mother in, vii. 132; the Old Hayman killed at haymaking in, vii. 223; harvest customs in, vii. 225, 282; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; belief as to eating flesh of white snake in, viii. 146; cairns in, ix. 14; bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 171; the need-fire in, x. 280; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, xi. 281

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, ix. 267

—— witch sinks ship, i. 326

Norwich, greasing the weapon instead of the wound at, i. 203

—— Cathedral, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337; Easter candle in, x. 122 n.

Nose stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 31, 71

Nose-boring, custom observed by medicine-men at, in New South Wales, i. 94

Nostrils, soul supposed to escape by the, iii. 30, 32, 33, 122

Nosy Be, an island of Madagascar, worshipful black bull kept in, viii. 40 n.

Nottinghamshire, harvesters drenched with water in, v. 238 n.; Plough Monday in, viii. 330 n. 1; the Hemlock Stone in, x. 157

Nouer l’aiguilette, spells cast on man and wife, x. 346 n. 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, x. 253

Novelties, the savage distrust of, iii. 230 sqq.

November, festivals of the dead in, vi. 51, 54, 69 sqq.; the month of sowing in Egypt, vi. 94; annual ceremony at catching sea-slug in, ix. 143; expulsion of demons in, ix. 204

—— the 1st, All Saints’ Day, vi. 70 sq., 77, 82, 83, x. 225; old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, x. 224 sq.

—— the 2nd, All Souls’ Day, vi. 69, 70 sq., 81

Novgorod, image of Perun at, ii. 365; perpetual fire of oak-wood at, ii. 365

Novices at initiation, taboos observed by, iii. 141 sq., 156 sq.; supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, xi. 235, 240 sq., 242, 246; supposed to be newly born, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.; begotten anew, xi. 248; at initiation killed as men and brought to life as animals, xi. 272

Novitiate of priests and priestesses, v. 66, 68

Nuba negroes, office of rain-maker among the, ii. 3

Nubas, the, of Jebel-Nuba, taboos observed by women in the absence of their husbands among, i. 122; will not cut a certain thorn-tree during the rainy season, ii. 49 n. 3; their priestly king, iii. 132; their customs at millet-harvest, viii. 114

Nuehr, a pastoral tribe of the Upper Nile, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 39

Nufoors of Dutch New Guinea unwilling to mention their names, iii. 329; and the names of their relations by marriage, iii. 332, 341 sq.; taboo observed by them at sea, iii. 415

Nulit language in Victoria, iii. 110

Nullakun tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, v. 101

Numa, an adept in drawing down lightning, ii. 181; as Flamen Dialis, ii. 192; builds the temple of Vesta, ii. 200 sq.; his sons, ii. 270 n. 3; a Sabine of Cures, ii. 270 n. 6; a priestly king, ii. 289; born on the day of the Parilia, April 21st, ii. 325, 329

—— and Egeria, i. 18, ii. 172 sq., 193, 380

Numa’s birthday, ii. 325, 348; “Numa’s crockery,” ii. 202

Numbering the herds on St. George’s Day, ii. 338

Numicius, the river, ii. 181

Nuns of St. Brigit, at Kildare, ii. 240 sq.

Nuremberg, the “Carrying out of Death” at, iv. 234

Nurin, a mythical maiden in a rain-making ceremony, i. 275 sq.

Nurtunjas, sacred poles among the Arunta, xi. 219

Nusku, Egyptian fire-god, i. 67

Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of Osiris, v. 283 n. 3, vi. 6, 16, ix. 341; in a sycamore tree, vi. 110

Nut-trees, foreskins placed in, i. 95 n. 3

—— -water brewed at Midsummer, xi. 47

Nutlets of pines used as food, v. 278 n. 2

Nutritive and vicarious types of sacrifice, vi. 226

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, x. 190; in fire, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyadiri, river in Mashonaland, iii. 9

Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18 sqq.; the shrines of, iv. 19; as rain-giver, iv. 19, 20; worshipped as the god of his people, vi. 162 sqq.; incarnate in various animals, vi. 163 sq.; his mysterious disappearance, vi. 163; his graves, vi. 163, 166; historical reality of, vi. 164, 166 sq.; his relation to the creator Juok, vi. 164 sq.; compared to Osiris, vi. 167

Nyalich, synonym for Dengdit, the name of the Supreme Being of the Dinka, viii. 40 n.

Nyanja chief vulnerable by a sand-bullet, xi. 314

—— -speaking tribes of British Central Africa, their belief that skin-disease is caused by eating the totem, viii. 26; of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, x. 25 sq.

Nyanza, Lake, incarnate human god of, i. 395

——, Lake Victoria, vii. 118

Nyanza region, kings banished for drought in the, i. 353

Nyassa, Lake, iii. 97, viii. 99, 112, ix. 10, x. 28, 81; people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., xi. 181

Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau, custom of carriers to deposit stones on heaps in the, ix. 10 sq.

Nyassaland, women will not name their husbands in, iii. 336

Nyeledit, the Supreme Being of the Nuehr, viii. 39

Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, associated with falling stars, iv. 61, viii. 45

Nymphs of oaks at Rome, ii. 172, 185; of the Fair Crowns at Olympia, vi. 240

Nysa, in the valley of the Maeander, v. 205, 206 n. 1; sacrifice of bull at, v. 292 n. 3

Nyuak, L., on guardian spirits of Sea Dyaks, v. 83

Oak, statue of Artemis under an, i. 38 n. 1; worshipped by the Galatians, ii. 126; sanctuary of the, at Dodona, ii. 176; its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 sqq.; worship of the, ii. 349 sqq.; the British (Quercus robur), in France, Germany, Russia, and England, ii. 355; oracular, at Dodona, ii. 358; sacred to Jupiter, ii. 361; worshipped by the ancient Celts, ii. 362 sq.; worshipped by the ancient Teutons, ii. 363 sqq.; worshipped by the ancient Slavs, ii. 365; worshipped by the ancient Lithuanians, ii. 365 sqq.; revered by the Esthonians, ii. 367 sq.; worshipped in modern Europe, ii. 370 sqq.; effigy of Death buried under an, iv. 236; dance round, at harvest, vii. 288; sacred, of old Prussians, ix. 391; associated with thunder, x. 145; the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, xi. 89 sq.; human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, xi. 90, 92 sq.; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets, xi. 170 sqq.; life of, in mistletoe, xi. 280, 292; supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, xi. 292, 293; struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest, xi. 298 sqq. See also Oak-tree and Oaks

Oak of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, xi. 283 sq.

——, evergreen, in making fire, ii. 251; the Golden Bough grew on an, ii. 379

—— of the Guelphs, xi. 166 sq.

——, holy, of the old Prussians, iv. 42

—— planted by Byron, xi. 166

—— of Romove, xi. 286

“—— or rock, born of an,” i. 100 n. 1

——, sacred, in a Greek story, i. 158; on the Capitol, ii. 176, 184; at Delphi, iv. 80 sq.

—— or terebinth, sacred at Mamre, v. 37 n. 2

—— and thunder, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265; oak, sky, rain, and thunder, god of the, ii. 349 sq.

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, xi. 168

—— and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Oak branch in rain-charm, i. 309

—— branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, iv. 207

—— crown sacred to Jupiter, ii. 176, 184, 189; sacred to Juno, ii. 184, 189

—— -god married to the oak-goddess, ii. 142, 189 sq.; how he became a god of lightning, thunder, and rain, ii. 372 sqq.

—— Grove, Chapel of the, at Rome, ii. 185; Gate of the, at Rome, ii. 185; Street of the, at Rome, ii. 186

—— groves in ancient Ireland, ii. 242 sq., 363

—— leaves, crown of, ii. 175, 176 sq., 184, iv. 80 sqq.; “oil of St. John” found on St. John’s Morning upon, xi. 82 sq.

—— log a protection against witchcraft, xi. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, xi. 77, 79, 82; a remedy for epilepsy, xi. 78, 83; to be shot down with an arrow, xi. 82; a panacea for green wounds, xi. 83; a protection against conflagration, xi. 85, 293

—— -nymphs at Rome, ii. 172, 185

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, xi. 285

Oak-tree guarded by the King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 42; worshipped in Syria, ii. 16; pain pegged into an, ix. 58; worshipped by the Cheremiss, x. 181

—— -trees revered by the Wends, ii. 55; sacrifices to, ii. 366; ague transferred to, ii. 57 sq.; rupture nailed into, ix. 60; toothache nailed into, ix. 60; planted at marriage, xi. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, xi. 20

—— -wood, Vesta’s fire at Rome fed with, ii. 186; perpetual fire of, ii. 262, 365, 366, xi. 285 sq.; ceremonial fires kindled by the friction of, ii. 372; used to kindle the need-fire, x. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., xi. 90 sq.; used to kindle the Beltane fires, x. 148, 155; used to kindle Midsummer fire, x. 169, 177, xi. 91 sq.; used for the Yule log, x. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., xi. 92; fire of, used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 n. 4

—— -woods on the site of ancient Rome, ii. 184 sqq.

—— -worship of the Druids, ii. 9, xi. 76 sq., 301

Oaken image dressed as a bride, ii. 140 sq.; leaves in medicine, ix. 58

Oaks at Troezen, i. 26; revered by heathen Lithuanians, ii. 9; oracular, ii. 43; sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43; sacred to Jupiter, ii. 175, 176; in peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 sqq.; in peat-bogs of Ireland, ii. 351; in pile villages of Europe, ii. 352 sq.; of Ireland, ii. 363; sick people passed through holes in, ii. 371; often struck by lightning, ii. 373; mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, xi. 87; planted by Sir Walter Scott, xi. 166; mistletoe growing on, in England and France, xi. 316

Oath by passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289 n. 4; taken by Mexican kings at their accession, i. 356, 416; by the Styx, iv. 70 n. 1; of Egyptian kings not to correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, vi. 26; of women by the Pleiades, vii. 311; not to hurt Balder, x. 101

Oaths on stones, i. 160 sq.; by the king of Egypt, i. 419; accompanied by eating a sacred substance, viii. 313

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, x. 243

Oats-bride, vii. 162, 163, 164

—— -bridegroom, vii. 163

—— -cow, reaper of last oats, vii. 289; thresher of last oats, vii. 290

—— -fool, vii 148

—— -goat, at harvest, vii. 270, 282, 283, 284; at threshing, vii. 286, 287; mummer called the, viii. 327

—— -king, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -man, at harvest, vii. 163, 221; at threshing, vii. 223

—— -mother, the last sheaf, vii. 135

—— -queen, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -sow, at making last sheaf, vii. 298

—— -stallion, the last sheaf, vii. 292

—— -wolf, in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273; woman who binds the last sheaf called, vii. 274

—— -woman, at harvest feast, vii. 163

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals in the, xi. 206 sqq.

Obassi Nsi, earth-god of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Obelisk, image of Astarte, v. 14

Obelisks, sacred, at Gezer, v. 108

Oberinntal, in Tyrol, the last thresher called Goat at, vii. 286

Oberkrain, the Slovenes of, their customs on Shrove Tuesday, ii. 93

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, x. 248 sq.

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, the Cow at threshing at, vii. 290 sq.; fire kindled on St. Vitus’s Day at, x. 335 sq.

Oberpfalz, Bavaria, the Old Man at threshing in some parts of, vii. 222

Objects, souls ascribed to inanimate, ix. 90

O’Brien, Murragh, executed for treason, iii. 244

Obscene images of Osiris, vi. 112

—— language in ritual, iii. 154, 155

—— songs sung by women on special occasions, viii. 280

Obscenities in the Eleusinian mysteries, the Festival of the Threshing-floor, and the Thesmophoria, vii. 62 sq.

Obscenity in rain-making, i. 267 sq., 269, 278, 284 n.

Observational power of savages, ix. 326

Obubura district of Southern Nigeria, human souls in fish in, xi. 204

Ocrisia, mother of Servius Tullius, conceives by the fire-god, ii. 195; a slave-woman of Corniculum, ii. 270 n. 6

Octavian plunders the sanctuary at Nemi, i. 4; his provision for knocking a nail into the temple of Mars, ix. 67 n. 1

Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonize lunar and solar time, iv. 68 sq.; old, in Greece, vi. 242 n., vii. 80 sqq.

—— period of Greek games, vii. 80

—— tenure of the kingship, iv. 58 sqq. vii. 82, 85

October, horse sacrificed at Rome in, ii. 229, 326, ix. 230; the 1st of, a great Saxon festival, vi. 81 n. 3; the vintage month in modern Greece, vii. 47; the month of ploughing and sowing in Greece, vii. 50; the 15th, annual sacrifice of horse at Rome on, viii. 42 sqq.; annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 226 n. 1; ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136; the last day of (Hallowe’en), x. 139

Octopuses presented to Greek infants, i. 156

Ocymum sanctum, Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26 sq.

Ode branch of Ijebu tribe in Southern Nigeria, mysterious chief of the, iv. 112

Oder, the river, Whitsuntide custom on, ii. 84

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, x. 130 n.

Odilo, abbot of Clugny, institutes Feast of All Souls, vi. 82

Odin, as a magician, i. 241 sq.; King Olaf sacrificed to, for the crops, i. 367; the Norse god of war, ii. 364; thought to receive in Valhalla only the dead in war, iv. 13; legend of the deposition of, iv. 56; sacrifice of king’s sons to, iv. 57, 160 sq., vi. 220; human sacrifices to, iv. 160 sq., 188; hanged on a tree, v. 290; human victims dedicated by hanging to, v. 290

——, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 n.

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, chiefs of the, keep their external souls in buffaloes, xi. 208

O’Donovan, E., on a Turcoman remedy for fever by means of knotted threads, iii. 304

Oedipus, supposed effects of his incest with his mother, ii. 115; his exposure, parricide, and incest, iv. 193

Oefoten, in Norway, laggards in reaping called goats at, vii. 282

Oels, in Silesia, expulsion of witches on Good Friday at, ix. 157; Midsummer fires at, x. 170

Oeneus, king of Calydon in Aetolia, father of Tydeus, ii. 278

Oeniadae, the ancient, Prince Sunless at, x. 21

Oenomaus, king of Pisa, father of Hippodamia, ii. 300; his chariot-race at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 91; his incest with his daughter, v. 44 n. 1

Oesel, the island of, the Esthonians of, i. 211, iii. 41 sq., vii. 298, viii. 51; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 211; custom of reapers in, i. 329; belief as to whirlwinds in, iii. 41 sq.; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; the last sheaf called the Rye-boar in, vii. 298; the Christmas Boar in, vii. 302; custom at eating the new corn in, viii. 51; heaps of sticks or stones in, ix. 14; Midsummer fires in, x. 180; St. John’s herbs in, xi. 49

Oeta, Mount, Hercules burnt on, v. 111, 116, 211

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, x. 168

Offerings to dead kings, vi. 194; at cairns, ix. 26 sqq.; to demons, ix. 96. See also Sacrifices

“Offscouring” (περίψημα), term applied to a human scapegoat, ix. 255 n. 1

Offspring, charms to procure, i. 70 sqq.

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, xi. 229 n.

Ogginn, a white ox and a holy cave in the Caucasus, viii. 313 n. 1

Ogom, a fetish doctor of Nigeria, not allowed to quit his house, iii. 124

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, xi. 98 sq.

Ogres in stories of the external soul, xi. 100 sqq.

Ogress whose life was in a spinning-wheel, xi. 100

Ogun, war-god of the Yorubas, viii. 149 sq.

Oho-harahi, “Great Purification,” a Japanese ceremony performed on the last day of the year, ix. 213, 213 n. 1

Oijo, the Alafin of, paramount king of Yoruba-land, iv. 203

Oil not to be touched by people at home in absence of hunters, i. 120; poured on stones as a means of averting bullets from absent warriors, i. 130; to be made when the tide is high, i. 167; poured on stone as a rain-charm, i. 305, 346; and wine poured on sacred tree, ii. 50; made by pure youths and maidens, iii. 201; made by chaste women, iii. 201; to be called water at evening and night, iii. 411; human victim anointed with, vii. 246, 247

——, holy, poured on king’s head, v. 21; poured on sacred stones, v. 36; as vehicle of inspiration, v. 74; smeared on sick people, viii. 123

“—— of St. John,” found on oaks on St. John’s (Midsummer) morning, xi. 82 sq., 293

Oiling the body forbidden for magical reasons to wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 120, 122; as a protection against demons, iii. 201

—— the hair forbidden to women while their husbands are away at war, i. 127

Ointment, magical, applied to weapon instead of to wound, i. 202; extracted from dead bodies, the fat of animals, etc., viii. 163 sqq.

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, xi. 188

Ojebways, or Ojibways, the, magical images among, i. 55; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212; their ceremony at an eclipse of the sun, i. 311; their belief in tree-spirits, ii. 18; custom observed by them on the war-path, iii. 160; their reluctance to tell their names, iii. 326; husbands and wives will not mention each other’s names among the, iii. 338; their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 n. 1; their respect for rattle-snakes, viii. 219; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225 sq.; ritual of death and resurrection among, xi. 268

Okanaken Indians of British Columbia, their first-fruit ceremonies, viii. 134

Okhotsk Sea, whales in the, viii. 232

Oklahoma, the Yuchi Indians of, viii. 75

Okunomura, Japanese village, rain-making at, i. 297

Olachen fish, ceremonies at catching the first of the season, viii. 254 sq.

Olaf, king of Sweden, sacrificed to Odin for the crops, i. 367

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, xi. 271 sq.

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, x. 308

Olba, priestly kings of, v. 143 sqq., 161; the name of, v. 148; the ruins of, v. 151 sq.

Old animal, bone of, eaten to make eater old, viii. 143

—— Barley-woman, last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 139

—— Calabar, viii. 108

—— Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), ix. 321

—— Corn-woman at threshing, vii. 147

—— Hay-man at haymaking, vii. 223

—— Man, name of the corn-spirit, iv. 253 sq.; name given to the last sheaf, vii. 136 sqq., 148 sq., 218 sqq., 289; at threshing, vii. 148 sq., 224

—— men, savage communities ruled by an oligarchy of, i. 216 sq.; government by, in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

—— people killed, iv. 11 sqq.

—— Potato Woman, at digging potatoes, vii. 145

—— Rye-woman, the last sheaf called the, vii. 139; binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 140, 145; killed in the last stalks cut, vii. 223; killed in the last corn threshed, vii. 224; last sheaf left for the, vii. 232

—— Testament, leprosy in the, viii. 27

—— Wheat-woman, vii. 139

—— Wife (Cailleach), name given to last corn cut, vii. 140 sqq., 164 sqq.; (“Old Woman”), effigy burnt on the first Sunday of Lent, x. 116; effigy burnt on the last day of Carnival, x. 120

Old Witch, burning the, at harvest, vii. 224

—— Wives, the Day of the, Thursday of Mid-Lent, iv. 241

—— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony at Mid-Lent, iv. 240 sqq.; name applied to the corn-spirit, iv. 253 sq.; of the corn, mythical being of the Cherokee Indians, vi. 46 sq., vii. 177; name given to the last corn cut or threshed, vii. 136 sq., 147, 223; name given to the thresher of the last corn, vii. 147

—— Woman (Baba), a mummer at Carnival, viii. 332, 333, 334; perhaps a rustic prototype of Demeter, viii. 334

—— Woman who Never Dies, North American Indian personification of maize, vii. 204 sqq.

—— women as representatives of the Corn-goddess, vii. 205 sq.

Oldenberg, Professor H., on the distinction between religion and magic, i. 225 n.; on the magical nature of ancient Indian ritual, i. 228; on the priority of magic to religion, i. 235 n. 1; on the ritual observed by a Brahman in learning the Sakvarī song, i. 269 sq.; on foundation-sacrifices, iii. 91 n.; on King Vikramaditya, iv. 122 n. 2; on the belief in ghosts and demons among the Hindoos of the Vedic ages, ix. 90 sq.; on the Indian drama, ix. 385 n. 1

Oldenburg, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 275 sq.; fox’s tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270; popular cures in, ix. 49, 51, 52, 53, 58; plague hammered into a wall in, ix. 64; the immortal dame of, x. 100; Shrove Tuesday customs in, x. 120; Easter bonfires in, x. 140; burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to appear in, x. 321 sq.; witch as toad in, x. 323; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 sq.; custom as to milking cows in, xi. 185; sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, xi. 185

Oldfield, A., on the avoidance of the names of the dead among the Australian aborigines, iii. 350

Oldfield, H. A., on the Dassera festival in Nepaul, ix. 226 n. 1

Olea chrysophilla, used as fuel for bonfire, xi. 11

Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, iv. 163, 164

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” x. 18, xi. 51; gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Oligarchy of old men, savage communities ruled by an, i. 216 sq.; of old men the ruling body among the Australian aborigines, i. 335

Olive of the Fair Crown at Olympia, vi. 240

——, the sacred, at Olympia, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3

——, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Olive-branches carried in procession and hung over doors at Athens, vi. 238

—— crown of victor in chariot-race at Olympia, iv. 91, vi. 240; of Zeus at Olympia, iv. 91

—— -tree of Pallas, ii. 142 n. 2; nails knocked into an, as a cure, ix. 60

—— wood, sacred images carved of, i. 39

Olives planted and gathered by pure boys and virgins, ii. 107

Olmütz, district of, the last sheaf called the Beggar in, vii. 232

Olo Ngadjoe (Oloh Ngadju), the, of Borneo, their belief as to albinoes, v. 91; their use of puppets as substitutes for living persons, viii. 100 sq.

Olofaet, a fire-god, in Namoluk, xi. 295

Olonetz, the Government of, in Russia, collective suicide in, iv. 45 n. 1; festival of the dead in, vi. 75

Olori, a guardian spirit of the Yorubas, iii. 252

Oltscha (Orotchis?), their bear-feast, viii. 197 n. 2

Olympia, home of Xenophon near, i. 7; Mount Cronius at, i. 46 n. 4; the sacred white poplar of Zeus at, ii. 220, xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7; Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 90; tomb of Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 287; Pelops and Hippodamia at, ii. 299 sq., iv. 91; races for the kingdom at, ii. 299 sq., iv. 90, 90 sq.; ram annually sacrificed to Pelops at, ii. 300, viii. 85; sacred precinct of Pelops at, ii. 300, iv. 287; Oenomaus at, ii. 300, iv. 91; chariot-races at, ii. 300, iv. 90 sq.; worship of Thunderbolt Zeus at, ii. 361; girls’ race at, iv. 91; image of Zeus at, iv. 91; victor’s wreath of olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240; the sacred olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3; the quack Peregrinus burns himself at, v. 181; rule as to cutting olive branches to form the victors’ crowns at, vi. 240, xi. 80 n. 3; festival of Cronus at, ix. 352 sq.

Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, iv. 90; mode of calculating the, vii. 80; beginning of reckoning by, vii. 82

Olympic cycle of four or eight years, vii. 80

—— festival, death of Peregrinus by fire at the, iv. 42; based on the octennial cycle, iv. 89 sq., vi. 242 n. 1; based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, iv. 105

—— games, iv. 105, vii. 80, 86; said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, iv. 92

—— stadium, the, iv. 287

—— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, iv. 90 sq.; or of the Sun and Moon, iv. 91, 105

Olympus, Mount, in Cyprus, iv. 81, v. 32

—— Mount, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

Olynthiac, river in Macedonia, fish in the, ix. 142 n. 1

Olynthus, tomb of, ix. 143 n.

Omagua Indians of Brazil, their belief in the influence of the Pleiades on human destiny, vii. 309

Omaha hunters cut out tongues of slain buffaloes, viii. 269

—— Indians, of North America, their rain-making, i. 249; their charm to start a breeze, i. 320; customs as to murderers among the, iii. 187; names of relations by marriage tabooed among the, iii. 338; effeminate men among the, vi. 255 sq.; their belief as to boils caused by eating a totem animal, viii. 25; the Elk clan among the, viii. 29, x. 11; the Reptile clan among the, viii. 29; their belief in the assimilation of men to their guardian animals, viii. 207; their mutilation of men killed by lightning, viii. 272; their women secluded at menstruation, x. 88 sq.

Omanos at Zela, ix. 373 n. 1

Omen, beasts and birds of, viii. 143

—— birds in Borneo, iii. 110; stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 sq.

Omens, homoeopathic magic to annul evil omens, i. 170-174; from chicken bones, ii. 70; reliance on, iii. 110; from observation of the sky, iv. 58; drawn from pig’s liver, vii. 97; from boiling milk, viii. 56, xi. 8; mode of neutralizing bad, ix. 39; from birds and beasts, x. 56; from the smoke of bonfires, x. 116, 131, 337; from flames of bonfires, x. 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337; from cakes rolled down hill, x. 153; from intestines of sheep, xi. 13

—— of death, xi. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 338 sq.; from flowers, xi. 52 sq., 61

Omnipresence of demons, ix. 72 sqq.

Omo River, custom of strangling first-born children among tribes on the, iv. 181, 182

Omonga, a rice-spirit who lives in the moon, vi. 139 n.

Omphale and Hercules, ii. 281 sq., v. 182, vi. 258, ix. 389

Omumborombonga (Combretum primigenum), the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213 sq., 218, 219 sq., 233

Omuongo tree, ceremony performed by the Ovambo before partaking of its fruit, viii. 71

Omuwapu tree (Grevia spec.), used by the Herero as a substitute for their sacred tree, ii. 219

On or Aun, King of Sweden, iv. 57, 160 sq., 188. See also Aun

Onaght, in the Aran Islands, the rag well at, ii. 161

One shoe on and one shoe off, iii. 311 sqq.

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, ix. 402

Ongtong Java Islands, ceremony at the reception of strangers in the, iii. 107 sq.

Oni, the king of Ife, in West Africa, i. 365, iv. 204 n.

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, ix. 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, the king of, confined to his house, iii. 123; ceremony at eating the new yams at, viii. 58; sham funeral at, viii. 98 sq.; annual expulsion of evils at, ix. 133; use of human scapegoats at, ix. 210 sq.

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, xi. 268, 269

Onstmettingen, in Swabia, the Sow at threshing at, vii. 299

Oodeypoor, in Rajputana, gardens of Adonis at, v. 241 sq.

Ooloo-Ayar Dyaks observe taboos after building a new house, ii. 40

Opening, special, made to carry out the corpses of childless women, i. 142

Opening everything in house to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 sq.

—— the eyes and mouth of the dead, Egyptian funeral rite, vi. 15

—— of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, ix. 352

Operations of husbandry regulated by observation of the moon, vi. 133 sqq.

Opheltes, Nemean games celebrated in honour of, iv. 91; his grave at Nemea, iv. 93

Ophites, the, on the Holy Ghost as feminine, iv. 5 n. 3

Opis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 33; a name of Artemis, i. 34 n.

Opium made by the Wild Wa of Burma, vii. 242

Opossum, imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 sq.

Opprobrious language levelled at goddess to please her, i. 280

Ops, the wife of Saturn, vi. 233; in relation to Consus, vi. 233 n. 6

Oracles given by king as representative of the god, i. 377; given by inspired priests, i. 377 sqq.; given by the spirits of dead kings, vi. 167, 171, 172; given by men who are inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions, leopards, and serpents, viii. 213

Oracular oaks in ancient Prussia, ii. 43; oak at Dodona, ii. 358, xi. 89 sq.

—— spring at Dodona, ii. 172

—— springs, iv. 79 sq.

—— trees among the Lithuanians, ii. 9

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, x. 216

Orang-glai, the, of Indo-China, use a special language in searching for eagle-wood, iii. 404

Orange River, the Corannas of the, xi. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their spring festival of sál flowers at the marriage of the Sun and Earth, ii. 76 sq., 94, 148, v. 46 sqq.; gardens of Adonis among the, v. 240; their annual festival of the dead, vi. 59; human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 244 sq.; their offerings of first-fruits to the Sun, viii. 117; their belief in demons, ix. 92 sq.; their use of a human scapegoat, ix. 196; their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, xi. 311 sq.

Orbigny, A. d’, on the superstitions of the Yuracares as to the making of pottery, ii. 204; on division of labour between men and women among the American Indians, vii. 120; on the American Indian practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12 sq.

Orchard, mock marriage before partaking of the fruits of a new, ii. 26, 101

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 317, 319, 320

Orchha, the Rajah of, celebrates annually the marriage of the Salagrama to the holy basil, ii. 27

Orchomenus in Arcadia, kingly government at, i. 47

—— in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, iv. 163 sq.

Orcus, Roman god of the lower world, his marriage celebrated by the pontiffs, vi. 231

Ordeal of battle among the Umbrians, ii. 321; by poison, fatal effects of, iv. 197; of chastity, v. 115 n. 2; the poison, administered by young children, vii. 115; of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, x. 61, and by young men, x. 62 sqq.; of boiling resin, x. 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, x. 66; undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, xi. 264 sqq.

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science, xi. 305 sq.

Oregon, the Salish Indians of, recovery of lost souls among, iii. 66; avoidance of the names of the dead among the Indians of, iii. 352

Orestes at Nemi, i. 10 sq., 21 n. 2, 24; the matricide, cleansed of his mother’s murder at Troezen, i. 26; cured of his madness in Laconia, i. 161; appeases his mother’s Furies by biting off his finger, iii. 166 n. 2; pursued by his mother’s Furies, iii. 188; polled his hair, iii. 287; flight of, iv. 213; at Castabala, v. 115; his purification by laurel and pig’s blood, ix. 262

Organs of generation, effigies of male, vii. 12, 26, 29; male and female, cakes in shape of, vi. 62

——, internal, of medicine-man, replaced by a new set at initiation, xi. 237, 238 sq.

Orgiastic rites of Cybele, v. 278

Orgies, sexual, as fertility charms, ii. 98 sqq.

Oriental mind untrammelled by logic, v. 4 n. 1

—— religions in the West, v. 298 sqq.; their influence in undermining ancient civilization, v. 299 sqq.; importance attached to the salvation of the individual soul in, v. 300

Origen, on the Holy Spirit, iv. 5 n. 3; on the refusal of Christians to fight, v. 301 n. 1; on Jesus Barabbas, ix. 420 n. 1

Origin of Osiris, vi. 158 sqq.; of agriculture, vii. 128 sq.; of astronomy, vii. 307; of death, savage tales of the, ix. 302 sqq.; of fire, primitive ideas as to the, xi. 295 sq.

Orinoco, Banivas of the, x. 66

——, Caribs of the, i. 134

——, Guaraunos of the, x. 85

——, Guayquiries of the, x. 85

——, Indians of the, employ women to sow the seed, i. 141 sq.; their way of procuring rain by means of the dead, i. 287; their use of frogs in a rain-charm, i. 292; their ceremony at an eclipse of the moon, i. 311 sq.; blow sacred trumpets to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24; their belief in the superior fertility of seeds sown by women, vii. 124; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 310; eat the hearts of their enemies to make them brave, viii. 150; their treatment of the wild beasts which the hunters have killed, viii. 236

Orinoco, Piaroas Indians of the, viii. 285

——, Tamanachiers of the, ix. 303

——, Tamanaks of the, x. 61 n. 3

Orion, the constellation, the soul of Horus in, iv. 5; appearance of, a signal for sowing, v. 290 sq.; observed in Bali, vii. 314 sq.; observed by the Battas of Sumatra, vii. 315; observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315

Orion’s belt, the constellation, observed by the natives of Bougainville Straits, vii. 313; observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315, 315 n. 5

—— sword and belt, the constellations, observed by the Masai, vii. 317

Orissa, absence of gardens and fruit-trees on the Khurda estate in, i. 279; Queen Victoria worshipped as a deity in, i. 404; rice treated as a pregnant woman in, ii. 29; well where women obtain offspring in, ii. 160; the Chasas of, viii. 26

Orkney Islands, magic knots in the, iii. 302; chapel of St. Tredwells in the, ix. 29; transference of sickness by means of water in the, ix. 49

Orlagau, in Thüringen, “whipping with fresh green” in the Christmas holidays at, ix. 271

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, xi. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, xi. 156 n. 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, x. 185

Oro, Polynesian war god, iii. 69

——, West African bogey, xi. 229

Orontes, Syrian women bathe in the, to procure offspring, ii. 160

Ororo, families of royal descent among the Shilluks, iv. 24

Orotchis, of Siberia, their theory of thunder, iii. 232; bear-festivals of the, viii. 197

Orpheus, prophet and musician, v. 55; the legend of his death, vi. 99

—— and the willow, xi. 294

Orpine (Sedum telephium) at Midsummer, x. 196; used in divination at Midsummer, xi. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, x. 210

Orwell in Cambridgeshire, harvest custom at, v. 237 n. 4

Osages, their mourning for their foes, iii. 181

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, ix. 231

Oschophoria, vintage festival at Athens, vi. 258 n. 6

Osculati, G., on American Indian belief in transmigration, viii. 285

Osirian mysteries, the hall of the, at Abydos, vi. 108

Osiris threatened by magicians, i. 225; threat of a magician that he will name Osiris aloud, iii. 390; the mummy of, iv. 4; his body broken into fourteen pieces, iv. 32, vi. 129; identified with Adonis and Attis, v. 32, vi. 127 n.; myth of, vi. 3 sqq.; his birth, vi. 6, ix. 341; introduces the cultivation of corn and the vine, vi. 7, 97, 112; his violent death, vi. 7 sq.; at Byblus, vi. 9 sq., 22 sq., 127; his body rent in pieces, vi. 10; the graves of, vi. 10 sq.; his dead body sought and found by Isis, vi. 10, 50, 85; tradition as to his genital organs, vi. 10, 102; mourned by Isis and Nephthys, vi. 12; invited to come to his house, vi. 12, 47; restored to life by Isis, vi. 13; king and judge of the dead, vi. 13 sq.; his body the first mummy, vi. 15; the funeral rites performed over his body the model of all funeral rites in Egypt, vi. 15; all the Egyptian dead identified with, vi. 16; his trial and acquittal in the court of the gods, vi. 17; represented in art as a royal mummy, vi. 18; specially associated with Busiris and Abydos, vi. 18; his tomb at Abydos, vi. 18 sq., 197 sq.; his emblems the sceptre or crook and the scourge or flail, vi. 20, 108, 153; official festivals of, vi. 49 sqq.; his sufferings displayed in a mystery at night, vi. 50; his festival in the month of Athyr, vi. 84 sqq.; dramatic representation of his resurrection in his rites, vi. 85; his images made of vegetable mould, vi. 85, 87, 90 sq., 91; the funeral rites of, described in the inscription of Denderah, vi. 86 sqq.; his festival in the month of Khoiak, vi. 86 sqq., 108 sq.; his “garden,” vi. 87 sq.; ploughing and sowing in the rites of, vi. 87, 90, 96; the burial of, in his rites, vi. 88; the holy sepulchre of, under Persea-trees, vi. 88; represented with corn sprouting from his dead body, vi. 89, vii. 263; his resurrection depicted on the monuments, vi. 89 sq.; as a corn-god, vi. 89 sqq., 96 sqq.; corn-stuffed effigies of, buried with the dead as a symbol of resurrection, vi. 90 sq., 114; date of the celebration of his resurrection at Rome, vi. 95 n. 1; the nature of, vi. 96 sqq.; his severed limbs placed on a corn-sieve, vi. 97; human sacrifices at the grave of, vi. 97, vii. 260; suggested explanations of his dismemberment, vi. 97, vii. 262; sometimes explained by the ancients as a personification of the corn, vi. 107; as a tree-spirit, vi. 107 sqq.; his image made out of a pine-tree, vi. 108; his backbone re-presented by the ded pillar, vi. 108 sq.; interpreted as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 n. 1; his soul in a bird, vi. 110; represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, vi. 110, 111; obscene images of, vi. 112; as a god of fertility, vi. 112 sq.; identified with Dionysus, vi. 113, 126 n. 3, vii. 3, 32; a god of the dead, vi. 113 sq.; universal popularity of his worship, vi. 114; interpreted by some as the sun, vi. 120 sqq.; reasons for rejecting this interpretation, vi. 122 sqq.; his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of vegetation, vi. 126 sqq.; interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, vi. 129; reigned twenty-eight years, vi. 129; his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, vi. 130; identified with the moon in hymns, vi. 131; represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, vi. 131; distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 158 sq.; his dominant position in Egyptian religion, vi. 158 sq.; the origin of, vi. 158 sqq.; his historical reality asserted in recent years, vi. 160 n. 1; his temple at Abydos, vi. 198; his title Khenti-Amenti, vi. 198 n. 2; compared to Charlemagne, vi. 199; the question of his historical reality left open, vi. 199 sq.; his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, vi. 217; his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 218; the cults of Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and, vii. 214; perhaps the dead corn-spirit represented by human victims slain on the harvest-field, vii. 259 sqq.; represented in the form of Harpocrates, vii. 260; image of him perhaps annually thrown into the Nile as a rain-charm, vii. 262 sq.; black and green, vii. 263; key to mysteries of, vii. 263; and the pig, viii. 24 sqq.; his body mangled by Typhon, viii. 30; perhaps originally identified with the pig, viii. 31, 33 sq.; in relation to sacred bulls, viii. 34 sqq.; false graves of, viii. 100; one of his members eaten by a fish, viii. 264

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

Osiris and Isis perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Maneros, vii. 215

—— and the moon, vi. 129 sqq.

“—— of the mysteries,” vi. 89

Osiris-Sep, title of Osiris, vi. 87

Osnabrück, in Hanover, the Harvest-mother in, vii. 135

Ossa, Mount, and Olympus, iv. 81, vi. 240

Ossidinge district of the Cameroons, the chief as fetish-priest in the, i. 349

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, xi. 166 sq.

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, x. 142

Ostia, fresco at, i. 16

Ostiaks or Ostyaks, sacred groves and trees of the, ii. 11; their ceremonies at killing bears, viii. 222 sq.

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, viii. 245

Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on an, vi. 154, 155

Ostroppa, a Polish village, sacrifice for horses at, ii. 336 sq.

Ostyaks. See Ostiaks

Ot Danoms of Borneo, their precautions against strangers, iii. 103; killing demon in effigy among the, viii. 101; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 35 sq.

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 38

Otho, the Emperor, suicide of, iv. 140; addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118 n. 1

Ottawa or Otawa Indians, their way of calming a tempest, i. 321; tampering with a man’s shadow among the, iii. 78; drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 171; their totem clans, viii. 224, 225 n. 1; their reason for not burning fish bones, viii. 250

—— medicine-man, his mode of catching stray souls, iii. 45

Otter in rain-charm, i. 289

Otter’s head, Aino custom as to eating, viii. 144

Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 239

Otters’ tongues torn out and worn as talismans, viii. 670

Ottery St. Mary’s, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Oude, burial of infants in, ix. 45

Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, prostitution practised by their women for the sake of the crops, v. 39 n. 3

Ounce, tooth of, a charm against toothache, i. 153; ceremony at killing an, viii. 235

“Our Ancestress,” a Mexican goddess, ix. 289

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, ix. 278

Oura, ancient name of Olba, in Cilicia, v. 148, 152

Ourfa, in Armenia, rain-making at, i. 276, 285

Ouwira, theory of earthquakes in, v. 199

Ovaherero, ii. 212 n. 1, 213 n. 2. See Herero

Ovakuanjama, the, of South-West Africa, viii. 109. See Ovambo

Ovakumbi of Angola, their custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318 n. 6

Ovakuru (singular omukuru) ancestors, among the Herero, ii. 221, 223

Ovambo or Ovakuanjama of German South-West Africa, use of magical images among the, i. 63; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209 sq.; pass new-born children through the smoke of fire, ii. 232 n. 3; fire carried before an army to battle among the, ii. 264; purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 176; custom as to circumcision among the, iii. 227; their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 142; worship of the dead among the, vi. 188, viii. 109 sq.; their ceremony before partaking of the fruits of a certain tree, viii. 71; eat the hearts of foes to make them brave, viii. 149; custom observed by young women at puberty among the, xi. 183

—— women, their custom at sowing corn, ii. 46

Ovamboland, importance of rain in, viii. 110 sq.

Overshadowed, danger of being, iii. 82 sq.

Ovid, on the spring at Nemi, i. 4, 17; on the oak crown, ii. 176 sq.; on the Roman use of whitethorn or buckthorn, ii. 191; on the Parilia, ii. 327 n. 1; on loosening the hair, iii. 311; on the story of Pygmalion, v. 49 n. 4; on the distinction between Ceres and the Earth Goddess, vii. 89 n. 4; on the Roman festival of the dead in May, ix. 155 n. 1

Owl in homoeopathic magic, i. 156; bird of Pallas, ii. 142 n. 2; regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, vi. 111 n. 1; eyes of, eaten, to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 sq.; represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377; imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Owls not mentioned by their proper name, iii. 401; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202; sex totem of women, xi. 217; called women’s “sisters,” xi. 218

Ox, man-slayers anointed with gall of, iii. 172, 175; purification by passing through the body of an, iii. 173; substituted for human victim in sacrifice, v. 146; embodying corn-spirit, sacrificed at Athens, v. 296 sq.; corn-spirit as, vii. 288 sqq.; killed on harvest field, vii. 290; slaughtered at threshing, vii. 291 sq.; sacrificed at the Bouphonia, viii. 5; as representative of the corn-spirit, viii. 9 sqq., 34; effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 sqq.; sacrificed to boa-constrictor, viii. 290; disease transferred to, ix. 31 sq.; burnt alive to stop a murrain, x. 301

Ox, black, in rain-making, i. 291, iii. 154; used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, vi. 251 sq.; Bechuana sacrifice of a, viii. 271

——, hornless, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151

——, white, sacrament of a, viii. 313 n. 1

Ox blood, bath of, iv. 201

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, xi. 156

—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, vii. 30 sq.

—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, vii. 31

Ox’s knee not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117

Oxen sacrificed for rain, i. 350, 352; sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 n. 1; used in ploughing, vii. 129 n. 1; pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 319

Oxford. Child’s Well at, ii. 161; Lords of Misrule at, ix. 332

Oxfordshire, May garlands in, ii. 62, 62 n. 2

Oyampis, the, of French Guiana, their belief as to water-snakes, ii. 156

Oyo, kings of, among the Yorubas, put to death, iv. 41

Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John’s festival at, v. 244; bonfires on St. John’s Eve at, x. 209

Pacasmayu, in Peru, the temple of the moon at, vi. 138

Pachamamas, Earth-mothers, among the Peruvian Indians, vii. 173 n.

Pacific, oracular inspiration of priests in the Southern, i. 377 sq.; human gods in the, i. 386 sqq.

Pacific Coast of North America, first salmon of the season treated with deference by the Indians of the, viii. 253

Padams of Assam, their mode of recovering a child lost in the forest, ii. 39

Paddy (unhusked rice), the Father and Mother of the, vii. 203 sq.

Paderborn, holy oak near, ii. 371

Padlocks as amulets, iii. 307

Padmavati, an Indian goddess, gardens of Adonis in her temple, v. 243

Padstow, in Cornwall, celebration of May Day, May-pole and Hobby Horse at, ii. 68

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Paestum, the ruins of, i. 236 n. 1

Pagae, in ancient Greece, annual kingship at, i. 46

Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), v. 249 sq.

Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as diabolic counterfeits, v. 302, 309 sq.

Pages, medicine-men, among the Indians of Brazil, i. 358

Paha, on the Gold Coast, sacred crocodiles at, xi. 210

Pains in back at reaping, goat-skin used as cure for, vii. 285

Paint-house, in which girls are secluded at puberty, ii. 111

Painting bodies of manslayers, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 n. 1; body of lion-killer, iii. 220

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 n. 1

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, thought to make women fruitful, ix. 264

Pais, E., on Manius Egerius, i. 23 n.

Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, vi. 236 n. 2

Pakambia, a rainy district of Celebes, the word for rain not to be mentioned in, iii. 413

Palaces, kings not allowed to leave their, iii. 122 sqq.

Palatinate, mimic contest between Summer and Winter in the, iv. 254 sq.

——, the Upper, trees asked for pardon on being felled in, ii. 18; the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72

Palatine Hill at Rome, sacred cornel-tree on the, ii. 10; the emperor’s palace on the, ii. 176; grove of Vesta at foot of the, ii. 185; hut of Romulus on the, ii. 200

Palazzo degli Conservatori at Rome, ii. 142 n. 2.

Pale colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Palenque in Central America, ruins of, i. 48

Palenques, the, of South America, spare harmless animals which are not good for food, viii. 221

Palermo, drought at, i. 299 sq.; ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 240

Pales, a pastoral Roman deity, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

Palestine, rain-making in, i. 276; figs in, ii. 315; religious prostitution in, v. 58; date of the corn-reaping in, v. 232 n.; wild boars in, viii. 31 sq.; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Palestinian Aphrodite, v. 304 n.

Palestrina, the harmonies of, v. 54

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 n. 3

Paley, F. A., on the fodder of cattle in Southern Europe, ii. 328 n. 1

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius on the date of the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314

Pallas, her olive-tree and owl, ii. 142 n. 2

Pallas, P. S., on the slaughter of sheep and cattle among the Kalmucks, viii. 314 n. 1

Pallegoix, Mgr., on the Siamese year, ix. 149 n. 2

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, the wooing of, ii. 307

Palm-branches, blessed on Palm Sunday, in ceremonies to procure rain, i. 300; waved to drive off demons, ix. 260 n. 3; children beaten with, on Palm Sunday, ix. 268; ashes of, mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121; stuck in fields to protect them against hail, x. 144; (twigs of boxwood) burnt to avert a thunderstorm, xi. 30, 85 n. 4

—— Sunday, churches swept on, i. 300; custom in Würtemberg on, ii. 71; the branches consecrated on, used as a protection against witches, ii. 336; “Sawing the Old Woman” on, iv. 243; Russian custom on, ix. 268; palm-branches consecrated on, used to protect fields against hail, x. 144; boxwood blessed on, x. 184, xi. 30, 47; fern-seed used on, xi. 288

—— -tree, thought to ensure fertility to barren women, ii. 51; ceremony at tapping a palm-tree for wine, ii. 100 sq.; child’s hair fastened to, iii. 276. See also Date-palm

—— -trees as life-indices, xi. 161, 163, 164

—— wine offered to trees, ii. 15; ceremony at felling a palm for, ii. 19

Palodes, announcement of the death of the Great Pan at, iv. 6

Palol, sacred milkman of the Todas, i. 403 n. 1; taboos observed by him, iii. 15 sq.

Palolo veridis, a sea-slug, its annual appearance in the Samoan sea, ix. 142 n.

Paloo, in Celebes, propitiation of the souls of slain enemies at, iii. 166

Paloppo, in Celebes, the regalia at, i. 363 sq.

Palsy called the king’s disease in Loango, i. 371

Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, v. 198

Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, v. 158

Pamyles, an Egyptian, announcement of the birth of Osiris to, vi. 6

Pan, dedication of Greek hunters to, i. 6 n. 4; death of the Great, iv. 6 sq. See also Pans

Pan’s image beaten by the Arcadians, ix. 256

Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, v. 36

Panama, the Guami Indians of, iii. 325

Panamara in Caria, worship of Zeus and Hera at, i. 29

Panathenaic festival, iv. 89 n. 5

—— games at Athens, vii. 80

Pancakes in homoeopathic magic, i. 137; to be eaten on the eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 241; to scald fiends on New Year’s Eve, ix. 320

Panchalas, the king of the, father of Draupadi in the Mahabharata, ii. 306

Panda, king of Zululand, iii. 377; liberties taken with him by his subjects at the festival of first-fruits, viii. 67, 68

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, in the sanctuary of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, ix. 47 sq.

Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, gardens of Adonis in temples at, v. 243

Pandion, king of Athens, son of Cecrops, the Eleusinian games founded in his reign, vii. 70

Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead kings, iv. 202

Panes, annual bird-feast in the Acagchemem tribe of California, viii. 170

Pangaeum, Mount, in Thrace, King Lycurgus torn to pieces at, i. 366

Pango, title signifying god, bestowed on the king of Loango, i. 396

Pani, son of Rengo, the Maori god of sweet potatoes, viii. 133

Panionian festival, temporary king appointed for the, i. 46

Pankas of South Mirzapur will not call certain animals by their proper names, iii. 402

Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, in New Guinea, v. 198

Panoi, the land of the dead, in Melanesia, viii. 97

Panopeus, in Phocis, the ruins of, vii. 48

Pans, rustic Greek deities, in relation to goats, viii. 1 sqq.

Pantang, taboo among the Jakuns and Binuas of the Malay Peninsula and the Dyaks of Borneo, iii. 405

Panther, ceremonies at the slaughter of a, among the Kayans of Borneo, iii. 219; king of Benin represented with whiskers of a, iv. 86

Panua, tribe of Khonds, vii. 245

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, cairn to which people add stones in, ix. 29

Paparuda, gipsy girl employed in rain-making ceremony, i. 273 sq.

Papas, a name for Attis, v. 281, 282

Paphlagonian belief that the god is bound fast in winter, vi. 41

Paphos in Cyprus, v. 32 sqq.; sanctuary of Aphrodite at, v. 32 sqq.; founded by Cinyras, v. 41

Papirius Cursor, L., dedicates temple of Quirinus, ii. 182 n. 1

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

Papuans, the, of Tumleo, their treatment of spilt blood and rags, i. 205; of Geelvink Bay, their belief in the abduction of souls by a forest spirit, iii. 60 sq.; of New Guinea believe the soul to be in the blood, iii. 241; of Finsch Haven unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329; of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, their fear in regard to children who resemble their parents, iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression); of Ayambori in Dutch New Guinea, division of agricultural work between men and women among the, vii. 123; of Port Moresby and Motumotu districts, strong food to strengthen young lads among the, viii. 145; of the northern coast of New Guinea believe in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 295; their belief in demons, ix. 83; life-trees among the, xi. 163

Papyrus of Nebseni, vi. 112; of Nekht, vi. 112

Papyrus swamps, Isis in the, vi. 8

Paracelsus, a forerunner of science, viii. 307

Paradoxurus, souls of dead in various species of, viii. 294

Paraguay, the Caingua Indians of, ii. 258; the Calchaquis Indians of, iii. 31; the Isistines Indians of, iii. 159 n.; the Chiquites Indians of, iii. 250 n. 1, viii. 241, xi. 226 n. 1; the Abipones of, iii. 352, 360, vii. 308, viii. 140; the Payagua Indians of, iv. 12 sq.; the Guaranis of, vii. 309; the Lengua Indians of, vii. 309; the Mocobis of, vii. 309; the Canelos Indians of, viii. 285

Parahiya, a tribe of Mirzapur, sacrifice to the evil spirits of trees, ii. 42

Paraka, in India, the people of, supposed to know the language of animals, viii. 146

Parallelism between witches and werewolves, x. 315, 321

Paramatta, island, magical powers of chief in, i. 339

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69; superstitions about a, xi. 281 sq.

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, xi. 81

—— plants, superstitions as to, ii. 250, 251 sq.

Pardon asked of tree at cutting it down, ii. 18, 19; of animal asked before killing it, viii. 183

Paremêsvara Bhûminâtha (title of frog), prayer for rain to, i. 295, 295 n. 1

Parents of twins believed to possess power of fertilizing plantain-trees, ii. 102; named after their children, iii. 331 sqq., 339

Parents-in-law, their names not to be pronounced, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342

Parian chronicler, on the antiquity of the Eleusinian mysteries and games, vii. 70

Parigi, in Central Celebes, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 188

Parilia, the, Roman festival of shepherds, ii. 123, 229, 273, 325 sqq.; the shepherd’s prayer at, ii. 123, 327; flocks fumigated at, ii. 229, 327; Numa born on the, ii. 273, 325; shepherds leap over bonfires at, ii. 273, 327; sheep driven over fires at, ii. 327; offerings of milk and millet to Pales at, ii. 327; compared to the festival of St. George, ii. 330 sqq., v. 308

Parinarium, a sacred tree in Busoga, iv. 215

Paris protected against dormice and serpents, viii. 281; effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, x. 38; cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, x. 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 69

Parjanya, the ancient Hindoo god of thunder and rain, i. 270, ii. 368 sq.; derivation of the name, ii. 367 n. 3

Parjas, a tribe of the Central Provinces, India, their ceremonial purification for killing a sacred animal, viii. 27 sq.; their offerings of first-fruits to their ancestors, viii. 119

Parker, Professor E. H., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 146 n. 1

Parkinson, John, on custom of killing chief after rule of three years among the Yorubas, iv. 112 sq.

Parkinson, R., on contagious magic in New Britain, i. 175; on the fear of demons in New Britain, ix. 83

Parkyns, Mansfield, on the Abyssinian festival of Mascal, ix. 133 sq.

Parnes, Mount, in Attica, lightning over, i. 33, ii. 361; altar of sign-giving Zeus on, ii. 360

Parr, Thomas, his great age, v. 55 sq.

Parricide, Roman punishment of, ii. 110 n. 2; of Oedipus, ii. 115

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, xi. 97 sq.

—— and Punchkin, story of the, xi. 97 sq.

Parrot Island, in Guinea, human sacrifices to river at, ii. 158

Parrot’s feathers worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 n. 1; eggs, a signal of death, iv. 40 sq.

Parrots, assimilation of men to, viii. 208

Parsee priests wear a veil over their mouth, ii. 241

Parsees ascribe sanctity to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256; their customs as to menstruous women, x. 85

Parsons, Harold G., on custom of king eating the heart of his predecessor, iv. 203 n. 5

Parthe, the River, at Leipsic, effigy of Death thrown into the, iv. 236

Partheniai, offspring of unmarried women at Sparta, i. 36 n. 2

Parthenon, sculptures in the frieze of the, iv. 89 n. 5; sculptures in the eastern gable of the, iv. 89 n. 5

Parthenos as applied to Artemis, i. 36

Parthia, prince of, his structure at Nemi, i. 6

Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, i. 417 sq.; worshipped as deities, i. 418

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, ix. 367

Partition of spiritual and temporal power between religious and civil kings, iii. 17 sqq.

Partridge, C., as to the election of a king of Idah, ii. 294 n. 2; as to sacred chief on the Cross River, iii. 124; as to human souls in fish, xi. 204

Partridge, transmigration of sinner into a, viii. 299

Parvati or Isa, an Indian goddess, wife of Mahadeva, v. 241; gardens of Adonis in her worship, v. 242

—— and Siva, marriage of the images of, iv. 265 sq.

Paschal candle, x. 121, 122 n., 125

—— Mountains, in Münsterland, Easter fires on the, x. 141

Pasicyprus, king of Citium, v. 50 n. 2

Pasiphae identified with the moon, iv. 72

—— and the bull, iv. 71

—— and the Minotaur, vii. 31

Pasir, a district of eastern Borneo, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 194

“Pass through the fire,” meaning of the phrase as applied to the sacrifice of children, iv. 165 n. 3, 172

Passage of flocks and herds over or between fires, ii. 327, x. 157, 285 (see further Cattle); over or through fire a stringent form of purification, xi. 24; through cleft trees as a cure, xi. 168 sqq.; through cleft trees to get rid of spirits or ghosts, xi. 173 sqq.; through a cleft stick after a funeral, xi. 175 sq.; through narrow openings after a death, xi. 177 sqq.; through an archway to escape from demons, xi. 179; through an archway as a cure or preventive of maladies, xi. 180 sq.; through a cleft stick to get rid of sickness or ghosts, xi. 182 sq.; through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, xi. 183 sq.; through hoops or rings as a cure or preventive of disease, xi. 184 sqq.; through holed stones as a cure, xi. 186 sqq.; through narrow openings as a cure or preventive, xi. 190; through holes in the ground as a cure, xi. 190 sqq.; through a yoke as a cure, xi. 192; under a yoke or arch as a rite of initiation, xi. 193; passage of Roman enemies under a yoke, xi. 193 sqq.; passage of victorious Roman army under a triumphal arch, xi. 195. See also Passing

Passes, Indian tribe of Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59

Passes of mountains, cairns and heaps of sticks or leaves on, ix. 9 sqq., 29

Passier, in Sumatra, kings of, put to death, iv. 51 sq.

Passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289, 289 n. 4; between two fires as a purification, iii. 114; over fire to get rid of ghosts, xi. 17 sq.; through cleft trees and other narrow openings to get rid of ghosts, etc., xi. 173 sqq.; under a yoke as a purification, xi. 193 sqq. See also Passage

—— children through cleft trees, xi. 168 sqq.; children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, xi. 190 sq.

Passover, tradition of the origin of the, iv. 174 sqq.; accusations of murders at the, ix. 395 sq.; the crucifixion of Christ at the, ix. 414 sqq.; sacrifice of the first-born at, ix. 419

Paste kneaded with the blood of children in Peru, ix. 129

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, x. 17

Pastoral peoples, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 35, 37 sqq.

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— tribes, animal sacraments among, viii. 313

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, x. 170

Patagonia, acacia-tree worshipped in, ii. 16; funeral customs of Indians of, v. 294

Patagonian Indians, their charm to make a child a horseman, i. 152

Patagonians burn their loose hair for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281; effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, vi. 254; their remedy for smallpox, ix. 122

Patani Bay, in Siam, the Malays of, their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41; speak respectfully of tigers, iii. 404; Malay fishermen of, will not mention certain words at sea, iii. 408; Malay family of, will not kill crocodiles, viii. 212

—— States, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 194, xi. 164

Patara, in Lycia, Apollo at, ii. 135

Pataris of Mirzapur call bears by a special title in the morning, iii. 403; their use of scapegoats, ix. 192

Patches of unreaped corn left at harvest, vii. 233

Paternity, uncertainty of, a ground for a theological distinction, ii. 135; of kings a matter of indifference under female kinship, ii. 274 sqq., 282; primitive ignorance of, v. 106 sq.; unknown in certain state of savagery, v. 282

—— and maternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 sqq.

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, among the Lushais, ix. 94

Paths used by men forbidden to menstruous women, iii. 145; separate, for men and women, x. 78, 80, 89

Patiala, in the Punjaub, professed incarnation of Jesus Christ at, i. 409 sq.

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, xi. 298 n. 2

Patiné, a Cingalese goddess, ix. 181

Patmos, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 2

Paton, L. B., on the origin of Purim, ix. 360 n. 1

Paton, W. R., on the names of Eleusinian priests, iii. 382 n. 4, 383 n. 1; on modern Greek Feast of All Souls in May, vi. 78 n. 1; on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, ix. 257 sq., 259, 272; on Adam and Eve, ix. 259 n. 3; on the crucifixion, ix. 413 n. 2; on the Golden Bough, xi. 319

Patrae, Laphrian Artemis at, v. 126 n. 2; Flowery Dionysus at, vii. 4; sanctuary of Demeter at, vii. 89

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, x. 129

Patriarchal family at Rome, ii. 283

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Patronymics not in use among the Tuaregs, iii. 353

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, xi. 20 n.

Pâturages, processions with torches on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 108

Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, at Lerida in Catalonia, iv. 225

Paulicians of Armenia worship each other as embodiments of Christ, i. 407

Paunch of bullock tabooed as food, i. 119

Pauntley, parish of, in Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318

Pausanias, Greek antiquary, on the priest of Nemi, i. 11; on Hippolytus at Troezen, i. 26 sq.; on the offerings of the Hyperboreans, i. 33 n. 4; his identification of Pasiphae and the moon, iv. 72; on the necklace of Harmonia, v. 32 n. 2; on bones of superhuman size, v. 157 n. 2; on offerings to Etna, v. 221 n. 4; on the Hanged Artemis, v. 291 n. 2; on the bouphonia, viii. 5 n. 1

Pausanias, king of Sparta, funeral games in his honour, iv. 94

Pawnee story of the external soul, xi. 151

Pawnees, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2; ritual flight of sacrificers among the, ii. 309 n. 2; their use of stone arrow-heads in sacrifices, iii. 228; human sacrifices offered by the, at sowing their fields, vii. 238 sq., ix. 296, xi. 286 n. 2

Paxos, Greek island, death of the Great Pan announced at, iv. 6

Payaguas of South America, fight the wind, i. 330; of Brazil, precaution as to chief’s spittle among the, iii. 290; of Paraguay, their voluntary deaths, iv. 12 sq.

Payne, Bishop, on the Bodia of Sierra Leone, iii. 15 n. 1

Payne, E. J., on the worship of the frog in America, i. 292 n. 3; on the Incas of Peru, i. 415 n. 2; on the religious aspect of early calendars, iv. 69 n. 2; on the origin of moon-worship, vi. 138 n. 2; on Cinteotl, the Mexican goddess of maize, ix. 286 n. 1

Payne, J. H., on the purification festival of the Cherokees, ix. 128

Pazzi family at Florence, fire-flints brought by one of them from the Holy Land, x. 126

Pea-mother, thought to be among the peas, vii. 132; name given to wreath made out of the last pea-stalks, vii. 135

Pea wolf, supposed to be caught in the last peas of the crop, vii. 271

Peace, ceremony at making, among the Ba-Yaka, iii. 274

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ix. 139 n.

Peach, Chinese emblem of longevity, i. 169 n. 1

Peach-tree, goitre transferred to a, ix. 54

—— wood, bows of, used to shoot at demons, ix. 146, 213; staves of, used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 213

Peacock, Miss Mabel, on a Lincolnshire saying, ii. 231

Peacock, the bird of Hera, ii. 142 n. 2; Earth Goddess represented in the form of a, vii. 248 n. 1; a totem of the Bhils, viii. 29; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Peacock’s feather in a charm, viii. 167

Peaiman, sorcerer, among the Indians of Guiana, ix. 78

Peale, Titian R., as to the natives of Bowdich Island, ii. 254 n. 1

Pear-tree as protector of cattle, ii. 55; as life-index of girl, xi. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, on first Sunday in Lent, x. 108; rarely attacked by mistletoe, xi. 315

Pearls not to be worn by wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 122 sq.; in homoeopathic magic, i. 174

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Peas-cow, name given to thresher of last peas, vii. 290

—— -pudding, taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85

—— -pug, name given to cutter or binder of last peas, vii. 272

Pease-bear, name given to the man who gave the last stroke at threshing, viii. 327

Peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 sqq.

Pebbles in rain-making, i. 305; thrown into Midsummer fires, x. 183

Pechuyos, the, of Bolivia, ate the powdered bones of their dead, viii. 157

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, ix. 7

Pegasus and Bellerophon, v. 302 n. 4

Pegging ailments into trees, ix. 58 sqq.

Pegu, dance of hermaphrodites in, v. 271 n.; worship of nats in, ix. 96

Peguenches, Indian tribe of South America, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59

Peitho, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 n. 1

Peking, the High Court of, i. 298; the Colonial Office at, i. 412 sq.; Ibn Batuta at, v. 289; life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, xi. 167 sq.

Peking Gazette, i. 355, iv. 274, 275

Pélé, goddess of the volcano Kirauea in Hawaii, v. 217 sqq.

Peleus, son of Aeacus, reigned in Phthia, ii. 278

Pelew Islanders, pray tree-spirit to leave tree which is to be felled, ii. 35; their system of mother-kin, vi. 204 sqq.; predominance of goddesses over gods among the, vi. 204 sqq.; customs of the, vi. 253 sqq.; their belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii. 293; their gods, ix. 81 sq.

—— Islands, human gods in the, i. 389; special terms used with reference to persons of the blood-royal in the, i. 401 n. 3; removal of fire from a house after a death in the, ii. 267 n. 4; seclusion and purification of man-slayers in the, iii. 179; continence of fishermen in the, iii. 193; taboos observed by relations of murdered man in the, iii. 240; story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in the, iv. 130 n. 1; and the ancient East, parallel between, vi. 208; prostitution of unmarried girls in the, vi. 264 sq.; custom of slaying chiefs in the, vi. 266 sqq.; deceiving the ghost of woman who has died in childbed in the, viii. 98

Pelias and Jason, iii. 311

Pelion, Mount, sacrifices offered on the top of, at the rising of Sirius, vi. 36 n.

Pellene, Artemis at, i. 15 n. 4

Pelopidae, the, migrations of, ii. 279

Peloponnese, May Day in, ii. 143 n. 2; worship of Poseidon in, v. 203

Pelops succeeded his father-in-law on the throne, ii. 279; Olympic games founded in his honour, iv. 92; restored to life, v. 181, viii. 263; his ivory shoulder, viii. 263 sq.

—— at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 104, xi. 90 n. 1; sacred precinct of, ii. 300, iv. 104, 287; black ram sacrificed to, iv. 92, 104, viii. 85

—— and Hippodamia, at Olympia, ii. 299 sq., iv. 91

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Pelorian Zeus, ix. 350

Peltophorum africanum, Sond., branches of the tree used at sowing corn, ii. 46

Pemali, taboo, among the Dyaks, ix. 39

Pemba, island off German East Africa, xi. 263

Pembrokeshire, the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 sqq.; “cutting the neck” at harvest in, vii. 267; hunting the wren in, viii. 320; cure for warts in, ix. 53

Penance observed after building a new house, ii. 40; for killing a boa-constrictor, iii. 222; for the slaughter of the dragon, iv. 78; by drawing blood from ears, ix. 292

Penates, the, Roman gods of the storeroom (penus), ii. 205 sq.

Pendle, gathering of witches at Hallowe’en in the forest of, x. 245

Penelope won by Ulysses in a race, ii. 300

Peneus, the river, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

“Penitential of Theodore” on the custom of wearing cows’ hides on New Year’s Day, viii. 323 n. 1

Pennant, Thomas, on knots at marriage in the Highlands of Scotland, iii. 300 nn. 1 and 2; on the custom of kindling twelve fires on Twelfth Day in Gloucestershire, ix. 321; on weather forecasts for the year in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324; on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, x. 152; on Hallowe’en fires in Perthshire, x. 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, belief as to reincarnation among the natives of the, i. 99 sq.; beliefs as to the afterbirth among the natives of the, i. 183 sq.; belief of the natives as to the birth of children, v. 103; treatment of girls at puberty on the, x. 38; effigies of strangers among the natives of the, xi. 159

Pennyroyal, the communion cup in the Eleusinian mysteries flavoured with, vii. 161 n. 4; burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213, 214; gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Pentamerone, the, story of dragon twin in, xi. 105

Pentateuch, evidence of moral evolution in the, iii. 219

Pentheus, king of Thebes, torn to pieces by the Bacchanals, vi. 98, vii. 24, 25

Penza, Government of, in Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the eve of May Day, ix. 163 sq.; Midsummer fires at, x. 199 sq.

Peoples said to be ignorant of the art of kindling fire, ii. 253 sqq.

—— of the Aryan stock, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 67 sqq.

Peperuga, girl dressed in greenery at rain-making ceremony in Bulgaria, i. 274

Pepi the First, king of Egypt, vi. 5; his pyramid, vi. 4 n. 1

Pepper rubbed into bodies of sufferers as a cure or exorcism, iii. 106; rubbed into eyes of strangers, iii. 114

—— and salt, abstinence from, during fasts, i. 266, ii. 98

Pepys, Samuel, on Charles II. touching for scrofula, i. 369; on the milkmaids’ dance on May Day, ii. 52; on the coronation ceremony of Charles the Second, ii. 322

Perak, Malay superstition as to toallong trees in, ii. 41; superstition as to blood-sucking snail in, iii. 81 sq.; belief as to the Spectral Huntsman in, iv. 178; periodic expulsion of evils in, ix. 198 sqq.; the rajah of, ix. 198 sq.

Perasia, Artemis, at Castabala, v. 115, 167 sqq.; walk of her priestesses over fire, v. 115, 168

Perche, in France, homoeopathic cure for vomiting in, i. 83 sq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 188; St. John’s herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 46; the Chêne-Doré in, xi. 287 n. 1

—— and Beauce, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198. See Beauce

Perchta, Frau, a mythical old woman in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, ix. 240 sq.

Perchta’s Day, Twelfth Night or the Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 240, 242, 244

Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, ix. 240, 242 sqq.

Percival, R., on the fear of demons in Ceylon, ix. 94 sq.

Perdoytus, the Lithuanian wind-god (reported), i. 326 n. 5

Peregrinus, his death by fire at Olympia, iv. 42, v. 181

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, x. 58

Perga in Pamphylia, Artemis at, v. 35

Pergamus, Aesculapius and Telephus at, iii. 85

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed on St. John’s Night at, xi. 288 n. 6

Pergrubius, a Lithuanian god of the spring, ii. 347 sq.

Perham, Rev. J., on the blighting effect which the Dyaks ascribe to adultery, ii. 109 n. 1; on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383 sq.

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, his burnt sacrifice to his dead wife, v. 179

Periepetam in Southern India, devil-dancer at, i. 382 n. 2

Perigord, rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, v. 248; the Yule log in, x. 250 sq., 253; magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46; crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, xi. 180

Perils of the soul, iii. 26 sqq.

Perinthus, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 n. 3

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, ix. 198 sqq.

Periods of licence preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons, ix. 225 sq.

Periphas, king of Athens, called Zeus by his people, ii. 177

Περίψημα, “offscouring,” applied to human scapegoat, ix. 255 n. 1

Peritius, month of, festival of “the awakening of Hercules” in the, v. 111

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, ii. 365 sqq.; derivation of his name, ii. 367 n. 3; his perpetual fire, xi. 91 n. 5

Permanence of simpler forms of religion, viii. 335; of the belief in magic and witchcraft, in ghosts and demons, under the higher forms of religion, ix. 89 sq.

Permanent possession of human beings by deities, i. 386 sq.

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, xi. 58

Perperia, appealed to for rain by the Greeks of Thessaly and Macedonia, i. 273

Perpetual holy fire in temples of dead kings, vi. 174

—— fires worshipped, v. 191 sqq.; origin of the custom of maintaining, ii. 253 sqq.; associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 sqq. See also Fires

Perros-Guirec, in Brittany, Renan’s home near, ix. 70

Perrot, G., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 138 n.

Persea-trees in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87 n. 5; growing over the tomb of Osiris, vi. 88

Persephone, mother of Zagreus by Zeus, vii. 12; carried off by Pluto, vii. 36, viii. 19; a personification of the corn, vii. 39 sq.; in Greek art, vii. 43 sq., 67 sq., viii. 88 sq.; the descent of, vii. 46, viii. 17; the Corn Maiden or Corn Daughter, vii. 53, 58 sq., 75, 184; associated with the ripe ears of corn, viii. 58; forty days of mourning for, ix. 348 sq.

——, name applied to spring, vi. 41

—— and Aphrodite, their contest for Adonis, v. 11 sq.

—— and Demeter, vii. 35 sqq.; their myth acted in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 39, 187 sq.; as a double personification of the corn, vii. 209 sqq.

—— and Pluto, viii. 9; temple of, v. 205; rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

Perseus in Egypt, iii. 312 n. 2; the virgin birth of, v. 302 n. 4

—— and Andromeda, ii. 163

—— and the Gorgon, iii. 312

Persia, temporary kings in, iv. 157 sqq.; cure for toothache in, ix. 59; the feast of Purim in, ix. 393

Persian calendar, the oldest, March the first month of the year in, ix. 402

—— ceremony, “Ride of the Beardless One,” ix. 402

—— charm to make the wind blow, i. 320

—— fire-worship and priests, v. 191

—— framework of the book of Esther, ix. 362, 401

—— kings, sacred fire carried before, ii. 264; their custom at meals, iii. 119; their heads cleaned once a year, iii. 253; married the wives of their predecessors, ix. 368 n. 1

Persians sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315; their reverence for fire, v. 174 sq.; their festival of the dead, vi. 68; annually expel demons, ix. 145; the Sacaea celebrated by the, ix. 402; their marriages at the vernal equinox, ix. 406 n. 3; celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, x. 269

Personation of gods by priests, v. 45, 46 sqq.; by human victims, ix. 275 sqq.

Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, iv. 253; of corn as mother and daughter, vii. 130, 207 sqq.

Person’s destiny bound up with his navel-string or afterbirth, i. 198

Persons thought to influence and to be influenced by plants homoeopathically, i. 139 sqq., 144 sqq.; tabooed, iii. 131 sqq.; wrapt in corn as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 225 sq.

Perthshire, custom of unloosing knots at marriage in, iii. 299 sq.; the harvest Maiden in, vii. 156 sq.; Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 152 sq.; traces of Midsummer fires in, x. 206; Hallowe’en bonfires in, x. 230 sqq.; need-fire in, x. 296 sq.

Peru, theocratic despotism of ancient, i. 218; sacred new fire at the summer solstice in, ii. 243, x. 132; earthquakes in, v. 202; sacrifice of sons in, vi. 220 n. 4; autumn festival in, ix. 262

——, the Aymara Indians of, i. 292, iii. 97, ix. 193

——, the Cholones of, i. 116

——, the Conchucos of, viii. 258 n. 1

——, the Conibos of, ii. 183 n. 2

——, the Incas of, i. 196, ii. 243 sq., ix. 128; claim to be descended from the sun, i. 415. See also Incas

——, Indians of, ceremony to obtain offspring among the, i. 71; their charm to cause sleep, i. 148; their magical stones for the increase of maize, potatoes, and cattle, i. 162; their belief as to the relation of twins to rain and the weather, i. 265 sqq.; their way of making sunshine, i. 314; their festival to make alligator pears ripen, ii. 98; their women pray to the moon for an easy delivery, ii. 128 n. 2; their custom of marrying a girl to a sacred stone, ii. 146; no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 n.; their belief as to washing their heads, iii. 253; preserved their cut hair and nails against the resurrection, iii. 279 sq.; their custom of sprinkling blood on doorways, iv. 176 n. 1; sacrifice of children among the, iv. 185; cultivation of fields left to women among the, vii. 122; their worship of the Pleiades, vii. 310; worshipped whales and fish of several kinds, viii. 249 sq.; washed their sins away in a river, ix. 3 sq. See also Peruvian and Peruvians

Peru, the Piros Indians of, viii. 286

——, the Sencis of, i. 311

——, the Yuracares of, ii. 183 n. 2

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, ii. 365, vii. 233; sacrifice of first-born children to, iv. 183; the oak sacred to, xi. 89

Peruvian Andes, i. 316

—— Indians, their use of magical images, i. 56; their rain-charm by means of a black sheep, i. 290; their preparation for office, iii. 159 n.; confession of sins among the, iii. 216 n. 2; their custom as to shooting stars, iv. 63 n. 1; their theory of earthquakes, v. 201; transfer weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9; their offerings at cairns, ix. 27

—— Vestals, ii. 243 sqq.

Peruvians, division of agricultural labours between the sexes among the, vii. 120; their customs as to Mother of Maize, the Quinoa-mother, the Coca-mother, and the Potato-mother, vii. 171 sqq.

Pescara River, in the Abruzzi, washing in the, on St. John’s Day, v. 246

Pescina, in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, v. 246

Pessinus, priestly kings at, i. 47; image of Cybele at, v. 35 n. 3; priests called Attis at, v. 140; local legend of Attis at, v. 264; image of the Mother of the Gods at, v. 265; people of, abstain from swine, v. 265; high-priest of Cybele at, v. 285; high-priest perhaps slain in the character of Attis at, vii. 255

Pessnitz, in the district of Dresden, thresher of last corn called the Bull at, vii. 291

Peter of Dusburg, his Chronicle of Prussia, ii. 366 n. 2

Petrarch at Cologne on St. John’s Eve, v. 247 sq.

Petrie, Professor W. M. Flinders, on the date of the corn-reaping in Egypt and Palestine, v. 231 n. 3; on the Sed festival, vi. 151 n. 3, 152 n. 3, 154 sq.; on the marriage of brothers with sisters in Egypt, vi. 216 n. 1

Petrified cascades of Hierapolis, v. 207

Petroff, Ivan, on a custom of the Koniags of Alaska, vi. 106

Petronius on prayers to Jupiter for rain, ii. 362; as to the soul in the nose, iii. 33 n. 3; on human scapegoats at Marseilles, ix. 253 n. 2; his story of the were-wolf, x. 313 sq.

Pett, Grace, a Suffolk witch, x. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi. 170

Peucedanum leiocarpum, hog’s wort, burnt as an offering to salmon, viii. 254

Pfeiffer, Madame, her reception among the Battas, iii. 104

Pfingstl, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 206 sq., 211

Phaedra and Hippolytus, i. 19, 25

Phalaris, the brazen bull of, iv. 75

Phalgun, an Indian month, equivalent to February, ii. 51, xi. 2

Phamenoth, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 n. 1, 130

Phaophi, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 n. 1, 94

Pharmacus, mythical personage, said to have been stoned to death, ix. 254 n. 1

Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, v. 41

Phatrabot, a Cambodian month, vi. 61

Phaya Phollathep, “Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” temporary king in Siam, iv. 149

Phees (phi), evil spirits, in Siam, ix. 97, 98

Pheneus, lake of, ii. 8

Pherecydes, on the marriage of Zeus and Hera, ii. 143 n. 1; on the voluntary self-sacrifice of Phrixus, iv. 163 n. 1

Phi, Siamese genii, iii. 90. See also Phees

Phidias, his influence on Greek religion, v. 54 n. 1

Phigalia in Arcadia, sacrifice of hair at, i. 31; the cave of Demeter at, viii. 21, 22 n.; horse-headed Demeter of, viii. 21, 338

Philadelphia, in Lydia, subject to earthquakes, v. 194 sq.; coin of, ix. 389

Philae, Egyptian relief at, vi. 50 n. 5; sculptures illustrating the mystic history of Osiris in the temple of Isis at, vi. 89, 111; the grave of Osiris at, vi. 111; the dead Osiris in the sculptures at, vi. 112

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, x. 158

Philip Augustus, king of France, and the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 165

Philippine Islanders believe the souls of their ancestors to be in certain trees, ii. 29 sq.

—— Islands, the Tagalogs of the, ii. 18 sq.; the Tagales of the, ii. 36; the Bagobos of the, iii. 31, 315, vii. 240, viii. 124; the Agutainos of the, iii. 144; verbal taboos observed by natives of the, iii. 416; grave of the Creator in the, iv. 3; human sacrifices before sowing in the, vii. 240; head-hunting in the, vii. 240 sq., 256; the Efugaos of the, viii. 152; the Italones of the, viii. 152; the Igorrots of the, viii. 292; the Negritos of the, ix. 82; spirits of the dead in the, ix. 82; the Tagbanuas of the, ix. 189

Philistines, the foreskins of the, coveted by the Israelites, i. 101 n. 2; their corn burnt by Samson, vii. 298 n.; their charm against mice, viii. 281, 283

Philo of Alexandria (Judaeus), his doctrine of the Trinity, iv. 6 n.; on the date of the corn-reaping, v. 231 n. 3; on the mockery of King Agrippa, ix. 418

Philo of Byblus, on the sacrifice of kings’ sons among the Semites, iv. 166, 179

Philocalus, ancient Roman calendar of, v. 303 n. 2, 304 n. 3, 307 n., vi. 95 n. 1

Philochorus, Athenian antiquary, on the date of the Festival of the Threshing-floor, vii. 62

Philosophy as a solvent of religion, ii. 377; primitive, iii. 420 sq.

——, school of, at Tarsus, v. 118

Philostephanus, Greek historian, on Pygmalion and Aphrodite, v. 49 n. 4

Philostratus, on death at low tide, i. 167; on sacrifice to Hercules, i. 282 n. 1

Phlius, gilt image of goat at, vii. 17 sq.

Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, iv. 95

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, ix. 390

Phoenicia, song of Linus in, vii. 216

Phoenician kings in Cyprus, v. 49

—— temples in Malta, v. 35; sacred prostitution in, v. 37

—— vintage song, vii. 216, 257

Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, iv. 166 sq., 178, 179

—— in Cyprus, v. 31 sq.

Phong long, ill luck caused by childbirth in Annam, iii. 155

Phosphorescence of the sea, superstitions as to the, ii. 154 sq.

Photius, on Lityerses, vii. 217 n. 1

Photographed or painted, supposed danger of being, iii. 96 sqq.

Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, iv. 161 sqq.

Phrygia, Attis a deity of, v. 263; festival of Cybele in, v. 274 n.; indigenous race of, v. 287; Lityerses in, vii. 216 sq.; Cybele and Attis in, ix. 386

Phrygian belief that the god sleeps in winter, vi. 41

—— cap of Attis, v. 279

—— cosmogony, v. 263 sq.

—— kings named Midas and Gordias, v. 286

—— moon-god, v. 73

—— priests named Attis, v. 285, 287

Phrygians, invaders from Europe, v. 287

Phyllanthus emblica worshipped by a forest tribe in India, viii. 119

Physical basis of magic, i. 174 sq.; for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Piaroas Indians of the Orinoco, their belief in the transmigration of human souls into tapirs, viii. 285

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, church of the Holy Apostles on the, x. 126

—— Navona at Rome, Befana on the, ix. 166 sq.

Picardy, the harvest cock in, vii. 277; Lenten fire-customs in, x. 113; Midsummer fires in, x. 187

Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (picus), iv. 106 n. 4; traced their origin to a “sacred spring,” iv. 186

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, ii. 280 sq., 286

Pictures, supposed danger of, iii. 96 sqq.

Pidhireanes, a Ruthenian people, custom as to knots on grave-clothes among the, iii. 310

Piedmont, effigy of Carnival burnt on Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 224 n. 1; belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s morning in, xi. 82 sq.

Piers, Sir Henry, as to green bushes on the Eve of May Day, ii. 59; his Description of Westmeath, ii. 59; on candles on Twelfth Night in Ireland, ix. 321

Pietà of Michael Angelo, v. 257

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, x. 123

Pig, grunting like a, as a charm, ii. 23; Roman expiatory sacrifice of, ii. 122; the word unlucky, iii. 233; a tabooed word to fishermen, iii. 395; Greek expiatory sacrifice of, vii. 74; corn-spirit as, vii. 298 sqq.; in relation to Demeter, viii. 16 sqq.; not eaten in Crete, viii. 21 n. 1; attitude of the Jews to the, viii. 23 sq.; in ancient Egypt, viii. 24 sqq.; used to decoy demons, ix. 113, 200, 201; roast, at Christmas, x. 259; sacrificed to stay disease in the herd, x. 302. See also Pigs

Pig and Attis, viii. 22

——, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 291

—— and lamb as expiatory victims in the grove of the Arval Brothers at Rome, iii. 226

——, white or red, sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291

Pig’s blood drunk by priests and priestesses as a means of inspiration, i. 382, 382 n. 2; used to purge the earth from taint of sexual crime, ii. 107, 108, 109; used in exorcism and purification for homicide, v. 299 n. 2, ix. 262

—— bones inserted in the sown field or in the seed-bag among the flax-seed, to make the flax grow tall, vii. 300

—— flesh not eaten by Zulu girls, i. 118; forbidden to women at sowing seed, vii. 115; sown with seed-corn, viii. 18; not eaten by field labourers, viii. 33, 139; reasons for not eating, viii. 139 sq. See also Pork and Swine’s flesh

—— liver, omens drawn from, vii. 97

—— milk thought to cause leprosy, viii. 24, 25

—— tail stuck in field at sowing to make the ears grow long, vii. 300

Pigeon in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; used in a love-charm, ii. 345 sq.; family of Wild, in Samoa, viii. 29; external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100; external soul of dragon in a, xi. 112 sq.

Pigeon’s egg, external soul of fairy being in, xi. 132 sq., 139

Pigeons, special language employed by Malays in snaring, iii. 407 sq.; souls of dead in, viii. 293; deposit seed of mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 1

Pigs, magical ceremonies to catch wild pigs, i. 109; magical stones to breed, i. 164; sacrificed to souls of ancestors, i. 339; sacrificed at the marriage of Sun and Earth, ii. 99; bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 n. 3; sacrificed once a year by the Egyptians to Osiris and the Moon, vi. 131, viii. 25; sacrificed by Kayans at New Year’s festival, vii. 97; not to be eaten by enchanters of crops, vii. 100 sq.; the enemies of the crops, vii. 100; thrown into “chasms of Demeter and Persephone” at the Thesmophoria, viii. 17, 19, 34; ancestral spirits in, viii. 123; souls of dead in, viii. 286, 295, 296; sacrificed at festival of wild mango tree in New Guinea, x. 9; driven through Midsummer fire, x. 179; driven through the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 274 sq., 275 sq., 276 sq., 277, 278, 279, 297; offered to monster who swallows novices in initiation, xi. 240, 246. See also Boar, Boars, Pig, and Swine

Piker or Pikere, Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367 n. 4

Pilae, human effigies, hung up at the Compitalia, viii. 95 n. 1

Pilate, Pontius, crucifixion of Christ under, ix. 412 n. 1

—— and Christ, ix. 416 sq.

Pilcomayo River, the Chiriguanos on the, iv. 12

Pile-villages in the valley of the Po, ii. 8; of Europe, ii. 352 sq.

Piles of sticks or stones. See Heaps

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, x. 20 sq.

Pilgrims to Mecca not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 sq.

Pillar, fever transferred to a, ix. 53; external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100 sq.

Pillars as a religious emblem, v. 34, 108, 108 n. 1; sacred, in Crete, v. 107 n. 2

Pilsen, in Bohemia, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 86; beheading the Whitsuntide King at, iv. 210 sq.

Pima Indians, the purification of manslayers among the, iii. 182 sqq., x. 21

Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, iv. 70, vii. 84; on the music of the lyre, v. 55; on Typhon, v. 156; old scholiast on, as to the Eleusinian games, vii. 71, 74, 77, 78

Pine-cones, symbols of fertility, v. 278; thrown into vaults of Demeter, v. 278; on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110

—— -resin burnt as a protection against witches, ix. 164

—— seeds or nutlets used as food, v. 278

—— -tree in the myth and ritual of Attis, v. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277 sq., 285, vi. 98 n. 5; Marsyas hung on a, v. 288; in relation to human sacrifices, vi. 98 n. 5; Pentheus on the, vi. 98 n. 5; in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108; sacred to Dionysus, vii. 4

—— -trees in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350, 351, 352

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, xi. 14, 91 n. 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, treatment of infant’s soul among the Dyaks of, xi. 154 sq.

Pins stuck into saint’s image, ix. 70 sq.

Pinsk, district of Russia, custom observed on Whit-Monday in, ii. 80

Pinxterbloem, a kind of iris, at Whitsuntide, ii. 80

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, the Perchten maskers in, ix. 244

Pipal tree (Ficus religiosa), sacrifices to the spirits of the, ii. 42; sacred in India, ii. 43

Pipe, sacred, of the Blackfoot Indians, iii. 159 n.

Pipiles of Central America practise sexual intercourse at the time of sowing, ii. 98; expose their seeds to moonlight, vi. 135

Pippin, king of the Franks, need-fires in the reign of, x. 270

Pips of water-melon in homoeopathic magic, i. 143

Piraeus, processions in honour of Adonis at, v. 227 n.

Pirates, the Cilician, v. 149 sq.

Piros Indians of Peru, their belief in the transmigration of a human soul into a jaguar, viii. 386

Pirua, granary of maize, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 171 sqq.

Pisa, in Greece, Pelops at, ii. 279

Pit, sacrifices to the dead offered in a, iv. 96. See also Pits

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, ix. 153; smeared on houses to keep off demons, ix. 153 n. 1. See also Tar

Pitchforks ridden by witches, ix. 160, 162

—— and harrows a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54

Pithoria, in India, use of scapegoats at, ix. 191

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires near, x. 230

Pitr Pāk, the Fortnight of the Manes, in Bilaspore, vi. 60

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on the personification of the Carnival, iv. 224 n. 1; on Good Friday ceremonies in Sicily, v. 255 sq.; on St. John’s Day in Sicily, xi. 29

Pits to catch wild pigs, i. 109

Pitsligo, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in, vii. 158 sqq.

Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, i. 69

Pitteri Pennu, the Khond god of increase, ix. 138

Pity of rain-gods, appeal to, i. 302 sq.

Placci, Carlo, on the new Easter fire at Florence, x. 127 n. 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, xi. 46

Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201; Egyptian standard resembling a, vi. 156 n. 1 See also Afterbirth

Placianian Mother, a form of Cybele, worshipped at Cyzicus, v. 274 n.

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, ix. 4 sq.; the Baganda god of, battened down in a hole, ix. 4; transferred to camel, ix. 33; blocked up in holes of buildings, ix. 64; at Rome, attempted remedies for, ix. 65; demon of, expelled, ix. 173; sent away in scapegoat, ix. 193. See also Disease and Epidemics

Plaiting the last standing corn before cutting it, vii. 142, 144, 153, 154, 157, 158

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Plane-tree, Dionysus in, vii. 3

Planer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Planets, human victims sacrificed to, among the heathen of Harran, vii. 261 sq.

Plantagenets, royal forests under the, ii. 7

Plantain-tree, the afterbirth and navel-string buried under a, i. 195, 196; plague transferred to, ix. 4 sq.; creeping through a cleft, as a cure, xi. 181

—— -trees, navel-strings of Baganda buried at foot of, i. 195; fertilized by parents of twins, ii. 102. See also Banana, Bananas

Planting, homoeopathic magic at, i. 136, 137, 143

Plants, homoeopathic magic to make plants grow, i. 136 sqq.; influenced homoeopathically by a person’s act or state, i. 139 sqq.; influence persons homoeopathically, i. 144 sqq.; spirits of, in shape of animals, ii. 14; sexes of, ii. 24; marriage of, ii. 26 sqq.; thought to be animated by spirits, viii. 82 sq.; spirits of, in the form of snakes, xi. 44 n.; external soul in, xi. 159 sqq.; and trees as life-indices, xi. 160 sqq.

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 n. 3

Plastene, Mother, on Mount Sipylus, v. 185

Plataea, ceremonial extinction of fires at, i. 33; festival of the Daedala at, ii. 140 sq.; Archon of, forbidden to touch iron, iii. 227; bull annually sacrificed to men who fell at the battle of, iii. 227; escape of besieged from, iii. 311; sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, iv. 95 sq.; Eleutherian games at, vii. 80, 85

Plates or basins, divination by three, at Hallowe’en, x. 237 sq., 240, 244

Plato on the magistrate called the King at Athens, i. 45; on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104; on human sacrifices, iv. 163; on gardens of Adonis, v. 236 n. 1; on the doctrine of transmigration, viii. 308; on purification for murder, ix. 24 sq.; on poets, ix. 35 n. 3; on sorcery, ix. 47; on the distribution of the soul in the body, xi. 221 n. 1

Plautus on Mars and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

Playfair, Major A., on the ceremony of the horse at rice-harvest among the Garos, viii. 337 sq.; on the use of scapegoats among the Garos of Assam, ix. 208 sq.

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Plebeians, the Roman kings, ii. 289

Pleiades, the, morning rising of, time of the corn-reaping in Greece, i. 32, vii. 48 sq.; worshipped by the Abipones, v. 258 n. 2; the setting of, the time of sowing, vi. 41; autumnal setting of, the signal for ploughing in Greece, vii. 45; in primitive calendars, vii. 116, 122 n. 1, 307 sqq.; associated with the rainy season, vii. 307, 309, 317, 318; supposed to cause the rain to fall, vii. 307, 317; worshipped, vii. 307, 308 sq., 310, 311, 312, 317; legends of their origin, vii. 308 n., 311, 312; the beginning of the year marked by the appearance of, vii. 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, xi. 244, 245 n.; the time for sowing and planting determined by observation of, vii. 309, 311, 313 sqq.; supposed to cause the maize to grow, vii. 310; women swear by, vii. 311; festival of the Guaycurus at the appearance of, ix. 262; observed by savages, ix. 326

Pliny the Elder, on electric lights, i. 49 sq.; on a cure for jaundice, i. 80; on a tree-stone, i. 165 n. 1; on death at ebb-tide, i. 167; on contagious magic of wounds, i. 201; on the sexes of trees, ii. 25 n.; on the sacredness of woods, ii. 123; on the forests of Germany, ii. 353 sq.; on the use of acorns as food, ii. 355; on the derivation of the name Druid, ii. 363 n. 2; on lucky and unlucky trees, iii. 275 n. 3; on the magical effect of clasping hands and crossing legs, iii. 298; on knotted threads, iii. 303; on the date of harvest in Egypt, vi. 32 n. 2; on the influence of the moon, vi. 132; on the grafting of trees, vi. 133 n. 3; on the time for felling timber, vi. 136 n.; on the time for sowing cereals in Greece and Asia, vii. 45 n. 2; on the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 318; on cure of warts, ix. 48 n. 2; on cure for a stomachic complaint, ix. 50; on cure for gripes, ix. 50; on cure for epilepsy, ix. 68; on “serpents’ eggs,” x. 15; onmedicinal plants, x. 17; on the touch of menstruous women, x. 196; on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14; on the mythical springwort, xi. 71; on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, xi. 76 sq.; on the virtues of mistletoe, xi. 78; on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, xi. 316 n. 1; on the different kinds of mistletoe, xi. 317

Pliny the Younger, on boar-hunting, i. 6; as to the historical reality of Christ, ix. 412 n. 1; his letter to Trajan on the spread of Christianity in Asia Minor, ix. 420 sq.; his government of Bithynia and Pontus, ix. 421

Ploska (in Wallachia?), rain-making at, i. 248

Plotinus, the death of, v. 87

Plough watered as a rain-charm, i. 282, 284; sacred golden, i. 365; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 5; in primitive agriculture, vii. 113; drawn round village to keep off epidemic, ix. 172 sq.; piece of Yule log inserted in the, x. 251, 337

Plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar eaten by the, vii. 301

—— Monday, vii. 33; rites of, viii. 325 sqq., ix. 250 sq.; English celebration of, viii. 329 sqq.

—— -oxen, the first, vii. 5

Ploughing, by women as a rain-charm, i. 282 sq.; Prussian custom at, v. 238; in Greece, season of, vii. 45, 50; the land thrice a year, Greek custom of, vii. 53 n. 1, 72 sq.; with oxen, vii. 129 n. 1; annually inaugurated by the Chinese emperor, viii. 14 sq.; in spring, custom at the first, x. 18

——, ceremonies at, among the Chams of Indo-China, viii. 57; at Calicut in India, ix. 235

——, ceremony of, performed by temporary King, iv. 149, 155 sq., 157; in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87; at Carnival, vii. 28, 29, viii. 331, 332, 334; sacred at Athens, vii. 31

—— and sowing, rite of, at the Carnival, vii. 28

Ploughings, Sacred, in Attica, vii. 108

Ploughman worships the ploughshare, ix. 90

Ploughmen and sowers drenched with water as a rain-charm, v. 238 sq.; and plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar given to, to eat, vii. 301, 303

Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, iv. 157

Ploughshare worshipped by ploughman, ix. 90; crawling under a, as a cure, xi. 180

Plover in connexion with rain, i. 259, 261

Plugging or bunging up maladies in trees, ix. 58

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, x. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, xi. 221 sq.

Plutarch on Numa and Egeria, i. 18; on hair offerings of boys at puberty, i. 28; on the stone-curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80; on Egeria, ii. 172; on the birth of Romulus, ii. 196; on the Roman Vestals, ii. 244 n. 1; on the violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 320; on the death of Tullus Hostilius, ii. 320 n. 3; on the Parilia, ii. 325 n. 3, 329; on the exclusion of gold from sanctuaries, iii. 226 n. 8; on the abstinence from wine of the Egyptian kings, iii. 249; on the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6; human sacrifice at Orchomenus in the lifetime of, iv. 163; on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, iv. 167; on the double-headed axe of Zeus Labrandeus, v. 182; on the myth of Osiris, vi. 3, 5 sqq.; on Harpocrates, vi. 9 n.; on Osiris at Byblus, vi. 22 sq.; on the rise of the Nile, vi. 31 n. 1; on the mournful character of the rites of sowing, vi. 40 sqq.; his use of the Alexandrian year, vi. 49, 84; on an Egyptian ceremony at the winter solstice, vi. 50 n. 4; on the date of the death of Osiris, vi. 84; on the festival of Osiris in the month of Athyr, vi. 91 sq.; on the dating of Egyptian festivals, vi. 94 sq.; on the rites of Osiris, vi. 108; on the grave of Osiris, vi. 111; on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, vi. 127; on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 229 sq.; on the Flaminica Dialis, vi. 230 n. 2; on immortality, vii. 15; on the myth of Osiris, vii. 32 n. 6; on mourning festival of Demeter, vii. 46; on sacrifice, viii. 31; on Apis, viii. 36; on the custom of throwing puppets into the Tiber, viii. 108; on “the expulsion of hunger” at Chaeronea, ix. 252; on the Cronia and the rural Dionysiac festival, ix. 352 n. 1; on oak-mistletoe, xi. 318 n. 1

Pluto, the breath of, v. 204, 205; places or sanctuaries of, v. 204 sqq.; cave and temple of, at Acharaca, v. 205; carries off Persephone, vii. 36, viii. 19; at Eleusis, sacrifices to, vii. 56

Pluto and Persephone, viii. 9; rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

—— called Subterranean Zeus, vii. 66

Plutonia, places of Pluto, v. 204

Plutus, begotten by Iasion on Demeter in a thrice-ploughed field, vii. 208

Po, pile-villages in the valley of the, ii. 8, 353; herds of swine in antiquity in the valley of the, ii. 354

Po Then, a great spirit, among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

Po-nagar, the Cham goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 57, 58

Pocahontas, an assumed name, iii. 318

Poelopetak, the Dyaks of, their names for soul-stuffs, vii. 182

Pogdanzig, in Prussia, witches’ Sabbath at, xi. 74

Point Barrow, Alaska, the Esquimaux of, i. 328, viii. 258 n. 2, ix. 124

Pointing sticks or bones in magic among the Australian aborigines, iv. 60, x. 14

Poison, sympathetic magic of, in hunting and fishing, i. 116 sq., 125 sq.; continence observed at brewing, iii. 200

Poison ordeal in Sierra Leone, iii. 15; fatal effects of the use of the, iv. 197; ordeal administered by young children, vii. 115

—— tooth of a serpent a charm against snake-bite, i. 153

Poisoning the fish of a river, common words tabooed in, iii. 415

Poitou, the Fox in the last standing corn in, vii. 297; Midsummer fires in, x. 182, 190 sq., 340 sq.; fires on All Saints’ Day in, x. 246; the Yule log in, x. 251 n. 1; mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Pok Klai, a Chin goddess, viii. 121

Poland, objection to iron ploughshares in, iii. 232; “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 240; the last sheaf called the Baba (Old Woman) in, vii. 144 sq.; custom at threshing in, vii. 148; Christmas custom in, vii. 275; the harvest cock in, vii. 277; need-fire in, x. 281 sq. See also Poles and Polish

Polar bear, taboos concerning the, iii. 209

Polaznik, polazenik, polazaynik, Christmas visiter, among the Servians, x. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, x. 7

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166

Polebrook in Northamptonshire, May carols at, ii. 61 n. 1

Polemarch, the, at Athens, iii. 22

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, xi. 178 sq.; passing between two poles in order to escape sicknessor evil spirit, xi. 179 sqq.

Poles, the Corn-mother among the, vii. 132 sq.

Polish custom at cutting last corn, vii. 150

—— Jews, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 66

Political evolution from democracy to despotism, i. 421

Polkwitz, in Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 237

Pollution caused by murder, ix. 25

——, ceremonial, of girl at puberty, viii. 268

—— of death, vi. 227 sqq., viii. 85 n. 3

—— and holiness not differentiated by savages, iii. 224

——, menstrual, widespread fear of, x. 76 sqq.

—— or sanctity, their equivalence in primitive religion, iii. 145, 158, 224. See also Uncleanness

Polo, Marco, on custom of people of Camul, v. 39 n. 3

Polybius on the butchery of pigs in ancient Italy, ii. 354

Polyboea, sister of Hyacinth, v. 314, 316; identified with Artemis or Persephone, v. 315

Polydorus, in Virgil, ii. 33

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, xi. 294

Polyidus, a seer, restored Glaucus to life, v. 186 n. 4

Polynesia, sacred kings and priests not allowed to touch food with their hands in, iii. 138; persons who have handled the dead not allowed to touch food with their hands in, iii. 140; sacredness of the head in, iii. 245; sanctity of the heads of chiefs and others in, iii. 254 sqq.; names of chiefs tabooed in, iii. 381; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67; remarkable rule of succession in, iv. 190; prevalence of infanticide in, iv. 191, 196; the beginning of the year marked by the rising of the Pleiades throughout, vii. 313; fear of demons among the natives of, ix. 80 sq.

Polynesian chiefs sacred, iii. 136

—— mothers, their way of infusing a divine spirit into their unborn babes, iii. 69

—— myth of the separation of earth and sky, v. 283

Polynesians, oracular inspiration of priests among the, i. 377; their mode of kindling fire, ii. 258; their way of ridding themselves of sacred contagion, viii. 28

Polynices and Eteocles, their grave at Thebes, ii. 33

Polytheism evolved out of animism, ii. 45

Pomegranate, growing on the grave of fratricides, ii. 33; causes virgin to conceive, v. 263, 269

Pomegranates forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280 n. 7; sprung from blood of Dionysus, vii. 14; seeds of, not eaten at the Thesmophoria, vii. 14; not to be brought into the sanctuary of the Mistress at Lycosura, viii. 46

Pomerania, cut hair burnt in, iii. 282 sq.; treatment of passers-by at harvest in, vii. 229 sq.; sticks or stones piled on graves of suicides in, ix. 17; hills called the Blocksberg in, x. 171 n. 3

Pometia sacked by the Romans, i. 22

Pommerol, Dr., on Granno and Grannus, x. 112

Pomona and Vertumnus, vi. 235 n. 6

Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, ix. 170 sq.

Pompeii, plan of labyrinth at, iv. 76

Pompey the Great beheads the last king Cinyras of Byblus, v. 27

Pompilia, mother of Ancus Martius, ii. 270 n. 4

Ponape, one of the Caroline Islands, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 184 sq.; special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal in, i. 401 n. 3; kings and viziers in, iii. 25; the king of, his long hair, iii. 259; changes of vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead in, iii. 362

Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, xi. 269

Pondomisi, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, attribute drought to wrath of dead chief, vi. 177

Pondos, of South Africa, their festival of new fruits, viii. 66 sq.

Pongal feast, in the Madras Presidency, vii. 244. See Pongol

Pongau district of Salzburg, the Perchten maskers in, ix. 244

Pongol, a family festival among the Hindoos of Southern India, viii. 56; Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, fires kindled at, xi. 1, 16

Ponnani River, near Calicut, iv. 49

Pons Sublicius at Rome built without iron, iii. 230

Pont à Mousson, calf killed at harvest at, vii. 290

Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 316

Pontaven in Finistère, effigy (of Carnival) thrown into the sea on Ash Wednesday at, iv. 230

Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Pontifex Maximus at Rome, his relation to the Vestals, ii. 228

Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, ix. 370, 372

Pontiffs, the Roman, their mismanagement of the Julian calendar, vi. 93 n. 1; celebrated the marriage of Orcus, vi. 231; regulate Roman calendar, vii. 83

—— and Vestals threw puppets into the Tiber at Rome, viii. 107

Pontifical law at Rome, iii. 391 n. 1

Pontus, the Mosyni or Mosynoeci of, iii. 124; sacred prostitution in, v. 39, 58; rapid spread of Christianity in, ix. 420 sq.

Poona, rain-making at, i. 275; incarnation of elephant-headed god at, i. 405

Poor Man, name applied to the corn-spirit after harvest, vii. 231

—— Old Woman, corn left on field for, vii. 231 sq.

—— Woman, name applied to the corn-spirit after harvest, vii. 231

Popayan, district of Colombia, the Indians of, will not kill deer, viii. 286

Pope or Patriarch of Fools, elected on St. Stephen’s Day, ix. 334

Popinjay, shooting at a, x. 194

Popish Kingdome, The, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, x. 125 sq., 162

Poplar in magic, i. 145; burned on St. Peter’s Day, ii. 141

——, black, mistletoe on, xi. 318 n. 6

——, the silver, used to ban fiends, ii. 336

——, the white, at Olympia, a substitute for the oak, ii. 220; used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, xi. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

Poplar-wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 282

Poplars burnt on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 224 n. 1

Poppies as symbols of Demeter, vii. 43 sq.

Poppy, the, cultivated for opium, vii. 242

Populonia, an unmarried Roman goddess, vi. 231

Populus trichocarpa in homoeopathic magic, i. 145

Porcupine, a Bechuana totem, viii. 164 sq.; respected by some Indians, viii. 243; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299; as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, x. 49

Pork forbidden to enchanters of crops, vii. 100 sq.; not eaten by field labourers, viii. 33; taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85; reason for not eating, viii. 296. See also Pig’s flesh and Swine’s flesh

Porphyry, on a human god in Egypt, i. 390; on the souls of trees, ii. 12; on Phoenician sacrifices of children, iv. 167, 179; on the Bouphonia, viii. 5 n. 1; on the homoeopathic diet of diviners, viii. 143 n. 7; on demons, ix. 104

Porridge smeared on body as a purification, iii. 176

Port Charlotte in Islay, vii. 166; stone used in cure for toothache near, ix. 62

—— Darwin, in Australia, conception in women not regarded as a direct result of cohabitation among the tribes about, v. 103

—— Lincoln tribe of South Australia, prohibition to mention the names ofthe dead in the, iii. 365; their superstition as to lizards, xi. 216 sq.

—— Moresby, in British New Guinea, ix. 84; taboos as to trading voyages at, iii. 203; homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet at, viii. 145

—— Stephens (Stevens), in New South Wales, burial at flood tide among the natives at, i. 168; medicine-men drive away rain at, i. 253

Porta Capena at Rome, i. 18, ii. 185, v. 273

Porta Querquetulana at Rome, ii. 185 n. 3

—— Triumphalis at Rome, xi. 195

Porto Novo, the negroes of, their beliefs and customs concerning twins, i. 265; the King of Night at, ii. 23 sq.; in Guinea, precaution taken by executioner against the ghosts of his victims at, iii. 171; on the Slave Coast, vicarious human sacrifices at, iv. 117; annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 205

Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, xi. 157

Portraits, souls in, iii. 96 sqq.; supposed dangers of, iii. 96 sqq.

Portreath, sacrifice of a calf near, to cure disease of cows and horses, x. 301

Portugal, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 sq.

Poseideon, an Attic month, vii. 62

Poseidon, sanctuary of, at Troezen, i. 27; mated with Artemis, i. 36; bull sacrificed to, i. 46; represented as father of Demetrius Poliorcetes, i. 391; identified with Erechtheus, iv. 87; the Establisher or Securer, v. 195 sq.; the earthquake god, v. 195, 202 sq.; his intrigue with Demeter, v. 280, viii. 21; first-fruits sacrificed to, viii. 133; cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351; priest of, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 n. 1; makes Pterelaus immortal, xi. 103

Posidonius, ancient Greek traveller in Gaul, on indifference of Celts to death, iv. 142; on human sacrifices among the Celts, xi. 32

Poso, a district of Central Celebes, inspired priestesses in, i. 379 sq.; ears of rice fed like children in, ii. 29; belief as to tree-demons in, ii. 35; ceremony performed by farmer’s wife in, when the rice crop is not thriving, ii. 104; stranger taken for a spirit in, vii. 236; jawbones of deer and wild pigs propitiated by hunters in, viii. 244 sq.; custom at the working of iron in, xi. 154

——, the Alfoors of, offer puppets to demons, iii. 62; will not pronounce their own names, iii. 332; may not pronounce the names of their fathers, mothers, grandparents, and parents-in-law, iii. 340; forbidden to use ordinary language in harvest-field, iii. 411; ask riddles while watching the crops, vii. 194; think that every man has three souls, xi. 222

Possession by the spirits of dead kings or chiefs, iv. 25 sq., vi. 192 sq.; of priest or priestess by a divine spirit, v. 66, 68 sq., 72 sqq.; by an evil spirit, cured by passing through a red-hot chain, xi. 186

Posterli, annual expulsion of, at Entlebuch in Switzerland, ix. 214

Pot in ashes, imprint of, effaced from superstitious motives, i. 214

Potala Hill at Lhasa, ix. 197

——, palace of the Dalai Lama at Lhasa, i. 412 n. 1

Potato-dog, said to be killed at end of digging the potatoes, vii. 272 sq.

—— -mother, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 172, 173 n.

—— -wolf, said to be caught in the last potatoes, vii. 271; name given to woman who gathers the last potatoes, vii. 274

Potatoes, magical stones for the increase of, i. 162; fertilized by a fairy banner, i. 368; customs at eating new, viii. 50, 51

Potawatomi Indians, their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 218; their women secluded at menstruation, x. 89

Potlatch, distribution of property, among the Carrier Indians, xi. 274

Potniae in Boeotia, goat substituted for child as victim in rites of Dionysus at, iv. 166 n. 1, vii. 24; priest of Dionysus killed at, vi. 99 n. 1

Potrimpo, old Prussian god, his priest bound to sleep on bare earth for three nights before sacrificing, ii. 248

Pots of basil on St. John’s Day in Sicily, v. 245

—— used by girls at puberty broken, x. 61, 69. See also Vessels

Potter in Southern India, custom observed by a, v. 191 n. 2

Potters in Uganda bake their pots when the moon is waxing, vi. 135

Pottery, primitive, employed in Roman ritual, ii. 202 sqq.; superstitions as to the making of, among the Yuracares of Bolivia and the Ba-Ronga of South Africa, ii. 204 sq.

Pouilly, near Dijon, ox killed on harvest-field at, vii. 290

Poverty, annual expulsion of, ix. 144 sq.

Powder, magic, rubbed into wounds for purpose of inoculation, viii. 159

Powers, Stephen, on the secrecy of personal names among the Californian Indians, iii. 326; on the expulsion of devils among the Pomos of California, ix. 170 sq.

Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, x. 295

Powhatan, an assumed Indian name, iii. 318

Pozega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, x. 282

Prabat, in Siam, Footprint of Buddha at, iii. 275

Practical man, the plain, i. 243

Praeneste, Fortuna Primigenia, goddess of, vi. 234; founded by Caeculus, ii. 197, vi. 235

Praetorius, Matthaeus, on the old Lithuanian god Pergrubius, ii. 347 n. 1; his work on old Lithuanian customs, viii. 50 n. 1

Praetors, the consuls at first called, ii. 291 n. 1

Prague, pieces of the May-tree burned in the district of, ii. 71; the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 73

Prajapati, the creator, his mystic sacrifice in the daily ritual of the Brahmans, ix. 411

Pramantha, the upper part of the Brahman fire-drill, ii. 249

Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-customat, x. 119

Pratz, Le Page du, on the festival of new corn among the Natchez Indians, viii. 77 sqq.

Prauss, in Silesia, race of girls at harvest at, vii. 76

Prayer to the tulasi plant, ii. 26; the Roman shepherd’s, ii. 327; to Pergrubius, ii. 347; the materialization of, ix. 22 n. 2; at sowing, ix. 138

Prayer, the Place of, viii. 113

—— and spell, vii. 105

Prayers to the sun, i. 72, 312; for rain to ancestors, i. 285, 286, 287, 346; for rain to skulls of racoons, i. 288; for rain to dragon, i. 291 sq.; to king’s ancestors, i. 352; to sunflower roots, ii. 13; for rain to the spirit who controls the rain, ii. 46; to Zeus for rain, ii. 359; to Jupiter for rain, ii. 362; to Thunder, ii. 367 sq.; to an oak, ii. 372; for rain to Nyakang, iv. 20; to dead ancestors, vi. 175 sq., 178 sq., 183 sq.; to dead kings, vi. 192; for rain at Eleusis, vii. 69; to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112, 113, 124 sq.; to dead animals, viii. 184, 197, 224, 225, 226, 235, 236, 243, 253, 293; to crocodile goddess, viii. 212; to shark-idol, viii. 292; at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, ix. 26, 28, 29 sq.; of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, x. 50 sq., 53, 98 n. 1; to the Rain-makers up aloft, x. 133; to ancestral spirits, xi. 243

Preachers to fish, viii. 250 sq.

Precautions against witches on May Day, ii. 52 sqq., ix. 267; against witches on St. George’s Day, ii. 354 sqq.; against witches on Walpurgis Night (Eve of May Day), ix. 158 sqq.; against witches during the Twelve Days, ix. 164 sq.; against witches on Midsummer Eve, xi. 73 sqq.

Precious stones, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 sq.

Pre-existence of the human soul, belief in the, i. 104

Preference for a violent death, iv. 9 sqq.

Pregnancy, ceremony in seventh month of, i. 72 sq.; husband’s hair kept unshorn during wife’s, iii. 261; conduct of husband during wife’s, iii. 294, 295; superstitions as to knots during wife’s, iii. 294 sq.; funeral rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his wife’s, iv. 189; causes of, unknown, v. 92 sq., 106 sq.; Australian beliefs as to the causes of, v. 99 sqq.

Pregnant cows sacrificed to ensure fertility, i. 141; sacrificed to the Earth goddess, ii. 229

—— women, forbidden to spin or twist ropes, i. 114; not to loiter in the doorways of houses where there are, i. 114; employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 sq., ii. 101; taboos on, i. 141 n. 1; their superstitions about shadows, iii. 82 sq.; carry nim leaves or iron to scare evil spirits, iii. 234; may not sew or use sharp instruments, iii. 238; loosen their hair, iii. 311; mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 sq.; fowls used to divert evil spirits from, ix. 31

Preller, L., on the marriage of Dionysus and Ariadne, ii. 138

Premature birth, Esquimau ideas as to, iii. 152; to be announced publicly, iii. 213. See Miscarriage

Presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester’s day, iii. 88

Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, ix. 182 sq.

Pretence made by reapers of mowing down visiters to the harvest-field, vii. 229 sq.; of throwing people into fire, x. 110, 148, 186, xi. 25

—— of human sacrifices substituted for the reality, iv. 214 sqq.; at Christmas, vii. 302

Pretenders to divinity among Christians, i. 407 sqq.

Priapus, image of, at need-fire, x. 286

Pricking patient with needles to expel demons of disease, iii. 106

Priene, Panionian festival at, i. 46

Priest drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 277, ii. 77; rolled on fields as fertility charm, ii. 103; chief acting as, ii. 215 sqq., viii. 126; brings back lost soul in a cloth, iii. 48, 64; recovers lost souls from the sun-god, iii. 64; conjures lost soul into a cup, iii. 67; catches the spirit of a god in a snare, iii. 69; inspired by spirit of dead king and giving oracles in his name, iv. 200 sq.; sows and plucks the first rice, viii. 54; the corpse-praying, ix. 45. See also Priests and High priest

—— of Aricia and the Golden Bough, x. i.

—— of Diana at Nemi, i. 8 sqq.; at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter, xi. 302 sq.

—— of Dionysus at the Agrionia, iv. 163

—— of Earth, taboos observed by the, x. 4

—— and magician, their antagonism, i. 226

—— of Nemi, i. 8 sqq., 40, 41, ii. 376, 378, 386, 387, xi. 315. See also King of the Wood

—— of Poseidon, x. 20 n. 1

—— of the Sun, x. 20 n. 1

—— of Zeus on Mount Lycaeus, ii. 359

Priestess of the holy fire among the Herero, ii. 215; identified with goddess, v. 219; head of the State under a system of mother-kin, vi. 203; of Athena, x. 20 n. 1

Priestesses, inspired, i. 379 sq., 381 sq.; as physicians, bring back lost souls, iii. 53 sq.; more important than priests, v. 45, 46; of Perasian Artemis walk over fire, v. 115, 168; beat corpse to exorcize a demon, ix. 260; not allowed to step on ground, x. 5

Priestesses, virgin, in the island of Sena, ii. 241 n. 1; of fire in Peru, ii. 243 sq.; of fire in Mexico, ii. 245; of fire in Yucatan, ii. 245 sq.

Priesthood of Aphrodite at Paphos, v. 43; vacated on death of priest’s wife, v. 45; of Hercules at Tarsus, v. 143

Priestly dynasties of Asia Minor, v. 140 sq.

—— functions exercised by chiefs in New Britain, i. 340; gradually acquired by kings, i. 372

—— king and queen personating god and goddess, v. 45

—— kings, i. 44 sqq., v. 42, 43; of Sheba, iii. 125; of the Nubas, iii. 132; of Olba, v. 143 sqq., 161; Adonis personated by, v. 223 sqq.

Priests, magical powers attributed to priests by French peasants, i. 231-233; inspired by gods in the Southern Pacific, i. 377 sq.; ancient Egyptian, recover lost souls, iii. 68; influence wielded by, iii. 107; to be shaved with bronze, iii. 226; their hair unshorn, iii. 259, 260; foods tabooed to, iii. 291; personate gods, v. 45, 46 sqq., ix. 287; tattoo-marks of, v. 74 n. 4; not allowed to be widowers, vi. 227 sqq.; dressed as women, vi. 253 sqq.; first-fruits belong to, viii. 125; of sharks cover their bodies with the appearance of scales, viii. 292; sacrifice human victims, ix. 279, 280 sq., 284, 286, 287, 290, 292, 294, 298, 301; expected to pass through fire, xi. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14

—— of Astarte, kings as, v. 26

—— of Attis, the emasculated, v. 265, 266

——, Jewish, their rule as to the pollution of death, vi. 230

—— of Tetzcatlipoca, viii. 165

—— of Zeus at the Corycian cave, v. 145, 155

Primitive ritual, marks of, vii. 169

—— thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, xi. 301 sq.

Primroses on threshold as a charm against witches, ii. 52

Prince Sunless, x. 21

Prince of Wales Islands, Torres Strait, the Kowraregas of, iii. 346, 358 sq.; natives of, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 64 sq.; their treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 40

Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, x. 29, 30 sq.

Princesses married to foreigners or men of low birth, ii. 274 sqq.; licence accorded to, in Loango, ii. 276 sq.

Prisoner condemned to death, treated as king for five days, iv. 113 sq., ix. 355

Prisoners shaved and their shorn hair kept as security for their good behaviour, iii. 273; released at festivals, iii. 316

Private magic, i. 214 sq.

Privilege of the chapter of Rouen Cathedral to pardon a criminal once a year, ii. 165

Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, ix. 185 sqq.; diseases sent away in a, ix. 199 sq. See also Ship

Proarcturia, a Greek festival, vii. 51

Procession to the Almo in the rites of Attis, v. 273; with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at Lerwick, x. 268

Processions with ships perhaps rain-charms, i. 251 n. 3; for rain in Sicily, i. 300; carved on rocks at Boghaz-Keui, v. 129 sqq.; in honour of Adonis, v. 224 sq., 227 n., 236 n. 1; with bears from house to house, viii. 192; with sacred animals, viii. 316 sqq.; of men disguised as animals, viii. 325 sqq.; for the expulsion of demons, ix. 117, 233; of monks and maskers at the Tibetan New Year, ix. 203; of mummers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, ix. 240, 242 sqq.; to drive away demons of infertility, ix. 245; bell-ringing, at the Carnival, ix. 247; of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, ix. 250; with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc., x. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 141, 179, 233 sq., 266, 339 sq.; on Corpus Christi Day, x. 165; to the Midsummer bonfires, x. 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193; across fiery furnaces, xi. 4 sqq.; of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 sqq.

—— and dances in honour of the dead, viii. 111

Proclus on Dionysus, vii. 13

Procopius, on the custom of putting the sick and old to death among the Heruli, iv. 14; on the god of lightning of the Slavs, ii. 365; on the annual disappearance of the sun for forty days in Thule, ix. 125 n. 1

Procreation, savage ignorance of the causes of, v. 106 sq.

Procreative virtue attributed to fire, ii. 233

Procris, her incest with her father Erechtheus, v. 44

Proculus, Julius, bids the Romans worship Romulus as a god, ii. 182

Proerosia, “Before the Ploughing,” a Greek festival of Demeter, vii. 50 sqq., 60, 108

Profligacy at rites designed to promote the fertility of trees and plants, ii. 97, 104; of human sexes supposed to quicken the earth, v. 48; at Holi festival in India, xi. 2

Progress, the magician’s, i. 214 sqq.; intellectual, dependent on economic progress, i. 218; industrial and political, i. 421

Prohibited degrees of kinship, the system of, perhaps based historically on superstition, ii. 117

Promathion’s History of Italy, ii. 196, 197

Prometheus, his theft of fire, ii. 260

Propertius, on the Vestals, i. 18 n. 5; on the throwing of stones at a grave, ix. 19 sq.

Property, rules as to the inheritance of, under mother-kin, vi. 203 n. 1; landed, combined with mother-kin tends to increase the social importance of women, vi. 209

Prophecy, Hebrew, distinctive character of, v. 75; spirit of, acquired by eating certain food, viii. 143; the Norse Sibyl’s, x. 102 sq.

Prophet regarded as madman, v. 77. See also Prophets

Prophetess of Apollo at Patara, ii. 135

Prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 sq.; inspired by gods, vi. 207

Prophetic inspiration through the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, iv. 200 sq., vi. 171, 172, 192 sq.; under the influence of music, v. 52 sq., 54 sq., 74

—— marks on body, v. 74

—— powers conferred by certain springs, ii. 172

—— water drunk on St. John’s Eve, v. 247

Prophets in relation to kedeshim, v. 76; or mediums inspired by the ghosts of dead kings, iv. 200 sq., vi. 171, 172

—— Hebrew, their ethical religion, i. 223; on the burnt sacrifice of children, iv. 169 n. 3; their resemblance to those of Africa, v. 74 sq.

—— of Israel, their religious and moral reform, v. 24 sq.

Propitiation essential to religion, i. 222; of the souls of the slain, iii. 166; of spirits of slain animals, iii. 190, 204 sq.; of ancestors, iii. 197, v. 46; of the spirits of plants before partaking of the fruits, viii. 82 sq.; of wild animals by hunters, viii. 204 sqq.; of vermin by farmers, viii. 274 sqq.; of ancestral spirits, ix. 86; of demons, ix. 93, 94, 96, 100

Proserpine River in Queensland, the aborigines of the, their dread of women’s cut hair, iii. 282; the Kia Blacks of the, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 39

Prosopis spicigera, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 248, 249, 250 n.

Prostitution before marriage, practice of, ii. 282, 285, 287

——, sacred, before marriage, in Western Asia, v. 36 sqq.; suggested origin of, v. 39 sqq.; practised for the sake of the crops, v. 39 n. 3; in Western Asia, alternative theory of, v. 57 sqq.; in India, v. 61 sqq.; in Africa, v. 65 sqq.

—— of unmarried girls in the Pelew Islands, vi. 264 sq.; in Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, vi. 265 sq.

Prothero, G. W., as to a May-pole, ii. 71 n. 1; on the passage of sick women through a church window, xi. 190 n. 3

Provence, priests thought to possess the power of averting storms in, i. 232; rain-making by means of images of saints in, i. 307; May-trees in, ii. 69; Mayos on May Day in, ii. 80; mock execution of Caramantran on Ash Wednesday in, iv. 227; bathing at Midsummer in, v. 248; Midsummer fires in, x. 193 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 249 sqq.

Prpats, boy employed in rain-making ceremony in Dalmatia, i. 274

Prporushe, young men employed in a rain-making ceremony in Dalmatia, i. 274

Prunus padus, L., branches of, used to avert evil influences, ii. 344

Prussia, contagious magic of clothes in, i. 206 sq.; customs at driving the herds out to pasture for the first time in, ii. 340 sq.; wolves not to be called by their proper name during December in, iii. 396; harvest customs in, v. 238, vii. 136, 137, 139, 150 sq., 209, 219, 280, 281 sq., 289, 292; divination at Midsummer in, v. 252 sq.; women’s race at close of rye-harvest in, vii. 76 sq.; the Corn-goat in, vii. 281 sq.; the Bull at reaping in, vii. 292; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268; custom before first ploughing in spring in, x. 18; Midsummer fires in, x. 176 sq.; mullein gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63 sq.; witches’ Sabbath in, xi. 74. See also Prussians