The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 4 of 7)

The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 12 of 12) (part 4 of 7)

Ekoi, the, of West Africa, their custom of mutilating men and women at festivals, v. 270 n. 2; ceremony observed by them at crossing a ford, ix. 28; throw leaves on dead chameleons, ix. 28; their belief in external or bush souls, xi. 206 sqq.

El, Phoenician god, v. 13, 16 n. 1; identified with Cronus, v. 166

—— -Bûgât, festival of mourning for Tammuz in Harran, v. 230

—— Kiboron, a Masai clan, may not pluck out their beards lest they lose their power of making rain, iii. 260; their respect for serpents as embodiments of the dead, viii. 288

—— Obeid, i. 122

Elam, the kings of, their bones carried off by Ashurbanipal, vi. 103 sq.

Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, ix. 366; inscriptions, ix. 367

Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, ix. 366

Elangela, external soul in Fan language, xi. 201, 226 n. 1

Elans treated with respect by American Indians, viii. 240

Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, ix. 143 n., 351

Elaphius, an Elean month, x. 352

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Elder brother, his name not to be pronounced, iii. 341; the sin of marrying before an, ix. 3

Elder, dwarf, in rain-making, i. 273

—— -bush, cut hair buried under an, iii. 275; creeping under an, as a cure for fever, ix. 55

—— -flowers gathered at Midsummer, xi. 64

—— -tree, cut hair and nails inserted in an, iii. 275 sq.; fever transferred to a twig of the, ix. 49

—— -trees sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43

Elders, council of, in savage communities, i. 216 sq.

Eldest sons sacrificed for their fathers, iv. 161 sqq.

Elecampane in a popular remedy for worms, x. 17

Elective and hereditary monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

—— kings and hereditary queens, ii. 295

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, xi. 299 n. 2

—— lights on mast-heads, spears, etc., ancient superstitions as to, i. 49 sq.

Electricity, spiritual, royal personages charged with, i. 371

Elephant-hunters, taboos observed by wives of absent, i. 120, x. 5; telepathy of, i. 123; scarify themselves after killing an elephant, iii. 107; continence of, iii. 196 sq.; special language employed by, iii. 404; not to touch the earth with their feet, x. 5

—— -hunting, inoculation before, viii. 160

Elephant’s flesh tabooed, i. 118 sq.; thought to make eater strong, viii. 143

Elephants not to be called by their proper name, iii. 403, 407; souls of dead transmigrate into, iv. 85, viii. 289; ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, viii. 227 sq., 237; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202, 203; external human souls in, xi. 207

Eleusine grain, cultivated by the Nandi, vii. 117

Eleusinian Games, vii. 70 sqq., 110, 180; held every four or two years, vii. 70, 77; victors in the, rewarded with measures of barley, vii. 73; primarily concerned with Demeter and Persephone as goddesses of the corn, vii. 74; less ancient than the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 87 sq.

—— inscription dealing with first-fruits, vii. 55 sq.

—— mysteries, vii. 35 sqq.; presided over by the king, i. 44; sacred marriage of Zeus and Demeter in the, ii. 138 sq., vii. 65 sqq., viii. 9; origin of, told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, vii. 35 sqq.; instituted by Demeter, vii. 37; the myth of Demeter and Persephone acted at the, vii. 39, 66, 187 sq.; date of the celebration of the, vii. 69 sq.; said to be instituted by Eumolpus, vii. 70; great antiquity of the, vii. 78 sq.; hope of immortality associated with initiation into the, vii. 90 sq.; designed to promote the growth of the corn, vii. 110 sq.; sacrament of barley-meal and water at the, vii. 161 sq.

Eleusinian priests, their names sacred, iii. 382 sq.

Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 138 sq., vii. 35 sqq.; Demeter and the king’s son at, v. 180; sacrifice of oxen at, v. 292 n. 3; mysteries of Demeter at, vi. 90; Demeter at, vii. 36 sq., viii. 334; the Rarian plain at, vii. 36, 70, 74, 234, viii. 15; offerings of first-fruits at, vii. 53 sqq.; festival of the threshing-floor at, vii. 60 sqq.; the Green Festival and the Festival of Cornstalks at, vii. 63; image of Demeter at, vii. 64; prayer for rain at, vii. 69; the rites of, essentially concerned with the cultivation of the corn, vii. 88; Varro on the rites of, vii. 88

Eleutherian games at Plataea, vii. 80

Elfin race averse to iron, iii. 232 sq.

Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, xi. 84

Elgon, Mount, ix. 246; the Bagishu of, i. 103

Eli, the sons of, their loose conduct, v. 76

Elijah as a rain-maker, i. 258 n. 3; patch of rye left at harvest for, vii. 233

Elipandus of Toledo, on the divinity of Christians, i. 407

Elis, titular kings at, i. 46 n.; Dionysus hailed as a bull by the women of, vii. 17; the ivory shoulder of Pelops at, viii. 263 sq.

——, law of, ix. 352 n. 2

Elisha prophesies to music, v. 53, 54; finds water in the desert, v. 53, 75

Elizabeth, Queen, touches for scrofula, i. 368

Elk, a totem of the Omahas, viii. 25; treated with respect, viii. 240; embryos of, not eaten, viii. 243

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, their belief as to effect of touching an elk, viii. 29; their sacred clam shell, x. 11

Ellgoth, in Silesia, the King’s Race at Whitsuntide at, ii. 84

Elliot, R. H., on Indian indifference to death, iv. 136

Ellis, A. B., on Ewe superstition as to eating, iii. 116; on the supposed material connexion between a man and his name, iii. 323; on sacred prostitution in West Africa, v. 65 sq., 69 sq.; on tattoo marks of priests, v. 74 n. 4; on an ordeal of chastity, v. 115

Ellis, William, on the inspiration of priests in the Southern Pacific, i. 377 sq.; on the observation of the Pleiades in the Society Islands, vii. 312; on faditras in Madagascar, ix. 33 sq.; on Polynesian mythology, ix. 80

Ellwangen, in Würtemberg, the Goat at threshing at, vii. 287

Elm wood in the pile-dwellings of the Po, ii. 353; used to kindle need-fire, x. 299

Elopango, in Mexico, human sacrifices at, vii. 237

Eloquence, homoeopathic charms to ensure, i. 156

Elpenor, the grave of, on the headland of Circe, ii. 188

Elves, fear of, iii. 283

Elymais, Nanaea the goddess of, i. 37 n. 2

Emain, in Ireland, annual fair at, iv. 100

—— Macha, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Embalming, flight and pursuit of man who opened body for purpose of, ii. 309 n. 2; as a means of prolonging the life of the soul, iv. 4; dead bodies of kings of Uganda embalmed, vi. 168

Embers of bonfires planted in fields, x. 117, 121; stuck in cabbage gardens, x. 174, 175; promote growth of crops, x. 337. See also Ashes and Sticks, charred

—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, x. 188; a protection against lightning, x. 190

Emblica officinalis, a sacred tree in Northern India, ii. 51

Embodied evils, expulsion of, ix. 170 sqq.

Embodiment, human, of the corn-spirit, viii. 333

Emboq Sri, rice-bride in Java, vii. 200 sq.

Embryos of elk not eaten, viii. 243

Emesa, sun-god Heliogabalus at, v. 35

Emetic as mode of purification, iii. 175, 245; pretended, in auricular confession, iii. 214

Emetics used before eating new corn, viii. 73, 75 sq., 76, 135; sacred, employed by the Creek Indians, viii. 74; as remedies for sins, ix. 263

Emily plain of Central Australia, xi. 238

Emin Pasha, on the Monbutto custom of lengthening the head, ii. 297 n. 7; his reception in a village, iii. 108

Emma, widow of Ethelred and wife of Canute, ii. 282 sq.

Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, xi. 27; use of orpine at Midsummer in the, xi. 62 n.

Empedocles, his claim to divinity, i. 390; leaps into the crater of Etna, v. 181; his doctrine of transmigration, viii. 300 sqq.; his resemblance to Buddha, viii. 302; his theory of the material universe like that of Herbert Spencer, viii. 303 sqq.; as a forerunner of Darwin, viii. 306; his posing as a god, viii. 307

Emperor of China, funeral of an, v. 294

Emperors of China as priests, i. 47

Emu-wren, called men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, xi. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Emu’s flesh eaten to make eater swift-footed, viii. 145; fat not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13

Emus, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 85 sq.

En, the, of Burma, worship the spirits of hills and trees, ii. 41

En gidon, a Masai clan, i. 343

En-jemusi, the, of British East Africa, women’s work among the, vii. 118

Ἐναγίζειν distinguished from Θύειν, v. 316 n. 1

Enchanters of crops, foods forbidden to, vii. 100

Encheleans or Eel-men in Illyria, iv. 84

Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, magic practised on refuse of food by, iii. 127; their fear of women’s blood, iii. 251; namesakes of the dead change their names in the, iii. 355; changes in their vocabulary caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 359; names of the recent dead not mentioned in the, iii. 372; division of work between the sexes in the, vii. 126; their dread of women at menstruation, x. 76

Endle, Rev. S., on the fear of demons among the Kacharis, ix. 93

Endymion and the Moon, i. 18; set his sons to race at Olympia, ii. 299; the sunken sun overtaken by the moon, iv. 90; his tomb at Olympia, iv. 287

Enemies, mutilation of dead, viii. 271 sq.

Enemy, animal, of god originally identical with god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31

——, charms to disable an, vi. 252

Energy, the conservation of, viii. 226; sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious, x. 97 sq.

Eneti, in Washington State, rain-charm at, i. 309

Englam-Mana, a tribe of New Guinea, their mode of making fire, ii. 254

England, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 168; custom of anointing the weapon instead of the wound in the eastern counties of, i. 203; green branches and flowers on May Day in the north of, ii. 60; May garlands in, ii. 60 sqq.; the May Queen in, ii. 87; rolling down a slope on May Day in, ii. 103; oak and fir in the sunken forests and peat-bogs of, ii. 351; acorns eaten in, ii. 356; mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; harvest custom in, v. 237; the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78 sq.; superstitions as to the wren in, viii. 317 sq.; mummer called the Straw-bear in, viii. 328 sq.; cure for warts in, ix. 48; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; fires kindled on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318; the Festival of Fools in, ix. 336 n. 1; the Boy Bishop in, ix. 337 sq.; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 n. 1; Midsummer fires in, x. 196 sqq.; the Yule log in, x. 255 sqq.; the need-fire in, x. 286 sqq.; Midsummer giants in, xi. 36 sqq.; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61; fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65; the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, xi. 85 sq.; birth-trees in, xi. 165; children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 168 sqq.; oak-mistletoe in, xi. 316

English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, xi. 180

—— custom of undoing locks and bolts at a death, iii. 307

—— kings touch for scrofula, i. 368 sqq.

—— middle class, their clinging to life, iv. 146

—— superstition as to water-fairies, iii. 94

Enigmas, ceremonial use of, ix. 121 n. 3. See Riddles

Ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, iv. 70 n. 3

Enniskerry, near Dublin, Whit-Monday custom observed near, ii. 103 n. 3

Ennius, on Hora and Quirinus, vi. 233

Ensanzi, a forest of Central Africa, dead Bahima kings carried to, viii. 288

Ensival, in Belgium, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 108

Entellus monkey, sacrifice of an, ix. 208 sq.

Entlebuch in Switzerland, expulsion of Posterli at, ix. 214

Entraigues, hunting the wren at, viii. 321

Entrails of cattle tabooed as food, i. 119; divination by the inspection of, i. 344; external soul in, xi. 146 sq., 152

“Entry of Osiris into the moon,” vi. 130

Enylus, king of Byblus, v. 15 n.

Ephesus, Artemis of, i. 7, 37 sq., ii. 128, v. 269; titular kings at, i. 47; the Essenes or King Bees at, ii. 135 sq.; Hecate at, v. 291; the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis at, vi. 243 sq.; Demeter worshipped at, vii. 63 n. 14

Ephors, Spartan, bound to observe the sky for omens every eighth year, iv. 58 sq.

Epic of Kings, Firdusi’s, x. 104

Epicurus, sacrifices offered to, i. 105

Epidaurus, Aesculapius at, v. 80, ix. 47; Demeter worshipped at, vii. 63 n. 14

Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, x. 283 sq.

Epidemics thought to be caused by incest, ii. 108; attributed to evil spirits, iii. 30; sacrifices in times of, iv. 176 n. 1; attributed to demons, ix. 111 sqq.; kept off by means of a plough, ix. 172 sq.; sent away in toy chariots, ix. 193 sq.

Epilepsy, supposed cause of, iii. 83; attributed to possession by a demon, iii. 235; transferred to leaves, ix. 2; Highland treatment of, ix. 68 n. 2; Roman cure for, ix. 68; nails used in cure for, ix. 68, 330; Hindoo cure for, ix. 69 n.; cured by beating, ix. 260; amulet a protection against, ix. 331; yellow mullein a protection against, xi. 63; mistletoe a cure for, xi. 78, 83, 84. See also Falling sickness

Epimenides, the Cretan seer, his rambling soul, iii. 50 n. 2

Épinal, “killing the dog” at harvest at, vii. 272 sq.; Lenten fires at, x. 109

Epiphany, the 6th of January, v. 305; part of Christmas Boar given to cattle on, vii. 302; annual expulsion of the powers of evil at, ix. 165 sqq.; the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 sqq. See also Twelfth Night

Epirus, the kings of, their bones scattered by Lysimachus, vi. 104; the Athamanes of, vii. 129

Epitherses and the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6

Epithets applied to Demeter, vii. 63 sq.

Eponymate, the Assyrian, iv. 116 sq.

Eponymous magistrates, iv. 117 n. 1

Eponyms, annual, as scapegoats, ix. 39 sqq.

Equinox, the autumnal, Egyptian festival of “the nativity of the sun’s walking-stick” after the, i. 312

——, the spring (vernal), festival at Upsala at, ii. 364; Babylonian festival of the, iv. 110; drama of Summer and Winter at, iv. 257; custom of swinging at, iv. 284; resurrection of Attis at, v. 273, 307 sq.; date of the Crucifixion assigned to, v. 307; tradition that the world was created at, v. 307; human sacrifice offered soon after, vii. 239; festival of Cronus at, ix. 352; Persian marriages at, ix. 406 n. 3

Equos, a Gallic month, ix. 343 n.

Erech, Babylonian city, Ishtar at, ix. 398, 399

Erechtheum, on the Acropolis of Athens, perpetual lamp of Athena in the, ii. 199; sacred serpent in, iv. 87, v. 87

Erechtheus or Erichthonius, and Minerva (Athena), i. 21; king of Athens, the Erechtheum his house, ii. 199; in relation to the sacred serpent on the Acropolis, iv. 86 sq., v. 87; identified with Poseidon, iv. 87; voluntary death of the daughters of, iv. 192 n. 3; his incest with his daughter, v. 44 n. 1; the Eleusinian mysteries instituted in the reign of, vii. 70

Eregh (the ancient Cybistra) in Cappadocia, v. 120, 122

Eresh-Kigal, Babylonian goddess, v. 9

Erfurt, harvest customs in the district of, vii. 136, 221

Ergamenes, king of Meroe, slays the priests, iv. 15

Erhard, Professor A., on the martyrdom of St. Dasius, ii. 310 n. 1

Erica-tree, Osiris in the, vi. 9, 108, 109

Erichthonius, son of the fire-god Hephaestus, ii. 199. See Erechtheus

Erigone, her suicide by hanging, iv. 281 sq.

—— and Icarius, first-fruits of vintage offered to, viii. 133

Erin, the king idol of, iv. 183

Eriphyle, the necklace of, v. 32 n. 2

Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe’en in, x. 226; salt cake at Hallowe’en in, x. 238 sq.

Erithasean Apollo, sacred trees in the sanctuary of, ii. 121

Erlangen, the “carrying out of Death” in the villages near, iv. 234

Erman, Professor Adolf, on the confusion of magic and religion in ancient Egypt, i. 230; on Anubis at Abydos, vi. 18 n. 3; on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91; on the development of Egyptian religion, vi. 122 n. 2

Erme or Nenneri, gardens of Adonis in Sardinia, v. 244

Errephoroi or Arrephoroi at Athens, ii. 199

Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, xi. 283 sq.

Error of judging savages by European standards, iv. 197 sq.

Ertingen, in Würtemberg, the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at, ii. 83; festival of St. George at, ii. 337

Erukhan plant (Calotropis gigatea), man married to, in India, ii. 57 n. 4

Eruptions of volcanoes supposed to be caused by incest, ii. 111

Erysipelas, fox’s tongue a remedy for, viii. 270

Erzgebirge, Shrovetide custom in the, iv. 208 sq.; young men and women beat each other with something green at Christmas in the, ix. 271

Esagil or Esagila, temple of Marduk at Babylon, iv. 113, ix. 356

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, his great inscription, iv. 116

Escouvion or Scouvion, the Great and the Little, in Belgium, x. 108

Eshmun, Phoenician deity, v. 111 n. 6

Esne, the festal calendar of, vi. 49 sq.

Esquiline Hill at Rome, its name derived from oaks, ii. 185; the oak groves of the, ii. 320

Esquimaux, their belief as to the sculpin and rain, i. 288; play cat’s cradle to detain the sun, i. 316 sq., vii. 103 n. 1; play cup-and-ball to hasten the return of the sun, i. 317; their ways of calming the wind, i. 327 sq.; their conception of the soul, iii. 27; their dread of being photographed, iii. 96; ceremony at the reception of strangers among the, iii. 108; avoid dishes used by women in childbed, iii. 145; their ideas as to the dangerous vapour exhaled by lying-in women, iii. 152; taboos observed by hunters among the Esquimaux after killing sea-beasts, iii. 205 sq.; use of iron implements tabooed at certain times among the, iii. 228; taboos observed by them after a death, iii. 237; take new names when they are old, iii. 319; unwilling to tell their names, iii. 328; namesakes of the dead among the, iii. 371; their belief that animals understand human speech, iii. 399; suicide among the, iv. 43; their belief as to falling stars, iv. 65; their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 131 n.; dramatic contest between Winter and Summer among the, iv. 259; their belief in the resurrection of seals, viii. 257; careful not to break bones of deer, viii. 258 n. 2; their reluctance to let dogs gnaw the bones of animals, viii. 259; their superstition as to various meats, x. 13 sq.; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 55; ceremony of the new fire among the, x. 134; their custom at eclipses, x. 162 n.

Esquimaux of Aivilik and Iglulik, magical telepathy among the, i. 121 sq.

—— of Alaska, taboos observed by women in absence of whalers among the, i. 121; their annual festival of the dead, v. 51 sq.; their custom at killing a fox, viii. 267; child’s soul deposited in a bag among the, xi. 155

—— of Baffin Land, boys forbidden to play cat’s cradle among the, i. 113; their use of a fox in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; their women in mourning may not mention the names of animals, iii. 399; their custom when a boy has killed his first seal, viii. 257; their expulsion of Sedna, ix. 125 sq.

—— or Inuit of Bering Strait, iii. 205; manslayers among the, i. 9; their use of magical images, i. 70; their annual festival of bladders, iii. 206 sq.; drank blood of foes to acquire their bravery, viii. 150; their ceremony of restoring the bladders of dead sea-beasts to the sea, viii. 247 sqq.; uncleanness of girl at puberty among the, viii. 268 n. 4; cut the sinews of bad dead men to prevent their ghosts from walking, viii. 272; their masquerades, ix. 379 sq.; their belief as to menstruous women, x. 91

——, the Central, dietary rules of, viii. 84; their ceremonious treatment of dead sea-beasts, viii. 246; the tug-of-war among the, ix. 174

—— of Hudson Bay, propitiate the spirit who controls the reindeer, viii. 245 sq.

—— of Labrador, their fear of demons, ix. 79 sq.

—— of Point Barrow, Alaska, return the bones of seals to the sea, viii. 258 n. 2; their expulsion of the mischievous spirit Tuña, ix. 124 sq.

Esquimaux mourners plug their nostrils, iii. 32

Essenes or King Bees at Ephesus, i. 47 n. 2, ii. 135 sq.

Essex, greasing the weapon instead of the wound in, i. 204; May garlands in, ii. 60; hunting the wren in, viii. 320

Esther, the story of, acted as a comedy at Purim, ix. 364; her name equivalent to Ishtar, Astarte, ix. 365; fast of, ix. 397 sq.

——, the book of, its date and purpose, ix. 360; its Persian colouring, ix. 362, 401; based on a Babylonian myth, ix. 398; duplication of the personages in, ix. 400 sq.; the personages unmasked, ix. 405 sqq.

—— and Mordecai equivalent to Ishtar and Marduk, ix. 405; the duplicates of Vashti and Haman, ix. 405 sq.

Esther and Vashti, ix. 365; temporary queens, ix. 401

Esthonia, the Christmas Boar in, vii. 302; bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29; flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, xi. 53 sq.

Esthonian belief as to the effect of seeing women’s blood, iii. 251

—— celebration of St. John’s Day by swings and bonfires, iv. 280

—— charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135

—— charms to make cabbages thrive, i. 136 sq.

—— custom of throwing a knife, hat, stick, or stone at a whirlwind, i. 329, 330

—— fishermen, their use of curses for good luck, i. 280 sq.

—— mode of strengthening weakly children by means of hemp seed, vii. 11

—— peasants threaten cabbages to make them grow, ii. 22; loth to mention wild beasts by their proper names, iii. 398; regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, vi. 135; their treatment of weevils, viii. 274

—— reapers slash the wind with their sickles, i. 329; their belief as to pains in the back, vii. 285

Esthonians, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 211, 212; their ways of raising the wind, i. 323; their dread of Finnish witches and wizards, i. 325; their sacred trees, ii. 43; their worship of Metsik, a mischievous forest-spirit, ii. 55; their folk-tale of a tree-elf, ii. 71 sqq.; their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231; their custom of leading a bride thrice round a burning tree, ii. 234; St. George’s Day among the, ii. 330 sqq.; sacrifice under holy trees for the welfare of their horses, ii. 332; their thunder-god Taara, ii. 367; oak worshipped by the, ii. 367; their superstition as to a water-mill, iii. 232; refuse to taste blood, iii. 240; preserve their nail-parings against the day of judgment, iii. 280; their belief as to shooting stars, iv. 63, 66 sq.; their custom on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 233, 252 sq.; their celebration of St. John’s Day, iv. 280; their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 143; their Christmas Boar, vii. 302 sq.; their mode of transferring bad luck to trees, ix. 54; their expulsion of the devil, ix. 173; Midsummer fires among the, x. 179 sq.

—— of Oesel, their belief as to absence of souls from bodies, iii. 41 sq.; call the last sheaf the Rye-boar, vii. 298, 300; their custom at eating new corn, viii. 51; cull St. John’s herbs on St. John’s Day, xi. 49

Estremadura, acorns as fodder for hogs in, ii. 356

Etatin, on the Cross River, in Southern Nigeria, the chief as fetish-man at, i. 349

Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, x. 20 n. 1

Eteocles and Polynices, their grave at Thebes, ii. 33

Eternal life, initiates born again to, in the rites of Cybele and Attis, v. 274 sq.

Etesian winds, v. 35 n. 1

Ethelbald, king of the West Saxons, marries his stepmother, ii. 283

Ethelbert, king of Kent, ii. 283

Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons, ii. 283

Ethical evolution, iii. 218 sq.

—— precepts developed out of savage taboos, iii. 214

Ethiopia, priestly kings in, iii. 13; shut up in their palace, iii. 124; chosen for their beauty, iv. 38 sq.

Ethiopian kings of Meroe put to death, iv. 15, 38

Ethiopians, succession to the kingdom among the, ii. 296 sq.

Etiquette at courts of barbarian kings, iv. 39 sq.

Etna, Mount, Typhon buried under, v. 156, 157; the death of Empedocles on, v. 181; the ashes of, v. 194; offerings thrown into the craters of, v. 221; Demeter said to have lit her torches at the craters of, vii. 57

Eton, Midsummer fires at, x. 197

Eton College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Etruria, funeral games at Agylla in, iv. 95; actors fetched from, to Rome in time of plague, ix. 65

Etruscan crown, ii. 175 n. 1

—— letters, ii. 186, 186 n. 4

—— wizards, i. 310

Etruscans, female kinship among the, ii. 286 sq.; their alleged Lydian descent, ii. 287; their ceremony at founding cities, iv. 157

Etymology, its uncertainty as a base for mythological theories, viii. 41 n.

Euboea subject to earthquakes, v. 211; date of threshing in, v. 232 n.; harvest custom in, v. 238

Eubuleus, legendary swineherd, brother of Triptolemus, viii. 19

Eubulus, sacrifices offered to, at Eleusis, vii. 56

Eucharist partaken of by Catholics fasting, viii. 83

Eudanemi at Athens, i. 325 n. 1

Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer, on the Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 n. 2; corrections of the Greek calendar perhaps due to, vii. 81; on the utility of the pig in ancient Egypt, viii. 30

Euhemerism, a theory of mythology, ix. 385

Euhemerists, ix. 385

Eukleia, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 n. 1

Eumolpids direct the sacrifices of first-fruits, vii. 56

Eumolpus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37; said to have founded the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 70; founder of priestly Eleusinian family, vii. 73

Eunuch priests of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38; of the Mother Goddess, v. 206; in the service of Asiatic goddesses of fertility, v. 269 sq.; in various lands, v. 270 n. 2; of Attis tattooed with pattern of ivy, v. 278; of Cybele, vi. 258

Eunuchs, dances of, v. 270 n. 2, 271 n.; dedicated to a goddess in India, v. 271 n.; sacred, at Hierapolis-Bambyce, their rule as to the pollution of death, vi. 272; perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, x. 340

Euphemisms employed for certain animals, iii. 397 sqq.; for smallpox, iii. 400, 410, 411, 416

Euphorbia antiquorum, cactus, hung at door of house where there is a lying-in woman, iii. 155

—— lathyris, caper-spurge, sometimes identified with the mythical springwort, xi. 69

Euphorbus the Trojan, the soul of Pythagoras in, viii. 300

Euphorion of Chalcis, Greek writer, on Roman indifference to death, iv. 143, 144

Euripides, the Hippolytus of, i. 25; on Artemis as a midwife, i. 37; on the dragon at Delphi, iv. 79; on the death of Pentheus, vi. 98 n. 5; his account of Aegisthus pelting the tomb of Agamemnon with stones, ix. 19; his play on Meleager, xi. 103 n. 2

Europa, a personification of the moon conceived as a cow, ii. 88; and Zeus, iv. 73; her wanderings, iv. 89

Europe, dancing or leaping high as a homoeopathic charm to make crops grow high in, i. 137; the Hand of Glory in, i. 148 sq.; belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167; treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 198 sqq.; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 sq.; confusion of magic and religion in modern, i. 231-233; the belief in magic in modern, i. 235 sq.; forests of ancient, ii. 7 sq.; the May-tree or May-pole as an instrument of fertility in, ii. 51 sq.; relics of tree-worship in modern, ii. 59 sqq.; Midsummer festival in, ii. 272 sq.; diffusion of the oak in, ii. 349 sqq.; peat-bogs of, ii. 350 sqq.; the lake-dwellings of, ii. 352 sq.; fear of having one’s likeness taken in, iii. 100; spitting as a charm in, iii. 279; belief as to consummation of marriage being impeded by knots and locks in, iii. 299; beliefs as to shooting stars in, iv. 66 sqq.; fear of death in, iv. 135 sq., 146; custom of showing money to the new moon in, vi. 148 sq.; barley and wheat cultivated in prehistoric, vii. 79; transference of evil in, ix. 47 sqq.; faith in magic and witchcraft in Christian, ix. 89; annual expulsion of demons and witches in, ix. 155 sqq.; annual expulsion of evils in, ix. 207 sq.; folk-custom of “carrying out Death” in, ix. 227 sq.; masquerades in modern, ix. 251 sq.; superstitions as to menstruous women in, x. 96 sq.; the fire-festivals of, x. 106 sqq.; great dread of witchcraft in, xi. 342; birth-trees in, xi. 165; belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, xi. 158

Europe, Eastern, great popular festival of herdsmen and shepherds on St. George’s Day in, ii. 330

——, Eastern and Central, custom of beating people and cattle in spring in, ix. 266

——, mediaeval, belief in demons in, ix. 105 sq.; human scapegoats in, ix. 214

——, Northern, human sacrifices in, iv. 214; Corn-mother and Corn-maiden in, vii. 131 sqq.

—— South-Eastern, rain-making ceremonies in, i. 272 sqq.; superstitions as to shadows in, iii. 89 sq.

European custom as to green bushes on May Day, ii. 56

—— processions of animals or of men disguised as animals, viii. 325

—— rule that children’s nails should not be paired, iii. 262 sq.

Euros, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89; homoeopathic charm to catch, i. 162

Eurydice, Orpheus and, xi. 294

Eurylochus rids Aegina of a snake, iv. 87 n. 5

Eusebius on sacred prostitution, i. 30 n. 3, v. 37 n. 2, 73 n. 1

Euyuk in Cappadocia, Hittite palace at, v. 123, 132, 133 n.; bull worshipped at, v. 164

Evadne and Capaneus, v. 177 n. 3

Evans, D. Silvan, on the sin-eater in Wales, ix. 44

Evans, Sebastian, as to a passage in the History of the Holy Graal, iv. 122 n. 1

Eve and Adam, Mr. W. R. Paton’s theory of, ix. 259 n. 3

Eve, Christmas, the fern blooms on, xi. 66

——, Easter, in Albania, iv. 265; the fern blooms on, xi. 66

——, Fingan, in the Isle of Man, x. 266

—— of St. John (Midsummer Eve), Russian ceremony on, iv. 262

—— of Samhain (Hallowe’en) in Ireland, x. 139. See also Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, St. John’s Eve, etc.

Evelyn, John, on Charles II. touching for scrofula, i. 369

Evening Star, Keats’s sonnet to the, i. 166; the goddess of the, ix. 369 n. 1

Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, xi. 189

Evergreen oak, the Golden Bough grew on, ii. 379

—— trees in Italy, i. 8

Evessen, in Brunswick, toothache nailed into a tree at, ix. 59 sq.

Evil, the transference of, ix. 1 sqq.; transferred to other people, ix. 5 sqq., 47 sqq.; transferred to sticks and stones, ix. 8 sqq.; transferred to animals, ix. 31 sqq., 49 sqq.; transferred to men, ix. 38 sqq.; transference of, in Europe, ix. 47 sqq.; transferred to inanimate objects, ix. 53 sq.; transferred to trees or bushes, ix. 54 sqq. See also Evils

Evil Eye, bad names a protection against the, i. 280; dreaded at eating, iii. 116 sq.; boys dressed as girls to avert the, vi. 260; bridegroom disfigured in order to avert the, vi. 261; disguises to avert the, vi. 262; preservatives against the, viii. 326 n. 3; rain-water mixed with tar, a protection against the, x. 17. See also Eye, the Evil

—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, xi. 186

—— spirits transferred from men to animals, ix. 31; banishment of, ix. 86; driven away at the New Year, x. 134 sq.; kept off by fire, x. 282, 285 sq.; St. John’s herbs a protection against, xi. 49; kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, xi. 53 sq.; creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, xi. 173 sqq. See also Demons

Evil-Merodach, Babylonian king, ix. 367 n. 2

Evils transferred to trees, ix. 54 sqq.; nailed into trees, walls, etc., ix. 59 sqq.; public expulsion of, ix. 109 sqq., 185 sqq.; periodic expulsion of, ix. 123 sqq., 198 sqq.; expulsion of embodied, ix. 170 sqq.; expulsion of, in a material vehicle, ix. 185 sqq.; expulsion of, timed to coincide with some well-marked change of season, ix. 224 sq. See also Expulsion

Evolution of kings out of magicians or medicine-men, i. 420 sq.; industrial, from uniformity to diversity of function, i. 421; political, from democracy to despotism, i. 421; ethical, iii. 218 sq.; religious, powerful influence of the fear of the dead on the course of, viii. 36 sq.

—— and dissolution, viii. 305 sq.

Ewe, white-footed, as scapegoat, ix. 192 sq. See also Ewes

Ewe farmers fear to wound the Earth goddess, v. 90

—— hunters, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212; of Togo-land, their ceremony after killing an antelope, viii. 244

—— negroes, their festival of new yams, viii. 58 sqq.; their belief as to the spirit-land, viii. 105 sq.; their ceremonies after killing leopards, viii. 228 sqq.; feed their nets, viii. 240 n. 1; their dread of menstruous women, x. 82

—— negroes of Guinea worship falling stars, iv. 61 sq.

—— negroes of the Slave Coast, their charm to catch a runaway slave, i. 317; their reverence for silk-cotton trees, ii. 15; human wives of gods among the, ii. 149; taboos observed by their kings, iii. 9; their belief as to spirits entering the body through the mouth, iii. 116; their kings not to be seen eating or drinking, iii. 119; penance for killing a python among the, iii. 222; a mother’s vow among the, iii. 263; their belief that a man can be injured through his name, iii. 323; rebirth of ancestors among the, iii. 369; sacred prostitution among the, v. 65 sq.; worship pythons, v. 83 n. 1; their conception of the rain-god as a horseman, viii. 45; their belief in demons, ix. 74 sqq.

—— negroes of Togo-land, their festival in honour of Earth, iii. 247; reincarnation of the dead among the, iii. 369; their belief in the marriage of Sky with Earth, v. 282 n. 2; their use of clay images as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 105 sq.; their worship of the Earth, viii. 115; their worship of goddess Mawu Sodza, viii. 115; their propitiation of slain leopards, wild buffaloes, etc., viii. 228 sqq.

Ewe-speaking negroes deem the heart the seat of courage and intellect, viii. 149

—— -speaking people of West Africa, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 210; eat elephant’s flesh to become strong, viii. 143

Ewes and rams, the time for coupling, ii. 328, 328 n. 4

Exaggerations of anthropological theories, i. 333

Exchange of wives at appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 n. 1; of dress between men and women in rites, vi. 259 n. 3; of dress at marriage, vi. 260 sqq.; of dress at circumcision, vi. 263

Exclusion of strangers, iii. 108 sq., vii. 94, 111

Excommunication of human scapegoat, ix. 254

Excuses offered by savages to the animals they kill, viii. 222 sqq.

Execution, peculiar modes of, for members of royal families, iii. 241 sqq.; Roman mode of, iv. 144; by stoning, ix. 24 n. 2

Executioners, their precautions against the ghosts of their victims, iii. 171 sq.; seclusion and scarification of, iii. 180 sq.; taste the blood of their victims, viii. 155

Exeter, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Exile of gods for perjury, iv. 70 n. 1

Exodus (xiii. 1 sq., 12, xxii. 29 sq., xxxiv. 19), on the sanctification of the first-born, iv. 172

Exogamous clans in the Pelew Islands, vi. 204

—— classes in Duke of York Island, xi. 248 n.

Exogamy, ii. 271, iv. 130

Exorcising harmful influence of strangers, iii. 102 sqq.

Exorcism of demons of sickness, iii. 105 sq.; of ghosts after a funeral, iii. 106 sq.; of demons by devil dancers, iv. 216; by means of music, v. 54 sq.; of devils in Morocco, ix. 63; of demons in China, ix. 99; annual, of the evil spirit in Japan, ix. 143 sq.; of spirits at sowing the seed, ix. 235; Nicobarese ceremony of, ix. 262; of evil spirits at a funeral ceremony, x. 5; and ordeals, x. 66; at Easter, x. 123; of vermin with torches, x. 340; use of St. John’s wort in, xi. 55; use of mugwort in, xi. 60; by vervain, xi. 62 n. 4. See also Demons and Expulsion

Exorcists, ix. 2 sq., 33

Expiation by means of blood for sexual crimes, ii. 107 sqq.; for adultery or fornication, ii. 109 sq.; for incest, ii. 110 sq., 115, 116, 129; for violating the sanctity of a grove, ii. 122; for hearing thunder, iii. 14; for contact with a sacred chief, iii. 133 sq.; for miscarriage in childbed, iii. 153 sqq.; for bringing an iron tool into the grove of the Arval Brothers, iii. 226; for killing sacred animals, iv. 216 sq.; for suicide by hanging, iv. 282; for homicide, v. 299 n. 2; Roman, for prodigies, vi. 244; for the defilement of the Eleusinian plain, vii. 74; for agricultural operations, vii. 228; for sin, ix. 39. See also Atonement and Purification

Expiatory sacrifices, Greek ritual of, viii. 27

Expulsion of evils, ix. 109 sqq.; the direct or immediate and the indirect or mediate, ix. 109, 224; occasional, ix. 109 sqq., 185 sqq.; periodic, ix. 123 sqq., 198 sqq.; annual, of demons and witches in Europe, ix. 155 sqq., x. 135; of Trows in Shetland, ix. 168 sq.; of embodied evils, ix. 170 sqq.; of evils in a material vehicle, ix. 185 sqq.; of evils timed to coincide with some well-marked change of season, ix. 224 sq.; of devils timed to coincide with seasons of agricultural year, ix. 225; of hunger at Chaeronea, ix. 252; of winter, ceremony of the, ix. 404 sq.

External soul in afterbirth or navel-string, i. 200 sq.; in folk-tales, xi. 95 sqq.; in folk-custom, xi. 153 sqq.; in inanimate things, xi. 153 sqq.; in plants, xi. 159 sqq.; in animals, xi. 196 sqq.; kept in totem, xi. 220 sqq. See also Souls, external

Extinction of fires on chief’s death, ii. 217; in village or parish before the making of “living fire” or need-fire, ii. 237, 238; at king’s death, ii. 261 sqq., 267; in houses after any death, ii. 267 sq.; annual, of the sacred fire at Rome, ii. 267; of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, x. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 sq., 291, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.; of fires after tree has been kindled by lightning, xi. 297 sq.

Extinguishing fire, power of, ascribed to priests, i. 231, and to chaste women, ii. 240 n. 2

Eye as a symbol of Osiris, vi. 121; of sacrificial ox cut out, vi. 251 sq. See also Eyes

——, the Evil, precautions against the, at meals, iii. 116 sq.; boys dressed as girls to avert the, vi. 260; bride-groom disfigured in order to avert, vi. 261; cast on cattle, x. 302, 303; oleander a remedy for sickness caused by, xi. 51. See also Evil Eye

Eye of Horus, vi. 17, 121, with n. 3

Eyelashes offered to the sun, i. 318

Eyeo, kings of, put to death, iv. 40 sq.

Eyeos, the, not allowed to behold the sea, iii. 9

Eyes smeared with eagle’s gall to make them sharp-sighted, i. 154; shut at prayer, viii. 81; of owl eaten to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 sq.; of men eaten, viii. 153; of falcon used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164; of slaughtered animals cut out, viii. 267 sqq., 271; of dead enemies gouged out, viii. 271 sq.; looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire thought to be good for the, x. 162, 163, 165 sq., 171, 174 sq., 344; ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, x. 214 sq.; sore, attributed to witchcraft, x. 344; mugwort a protection against sore, xi. 59; of newly initiated lads closed, xi. 241

—— of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, vi. 15

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, x. 77

Ezekiel (viii. 10-12), on idolatrous practices of the Israelites, i. 87 n. 1; (xxxii. 18-32), H. Gunkel’s interpretation of, i. 101 n. 2; (xiii. 17 sqq.), the hunting of souls in, iii. 77 n. 1; (xvi. 20 sq., xx. 25, 26, 31), on the burnt sacrifice of children, iv. 169 n. 3; (xx. 25, 26, 31), on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 171 sq.; (viii. 14), on the mourning for Tammuz, v. 11, 17, 20; (xxiii. 5 sq., 12), on the Assyrian cavalry, v. 25 n. 3; (xxviii. 14, 16), on the king of Tyre, v. 114

E-zida, the temple of Nabu in Borsippa, iv. 110

Face of sleeper not to be painted or disfigured, lest his absent soul should not recognize his body, iii. 41; of human scapegoat painted half white half black, ix. 220

Faces veiled to avert evil influences, iii. 120 sqq.; of warriors blackened, iii. 163; of manslayers blackened, iii. 169; of bear-hunters blackened, vii. 291, 299; blackened, vii. 302, viii. 321, 332, ix. 247, 314, 330; of bear-hunters painted red and black, viii. 226; of priests at exorcism reddened with paint and blood, ix. 189

Faditras among the Malagasy, ix. 33 sq.

Fàdy, taboo, iii. 327, viii. 46

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, x. 303

Fafnir, the dragon, slain by Sigurd, iii. 324, viii. 146

Failles, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, x. 158. See also Fairs

Fairies thought to be in eddies of wind, i. 329; averse to iron, iii. 229, 232 sq.; let loose at Hallowe’en, x. 224 sqq.; carry off men’s wives, x. 227; at Hallowe’en, dancing with the, x. 227; thought to kill cattle by their darts, x. 303; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, xi. 184 n. 4, 185

Fairs of ancient Ireland, iv. 99 sqq.

Fairy Banner, Macleod’s, i. 368

—— changelings, x. 151 n.; mistletoe a protection against, xi. 283

Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, ix. 89

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, xi. 283

Falcon’s eyes used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164

Falerii, Juno at, ii. 190 n. 2

Faleshas, a Jewish sect of Abyssinia, remove the vein from the thighs of slaughtered animals, viii. 266 n. 1

Falkenauer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, xi. 189

Fallacy of magic not easily detected, i. 242 sq.; gradually detected, i. 372

Falling sickness transferred to fowl, ix. 52 sq.; nails used in cure for, ix. 68, 330; mistletoe a remedy for, xi. 83, 84. See also Epilepsy

—— star as totem, iv. 61

—— stars, superstitions as to, iv. 58 sqq.; associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 sqq.

Fallow, thrice-ploughed, vii. 66, 69; lands allowed to lie, vii. 117, 123

False Bride, custom of the, vi. 262 n. 2

—— graves and corpses to deceive demons, viii. 98 sqq.

Falstaff, the death of, i. 168

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, x. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, xi. 196 sq.

Families, royal, kings chosen from several, ii. 292 sqq.

Famine attributed to the anger of ghosts, iv. 103

Fan country, West Africa, custom of throwing branches on heaps in the, ix. 30 n. 2

—— negro, his belief as to the effect of seeing women’s blood, iii. 251

Fan tribe of West Africa, chiefs as medicine-men in the, i. 349. See also Fans

Fangola, a potent idol in Nias, viii. 102, 103

Fanning away ill luck, vii. 10

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, xi. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, xi. 200 sqq., 226 n. 1; guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, xi. 257

—— of West Africa, esteem the smith’s craft sacred, i. 349; their rule as to eating tortoises, viii. 140; their custom of adding to heaps of leafy branches, ix. 30 n. 2; custom at end of mourning among the, xi. 18

Fans in homoeopathic magic, i. 130 sq.

Fantee country, succession of slaves to the kingship in the, ii. 275

Faosa, a Malagasy month, vii. 9

Farghana, rain-producing well in, i. 301

Farinaceous deities, viii. 169

Farmer, calendar of the Egyptian, vi. 30 sqq.; saturnine temperament of the, vi. 218

Farmer’s wife, ceremony performed by her to promote the rice-crop, ii. 104; pretence of threshing, vii. 149 sq.

Farmers, propitiation of vermin by, viii. 274 sqq.

Farnell, Dr. L. R., on Artemis as the patroness of childbirth, i. 36 sq.; on Plautus, Casina (ii. 5, 23-29), ii. 379 n. 5; on Greek religious music, v. 55 ns. 1 and 3; on religious prostitution in Western Asia, v. 57 n. 1, 58 n. 2; on the position of women in ancient religion, vi. 212 n. 1; on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 227; on the children of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 sq.; on the festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, vi. 242 n.; on eunuch priests of Cybele, vi. 258 n. 1; on Thracian origin of Dionysus, vii. 3 n. 1; on the biennial period of certain Greek festivals, vii. 15 n.; on the resemblance of the artistic types of Demeter and Persephone, vii. 68 n. 1; on Pan, viii. 2 n. 9

Farwardajan, a Persian festival of the dead, vi. 68

Fashoda, the capital of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18, 19, 21, 24

Faslane, on the Gareloch, Dumbartonshire, last standing corn called the Head or Maidenhead at, vii. 158, 268

Fast from bread in mourning for Attis, v. 272; in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38; before eating new fruits, viii. 73 sq., 76 sq.; before the festival of the Mexican goddess of Maize, ix. 291 sq.; from flesh, eggs, and grease at sowing, ix. 347 n. 4; at puberty, xi. 222 n. 5 See also Fasts and Fasting

“Fast of Esther” before Purim, ix. 397 sq.

Fasting obligatory on woman during absence of her husband at whale-fishery, i. 121; as a means of ensuring success in hunting, i. 121, 124; obligatory on women during the absence of warriors, i. 131; obligatory on all people left in camp during absence of warriors, iii. 157 n. 2; rigorous, of warriors before going to war, iii. 161; of warriors as a preparation for attacking the enemy, iii. 162; of executioner after discharging his office, iii. 180; of warriors after killing enemies, iii. 182, 183; of eagle-hunters before trapping eagles, iii. 199; of Catholics before partaking of the Eucharist, viii. 83; of men and women at a dancing festival, x. 8 sqq.; of girls at puberty, x. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66; of women at menstruation, x. 93, 94; as preparation for gathering magical plants, xi. 45, 55 n. 1, 58

—— and continence observed by parents of twins, i. 266; by Blackfoot priest, iii. 159 n.; as preparation for office among the Peruvian Indians, iii. 159 n.; of Indian warriors as preparation for war, iii. 163; of whalers before whaling, iii. 191; of hunters before hunting, iii. 198; before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15

Fastnachtsbär, viii. 325

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, x. 19; rules observed by Indians of Costa Rica during, x. 20

—— observed by the worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280; of Isis and Cybele, v. 302 n. 4 See also Fast and Fasting

Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, viii. 162 sq., 164, 165; of emu not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13; of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, x. 14

Fate of the king’s life annually determined at a festival, ix. 356, 357

Father, reborn in his son, iv. 188 sqq., 287 (288 in Second Impression); funeral rites performed for a, in the fifth month of his wife’s pregnancy, iv. 189; named after his son, v. 51 n. 4; of a god, v. 51, 52; dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 184 sq.; the head of the family under a system of mother-kin, vi. 211

—— and child, supposed danger of resemblance between, iii. 88 sq., iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression)

—— of Heaven, title of the Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367

—— and mother, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 337, 341; names for, v. 281; as epithets of Roman gods and goddesses, vi. 233 sqq.

——, Mother, and Son divinities represented at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140 sqq.

Father-deity of the Hittites, the god of the thundering sky, v. 134 sqq.

—— God succeeded by his divine son, iv. 5; his emblem the bull, v. 164; Attis as the, v. 281 sqq.; often less important than Mother Goddess, v. 282

—— -in-law, his name not to be pronounced by his daughter-in-law, iii. 335 sqq., 343, 345, 346; by his son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344

—— Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 sqq.

—— -kin at Rome, v. 41

—— May, leaf-clad mummer, ii. 75, 79

—— Sky fertilizes Mother Earth, v. 282

Fatherhood of God, the physical, v. 80 sq.

Fathers named after their children, iii. 331 sqq., 339

Fatigue transferred to leaves, stones, or sticks, ix. 8 sqq.; let out with blood, ix. 12

—— of the Horse, vii. 294. See also Weariness

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, xi. 259

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

Fauna, rustic Roman goddess, her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

Fauns, rustic Italian gods, in relation to goats, viii. 1 sqq.

Faunus, old Roman god, consultation of, iii. 314; his relationship to Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234

Fawckner, Captain James, on the annual expulsion of demons in Benin, ix. 131 sq.

Fazoql or Fazolglou, on the Blue Nile, kings of, put to death, iv. 16

Fear as a source of religion, ix. 93; the source of the worship of the dead, ix. 98

—— of having a likeness taken, iii. 96 sqq.; of spirits, taboo on common words based on a, iii. 416 sqq.; of death entertained by the European races, iv. 135 sq., 146; of the dead one of the most powerful factors in religious evolution, viii. 36 sq.

Feast. See also Festival

—— of All Saints on November 1st, perhaps substituted for an old pagan festival of the dead, vi. 82 sq.; instituted by Lewis the Pious, vi. 83

—— of All Souls, vi. 51 sqq., x. 223 sq., 225 n. 3; the Christian, originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81

—— of Fire at winter solstice, iv. 215

—— of Florus and Laurus on August 18th, x. 220

—— of the Golden Flower at Sardes, v. 187

——, the Great, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, vi. 65, ix. 151 sq.

—— of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 220 sq.

—— of Yams, iii. 123

Feathers worn by manslayers, iii. 180; red, of a parrot worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 n. 1; of cock mixed with seed-corn, vii. 278; of wren, virtue attributed to, viii. 319

February, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 148

—— the 1st, St. Bride’s Day, ii. 94 sq.

—— the 2nd, Candlemas, ii. 94 n. 2

—— the 22nd, St. Peter’s Day, vii. 300

—— the 24th, the Flight of the King of the Sacred Rites on, ii. 308 sq.

—— and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, ix. 346

Fechenots, fechenottes, Valentines, x. 110

“Feeding the dead,” iv. 102; in Ceram, viii. 123

Feet, homoeopathic charm to strengthen the, i. 151; washed, ceremony at reception of strangers, iii. 108; not to wet the, iii. 159; bare in certain magical and religious ceremonies, iii. 310 sq. See also Foot

—— of enemies eaten, viii. 151

—— first, children born, superstition as to, i. 266; custom observed at their graves, v. 93; sticks or grass piled on their graves, ix. 18; curative power attributed to children so born, x. 295

Fehrle, E., as to the chastity of the Vestals, ii. 199 n. 5

Feilenhof, in East Prussia, wolf as corn-spirit at, vii. 272

Felkin, Dr. R. W., on the sacrament of a lamb among the Madi or Moru of Central Africa, viii. 314 sq.

——, Dr. R. W., and C. T. Wilson, on the worship of the dead kings of Uganda, vi. 173 n. 2

Fellows, Ch., on flowers in Caria, v. 187 n. 6

Feloupes of Senegambia, curse their fetishes in drought, i. 297

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 sqq.; in Africa, ii. 274 sqq.; in Greece, ii. 277 sq.; in Scandinavia, ii. 279 sq.; in Lydia, ii. 281 sq.; among Danes and Saxons, ii. 282 sq.

Female kinship or mother-kin defined, ii. 271; rule of descent of the throne under, ii. 271, vi. 18; indifference to paternity of kings under, ii. 274 sqq.; at Athens, ii. 277; indifference to paternity in general under, ii. 282; among the Aryans, ii. 283 sqq. See also Mother-kin

—— slaves, licence accorded to them on the Nonae Caprotinae, ii. 313 sq.

Femgericht in Westphalia, ii. 321

Feminine weakness, infection of, dreaded by savages, iii. 164 sq., 202 sq.

Fen-hall, Frigga weeping in, x. 102

Feng, king of Denmark, married the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

Fenua, placenta, among the Maoris, i. 182

Ferghana, a province of Turkestan, combats between champions at the New Year in, ix. 184

Feriae Latinae, iv. 283

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, dancing with the fairies in, x. 227

Fern growing on a tree, in a popular remedy, x. 17; the male (Aspidium filix mas), a protection against witchcraft, xi. 66; blooms on Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, and St. John’s Day, xi. 66; the root detects and foils sorcerers, xi. 66 sq.

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women in Victoria, xi. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, xi. 65 sqq.; blooms on Midsummer Eve, xi. 287; reveals treasures in the earth, xi. 287 sqq.; blooms on Christmas Night, xi. 288 sq.; brought by Satan on Christmas Night, xi. 289; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, xi. 290 sq.; procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, xi. 291; blooms at Easter, xi. 292 n. 2

Fernando Po, taboos observed by kings of, iii. 8 sq., 115, 123, 291; the cobra-capella worshipped in, viii. 174

Feronia, Italian goddess, her sanctuary at Soracte, iv. 186 n. 4, xi. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, xi. 66 n.

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Ferret, in homoeopathic magic, i. 150

Fertilization of women by a rattle, i. 347; of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316; of women by the wild banana-tree, ii. 318; of women by mummers, ix. 249; of barren women by striking them with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264; of mango trees, ceremony for the, x. 10; of fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170. See also Conception, Impregnation

Fertilization, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 sq., ix. 272 sq.; of fig-trees, ii. 314 sq., vi. 98, ix. 257, 258, 259, 272 sq.

Fertilizing influence of the corn-spirit, vii. 168

—— power ascribed to the effigy of Death, iv. 250 sq.

—— virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 sqq., 316 sqq.; attributed to sticks which have separated pairing dogs, ix. 264

Fertility, Artemis the embodiment of, i. 35; Asiatic goddesses of, i. 37; the coco-nut regarded as an emblem of, ii. 51; Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 sqq.; the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, ii. 368 sqq.; goddess of, served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.; Osiris as god of, vi. 112 sq.; supposed to be procured through masked dances, ix. 382

—— of the ground, thought to be promoted by prostitution, v. 39; promoted by marriage of women to serpent, v. 67; ceremonies to ensure the, viii. 332 sqq.; magical ceremony to promote the, ix. 177; processions with lighted torches to ensure the, x. 233 sq.; supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, xi. 32, 33, 42 sq.

—— of women, magical images designed to ensure the, i. 70 sqq.; magical ceremonies to ensure the, x. 23 sq., 31

Ferula communis, L., giant fennel, its stalks used to carry fire, ii. 260, 260 n. 1

Festival. See also Feast

—— of All Souls, iv. 98

—— of the Assumption of the Virgin, August 15th, i. 14, 16

—— of “the awakening of Hercules” at Tyre, v. 111

—— of bladders among the Esquimaux, viii. 247 sqq.

—— of the cold food in China, shifted in the calendar, x. 137

—— of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, vii. 63

—— of the Cross on 1st August, x. 220

—— of the Crowning at Delphi, iv. 78 sq., vi. 241

—— of the Dead, x. 223 sq., 225 sq.; among the Hurons, iii. 367; among the Esquimaux, iii. 371; in Java, v. 220. See also Dead

—— of Departed Spirits in Sarawak, ix. 154

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, ix. 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, ix. 296 sqq.

—— of Flowers (Anthesteria), v. 234 sq.

—— of Fools in France, ix. 334 sqq.; in German, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 n. 1

—— of the Innocents, ix. 336 sqq.

—— of Joy (Hilaria) in the rites of Attis, v. 273

—— of lamps, Hindoo, ix. 145

—— of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 78 sq., 88 sq.

—— of Mascal or the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 sq.

—— of the Matronalia, ix. 346

—— of New Fire, vii. 135

—— before Ploughing (Proerosia), at Eleusis, vii. 51 sqq., 60, 108

—— of the Sacaea, at Babylon, iv. 113 sqq., ix. 354 sqq.

—— of Sais, vi. 49 sqq.

—— of the Saturnalia, ix. 306 sqq.

—— of the Threshing-floor (Haloa) at Eleusis, vii. 60 sqq., 75; obscenities in the, vii. 62

—— of the winter solstice, vii. 90

Festivals explained by myths, ii. 142 sq.; of the Egyptian farmer, vi 32 sqq.; of Osiris, the official, vi. 49 sqq.; Egyptian readjustment of, vi. 91 sqq.; of new yams, vii. 58 sqq.; the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, ix. 328; ancient Greek resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350 sqq.; popular, primitive character of, ix. 404; of fire in Europe, xi. 106 sqq.

Festus, on a proposed etymology of Rome and Romulus, 11. 318 n. 3; on “the Sacred Spring,” iv. 186; on the Roman custom of knocking a nail into a wall, ix. 67 ns. 1 and 2

“Fetching the Wild Man out of the Wood,” a Whitsuntide custom, iv. 208 sq.

Fête des Fous in France, ix. 334 sqq.

—— des Rois, Twelfth Day, ix. 329

Fetish of taboo rajah in Timor, iii. 24; the great, in West Africa, xi. 256

Fetish kings in West Africa, iii. 22 sqq.

Fetishes cursed in drought, i. 297

Fetishism early in human history, vi. 43

Feuillet, Madame Octave, on the burning of Shrove Tuesday at Saint-Lô, iv. 228 sq.

Fever cured by knotted thread, iii. 304; euphemism for, iii. 400; typhoid, transferred to tortoise, ix. 31; transferred to bald-headed widow, ix. 38; Roman cure for, ix. 47; transferred to a person by a scrap of paper or a twig, ix. 49; transferred to a dog, cat, or snipe, ix. 51; transferred to a pillar, ix. 53; transferred to a tree or bush, ix. 55 sq., 56, 57, 58, 59; nailed into a wall, ix. 63; driven away by firing-guns, etc., ix. 121; leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, x. 166, 173, 194; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 190; need-fire kindled to prevent, x. 297; cure for, in India, by walking through a narrow passage, xi. 190

Fewkes, J. Walter, on the observation of the Pleiades among the Pueblo Indians, vii. 312

Fey, devoted, x. 231

Fez, annual temporary sultan in, iv. 152 sq.; orgiastic rites at, vii. 21; talisman against scorpions at, viii. 281; Midsummer custom of throwing water on people at, x. 216, xi. 31

Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, viii. 98 sqq.

Fictores Vestalium, fictores Pontificum, ii. 204

Ficus Indica (the bar tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— religiosa (the pipal tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— Ruminalis, the fig-tree under which Romulus and Remus were suckled, ii. 318

—— sycomorus, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Fida. See Whydah

“Field of the giants,” called so from great fossil bones, v. 158

“—— of God,” viii. 14, 15

—— of Mars at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

“—— of secret tillage,” viii. 57

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, x. 114, 115; and moles driven away by torches, xi. 340

“—— speech,” a special jargon employed by reapers, iii. 410 sq., 411 sq.

Fielding, H., on the Buddhist Lent, ix. 349 sq.

Fields, miniature, dedicated to spirits, vii. 233 sq.; cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, x. 79; protected against insects by menstruous women, x. 98 n. 1; processions with torches through, x. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.; protected against witches, x. 121; made fruitful by bonfires, x. 140; fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170; fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, x. 191, 340 sq.; protected against hail by bonfires, x. 344

Fiends burnt in fire, ix. 320

Fierte or shrine of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 167, 168, 170 n. 1

Fife, custom of “dumping” at harvest in, vii. 227

Fifeshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 162

Fifty-two years, Aztec cycle of, vii. 310 sq.

Fig, as an article of diet, ii. 315 sq.; artificial fertilization of the, at Rome in July, vi. 98; Dionysus perhaps associated with the artificial fertilization of the, vi. 259; the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, ix. 255. See also Figs and Fig-tree

Fig Dionysus at Lacedaemon, vii. 4

—— -god perhaps personified by Roman kings, ii. 319, 322

—— -leaves, aprons of, worn by Adam and Eve, ix. 259 n. 3

—— -tree of Romulus (Ficus Ruminalis), ii. 10, 318

—— -tree, sacred, ii. 44, 99, 249, 250, ix. 61; artificial fertilization (caprification) of the, ii. 314 sq., ix. 257 sqq., 272 sq.

—— -tree, the wild, its milky juice sacrificed to Juno Caprotina, ii. 313; a male, ii. 314 sq.; supposed to fertilize women, ii. 316 sq.; haunted by spirits of the dead, ii. 317; sacred all over Africa and India, ii. 317 n. 1

—— -trees worshipped by the Akikuyu, ii. 44; associated with Dionysus, vii. 4; wild, held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113; personated by human victims, ix. 257; charm to benefit, x. 18; sacred among the Fans, xi. 161

Fighting the wind, i. 327 sqq.; the king, right of, iv. 22

Fights, sanguinary, as a ceremony to procure rain, i. 258; annual, at the New Year, old intention of, ix. 184; between men and women about their sex totems, xi. 215, 217

Figo, bonfire on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111

Figs, soul-compelling virtue of, iii. 46; black and white, worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272; crowns of, worn at sacrifice to Saturn (Cronus), ix. 253 n. 3; eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255. See also Fig

Fiji, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 184; catching the sun in, i. 316; temporary inspiration of priests in, i. 378; special vocabularies employed with reference to divine chiefs in, i. 402 n.; War King and Sacred King in, iii. 21; catching away souls in, iii. 69; superstitions connected with eating in, iii. 117; tabooed persons not to handle food in, iii. 134 n. 1; taboo for handling dead chiefs in, iii. 141; manslayers tabooed in, iii. 178 sq.; custom at cutting a chief’s hair in, iii. 264; shorn hair hid in thatch of house in, iii. 277; voluntary deaths in, iv.11 sq.; custom of grave-diggers in, iv. 156 n. 2; abdication of father when his son is grown up in, iv. 191; circumcision practised in, iv. 220; chiefs buried secretly in, vi. 105; sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 125; leaves piled on spots where men were clubbed to death in, ix. 15; annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, ix. 141 sq.; brides tattooed in, x. 34 n. 1; the fire-walk in, xi. 10 sq.; birth-trees in, xi. 163; the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in, xi. 243 sqq.

Fijian belief as to a whirlwind, i. 331 n. 2

—— chiefs claim divinity, i. 389; supposed effect of using their dishes or clothes, iii. 131

—— custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 n. 1

—— god of fruit-trees, v. 90

—— Lent, v. 90

Fijians, gods of the, i. 389; their conception of the soul, iii. 29 sq., 92; their notion of absence of the soul in dreams, iii. 39 sq.; their custom of frightening away ghosts, iii. 170; their theory of earthquakes, v. 201

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, x. 256

Financial oppression, Roman, v. 301 n. 2

Finchra, mountain in Rum, xi. 284

Fingan Eve (St. Thomas’s Day) in the Isle of Man, x. 266

Finger bitten off as sacrifice, iii. 166 n. 2

Finger-joints, custom of sacrificing, iv. 219; mock sacrifice of, iv. 219

—— -rings as amulets, iii. 315

Fingers cut off as a sacrifice, iii. 161

Finistère, effigy of Carnival at Pontaven in, iv. 230; the harvest Wolf in, vii. 275; bonfires on St. John’s Day in, x. 183

Finland, sacred groves and trees in, ii. 11; cattle protected by the woodland spirits in, ii. 124; Midsummer fires in, x. 180 sq.; fir-tree as life-index in, xi. 165 sq.

—— Gulf of, i. 325

Finlay, George, on Roman financial oppression, v. 301 n. 2

Finnisch-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, ii. 10 sq.

Finnish hunters do not call animals by their proper names, iii. 398

Finnish witches and wizards thought to cause winds, i. 325 sq.

Finns, feared as sorcerers, iii. 281; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 223 sq.

Finow, a Tongan chief, iii. 140

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, Kolem on, i. 338; the Papuans of, iii. 329; the Kai tribe inland from, vii. 99, viii. 296, xi. 239

Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, ix. 270, 271

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, x. 249

Fir-branches, prayers of girl at puberty to, x. 51; at Midsummer, x. 177; Midsummer mummers clad in, xi. 25 sq.

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John’s Day, xi. 64

—— -tree as life-index, xi. 165 sq.

—— -trees set up at Midsummer, ii. 65; gout transferred to, ix. 56; mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 278, 282

Firdusi’s Epic of Kings, x. 104

Fire in the worship of Diana, i. 12 sq.; power of extinguishing, ascribed to priests, i. 231, and to chaste women, ii. 240 n. 2; used to stop rain, i. 252 sq.; used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 303 sq.; as a charm to rekindle the sun, i. 311, 313; the King of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq.; birth from the, ii. 195 sqq.; the king’s, ii. 195 sqq.; impregnation of women by, ii. 195 sqq., 230 sqq., 234, vi. 235; kindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 237 sq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372, viii. 127, 136, 314, x. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., xi. 8, 90, 295; taken from sacred hearth to found a new village, ii. 216; custom of extinguishing fire and rekindling it by the friction of wood, ii. 217, 237; kindled from ancestral tree, ii. 221, 233 sq.; on the hearth, souls of ancestors in the, ii. 232; reasons for attributing a procreative virtue to, ii. 233 sq.; made jointly by man and woman or boy and girl, ii. 235 sqq.; need-fire made by married men, ii. 238; not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241, iii. 136, viii. 254, x. 133; tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, ii. 253 sqq.; people reported to be ignorant of the use of, ii. 254 n. 1; discovery of, by mankind, ii. 255 sqq.; kindled by natural causes, ii. 256; kindled by lightning, beliefs and customs concerning, ii. 256 n. 1, 263, xi. 297 sq.; art of making fire by friction, how discovered, ii. 256 sq.; carried about by savages, ii. 257 sqq.; kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, ii. 260 sqq.; extinguished on the death of the king, ii. 261 sqq.; carried before king or chief, ii. 263 sq.; a symbol of life, ii. 265; leaping over a, ii. 327, 329; sheep driven over, as a purification, ii. 327; rule as to removing fire from priest’s house, iii. 13; purification by, iii. 108, 109, 111, 114, 168, 197, v. 115 n. 1, 179 sqq., xi. 19; tabooed, iii. 178, 182, 256 sq.; not to be blown upon by sacred chiefs, iii. 256; of a kiln called by a special name in the Outer Hebrides, iii. 395; not to be called by its proper name, iii. 411; voluntary death by, iv. 42 sqq.; Persian reverence for, v. 174 sq.; death in the, as an apotheosis, v. 179 sq.; not given out, vii. 249; leaping through, as a form of purification, viii. 249; girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, x. 29, 45, 46; menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, x. 84, 85; extinguished at menstruation, x. 87; in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, x. 112 sq.; made by flints or by flint and steel, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159; made by a burning-glass, x. 121, 127; made by a metal mirror, x. 132, 137, 138 n. 5; year called a fire, x. 137; thought to grow weak with age, x. 137; pretence of throwing a man into, x. 148, 186, xi. 25; carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, x. 151 n.; used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, x. 170; as a protection against evil spirits, x. 282, 285 sq.; made by means of a wheel, x. 335 sq., xi. 91; as a destructive and purificatory agent, x. 341; used as a charm to produce sunshine, x. 341 sq.; employed as a barrier against ghosts, xi. 17 sqq.; used to burn or ban witches, xi. 19 sq.; extinguished by mistletoe, xi. 78, 84 sq., 293; of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 n. 4; life of man bound up with a, xi. 157; conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, xi. 295; primitive ideas as to the origin of, xi. 295 sq. See also Bonfires, Extinction, Fires, Need-fire, and New Fire

Fire, Feast of, at winter solstice, among the Indians of Arizona, iv. 215

Fire, the god of, among the Huichol Indians, i. 124, viii. 93

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, x. 334, 335

——, holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241

—— and lightning averted from houses by crossbills, i. 82

——, “living,” made by friction of wood, ii. 237, x. 220; a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

——, Mexican god of, ix. 300; human sacrifices to, ix. 300 sqq.

——, “new,” sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 sq., x. 138; made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290; at taking possession of new house, ii. 237 sq.; made at Midsummer in Peru, ii. 243, x. 132; made at beginning of king’s reign, ii. 262, 267; made by friction of wood, iii. 286, viii. 65, 74, 78; at eating new fruits, among the Caffres, viii. 65; among the Indians of Alabama, viii. 72 n. 2; among the Creek Indians, viii. 74; among the Yuchi Indians, viii. 75; among the Natchez Indians, viii. 77, 135 sqq.; at New Year, ix. 209, x. 134, 135, 138; Chinese festival of the, ix. 359, x. 136 sq.; kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 sqq.; at Candlemas, x. 131; festivals of, x. 131 sqq.; among the Peruvians, x. 132; among the Mexicans, x. 132; among the Zuñi Indians, x. 132 sq.; among the Iroquois, x. 133 sq.; among the Esquimaux, x. 134; in Wadai, x. 134; in the Egyptian Sudan, x. 134; among the Swahili, x. 135; in Benametapa, x. 135; among some tribes of British Central Africa, x. 135 sq.; among the Todas, x. 136; among the Nagas, x. 136; at Karma in Burma, x. 136; in Japan, x. 137 sq.; in Lemnos, x. 138; at Rome, x. 138; among the Celts of Ireland, x. 139; near Moscow, x. 139; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, x. 264

——, perpetual, of oak wood at Novgorod, ii. 365; in front of holy oak in Prussia, iv. 42; in Zoroastrian religion, v. 191; worshipped, v. 191 sqq.; in Cappadocia, v. 191; at Jualamukhi, v. 192; at Baku, v. 192; in the temples of dead king, vi. 174; of oak-bark, viii. 135; of oak-wood, xi. 285 sq.

——, sacred, annually extinguished at Rome and rekindled by friction of wood, ii. 186 n. 1, 267; in charge of a married pair, ii. 235; new, made by friction of wood at intervals of fifty-two years, vii. 311; new, made by striking stones together, viii. 75; kindled by friction of wood, viii. 127, 314, ix. 391 n. 4; in the sweating-house among the Karok Indians, viii. 255; of king of Uganda, ix. 195

Fire of St. Lawrence, viii. 318

—— of Vesta at Rome fed with oak-wood, ii. 186

——, Vestal, at Alba, i. 13; at Rome, rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207

—— and Water, Kings of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq., iv. 14; kingships of, iii. 17

Fire-bearer, the, at Delphi, i. 33; of Spartan king, ii. 264

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 sq.

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 sqq.; compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 sqq.

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 sqq., 248 sqq., 258 sq., 263; the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual intercourse, ii. 208 sqq., 218, 233, 235 sq., 239, 249 sq.; of the Herero, ii. 217 sq.; used to kindle need-fire, x. 292

—— -festivals of Europe, x. 106 sqq.; interpretation of the, x. 328 sqq., xi. 15 sqq.; at the solstices, x. 331 sq.; solar theory of the, x. 331 sqq.; purificatory theory of the, x. 341 sqq.; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 342; the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, xi. 346; elsewhere than in Europe, xi. 1 sqq.; in India, xi. 1 sqq., 5 sqq.; in China, xi. 3 sqq.; in Japan, xi. 9 sq.; in Fiji, xi. 10 sq.; in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, xi. 11; in Africa, xi. 11 sqq.; in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, xi. 14 sq.; their relation to Druidism, xi. 33 sqq., 45

—— -god, married to a human virgin, ii. 195 sqq.; the Indian (Agni), ii. 249, xi. 1, 296; the father of Romulus, Servius Tullius, and Caeculus, vi. 235; Armenian, x. 131 n. 3; of the Iroquois, prayers to the, x. 299 sq.

—— -priests in Roman religion, ii. 235; (Agnihotris) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 sqq.

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, ix. 141

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 sqq., 235, 238, 239, 248 sqq., ix. 391 n. 4; called “husband and wife,” viii. 65

—— -sticks, sacred, ii. 217 sqq.

Fire-walk, the, of king of Tyre, v. 114 sq.; of priestesses at Castabala, v. 168; in India, Japan, China, Fiji, etc., xi. 1 sqq.; a remedy for disease, xi. 7; the meaning of, xi. 15 sqq.

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221; in Cappadocia, India, and on the Caspian, v. 191 sq.

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, xi. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110, 114

Firefly, soul in form of, iii. 67

“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, viii. 265, 266

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33, viii. 73, 74, ix. 172; kept burning at home in absence of hunters, fishers, traders, and warriors, i. 120 sq., 125, 128 sq.; lighted to warm absent warriors by telepathy, i. 127; leaping over, to make hemp grow tall, i. 138; extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 sqq., 267; extinguished at any death, ii. 267 sq., 267 n. 4; extinguished at driving herds out to pasture for the first time in spring, ii. 341; passing between two, as a purification, iii. 114; to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), ix. 163, x. 159 sq.; to burn witches on Twelfth Night, ix. 319; to burn fiends, ix. 320; extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, x. 5; annually extinguished and relit, x. 132 sqq.; autumn, x. 220 sqq.; the need-fire, x. 269 sqq.; extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, x. 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 sq., 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 sq., 290, 291 sq., 292, 294, 297, 298 sq.; cattle driven between two fires to rid them of vampyres, x. 285; of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, x. 329, 331 sq.; explained as purificatory, x. 329 sq., 341 sqq.; the burning of human beings in the, xi. 21 sqq.; the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292; extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, xi. 297 sq. See also Fire, Bonfires, Need-fire

——, the Beltane, x. 146 sqq.; cattle driven between, x. 157

——, ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, ii. 372

——, the Easter, x. 120 sqq.

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 sqq., x. 107

——, Hallowe’en, x. 222 sq., 230 sqq.

——, the Lenten, x. 106 sqq.

——, Midsummer, x. 160 sqq.; a protection against witches, x. 180; supposed to stop rain, x. 188, 336; supposed to be a preventive of back-ache in reaping, x. 189, 344 sq.; a protection against fever, x. 190

Fires, Midwinter, x. 246 sqq.

——, perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 sq.; in Ireland, ii. 240 sqq.; in Peru and Mexico, ii. 243 sqq.; origin of, ii. 253 sqq.; associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 sqq.; of oak-wood, ii. 365, 366, 372, xi. 91; fed with pine-wood, xi. 91 n. 7

—— of St. John in France, x. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

Firing guns to repel demons, viii. 99. See Guns

Firmicus Maternus on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 86; on use of a pine-tree in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108; on the murder of Dionysus by the Titans, vii. 13; on Demeter and Persephone, vii. 40 n. 3

Firs, sacred grove of, ii. 11, 32

——, Scotch, in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 351, 352

First-born, sacrifice of the, among the Hebrews, iv. 171 sqq.; among various races, iv. 179 sqq.; among the Semites, v. 110; at Jerusalem, vi. 219 sq.

—— -born killed and eaten, iv. 179 sq.

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, x. 17

—— -born son never called by his parents by his name, iii. 337

—— -born sons make need-fire, x. 294; special magical virtue attributed to, x. 295

—— -fruits offered to Apollo at Delos, i. 32; of the chase dedicated to the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 sq.; offered to sacred pontiffs, iii. 5, 21; of the corn offered at Lammas, iv. 101 sq.; offered to the dead, iv. 102; of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283; offered to the Baalim, v. 27; offered to the Mother of the Gods, v. 280 n. 1; offered to dead chiefs, vi. 191; offered to Demeter, vii. 46 sqq.; sent to Athens, vii. 51; offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53 sqq.; offered to gods or spirits, vii. 235; offered to the sun, vii. 237; primitive reluctance to taste, viii. 6; sacrament of, viii. 48 sqq.; offered to goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 58; why savages scruple to eat the, viii. 82 sq.; sacrifice of, viii. 109 sqq.; presented to the king, viii. 109, 116, 122; offered to the spirits or souls of the dead, viii. 109 sq., 111 sqq., 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124 sqq., xi. 243

Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, iv. 172 sq.; Irish sacrifice of, iv. 183; offered to the Baalim, v. 27

Fish worshipped in Egypt, i. 30; magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90; spirits of the dead thought to lodge in, i. 105; magical images to procure, i. 108; magical stones to ensure a catch of, i. 163; in rain-charm, i. 288 sq.; thought to cause winds, i. 320 sq.; souls of dead in certain, ii. 30, v. 95 sq., viii. 285, 291, 295; not to be eaten, iii. 10; offered by fisherman to his canoe, iii. 195; descent of the Dyaks from a, iv. 126; descent of a totem clan from a, iv. 129; sacred, viii. 26; the first caught, sacrificed, viii. 132; reason for not eating, viii. 140; treated with respect by fishing tribes, viii. 249 sqq.; preachers to, viii. 250 sq.; invited to come and be caught, viii. 250 sq., 312 n.; not to be eaten by persons who have eaten bear’s flesh, viii. 251; compensated by fishermen, viii. 252; first of the season, treated ceremoniously, viii. 253 sqq.; frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, x. 77, 93; external soul in a, xi. 99 sq., 122 sq.; lives of people bound up with, xi. 200, 202, 204, 209

——, bones of, not burned, viii. 250, 251; not to be broken, viii. 255

——, golden, external soul of girl in a, xi. 147 sq.

Fish-traps, magic of, i. 109; continence observed at making, iii. 196, 202

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 77, 78, 90 sq., 93

Fishermen, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 233; names of, not mentioned, iii. 330 sq.; words tabooed by, iii. 394 sq., 396, 408 sq., 415; their superstitions as to herring, viii. 251 sq.

——, Shetland, their use of magical images, i. 69 sq.

Fishermen’s magic in the East Indies, i. 109, 113

Fishers and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 sq.; tabooed, iii. 190 sqq.

Fishing for a lost soul, iii. 38, 64

—— and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 sqq.; telepathy in, i. 120 sqq.

Fishing line, superstitious observances in connexion with, iii. 194 sq.

—— nets, taboos observed by sacred man at the making of, iii. 192

Fishtown, in Guinea, monkeys sacred at, viii. 287

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 389 n. 3, ii. 13 n. 1; on Fijian treatment of navel-string, i. 184; on Fijian way of detaining the sun, i. 316; on Fijian belief as to whirlwinds, i. 331 n. 2; on inspiration of priests in Fiji, i. 378; on the Sacred King and the War King of Fiji, iii. 21; on the Fijian conception of the soul as a mannikin, iii. 30 n. 1; on Fijian belief as to absence of soul in dreams, iii. 40 n. 1; on the Fijian conception of the soul, iii. 92 n. 3; as to chief’s dishes and clothes in Fiji, iii. 131; on Fijian custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 n. 1; on the cutting of a chief’s hair in Fiji, iii. 264; on custom of grave-diggers in Fiji, iv. 156 n. 2; on Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 n.; on secret burial of chiefs in Fiji, vi. 105; on offerings of first-fruits in Fiji, viii. 125; on Fijian religion, xi. 244 ns. 1, 2, 3, 246 n. 1

Fits and convulsions set down to demons, iii. 59

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi. 169 sq.

Five days’ reign of mock king at the Sacaea, iv. 114, ix. 355, 357; of Semiramis, ix. 369

—— days’ duration of mock king’s reign perhaps an intercalary period, ix. 407 n. 1

—— knots in magic, iii. 306

—— years, despotic power for period of, iv. 53

Flacourt, De, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Fladda, island of, stone of swearing in, i. 161; the chapel of, wind-stone in the, i. 322 sq.

Fladdahuan, one of the Hebrides, i. 322

Flaget, Mgr., on a professed incarnation of the Son of God, i. 409 n. 3

Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, vii. 149, 150, 230

—— or scourge, an emblem of Osiris, vi. 108, 153; for collecting incense, vi. 109 n. 1

Flamen, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

Flamen Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247; an embodiment of Jupiter, ii. 191 sq.; taboos observed by the, ii. 248, iii. 13 sq., 239, 248, 257, 275, 291, 293, 315 sq.; interpreted as a living image of Jupiter, iii. 13; the widowed, vi. 227 sqq.; forbidden to touch a dead body, but allowed to attend a funeral, vi. 228; bound to be married, vi. 229; forbidden to divorce his wife, vi. 229; inaugurates the vintage at Rome, viii. 133

Flamen Dialis and Flaminica, v. 45 sq., vi. 228; assisted by boy and girl of living parents, vi. 236

—— Virbialis, i. 20 n. 3

—— of Vulcan, vi. 232

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, x. 159, 165, 336

Flamingoes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235; rules observed by the, iii. 14; and her husband the Flamen Dialis, v. 45 sq., vi. 228, 236

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, x. 194; the Yule log in, x. 249; wicker giants in, xi. 35

Flannan Islands off the Lewis, iii. 392 sq.; certain words tabooed in the, iii. 393 sq.

Flathead Indians. See Salish

Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 136; charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 sq., ii. 86, 164, x. 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180; omens from the growth of, v. 244; pigs’ ribs used to make flax grow tall, vii. 300; dances to make the flax thrive, viii. 326, 328; giddiness transferred to, ix. 53; bells rung to make flax grow, ix. 247 sq.; leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, x. 119, 165, 166, 166 sq., 173, 174

Flax crop, prayers and offerings of the old Prussians for the, iv. 156; omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 165

—— -mother, near Magdeburg, vii. 133

—— -pulling, persons wrapt up in flax at, vii. 225

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11; sown in direction of flames of bonfire, x. 140, 337

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, ix. 296 sqq.

Fleabane as a cure for headache, x. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, x. 211, 212, 217

“Fleece of Zeus,” Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 n. 3

Flemish cure for ague by transferring it to a willow, ix. 56

Flesh, boiled, not to be eaten by tabooed persons, iii. 185; of men eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 sqq.

—— of human victim eaten, vii. 240, 244, 251; buried in field, vii. 248, 250

Flesh diet, restricted or forbidden, iii. 291 sqq.; homoeopathic magic of a, viii. 138 sqq.

Fleuriers, in Switzerland, May-bridegroom at, ii. 91

Flies, in homoeopathic magic, i. 152; mock burial of, by Russian girls, on the first of September, viii. 279 sq.; charms against, viii. 281; souls of dead in, viii. 290 sq.

Flight of the priestly king (Regifugium) at Rome, ii. 308 sqq., 311 n. 4, iv. 213; in religious ritual, ii. 309 n. 2; from the demons of disease, ix. 122 sq.

—— into Egypt, the, xi. 69 n.

—— of the People at Rome, ii. 319 n. 1

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, ix. 162

Flint implements supposed to be thunder-bolts, ii. 374

Flints, not iron, cuts in manslayer or lion-slayer to be made with, iii. 176; sharp, circumcision performed with, iii. 227; fire kindled by, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Flood, the great, ix. 399 n. 1; early account of, ix. 356

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, x. 261

Floquet, A., on the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 168, 169

Flora of Italy, change in the, i. 8

Florence, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 sq.; ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 126 sq.

Flores, island, treatment of the placenta in, i. 191; spiritual ruler in, iii. 24; the Manggarais of, iii. 324

Florida, American State, sacrifice of first-born male children by the Indians of, iv. 184; the Seminoles of, iv. 199, viii. 76

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, viii. 85, 126; ghosts that draw out men’s shadows in, iii. 80; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127; first-fruits of canarium nuts offered to the dead in, viii. 126; alligator-ghost in, viii. 297; cuscus-ghost in, viii. 297 sq.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, x. 220

Flower of the banana, women impregnated by the, v. 93

—— of plantain in fertility ceremony, ii. 102

“—— of Zeus,” v. 186, 187

Flower-bearers in the service of Hera, ii. 143 n. 2

Flowering plants called Mothers, vii. 130

Flowers, omens from, i. 128; divination by, on St. George’s Day, ii. 339, 345; the goddess of, ix. 278; thrown on bonfire among the Badagas, xi. 8; external souls in, xi. 117 sq. See also Crown and Garlands

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, x. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 sq., x. 183

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs asa protection against fire and lightning, x. 169, xi. 48; Midsummer festivalof, in Riga, x. 177 sq.; magical virtue attributed to flowers that have been passed across the Midsummer fires, x. 183, 184, 190; crown of fresh, suspended over Midsummer fire, x. 188; wreaths of, hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201; garlands or crowns of, placed on mouths of wells at Midsummer, xi. 28; divination by, at Midsummer, xi. 50 sq.

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, x. 171; garlands of, thrown into water on Midsummer Eve as an offering to the water-spirits, xi. 28; the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, xi. 45 sqq.; used in divination, xi. 52 sq.; used to dream upon, xi. 52, 54

Flowery Dionysus, vii. 4

Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, i. 148; skill of Marsyas on the, v. 288

Flute music, its exciting influence, v. 54

—— players dressed as women at Rome, vi. 259 n. 3

Flutes played in the laments for Tammuz, v. 9; for Adonis, v. 225 n. 3

——, sacred, played at initiation, xi. 241

Fly, soul in form of, iii. 36, 39

Fly River, in British New Guinea, xi. 232

Fly-catcher Zeus, viii. 282

Flying-fish, the first of the season offered to the dead, viii. 127

—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

“—— -rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, xi. 281; used to make a divining-rod, xi. 281 sq.

—— Spirits, the, at Lhasa, ix. 197 sq.

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, xi. 3 sqq.

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, xi. 280; the totem of a clan in India, xi. 281

Fog, charms to disperse, i. 314

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, xi. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, xi. 153 sqq.

—— -tales, of virgins sacrificed to monsters, ii. 155; tongues of wild beasts cut out in, viii. 269; reflect primitive customs and beliefs, viii. 269; the external soul in, xi. 95 sqq.

Follies of Dunkirk, xi. 34 sq.

Foo-chow, the Chinese of, their use of a winnowing-sieve in superstitious rites, vii. 6, 9

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 sqq.; eaten dry on principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 114, 144; to be eaten dry by rain-doctor when he wishes to avert rain, i. 271; remnants of, buried as a precaution against sorcery, iii. 118, 119, 127 sq., 129; magic wrought by means of refuse of, iii. 126 sqq.; taboos on leaving food over, iii. 127 sqq.; not to be touched with hands, iii. 133, 134 n. 1, 138 sqq., 146 sqq., 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 203, 265; objection to have food over head, iii. 256, 257; as a cause of conception in women, v. 96, 102, 103, 104, 105; set out for ghosts, ix. 154; girls at puberty not allowed to handle, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42

——, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13 sq.

Foods, forbidden, x. 4, 7, 19, 36 sq., 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94; to enchanters of crops, vii. 100; to meet in stomach of eater, viii. 83 sqq.

—— tabooed, on homoeopathic principles, i. 117 sqq., 135, 155, iii. 291 sqq.

Fool, the Carnival, burial of, iv. 231 sq.; one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 330

Fool-hen, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 195

Fools, festival of, in France, ix. 334 sqq.; in Germany, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 n. 1

—— in processions of maskers, ix. 243

Foot, custom of going with only one foot shod, iii. 311 sqq., viii. 11; custom of standing on one, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156; limping on one, vii. 232, 284. See also Feet

Foot-race at Olympia, iv. 287; of boys at Lhasa, ix. 221 n. 1

—— -races at Whitsuntide in Germany, ii. 69

Football, suggested origin of, ix. 184

Footprint of Buddha, iii. 275

Footprints of absent hunter not to be looked at by his sister, i. 122; contagious magic of, i. 207-212, iii. 74

Forbes, C. J. F. S., on the worship of demons in Burma, ix. 95 sq.

Forbidden thing of clan, xi. 313

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238. See Need-fire

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter at, x. 143

Fords, offerings and prayers at, ix. 27 sq.

Forefathers expected to give rain, i. 353. See also Ancestors

Forehead, skin of, regarded as the seat of perseverance, viii. 148; and eye-brow of enemy eaten, viii. 152

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270 sqq.; as kings, v. 16 n.

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 sq., 95; magical virtue attributed to, i. 95; used in rain-making, i. 256 sq.; of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, xi. 243 sq.

Forespeaking men and cattle, x. 303

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 sq.

——, demons of, abduct human souls, iii. 60 sq., 67

Forgetfulness, pretence of, by men who have partaken of human flesh, iii. 189; of the past after initiation, xi. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 sq.

Forked shape of divining-rod, xi. 67 n. 3

Forks used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 148, 168, 169, 203

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, x. 292

Formosa, demon of smallpox transferred to sow in, ix. 33

Fornication thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107

Fors, the, of Central Africa, their superstition as to nail-parings, iii. 281

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 n. 1, 272

—— Primigenia, goddess of Praeneste, daughter of Jupiter, vi. 234

Fortune of the city on coins of Tarsus, v. 164; the guardian of cities, v. 164

——, a man’s, determined by the day or hour of his birth, i. 173

Forty days, man treated as a god during, ix. 281; man personating god during, ix. 297; of Lent, possible pagan origin of the, ix. 348 sq.

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, ix. 348

Forum at Rome, temple of Vesta in the, i. 13, ii. 186, 200; sacred fig-tree of Romulus in the, ii. 10, 318; funeral processions in the, ii. 178; prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202; funeral games and gladiatorial fights in the, iv. 96

Fossil bones in limestone caves, v. 152 sq.; a source of myths about giants, v. 157 sq.

Foucart, G., on the legend of the origin of the supplementary Egyptian days, ix. 341 n. 1

Foucart, P., on the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 139 n. 1; identifies Dionysus with Osiris, vi. 113 n. 3; on the resurrection of Dionysus, vii. 32 n. 6

Foul language at festival of Demeter, vii. 58

Foulahs of Senegambia, their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214

Foulères, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 n. 1

Foulkes, Captain, on external souls among the Angass of Nigeria, xi. 210

Foundation sacrifices, iii. 89 sqq.

Founding cities, Etruscan ceremony at, iv. 157

Fountains Abbey, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Four Comely Ones, church of the, ii. 161

—— -handed Apollo, vi. 250 n. 2

—— -horse car of the sun-god, iv. 91

—— kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69, 291

—— -leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316; at Midsummer useful for magic, xi. 62 sq.

—— years, many Greek games held every, iv. 96, vii. 79 sq.

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, xi. 36 n. 2

Fowl in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; sacrificed on roof of new house, ii. 39; used in exorcism, iii. 106; in purificatory rite, iii. 177; used to divert evil spirits from pregnant woman, ix. 31. See also Fowls

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 327 n. 2, 329 n. 6, ix. 67 n. 2; on the derivation of June from Juno, ii. 190 n. 2; on the date of the Saturnalia, ii. 311 n. 4; on the death of Romulus, ii. 319 n. 1; on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 n. 3; on the celibacy of the Roman gods, vi. 230, 232 n. 1, 234 n., 236 n. 1; on Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229 n. 1; on a Midsummer custom, x. 206 n. 2; on sexta luna, xi. 77 n. 1; on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, xi. 195 n. 4; on the oak and the thunder-god, xi. 298, 299 n. 2, 300

Fowlers, words tabooed by, iii. 393, 407 sq.

Fowls, the ghosts of, dreaded by Baganda women, viii. 231 sq.; as scapegoats, ix. 31, 33, 36, 52 sq.; sacrificed, ix. 136. See also Fowl

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, x. 112, 338

Fox, intestines of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 sq.; asked to give a new tooth, i. 180; guardian spirit as a, i. 200; stuffed, vii. 287, 297, viii. 258 n. 1; corn-spirit as, vii. 296 sq.; carried from house to house in spring, vii. 297; Koryak ceremony at killing a, viii. 223, 244; Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, viii. 267; soul of dead in a, viii. 286; prayed to spare lambs, x. 152. See also Foxes

Fox Indians, iii. 163 n. 2

Fox’s skin worn by mummer on Plough Monday, viii. 330

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

—— teeth as an amulet, i. 180

—— tongue as amulet, viii. 270

Foxes not to be mentioned by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398; with burning torches tied to their tails at a festival, vii. 297 n. 5; skulls of, consulted as oracles, viii. 181; burnt in Midsummer fires, xi. 39, 41; witches turn into, xi. 41. See also Fox

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 n. 1

Foxy Dionysus, viii. 282

Fra Angelico, his influence on Catholicism, v. 54 n. 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 318

Framin in West Africa, dance of women at, i. 132

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, mistletoe on the oak at, xi. 316

France, prehistoric cave-paintings in, i. 87 n. 1; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; images of saints dipped in water in, as a rain-charm, i. 307; kings of, touch for scrofula, i. 370; May customs in, ii. 63; leaf-encased mummer in, ii. 83; the May Queen in, ii. 87; acorns eaten in, ii. 356; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to meteors in, iv. 67; “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 241 sq.; harvest customs in, v. 237; timber felled in the wane of the moon in, vi. 136; the Corn-mother in, vii. 135; the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 272, 275; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295; corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296; superstitions as to the wren in, viii. 318; hunting the wren in, viii. 320 sq.; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; cure for warts in, ix. 48; cure for toothache in, ix. 59; dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313 sqq.; divination on Christmas Day in, ix. 316 n. 1; weather forecasts for the year in, ix. 323 sq.; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329; Festival of Fools in, ix. 334 sqq.; the Boy Bishop in, ix. 336 sq.; Lenten fires in, x. 109 sqq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 181 sqq.; fires on All Saints’ Day in, x. 245 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 249 sqq.; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, xi. 45 sqq.; mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, xi. 58 sq.; fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65; judicial treatment of sorcerers in, xi. 158; birth-trees in, xi. 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 170. See also French

Franche-Comté, dances in, to make hemp grow, i. 137; girl called “the spouse” on May Day in, ii. 88 n.; effigies of Shrove Tuesday destroyed in, iv. 227; “catching or killing the cat” at harvest in, vii. 281; the goat at threshing in, vii. 286 sq.; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, ix. 316; the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, ix. 330; continence during Lent in, ix. 348 n. 1; Lenten fires in, x. 110 sq.; fires of St. John in, x. 189; the Yule log in, x. 254

Franconia (Franken), the King of the Bean in, ix. 315 n.

Franken, Bavaria, customs at threshing in, vii. 148

——, Middle, the “Carrying out of Death” in, iv. 233 sq.; fire custom at Easter in, x. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 n.

Frankenwald Mountains, ix. 160; the Walber on the 2nd of May in the, ii. 65; the Wood-woman at harvest in the, vii. 232

Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, ix. 363 sq., 394

Frankish kings, their unshorn hair, iii. 258 .sq

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, x. 47

—— River, Indians of the, their conception of the soul, iii. 27 sq.; their belief as to the shadow, iii. 80; asked pardon of the porcupines which they killed, viii. 243; their respectful treatment of the first sockeye-salmon of the season, viii. 253 sq.

Fratres Arvales, ii. 122, vi. 239, ix. 232. See Arval Brothers

Frauenkirche, the, at Munich, ix. 215

Fravashis, the souls of the dead in the Iranian religion, vi. 67 n. 2, 68

Frazer, Lady, on personal names among the Indians of Chiloe, iii. 324 n. 4; on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 337 n. 2

Free Spirit, Brethren of the, i. 408

Freiburg in Baden, St. George as the patron of horses in villages near, ii. 337

Freiburg in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, x. 119; fern and treasure on St. John’s Night in, xi. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, xi. 189

“French and English” or the “Tug-of-war” as a religious or magical rite, ix. 174 sqq.

French cure for fever by tying patient to tree, ix. 55; for whooping-cough by passing patient under an ass, xi. 192 n. 1

—— custom of crowning cattle on Mid-summer Day, ii. 127

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 229 n.

—— peasants ascribe magical powers to priests, i. 231-233; their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, ii. 240, x. 139 n.; regulate their sowing and planting by the moon, vi. 133 n. 3, 135

—— reapers, their saying at reaping the last corn, vii. 268

Fresh and green, beating people, ix. 270 sq.

Fresh meat tabooed to persons who have handled a corpse, iii. 143

Frey, the Scandinavian god of fertility, vi. 100 sq.; his human wife, ii. 143 sq.; his image and festival at Upsala, ii. 364 sq.

Freycinet, L. de, on a Hawaiian festival, iv. 118 n. 1

Frickthal, Switzerland, the Whitsuntide Lout in the, ii. 81; the Whitsuntide Basket in the, ii. 83

Friction of wood, fire kindled by, ii. 207 sqq., 235 sqq., 243, 248 sqq., 258 sq., 262, 263, 336, 366, 372, viii. 127, 136, x. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., xi. 8; new fire made by, vii. 311, viii. 74, 78; sacred fire made by, viii. 314; the most primitive mode of making fire, xi. 90, 295

Friedlingen, in Swabia, the thresher of the last corn called the Sow at, vii. 298

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, xi. 267

Friesland, harvest custom in, vii. 268

——, East, the clucking-hen at threshing in, vii. 277

Frigento, Valley of Amsanctus near, v. 204

Frigg or Frigga, the Norse goddess, and Balder, x. 101, 102

Fringes to hide the eyes of girls at puberty, iii. 146, x. 47, 48

Fritsch, G., on Zulu festival of first-fruits, viii. 68 n. 3

Frodsham, Dr., on aboriginal Australian belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 103 n. 3

Frog, slipperiness of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; worshipped, i. 294 sq.; love-charm made from the bone of a, ii. 345; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299. See also Frogs

Frog-flayer, the, in Whitsuntide pageant, ii. 86

Frogs in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; and ducks imitated in rain-making, i. 255; in relation to rain, i. 292 sqq.; worshipped by the Newars of Nepaul, i. 294 sq.; hanged or beheaded by mummers at Whitsuntide, ii. 86 sq.; maladies transferred to, ix. 50, 53

Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy of the Carnival at, iv. 22 sq.

Froth from a mill-wheel as a charm against witches, ii. 340

Fruit-bearer, epithet of Demeter, vii. 63

—— -trees, grove of, round temple of Artemis, i. 7; Diana a patroness of, i. 15 sq.; homoeopathic magic in relation to, i. 140 sq., 142, 143, 145; fertilized by fruitful women, i. 140 sq.; barren, clothed in woman’s petticoat to make them bear, i. 142; barren women thought to make fruit-trees barren, i. 142; various superstitions as to, i. 143, 145; girt with ropes of straw on Christmas Eve in Germany, ii. 17; fear to fell, ii. 19; threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20-22, x. 114; barren women fertilized by, ii. 56 sq., 344; worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure, vi. 111; Dionysus a god of, vii. 3 sq.; bound with Yule straw, vii. 301; presided over by dead chiefs, viii. 125; wrapt in straw during the Twelve Nights as a precaution against evil spirits, ix. 164; fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 317; Midsummer fires lit under, x. 215; shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, x. 248; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, x. 280; fertilized by burning torches, x. 340

Fruitful tree, use of stick cut from a, ix. 264

Fruits blessed on day of Assumption of the Virgin, i. 14 sqq.; Artemis and Diana as patronesses of, i. 15 sq.

—— and roots, wild, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, viii. 80 sqq.

Fuegian charm to make the wind drop, i. 320

Fuegians, their mode of kindling fire, ii. 258; their procedure at cutting hair, iii. 282

Fuga daemonum, St. John’s wort, xi. 55

Fukhien, fear of tree-spirits in, ii. 14

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, xi. 28

Fulgora, a Roman goddess, vi. 231

Fumigating flocks and herds at the Parilia on April 21st, ii. 229, 326, 327

Fumigation with laurel, i. 384; of flocks and herds as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 327, 330, 335, 336, 339, 343; with incense a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336; as a mode of ceremonial purification, iii. 155, 177, 424; of flocks by shepherds, viii. 42, 43; as a mode of cultivating moral virtues, viii. 166 sq.; with juniper and rue as a precaution against witches, ix. 158; of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, x. 170; of crops with smoke of bonfires, x. 201, 337; of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, x. 280; of byres with juniper, x. 296; of sheep and cattle in Africa, xi. 12, 13; of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, xi. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, xi. 191

Funeral of Drought, a rain-making ceremony, i. 274; of Kostroma, iv. 261 sqq.; of caterpillars, viii. 279; of dead snake, viii. 317; of Death, ix. 205; relations whipped at a, ix. 260 sq.

Funeral customs in Ceos, i. 105; intended to save the souls of survivors, iii. 51 sqq., xi. 18; of old Prussians and Lithuanians, iii. 238; of the Patagonians, v. 194; of the Mongols, v. 293; in Madagascar, vi. 247; in Tahiti, viii. 97; in Chamba, ix. 45; in Uganda, ix. 45 n. 2; of the Michemis, x. 5; observed by mourners in order to escape from the ghost, xi. 174 sqq.

—— games, iv. 92 sqq.

—— pyre of Roman emperor, v. 126 sq.

—— rites, certain, perhaps intended to ensure reincarnation, i. 101 sqq.; performed for a father in fifth month of his wife’s pregnancy, iv. 189; denied to those who have been hanged, iv. 282; of the Egyptians a copy of those performed over Osiris, vi. 15; of Osiris, described in inscription of Denderah, vi. 86 sqq.

Funerals, personation of the illustrious dead at Roman, ii. 178; in China, custom as to shadows at, iii. 80; exorcism of ghosts after, iii. 106 sq.; mock human sacrifices at, iv. 216; bullocks as scapegoats at, ix. 37; the tug-of-war at, ix. 174 sq. See also Burial, Burials

Furfo, temple of Jupiter Liber at, iii. 230

Furies, invocation of the, by their names, iii. 390; their snakes, v. 88 n. 1

Furnace, walking through a fiery, as a religious rite, xi. 3 sqq.

Furness, W. H., on prostitution of unmarried girls in Yap, vi. 266; on passing under an archway, xi. 179 sq., 180 n. 1

Furnivall, J. S., on the last sheaf at rice-harvest, vii. 190 sq.

Furrow drawn round village as protection against epidemic, ix. 172

Fürstenwald, athletic competition after harvest in villages near, vii. 76; the harvest Cock at, vii. 276

Furth in Bavaria, the Slaying of the Dragon at, ii. 163 sqq.

Furtwängler, A., on Diana at Nemi, i. 16 n. 2; on rain-making at Crannon, i. 309 n. 6

Futuna, island in the South Pacific, inspired king in, i. 388 sq.; boxing-matches in honour of the dead in, iv. 97

Fylgia, guardian spirit of child, i. 200

Fytche, A., on the execution of royal criminals in Burma, iii. 242

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 n. 1

Gablingen, in Swabia, the Oats-goat at reaping at, vii. 282

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, xi. 57

Gaboon, circumcision among the dwarf tribes of the, i. 95 n. 4; Mpongwe kings of the, vi. 104; negroes of the, regulate their planting by the moon, vi. 134; the Mpongwe of the, their mode of agriculture, vii. 119; birth-trees in the, xi. 160; theory of the external soul in the, xi. 200 sq.

Gabriel, the archangel, iii. 302, 303; in a Malay charm, i. 58

Gacko, need-fire at, x. 286

Gad, Semitic god of fortune, v. 164, 165

Gadabursi, a Somali tribe, milk-drinking after marriage among the, vi. 246

Gadbas, the, of the Central Provinces in India, offer the first-fruits to the cattle, viii. 118 sq.

Gades (Cadiz), worship of Hercules (Melcarth) at, v. 112 sq.; temple of Melcarth at, vi. 258 n. 5

Gage, Thomas, on naguals among the Indians of Guatemala, xi. 213

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, xi. 171

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, x. 282

Gaktei, the, of New Britain, called “rotten tree-trunks” by their foes, iii. 331

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the sacred oak grove” or “the temple of the oak,” ii. 363, xi. 89

Galatians, their worship of the oak, ii. 126; their Celtic language, ii. 126 n. 2, xi. 89 n. 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, x. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, hunter’s magic among the, i. 110; fisherman’s magic among the, i. 113; telepathy in war among the, i. 130; taboos on pregnant women among the, i. 141 n. 1; their belief in the homoeopathic magic of fruits and vegetables, i. 143, 145; homoeopathic magic of the dead among the, i. 147 sq.; their charm made from the ashes of spiders, i. 152; their superstition as to the sharpening of a knife, i. 158; their superstition as to the tide, i. 167; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 186; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208; their way of deceiving the fruit of the aren palm, ii. 22; their superstition as to felling the last tree of a wood, ii. 38; their belief that incest causes heavy rain, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, ii. 111; abduction of souls among the, iii. 60; their superstition as to a child who resembles his father, iii. 88; their superstition as to mirrors, iii. 93; their taboos as to stepping over things, iii. 423; as to human sacrifices to volcanoes, v. 220; their belief as to a bird croaking among rice in ear, vii. 296; their custom of burying the stem of a banana-tree with the dead, viii. 97; their rites of initiation, xi. 248

Galelareese charm to make a fruit-tree bear, i. 142; to strengthen teeth, i. 157

—— sailors at sea, words tabooed to, iii. 414

Galicia, the Ruthenians of, their charm to increase a cow’s milk, i. 198; witches on St. George’s Day in, ii. 335; the Wheat-mother, Rye-mother, and Pea-mother in, vii. 135; the harvest Cock in, vii. 277

Galingale, flowers of, used to strike women or girls in Mexico, ix. 288

Gall of eagle in homoeopathic magic, i. 154; of sheep in rain-making, i. 290; of ox in rain-making, i. 291; of ox, man-slayers anointed with, iii. 172, 175; of sacrificial bull drunk by king and people, viii. 68 n. 3; of enemies drunk, viii. 152

Gall-bladders, the seat of courage, viii. 145 sq.

Gall, village in Yap, bananas tabooed as food at, iii. 293 n. 2

Gallas, kings of the, i. 48; their magical use of tortoises, i. 151; their treatment of the navel-string, i. 195; inspired women among the, i. 395 sq.; sacred trees of the, ii. 34; dance round sacred trees, ii. 47; their perpetual fires, ii. 261; their king not allowed to fight, iii. 13 n. 5; sacrifice to the guardian spirits of their slain foes, iii. 166 n. 2; their worship of serpents, v. 86 n. 1; their communion with the dead through food, viii. 154; will not eat the flesh of the biceps, viii. 266 n. 1; cut out the tongues of animals, viii. 270; their mode of expelling fever, ix. 121; annual period of licence among the, ix. 226 n. 1; their story of the origin of death, ix. 304

Gallas, the Borâna, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 n. 1

Galli, the emasculated priests of Attis, v. 266, 283

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, x. 199

—— recklessness of life, iv. 143

Galloway, “cutting the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 279

Gallows Hill, witches dance on the, on Walpurgis Night, ix. 162; magical plants gathered on the, xi. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, x. 277

Galton, Sir Francis, on European fear of death, iv. 146 n. 2; on the vale of the Adonis, v. 29

Galway, County, Candlemas custom in, ii. 95 n.

Gambling allowed during three days of the year in Siam, ix. 150

Game, dead, in certain cases not brought into house through door, viii. 256, 256 n. 1. See also Door

Game law of the Njamus, vi. 39

Game of ball played as a rite, viii. 76, 79; played to produce rain or dry weather, ix. 179 sq.

—— with fruit-stones played by kings of Uganda, vi. 224

—— of Troy, iv. 76 sq.

Gamelion, Attic month, corresponding to January, ii. 137 n. 1

Games, funeral, iv. 92 sqq.; the great Greek, iv. 92 sq., 103 sqq.; held by harvesters, vii. 75 sqq.; magical significance of, in primitive agriculture, vii. 92 sqq.; played at the sowing festival among the Kayans, vii. 94 sqq., 97 sq.; played by the Kai of New Guinea as charms for the good of the crops, vii. 101 sq.; many games probably originated in magical rites, vii. 103 n. 1; athletic, viii. 66

——, the Eleusinian, vii. 70 sqq., 87 sq., 110, 180

——, the Eleutherian, vii. 80

Games, Greek, quadriennial period of, vii. 77 sqq.; octennial period of, vii. 80

——, the Isthmian, iv. 92, 93, 103, vii. 86

——, the Nemean, iv. 92, 93, vii. 86

——, the Olympic, iv. 90, 92, 98 sq., 103, 105, vii. 80, 84, 86

——, the Panathenaic, vii. 80

——, the Pythian, iv. 80, 90, 92, 93, vii. 80, 84

Gamp, Mrs., as to coins on the eyes of a corpse, i. 149 n. 5

Gander, the corn-spirit as a, vii. 268, 270

Gander’s neck, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, x. 277

Gandharva pice, iv. 132 n. 1

—— -Sena, an ass by day and a man by night, iv. 124 sq.

Ganesa, new rice offered to image of, viii. 56

Gangas, fetish priests of the Loango coast, iii. 291

Ganges, first-born children sacrificed to the, iv. 180 sq.

Gaolis of the Deccan place new-born children on sieves, vii. 7 sq.

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, xi. 39 sq.

Garcilasso de la Vega, on the reverence for the Incas, i. 415 n. 2; on the virgin Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244 n. 1; on the fish-worship of the Peruvian Indians, viii. 249 sq.; on the annual expulsion of evils in Peru, ix. 130 n. 1

Garda, the Lake of, custom at Mid-Lent on, iv. 241

Gardelegen, in the Altmark, the He-goat at harvest near, vii. 287

Garden of Osiris, vi. 87 sq.

Gardens of Adonis, v. 236 sqq.; charms to promote the growth of vegetation, v. 236 sq., 239; in India, v. 239 sqq.; in Bavaria, v. 244; in Sardinia, v. 244 sq.; in Sicily, v. 245; at Easter, v. 253 sq.

—— of God, v. 123, 159

Gardiner, Professor J. Stanley, on the phosphorescence of the sea, ii. 154 sq.

Gardner, Professor Ernest A., on date of the corn-reaping in Greece, v. 232 n.

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., x. 131 n. 1

Gardner, Professor Percy, on the representation of Persephone on a coin of Lampsacus, vii. 44

Gareloch, in Dumbartonshire, harvest customs on the, vii. 157 sq., 218 n. 2, 268

Gargouille or dragon destroyed by St. Romain, ii. 167

Garlands of flowers (wreaths) placed on horns of cattle on St. George’s Day to protect them against witchcraft, ii. 126, 339; cast into water as a form of divination on St. George’s Day, ii. 339, and on Midsummer Eve, xi. 28; worn by young people jumping over the Midsummer fires, x. 165; thrown on roofs of houses at Midsummer to guard them against fire and lightning, x. 169, xi. 48; looking at Midsummer bonfires through, x. 174; placed on wells at Midsummer, xi. 28; twined of nine kinds of flowers used to dream on at Midsummer, xi. 52; thrown on trees, a form of divination, at Midsummer, xi. 53. See also Flowers and Wreaths

—— on May Day, ii. 60 sqq., 90 sq.

Garlic, soul-compelling virtue of, iii. 46; roasted at Midsummer fires, x. 193

Garman or Carman, the fair of, iv. 100

Garments, effect of wearing sacred, iii. 4

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, x. 193

Garos of Assam, their rain-charm by means of a black goat, i. 291; ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the, viii. 43 n. 1, 337 sqq.; offer the first-fruits to the gods, viii. 116 sq.; their annual use of a scapegoat, ix. 208 sq.

Garstang, Professor J., on Hittite sculptures at Ibreez, v. 122 n. 1, 123 n. 2; on Hittite sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 n., 135 n.; on Arenna, v. 136 n. 1; on the Syrian god Hadad, v. 163 n. 3

Gascon peasants, their belief in the magical power of priests, i. 232 sq.

Gashes cut in back, Australian initiatory rite, vii. 106

Gates of city opened or shut as charm for ensuring rain or sunshine, i. 298 sq.; sacrifice of human beings at foundations of, iii. 98 sq.

Gateway, refusal of Marquesan chief to pass through, iii. 254

Gateways of villages, sacrificial blood smeared on, iv. 176 n. 1

Gathas, a part of the Zend-Avesta, vi. 84 n.

Gatri, in Nigeria, kings of, formerly put to death, iv. 34 sq.

Gatschet, A. S., on absence of historic traditions caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 363; on the absence of totemism in California and Oregon, viii. 175 n. 2; on the Toukawe Indians, xi. 276 n. 2

Gattanewa, a Marquesan chief, his regard for the sanctity of his head, iii. 254 sq.

Gatto, in Benin, annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 131 sq.

Gaul, the Druids of, ii. 189; Posidonius in, iv. 142; worship of Cybele in, v. 279; the Celts of, their calendar, ix. 342 sqq.; “serpents’ eggs” in ancient, x. 15; human sacrifices in ancient, xi. 32 sq. See also Gallic

Gauls, their “sacred spring,” iv. 187 n. 5; their fortification walls, x. 267 sq.

Gauntlet, running the, penalty for killing a sacred python, iii. 222

Gauri, harvest-goddess, wife of Siva, represented by a girl and a bundle of plants, ii. 77 sq., vii. 207

Gavres, Persian fire-worshippers, iv. 158

Gayo, a district of Sumatra, rice fed like a pregnant woman and given water to drink in, ii. 29; the crops ravaged by wild swine and mice in, viii. 33

Gayos of Northern Sumatra, their offering to the Lord of the Wood before clearing a piece of forest, ii. 36; propitiate the Lord of the Wood before hunting in the forest, ii. 125; superstitions of gold-washers among the, iii. 409 n. 3; their euphemism for small-pox, iii. 410

Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, beneficial effect of contagious magic in the, i. 175; continence at the building of a canoe in the, iii. 202; the name of a brother-in-law not to be mentioned among the natives of the, iii. 344; the natives of the, their belief as to meteors, iv. 65; conduct of the natives in an earthquake, v. 201; the Melanesians of the, vi. 242 sq.; woman’s share in agriculture among the natives of the, vii. 123; the Livuans of the, their belief in demons, ix. 82 sq.; natives of the, their story of the origin of death, ix. 303 sq.; the Ingniet society in the, xi. 156

Gazelles sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, vi. 15; souls of dead in, viii. 289

Ge-lug-pa, a Lamaist sect, ix. 94

Gebal, Semitic name of Byblus, v. 13 n.

Gebars of New Guinea, temporary seclusion of cannibals among the, iii. 190

Geelvink Bay in New Guinea, magical telepathy among the tribes of, i. 125; belief in a forest-spirit at, iii. 60 sq.

Geese sacrificed at Egyptian funerals, vi. 15; the straw of the Shrovetide Bear supposed to make geese lay eggs, viii. 326

Geismar, in Hesse, Jupiter’s oak at, ii. 364

Gellius, Aulus, on the triumphal crowns, ii. 175 n. 1; his list of old Roman deities, vi. 232. See also Aulus Gellius

Gellius, Cnaeus, on Mars and Nerio, vi. 232

Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, iv. 167

Gem, external soul of magician in a, xi. 105 sq.; external soul of giant in a, xi. 130

Geminus, Greek astronomer, on the vague Egyptian year, vi. 26; on the octennial cycle, vii. 81; on the supposed influence of the stars, vii. 318 sq.

Generalizations of science inadequate to cover all particular facts, viii. 37

Generation, male organ of, as emblem of Dionysus, vii. 12; effigy of, in Thracian ceremony, vii. 26, 29

Genesis, Sarah and Abraham in, ii. 114; account of the creation in, iv. 106; the Babylonian, ix. 410

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172

Genital organs of murdered people eaten, iii. 190 n. 2; of Osiris, tradition as to the, vi. 10, 102; of dead man used to fertilize the fields, vi. 102 sq.

Genius, the Roman guardian-spirit, symbolized by a serpent, v. 86, xi. 212 n.

Genius, Aristotle on men of, viii. 302 n. 5

—— of Industry in China represented by a boy with one foot shod and one foot bare, viii. 11

—— or patron of animals, viii. 243

—— of Spring in Annam, viii. 14

Genna, taboo, among the hill tribes of Assam, iii. 11, vii. 109 n. 2

Gennep, A. van, on the double-headed Janus, ii. 385 n. 1

Gennesaret, the Lake of, viii. 32

Genzano, the village of, i. 5 n. 2

Geographical and climatic conditions, their effect on national character, vi. 217

Geomancy in China, i. 170, iii. 239

George, Green, a leaf-clad mummer on St. George’s Day, ii. 75, 76, 79

George the Third, i. 216

Georges d’Amboise, great bell at Rouen, ii. 168

Georgia, the Caucasian, rain-making in, i. 282

Geraestius, a Greek month, ix. 350

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213

Gerard, E., on the belief of the Roumanians in demons, ix. 106 sq.

Gerhausen, the Frauenberg near, x. 166

German belief as to the escape of the soul, iii. 37

—— cures for toothache by transferring it to trees, ix. 57, 58, 59

—— custom of throwing a knife or a hat at a whirlwind, i. 329; of crowning cattle on Midsummer Day, ii. 127; of sowing seed over weakly children, vii. 11

German huntsmen call everything by special names, iii. 396

—— laws, old, their punishment for barking a tree, ii. 9

—— peasants, their treatment of the afterbirth of a cow, i. 198 sq.; their homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg, i. 205

—— saying as to not leaving a knife edge upward, iii. 238

—— superstition as to largeness of last sheaf, vii. 139 n. 7; as to understanding the language of animals, viii. 146

—— way of freeing gardens from caterpillars, viii. 275

—— women, their use of milk-stones, i. 165

—— woodmen, their ceremony at felling a tree, ii. 38.

Germans, oldest sanctuaries of the, ii. 8 sq.; evidence of mother-kin among the, ii. 285; the oak sacred among the, xi. 89

—— the ancient, their worship of women, i. 391; their tree-worship, ii. 8 sq.; their worship of the oak, ii. 363 sq.; their customs as to their hair, iii. 262; their regard for the phases of the moon, vi. 141; left the care of the fields to women and old men, vii. 129; their human sacrifices, xi. 28 n. 1

—— of Moravia, their precautions against witchcraft on Walpurgis Night, ii. 55; their custom on Laetare Sunday, ii. 63

—— of Transylvania, their belief as to knots in a coffin, iii. 310

—— of West Bohemia call the last sheaf the Old Man, vii. 138; their custom of beating each other at Christmas, ix. 270; Twelfth Day among the, ix. 331

Germany, popular cures for jaundice, St. Anthony’s fire, and bleeding in, i. 81; dancing or leaping as a charm to make flax grow tall in, i. 138 sq.; custom as to cast teeth in, i. 178; treatment of weapons that have wounded in, i. 204; beating an absent man vicariously in, i. 207; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210, 211 sq.; meal offered to the wind in, i. 329 n. 5; fruit-trees girt or tied together with straw on Christmas Eve in, ii. 17, 27 sq.; the Harvest May in, ii. 47, 48; use of May-trees to make cows yield milk in, ii. 52; the rowan-tree a charm against witchcraft in, ii. 53 n. 5, ix. 267; precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 54; Midsummer trees in, ii. 65 sq.; races at Whitsuntide in, ii. 69; races at a marriage in, ii. 303 sq.; acorns as fodder for swine in, ii. 356; custom of passing patients through a hole in an oak-tree as a cure in, ii. 371; presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester’s Day and Christmas Eve in, iii. 88; mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; belief as to combing and cutting children’s hair in, iii. 263 sq.; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 275 sq.; certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to a man’s star in, iv. 66; harvest custom in, v. 237; leaping over Midsummer fires in, v. 251; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70 sqq.; popular superstition as to the influence of the moon in, vi. 133, 140 sq., 149; peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the moon in, vi. 135; the Corn-mother in, vii. 132 sqq.; the last sheaf called the Old Woman in, vii. 136; the last sheaf called the Old Man in, vii. 137; the last sheaf at harvest called the Bride in, vii. 162; treatment of passing strangers by reapers and threshers in, vii. 225; cries of reapers in, vii. 269; the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 273; the last corn as a cock in, vii. 276, 277; the last sheaf called the Hare in, vii. 279, 280; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295; corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296; pigs’ bones in connexion with sowing in, vii. 300; the harvest-cock in, viii. 44; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; cure for warts in, ix. 54; cure for toothache in, by transplanting it to a tree, ix. 59; dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268 sq.; custom of young people beating each other on Holy Innocents’ Day in, ix. 270; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; weather of the twelve months thought to be determined by the weather of the Twelve Days in, ix. 322; weather forecasts by means of a peeled onion in, ix. 323; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Night in, ix. 329; the festival of Fools in, ix. 336 n. 1; Lenten fires in, x. 115 sq.; Easter bonfires in, x. 140 sqq.; custom at eclipses in, x. 162 n.; the Midsummer fires in, x. 163 sqq.; the Yule log in, x. 247 sqq.; belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, x. 321 n. 2; colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in, x.344 sq.; mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59; orpine gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62 n.; fern-seed at Midsummer thought to be endowed with marvellous properties in, xi. 65; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83; the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, xi.91; oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, xi. 91 sq.; stories of the external soul in, xi. 116 sqq.; birth-trees in, xi. 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, xi. 170 sqq.

Germany, ancient, the forests of, ii. 353

Gerontocracy, the rule of old men, in Australia, i. 335

Gervasius of Tilbury, on a rain-producing spring, i. 301

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, xi. 125 sq.

Getae, human god among the, i. 392; priestly kings of the, iii. 21

Gewar, king of Norway, his daughter Nanna wooed by Balder, x. 103

Gezer, Canaanitish city, excavations at, v. 108

Gezo, King, restricts the benefit of clergy on the Slave Coast, v. 68

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, protector of the crops, ix. 217

Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, ix. 191

Ghennabura, religious head of village in Manipur, iii. 292

Ghera, a Galla kingdom, birth names of kings not to be pronounced in, iii. 375

Ghineh, monument of Adonis at, v. 29

Ghost of afterbirth thought to adhere to navel-string, vi. 169 sq.

—— of husband kept from his widow, iii. 143; fear of evoking the ghost by mentioning his name, iii. 349 sqq.; chased into the grave at the end of mourning, iii. 373 sq.

——, the Holy, regarded as female, iv. 5 n. 3

——, oracular, in a cave, xi. 312 sq.

——, precaution against, i. 142, 154

Ghosts, supernatural power of chiefs in Melanesia thought to be derived from, i. 338 sq.; draw away the souls of their kinsfolk, iii. 51 sqq.; sacrifices to, iii. 56, 247; draw out men’s shadows, iii. 80; as guardians of gates, iii. 90 sq.; exorcized after funerals, iii. 106 sq.; kept off by thorns, iii. 142; the purification of homicides and murderers designed to free them from the ghosts of their victims, iii. 186 sq.; and demons averse to iron, iii. 232 sqq.; fear of wounding, iii. 237 sq.; swept out of house, iii. 238; names changed in order to deceive ghosts or to avoid attracting their attention, iii. 354 sqq.; easily duped, iii. 355; propitiated with blood, iv. 92; propitiated with games, iv. 96; dearth and famine attributed to the anger of, iv. 103; thought to impregnate women, v. 93, ix. 18; of the dead personated by living men, vi. 52, 53, 58; who preside over gardens, fear of offending the, viii. 85; deceived by the substitution of effigies for livingpersons, viii. 94 sqq., 97 sqq.; first-fruits offered to, viii. 126 sq.; offerings to ancestral, viii. 127; disabled by the mutilation of their bodies, viii. 271 sqq.; of suicides feared, ix. 17 sq.; shut up in wood, ix. 60 sq.; nailed into the ground, ix. 63; diseases caused by, ix. 85; epidemics thought to be caused by, ix. 116; periodically expelled, ix. 123 sq.; driven off by blows, ix. 260 sqq.; extracted from wooden posts, x. 8; fire used to get rid of, xi. 17 sqq.; mugwort a protection against, xi. 59; kept off by thorn bushes, xi. 174 sq.; creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, xi. 174 sqq. See also Ancestral Spirits and Dead

Ghosts of animals, dread of, iii. 223, viii. 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,227 sq., 229, 231 sq., 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 267 sq., 269, 271

——, Roman festival of, in May, ix. 54 sq.

—— of the slain haunt their slayers, iii. 165 sqq.; sacrifices to, iii. 166; scaring away the, iii. 168, 170, 171, 172, 174 sq.; as birds, iii. 177 sq.; precautions against, iii. 240

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, xi. 96 sqq., 119 sq.; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, xi. 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213

Giants, myths of, based on discovery of fossil bones, v. 157 sq.

—— and gods, their battle, v. 157

—— of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 sqq.; burnt in the summer bonfires, xi. 38

Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite sculptures at, v. 138 n.

Giddiness, transferred to flax, ix. 53

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Gigha, island off Argyleshire, wind-charm in, i. 323

Gilbert, O., on the lapis manalis at Rome, i. 310 n. 3

Gilbert Islands, treatment of the navel-string in the, i. 185 sq.; sacred stones in the, v. 108 n. 1

Giles, Professor H. A., on reported substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275

Gilgamesh, the epic of, ix. 371, 398 sq.; a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, ix. 371 sq., 398 sq.; his name formerly read as Izdubar, ix. 372 n. 1

Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, ix. 372 n. 1

Gilgenburg in Masuren, “Easter Smacks” at, ix. 269

Gilgit, custom at felling a tree in, ii. 44; the sacred chili (a kind of cedar) at, ii. 49, 50; in the Hindoo Koosh, custom at wheat harvest at, viii. 56

Gill, Captain W., on a tribe in China governed by a woman, vi. 211 n. 3

Gill, W. W., on the observation of the Pleiades in the Hervey Islands, vii. 312

Gilolo. See Halmahera

Gilyak hunters, taboos observed in their absence by their children, i. 122

—— procession with bear, viii. 322, 325

—— shaman, his exorcism, viii. 103

Gilyaks, their ceremony at felling a tree, ii. 38; do not clearly distinguish animals from men, viii. 206; their respect for dead sables, viii. 238

—— of the Amoor, a Tunguzian people, viii. 190; eat nutlets of stone-pine, v. 278 n. 2; their exorcism by means of effigies, viii. 103 sq.; their bear-festivals, viii. 190 sqq.; why they put out the eyes of the seals they kill, viii. 267; their belief in demons, ix. 101 sq.

—— of Saghalien, their customs as to personal names, iii. 370

Ginger in purificatory rites, iii. 105, 151; cultivated, vii. 123

Gingiro, an Ethiopian kingdom, pretence of reluctance to accept the kingdom in, iii. 18 sq.; wounded kings of, put to death, iv. 34; custom at accession of new king in, iv. 200

Ginzel, Professor F. K., on the rise of the Nile, vi. 31 n. 1

Gion shrine in Japan, x. 138

Gippsland, in Victoria, the Kurnai of, i. 324, xi. 216; the natives of, concealed their personal names, iii. 331 sq.

Gipsies. See Gypsies

Giraffes, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, x. 315 n. 1

Girdle of wolf’s hide worn by were-wolves, x. 310 n. 1

——, sacred, of king of Tahiti, i. 388

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John’s Day or Eve as preservative against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, xi. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Girl annually sacrificed to cedar-tree, ii. 17

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, x. 281

Girlachsdorf, in Silesia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 138

Girls or women dance to make crops grow tall, i. 139 n.; married to nets, ii. 147; sacrificed to crocodiles, ii. 152; employed to sow seed, vii. 115; sacrificed for the crops, vii. 237, 239

—— at puberty obliged to touch everything in house, iii. 225 n.; their hair torn out, iii. 284; ceremonial uncleanness of, viii. 268, 268 n. 4; secluded, x. 22 sqq.; not allowed to touch the ground, x. 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; not allowed to see the sun, x. 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not allowed to handle food, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in ground, x. 38 sqq.; not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, x. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92; not allowed to lie down, x. 44; said to be wounded by a snake, x. 56; said to be swallowed by a serpent, x. 57; gashed on back, breast, and belly, x. 60; stung by ants, x. 61; beaten severely, x. 61, 66 sq.; supposed to be attacked by a demon, x. 67 sq.; not to see the sky, x. 69; forbidden to break bones of hares, x. 73 n. 3

—— under puberty used in rain-making, iii. 154

Girls’ race at Olympia, iv. 91

Gisors, sickly children passed through a holed stone near, xi. 188

Givoy agon, living fire, in Russia, made by the friction of wood, x. 220

Gladiators at Roman funerals, iv. 96; at Roman banquets, iv. 143

Glamorganshire, cure for warts in, ix. 53; the Vale of, Beltane fires in, x. 154; Midsummer fires in, x. 154, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, x. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, x. 317

Glass, the Magician’s or Druid’s, name for certain beads, x. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, xi. 20 n.

Glaucus, son of Minos, restored to life, v. 186 n. 4

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, x. 217

Gleiwitz, in Poland, sacrifice for horses near, ii. 336 sq.

Glen Farg, Perthshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 157, 157 n. 3

—— Mor, in Islay, stone for the cure of toothache in, ix. 62

—— Moriston, Inverness-shire, vii. 162 n. 3

Glencoe, the harvest Maiden and Old Wife in, vii. 165

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, xi. 127 sqq.

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, x. 149

Glory, the Hand of, a thief’s talisman, i. 149

“——, the Hand of,” mandragora, xi. 316

Gloucester, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Gloucestershire, fires kindled on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318, 321; mistletoe growing on oaks in, xi. 316

Glover, T. R., on a fire-custom of the Telugus, ii. 231 n. 6

Glue in homoeopathic magic, i. 157

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, xi. 235

Gnats, charm against, viii. 280

Gnid-eld, need-fire, in Sweden, x. 280

Gniewkowo, in Prussian Lithuania, mummers on Twelfth Day near, viii. 327

Goajira peninsula in Colombia, personal names kept secret among the Indians of, iii. 325

Goajiras of Colombia, set hooks to catch demons, iii. 30 sq.; the dead not named among the, iii. 352; their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 34 n. 1

Goat, blood of, drunk by devil-dancers and priests as means of inspiration, i. 382, 383; prohibition to touch or name, iii. 13; transference of guilt to, iii. 214 sq.; sacrificed by being hanged, v. 292; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 17 sq., viii. 1 sqq.; torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, vii. 18, viii. 16; sacrificed for human victim, vii. 249; corn-spirit as, vii. 281 sqq., viii. 327; last sheaf made up in form of a, vii. 283; killed on harvest-field, vii. 285; stuffed, vii. 287; killed at sowing, vii. 288; the sacred animal of a Bushman tribe, viii. 28 sq. See also Goats

—— and Athena, viii. 40 sq.

——, black, in rain-making ceremonies, i. 250, 291

——, the Cripple or Lame, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 164, 284

Goat-formed deities and spirits of the woods, viii. 1 sqq.

Goat-skin, mask of, worn by mummers at Carnival, vii. 26; worn by farmer at harvest, vii. 285; hung on pole at sowing and danced round at harvest, vii. 288

—— -skins, mummers at Carnival clad in, vii. 26 sqq.

Goat’s flesh, taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85

—— Marsh at Rome, disappearance of Romulus at the, ii. 181, ix. 258

—— neck, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

Goats fertilized at the Chili stone, ii. 51; sacrificed in ceremonies to fertilize barren women, ii. 316, 318; bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 n. 3; not to be called by their proper name, iii. 415; sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 n. 1; torn to pieces by fanatics in Morocco, vii. 21 sq.; in relation to minor Greek and Roman deities (Satyrs, Fauns, etc.), viii. 1 sqq.; the testicles of, eaten by lecherous persons, viii. 142; sacrificed to wolves, viii. 284; evil transferred to, ix. 31, 32; as scapegoats, ix. 190, 191, 192. See also Goat

Goats’ horns used as a protection against witches, ix. 161, 162

Goatsucker or fern owl, shadow of the, iii. 82; sex totem of women, xi. 217

Gobar-bhacach (goabbir bhacagh), “the lame goat,” name given to the last sheaf in Skye, vii. 164, 284

Gobi, the desert of, ix. 13

Gobir, a Hausa kingdom, infirm kings killed in, iv. 35

God, savage ideas of, different from those of civilized men, i. 375 sq.; “the most great name” of, iii. 390; the killing and resurrection of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, iv. 221, ix. 1; children of, v. 68; sons of, v. 78 sqq.; the physical fatherhood of, v. 80 sq.; gardens of, v. 123, 159; the burning of a, v. 188 sq.; the hanged, v. 288 sqq.; killed in animal form, vii. 22 sq.; the animal enemy of a, originally identical with the god, vii. 23, viii. 16 sq., 31; eating the, viii. 48 sqq.; reasons for eating the, viii. 138 sq., 167; dying, as scapegoat, ix. 1, 227; the black and the white, ix. 92; the killing of the, in Mexico, ix. 275 sqq.; resurrection of the, ix. 400; the dying and risen, in Western Asia, ix. 421 sq. See also Gods

——, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, ii. 356 sqq., x. 265

God, Bride of, i. 276

——, the Dying and Reviving, vii. 1, 33

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, xi. 264

—— of earthquakes, v. 194 sqq.

“God-boxes,” inspired priests called, i. 378

—— -man a source of danger, iii. 132; bound by many rules, iii. 419 sq.

God’s Mouth (Kirwaido), supreme lord of the old Prussians, iv. 41 sq.

Godavari District, in Southern India, the Kois of, v. 95

Goddess, identified with priestess, v. 219; superiority of the, in the myths of Adonis, Attis, Osiris, vi. 201 sq.

Goddesses place infant sons of kings on fire to render them immortal, v. 180; of fertility served by eunuch priests, v. 269 sq.; their superiority over gods in societies organized on mother-kin, vi. 202 sqq.; the development of, favoured by mother-kin, vi. 259; personated by women, ix. 238

——, Cilician, v. 161 sqq.

Godiva, Lady, legend of, i. 284 n.

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199

Gods viewed as magicians, i. 240 sqq., 375; ill-treated in times of drought or excessive rain, i. 296 sqq.; appeal to the pity of the, as a rain-charm, i. 302 sq.; sacrifice themselves by fire, i. 315 n. 1; conception of, slowly evolved, i. 373 sq.; in Brahman theology held to have been at first mortal and to have dwelt on earth, i. 373 n. 1; gods and men, no sharp line of distinction between, in Fiji, i. 389; the marriage of the, ii. 129 sqq.; married to women, ii. 129 sqq., 143 sq., 146 sq., 149 sqq., vi. 207; created by men in their own likeness, iii. 387, iv. 2 sq., 194; their names tabooed, iii. 387 sqq.; Xenophanes on the, iii. 387; morality of the, iv. 1 sqq.; succeeded by their sons, iv. 5; exiled for perjury, iv. 70 n. 1; progressive amelioration in the character of the, iv. 136; death and resurrection of, v. 6, vii. 1, 12 sqq.; personated by priests, v. 45, 46 sqq., ix. 287; married to sisters, v. 316; made by men and worshipped by women, vi. 211; named the eaters of certain animals, vii. 23; distinguished from spirits, vii. 169; in the likeness of foreigners, vii. 236; shut up in wood, ix. 61; represented in masquerades, ix. 377. See also God and Myths

—— and giants, the battle of, v. 157

—— and goddesses, dramatic weddings of, ii. 121; represented by living men and women, ix. 385 sq.

Gods and men not sharply distinguished by primitive peoples, i. 373, 374 sq.; esteemed akin by the ancients, ii. 177

——, incarnate human, i. 373 sqq., ii. 377 sq.; bound by many rules, iii. 419 sq.

—— of the Maoris, ix. 81

——, Mexican, burn themselves to create the sun, ix. 410

——, Mother of the, in Mexico, ix. 289; woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, ix. 289 sq.

—— of the Pelew Islanders, ix. 81 sq.

Goepfritz, in Lower Austria, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter at, iv. 257

Goik, name of puppet carried out at Mid-Lent, iv. 237

Goitre transferred to a peach-tree, ix. 54

Gold as a cure for jaundice, i. 80 sq.; excluded from some temples, iii. 226 n. 8; the flower of chicory to be cut with, xi. 71; root of marsh mallow to be dug with, xi. 80 n. 3; buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, xi. 287 sqq., 291

—— and silver as totems, iii. 227 n.

Gold Coast of West Africa, the Tshi-speaking peoples of the, i. 132, ii. 274 sq., iv. 128, v. 69; negroes of the, their sacrifices to trees, ii. 47; iron laid aside in consulting fetishes on the, iii. 228 sq.; the Awuna tribes of the, iii. 257; expulsion of demons on the, ix. 120, 131, 132 sq.

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, xi. 57

—— mines, spirits of the, treated with deference, iii. 409 sq.

Golden Age, the, ix. 306, 353, 386; the reign of Saturn, ix. 306, 344

—— apples, prize in race, ii 301; of the Hesperides, iv. 80

—— axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, xi. 80 n. 3

—— bells worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 280, 284

—— Bough, xi. 279 sqq.; plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379; the breaking of it not a piece of bravado, i. 123 sq.; grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379; and the priest of Aricia, x. 1; a branch of mistletoe, xi. 284 sqq., 315 sqq.; Virgil’s account of the, xi. 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.; origin of the name, xi. 286 sqq.

“—— Disease,” name for jaundice, i. 80

—— fish, girl’s external soul in a, xi. 147 sq., 220

—— fleece, ram with, iv. 162

Golden Flower, the Feast of the, v. 185

—— Garden of the Peruvian Vestals, ii. 244

—— keys to unlock the frozen earth in spring, ii. 333

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, xi. 80 n. 3

—— lamb of Mycenae, i. 365

—— ornaments not to be worn in certain rites, iii. 227 n.

—— ring worn as a charm, i. 137; half a hero’s strength in a, xi. 143

—— Sea, the, v. 150

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, xi. 77, 88; sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, xi. 80 n. 3

—— or silver nails driven into a sacred tree, ii. 36

“—— summer,” the, i. 32

—— sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, xi. 145

—— swords, youths dancing with, iv. 75

Goldfinch, consumption transferred to a, ix. 52

Goldfish worshipped by Indians of Peru, viii. 250

Goldi, the, of the Lower Amoor, their exorcism by means of effigies, viii. 103 sq.; bear-festivals of the, viii. 197

Goldi shaman, his exorcism, viii. 103

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the fetish king of Calabar, iii. 22 sq.; on the periodic expulsion of ghosts at Calabar, ix. 204 n. 1; on the ukpong or external soul in Calabar, xi. 206

Goldmann, Dr. Emil, on the installation of a prince of Carinthia, iv. 155 n. 1

Goldsmith, transmigration of thief into, viii. 299

Goldziher, I., on a festival of the Bedouins of Sinai, iv. 97 n. 7

Golgi in Cyprus, conical stones at, v. 35

Goliath, a straw-man stabbed at Whitsuntide, ii. 90; effigy of, carried in procession, xi. 36

—— and David, v. 19 n. 2

Gollas, the, of Southern India, their treatment of a woman in childbed, iii. 149

Golos, on the Bahr-el-Ghazal, their way of detaining the sun, i. 318

Goluan, Midsummer, x. 199

Gomes, E. H., on sacrifices in time of epidemics, iv. 176 n. 1; on the head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 384 n. 1

Gommern, near Magdeburg, reaper of last corn wrapt in corn-stalks at, vii. 221

Gonds of India, their belief in reincarnation, i. 104 sq.; their custom at clearing away a jungle, ii. 39; mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217; ceremony of bringing back souls of the dead among the, v. 95 sq.; their human sacrifices at sowing and reaping, vii. 244; human scapegoats among the, ix. 217 sq.

Gongs beaten in a storm, i. 328 sq.; at Dodona, ii. 358; beaten to expel demons, ix. 113, 117, 118, 147

Gontiyalamma, mud figure of, in a rain-making ceremony, i. 294

Good Friday, barren fruit-trees threatened on, ii. 22; Highland superstitions as to, iii. 229; effigies and sepulchres of Christ on, iv. 284, v. 254 sqq.; of ancient Greece, vii. 33; expulsion of witches in Silesia on, ix. 157; absolution of man called Adam at Halberstadt on the day before, ix. 214; cattle beaten on, ix. 266; custom of beating each other with rods on, ix. 268; Judas driven out of church on, x. 146; the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68 n. 4; sick children passed through cleft trees on, xi. 172

—— Goddess (Bona Dea), at Rome, wine called milk in her ritual, iii. 249 n. 2; her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

—— Spirit, the, vii. 206

Goodrich-Freer, A., on Beltane bannocks and fires in the Hebrides, x. 154 n. 3

Googe, Barnabe, his translation of a Latin poem by Thomas Kirchmeyer, x. 124

Goomsur, Earth Goddess represented in peacock form in, vii. 248 n. 1

Goorkhas, the, of Nepaul, their festival of Dassera, iii. 316

Goose, eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13, 291. See also Geese

“——, to lose the,” expression for overthrowing a load at harvest, vii. 277 n. 3

Gooseberry-bushes, a protection against witches, ii. 55; wild, custom as to, xi. 48

Goowoong Awoo, volcano, children sacrificed to, v. 219

Gordian knot, iii. 316 sq.

Gordias and Midas, names of Phrygian kings, v. 286

Gordioi chose the fattest man king, ii. 297

Gordium, capital of the kings of Phrygia, iii. 316

Gordon, E. M., on iron as an amulet in Bilaspore, iii. 234 sq.; on infant burial in Bilaspore, v. 94 sq.; on the festival of the dead in Bilaspore, vi. 60; on cairns to which passers-by add stones in Bilaspore, ix. 27 n. 4

Gore, Captain, on the behaviour of the Meriahs among the Khonds, iv. 139 n. 1

Gorgon, Perseus and the, iii. 312

Gorillas, souls of dead in, viii. 289; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202

Gorong archipelago, custom as to children’s cast teeth in the, i. 179; rule as to gathering coco-nuts in the, iii. 201

Gorse burned on May Day to burn or drive away witches, ii. 54

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, xi. 75

Gospel to the Hebrews, the apocryphal, iv. 5 n. 3

Goudie, Mr. Gilbert, on Up-helly-a’ at Lerwick, ix. 169 n. 2

Gour-deziou, “Supplementary Days,” in Brittany, ix. 324

Gouri, an Indian goddess of fertility, v. 241 sq.

Gournia in Crete, prehistoric shrine at, v. 88 n. 1

Gout, popular remedy for, in Java, iii. 106; transferred to trees, ix. 56 sq.

Government of old men in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 sq.

Govindji, an incarnation of Krishna, i. 284

Gowland, W., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 n. 5

Gowmditch-mara tribe of Victoria, difference of language between husbands and wives in the, iii. 348 n. 1

Graal, History of the Holy, iv. 120, 134

Graetz, H., on death of a Christian child in the character of Haman, ix. 395 n. 1

Grafting, superstitious ceremony at, ii. 100

Grain Coast of West Africa, the Bodio or fetish king of the, i. 353, iii. 23; initiation of girls on the, xi. 259

Grains of wheat, divination by, ix. 316 n. 1

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, x. 195; the Yule log at, x. 249

Gran Chaco, the Lengua Indians of the, i. 313, 330, 359, iii. 37, 38, 357, iv. 11, 63, viii. 245, ix. 122, 262; the Indians of the, their belief in dreams, iii. 37; the Guaycurus of the, iii. 357, vii. 309; the Matacos Indians of the, iii. 373 n.

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, x. 19

Granary, ceremony at fetching rice from a, vii. 185

Grand Halleux, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent at, x. 107

Grandfather’s corpse, custom of leaping over, iii. 424

Grandfathers, grandsons named after their deceased, iii. 370

Grandidier, A., on changes in the Malagasy language caused by taboo on names of the dead, iii. 380 sq.

Grandmother, title of an African priest, vi. 255; name given to last sheaf, vii. 136; or Mother of Ghosts at Rome, viii. 94, 96, 107

Grandmother Earth thought to cause earthquakes, v. 198

Grandmothers, grand-daughters named after their deceased, iii. 370

Grandparents, dead, worshipped, vi. 175

Granger, Professor F., on double-headed bust at Nemi, i. 42 n. 1

Grannas-mias, torches, on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111

Granno, invocation of, x. 111 sq.

Granno-mio, a torch, x. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, x. 111 sq.

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, x. 342 n. 4

Grape-cluster, Mother of the, iv. 8

Grapes as divine emblem, v. 165; the last, not to be stript, vii. 234 sq.

Grasausläuten, ringing bells to make grass grow, ii. 344

Grass, magical ceremonies to make grass grow, i. 87 sq., x. 136; bell-ringing as a charm to make grass grow, ii. 343 sq., ix. 247; knotted as a charm, iii. 305, 306, 310; thrown on heaps as ceremony, ix. 9, 10, 18, 20, 28; dances to cause the grass to grow, ix. 238

Grass King, the, at Whitsuntide, ii. 85 sq.

—— -ringers in the Tyrol and Switzerland, ix. 247

—— seed, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 87 sq.; continence at magical ceremony for growth of, ii. 105

Grasshoppers in homoeopathic magic, i. 173 sq.; charm against, viii. 281; sacrifice of, ix. 35

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John’s Eve at, x. 173

Graubünden (the Grisons), Canton of Switzerland, capers of masked men to make corn grow in, ix. 239; “Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 242 sq.

Graudenz district of West Prussia, the harvest Bull in the, vii. 288

Grave, soul fetched from, iii. 54; annual festival at, iv. 97; human sacrifices at the, iv. 143, 143 n. 4; dance at initiation in, xi. 237

—— of ancestor, milk poured on, ii. 223

—— of Apollo, i. 34 sq., iv. 4

Grave of Dionysus, iv. 3, vii. 14

—— of Osiris, vi. 10 sq.; human victims sacrificed at the, vi. 97

—— of Zeus, iv. 3

Grave-diggers, taboos observed by, iii. 141, 142; obliged to stand on one foot, iv. 156 n. 2

—— -shrines of Shilluk kings, vi. 161 sq.; of Barotse kings, vi. 194 sq.

Graveclothes, homoeopathic magic of, in China, i. 168 sq.; no knots in, iii. 310; no buttons in, iii. 313

Graves, human blood offered at, i. 90 sq., i. 101, iv. 92; rain-charms at, i. 268, 286, 291, iii. 154 sq.; trees planted on, ii. 31; dances on, ii. 183 n. 2; food offered on, iii. 53; puppets substituted for human victims sacrificed at, iv. 218; milk offered at, v. 87; childless women resort to, in order to ensure offspring, v. 96; illuminated on All Souls’ Day, vi. 72 sq., 74; the only places of sacrifice in the country of the Wahehe, vi. 190; false, to deceive demons, viii. 99 sq.; offerings of first-fruits presented at, viii. 111, 113, 115; heaps of sticks or stones on, ix. 15 sqq.

—— of Heitsi-Eibib, iv. 3, x. 16

—— of Hermes, Aphrodite, and Ares, iv. 4

—— of Hyperborean maidens at Delos, i. 28, 33 sqq.

—— of kings, chiefs, and magicians kept secret, vi. 103 sqq.; human sacrifices at, vi. 168

—— of twins, water poured on, to procure rain, iii. 154 sq.

Gray, Archdeacon J. H., on reported human sacrifices in an aboriginal tribe of China, iv. 145

Grbalj, in Dalmatia, belief as to the souls of trees at, ii. 14

Greasing the weapon instead of the wound, i. 202 sqq.

Great Ardra in Guinea, the king of, not allowed to behold the sea, iii. 9

—— Bassam, in Guinea, annual sacrifice of oxen for the crops at, viii. 9 sq.; exorcism of evil spirit at, ix. 120

—— Bear observed by the Kamtchatkans, vii. 315

“—— burnings” for kings of Judah, v. 177 sq.

—— Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 79

—— Feast, the, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— Goddesses, the grove of the, at Andania, ii. 122

—— Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning, xi. 298

—— Marriage, annual festival of the dead among the Oraons of Bengal, vi. 59

Great men, history not to be explained without the influence of, v. 311 n. 2; great religious systems founded by, vi. 159 sq.; their influence on the popular imagination, vi. 199

—— Mother, popularity of her worship in the Roman empire, v. 298 sq.; name given to the last sheaf, vii. 135 sq.

—— Mysteries of Eleusis, their date, vii. 51

—— Pan, death of the, iv. 6 sq.

“—— Purification,” Japanese ceremony, ix. 213 n. 1

—— religious systems founded by individual great men, vi. 159 sq.; religious ideals a product of the male imagination, vi. 211

—— Spirit, iv. 3; sacrifice of fingers to the, iii. 161; his gift of corn to men, vii. 177

—— Sun, title of Natchez chief, ii. 262, 263, viii. 77 sqq.

—— Vigil, an Aztec festival, vii. 176

—— year, the, a Greek cycle of eight or nine ordinary years, iv. 70

Grebo people of Sierra Leone, their pontiff, his magical functions and taboos, iii. 14 sq.

Greece, time of the corn-reaping in, i. 32, v. 232 n.; priestly kings in, i. 44 sqq.; homoeopathic cures for jaundice in, i. 80; rain-making in, i. 273; forests of, ii. 8; artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314 sq.; oaks in, ii. 355; acorns eaten in, ii. 355, 356; conception of the soul in, iii. 29 n. 1; customs as to foundations of new buildings in, iii. 89; customs as to man-slayers in, iii. 188; mode of reckoning intervals of time in, iv. 59 n. 1; sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera in, iv. 91; swinging as a festal rite in, iv. 283 sq.; use of music in religion in, v. 54 sq.; belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, v. 86 sq.; notion as to birth from trees and rocks in, v. 107 n. 1; purification for homicide in, v. 299 n. 2; notion of the noxious influence of moonshine on children in, vi. 148; marriage customs in, vi. 245 sq.; summer rainless in, vii. 69; time of barley harvest in, vii. 77; use of swallows as scapegoats in, ix. 35; use of laurel in purification in, ix. 262; stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun in, x. 72 sqq.; belief as to menstruous women in, x. 98 n. 1; Midsummer fires in, x. 211 sq.; stories of the external soul in, xi. 103 sqq.; mistletoe in, xi. 316, 317

Greece, ancient, ceremony performed by persons supposed to have been dead in, i. 75; ceremony to prevent dropsy in, i. 78; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 211; curses at cutting hellebore in, i. 281; human gods in, i. 390 sq.; tree-worship in, ii. 10; rule as to blowing on a fire in, ii. 240; female descent of kingship in, ii. 278 sq.; maxim not to look at one’s reflection in water in, iii. 94; names of the priests of the Eleusinian mysteries not to be mentioned in, iii. 382; the eight years’ cycle in, iv. 68 sqq.; custom of banishing homicides in, iv. 69 sq.; human sacrifices in, iv. 161 sqq.; time of the vintage in, vii. 47 n. 2; mode of ridding the fields of mice in, viii. 276 sq.; theory of the transmigration of souls in, viii. 300; custom of stone-throwing in, ix. 24 sq.; belief in demons in, ix. 104; human scapegoats in, ix. 252 sqq.; Saturnalia in, ix. 350 sqq.

—— Homeric, sanctity of kings and chiefs in, i. 366

Greek armies before battle, custom observed by, iii. 111

—— art, the human soul represented sometimes as a mannikin and sometimes as a butterfly in, iii. 29 n. 1

—— belief as to impotence, i. 150; as to gods in the likeness of strangers, vii. 236

—— bride and bridegroom bathed before marriage, ii. 162

—— calendar, the early, iv. 68; in the Louvre, vii. 46 n. 2; based on the moon, of little use to the husbandman, vii. 53; regulated by the moon, vii. 80

—— charm to silence watchdogs, i. 149

—— charms to ensure wakefulness, clear sight, and black hair, i. 154

—— Church, ceremonies on Good Friday in the, v. 254; ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, x. 128 sq.

—— conception of Earth as the great Mother, ii. 128 n. 4

—— custom of offering hair to rivers, i. 31; of ploughing the land thrice a year, vii. 53 n. 4, 72 sq.

—— divinities who died and rose again, vii. 2

—— farmers, their seasons for ploughing and sowing, vii. 45, 50; their seasons for sowing and reaping determined by observation of the Pleiades, vii. 318

—— Feast of All Souls in May, vi. 78 n. 1

—— games, the great, iv. 92 sq., 103 sqq.; held every four years, vii. 79 sq.

—— gods, discrimination of their characters, v. 119; who took titles from vermin, viii. 282

Greek husbandmen, their maxim as to planting and gathering olives, ii. 107

—— infants, octopuses and cuttle-fish presented to, i. 156

—— kings, called Zeus, ii. 177, 361; ancient, their reign of eight years, iv. 58 sq., 70 sqq.

—— lands, artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ix. 272

—— maxim not to wear rings, iii. 314

—— mode of relighting a sacred fire by means of burning-glass, ii. 244 n. 1

—— months lunar, vii. 52, 53, 80

—— mysteries, bull-roarers swung at, vii. 110

—— mythology, Adonis in, v. 10 sqq.

—— peasants used to carry fire in stalks of fennel, ii. 260

—— ploughman, his prayer to Zeus and Demeter, vii. 45, 50

—— practice of sacrificing to the dead on their birthdays, i. 105

—— purificatory rites, pigs sacrificed in, vii. 74

—— religion, rule of ancient, to exclude from temples all who had touched a corpse or a lying-in woman, iii. 155

—— ritual of purification, one shoe on and one shoe off in, iii. 312; of expiatory sacrifices, viii. 27

—— sacrifices, victims required to shake their heads in, i. 384, n. 7

—— sanctuaries, iron not to be brought into, iii. 226

—— sower of cummin, his use of curses, i. 281

—— story of Iphiclus and Melampus, i. 158; stories of the external soul, xi. 103 sqq.

—— superstitions as to certain woollen garments and certain stones, i. 157

—— use of winnowing-fans as cradles, ii. 6

—— women, their mourning for Persephone, ix. 349

—— writers on the worship of Adonis, v. 223 sq.

Greeks sacrifice pregnant victims to ensure fertility, i. 141; their belief in the homoeopathic magic of precious stones, i. 164 sq.; rain-making ceremonies among, i. 272 sq.; used branches of buckthorn to protect houses against sorcerers and spirits, ii. 191; their dread of noon, iii. 88; their use of magical wax figures, ix. 47

——, the ancient, their ceremonies for procuring rain, i. 309 sq.; their belief that the sun rode in a chariot, i. 315; sacrificed to the winds, i. 330 n.; their notion as to the wasting effect of incest, ii. 115; ran round the hearth with new-born babes, ii. 232; fire-sticks, employed by the, ii. 251; prayed to Zeus for rain, ii. 359; dedicated locks of hair to rivers, iii. 261, 261 n. 5; vicarious sacrifices among, iv. 166 n. 1; their modes of disposing of things used in purificatory rites, vii. 9; compared the begetting of children to the sowing of seed, vii. 11; their faith in Demeter as the corn-goddess, vii. 64; their cycle of eight years, vii. 80 sqq.; their personification of the corn in double form as mother and daughter, vii. 209 sqq.; their “swallow song” and “crow song,” viii. 322 n.; their cure for love, ix. 3; smeared pitch on their houses to keep off demons, ix. 153 n. 1; their use of laurel in purification, ix. 262; deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, xi. 299

Greeks of Asia Minor, their use of human scapegoats, ix. 255

——, the Homeric, their belief as to the effect of a good king’s reign, i. 366, ii. 324 sq.; cut out tongues of sacrificial victims, viii. 270

—— and Romans, rain-charms among the ancient, i. 309 sq.

Green boughs a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127, 342 sq.; custom of beating young people with, at Christmas, ix. 270

—— Corn Dance of the Seminole Indians, viii. 76

—— Demeter, vii. 42, 63, 89 n. 2; sacrifices in spring to, vii. 263

—— Festival at Eleusis, vii. 63

—— George on St. George’s Day, a leaf-clad mummer in Carinthia, Transylvania, Roumania, and Russia, ii. 75, 76, 79, 343

—— Thursday, the day before Good Friday, ii. 333

—— Wolf, Brotherhood of the, at Jumièges in Normandy, x. 185 sq., xi. 15 n., 25, 88

Greenidge, A. H. J., on the nomination of Roman kings, ii. 296 n. 3

Greenland, woman in childbed thought to control the wind in, i. 324

Greenlanders, their belief in the mortality of the gods, iv. 3; careful not to offend the souls of dead seals, viii. 246 sq.; their notion that women can conceive by the moon, x. 75 sq.

Greenwich-hill, custom of rolling down, at Easter and Whitsuntide, ii. 103

Gregor, Rev. Walter, of Pitsligo, on the cutting of the clyack sheaf in Aberdeenshire, vii. 158 sqq.; on virtue of children born feet foremost, x. 295 n. 3; on the “quarter-ill,” x. 296 n. 1; on the bewitching of cattle, x. 303; on the oak and mistletoe of the Hays, xi. 284 n. 1

Gregory IV. and the Feast of All Saints, vi. 83

Gregory of Tours, on image of goddess carted about at Autun, ii. 144; on a talisman against dormice and serpents, viii. 281

Greig, James S., on a holed stone in the Aberdeenshire river Dee, xi. 187 n. 3

Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 90 sq.

Grenoble, King and Queen of May at, ii. 90; the harvest goat at, vii. 285

Greta, river in Yorkshire, need-fire on the, x. 287

Grevia spec., a sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 214, 219

Grey, Sir George, on the prohibition to name the dead among the natives of Western Australia, iii. 364 sq.; on the digging for yams by women in Western Australia, vii. 126 sq.; on the kobong or totem in Western Australia, xi. 219 sq.

Grey hair a signal of death, iv. 36 sq.

—— hairs of kings, iv. 100, 102, 103

Grihya-Sûtras on the pole-star at marriage, i. 166 n. 2; on the burial of a child’s hair, iii. 277

Grimm, J., on the oldest sanctuaries of the Germans, ii. 8 sq.; on the bride-race, ii. 303 n. 3; on a passage of Maximus Tyrius, ii. 362 n. 6; on the oak as the principal sacred tree of the ancient Germans, ii. 363 sq.; on old spell to cure a lame horse, iii. 305 n. 1; on the installation of a prince of Carinthia, iv. 155 n. 1; on the “carrying out of Death,” iv. 221 sq.; on the custom of “Sawing the Old Woman,” iv. 240, 244; on hide-measured lands, vi. 250; on need-fire, x. 270 n., 272 sq.; on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, xi. 87 n. 6; on the sanctity of the oak, xi. 89; on the oak and lightning, xi. 300

Grinnell, G. B., on human sacrifices among the Pawnees, vii. 239 n. 1

Gripes transferred to a duck, ix. 50

Grisons, masquerades to benefit the crops in the, ix. 239; threatening a mist in the, x. 280. See also Graubünden

Grizzly Bear clan of the Carrier Indians, xi. 274

—— bears supposed to be related to human twins, i. 264 sq.

Groot, Professor J. J. M. de, on the divinity of the emperors of China, i. 416 sq.; on reported custom of eating first-born children, iv. 180 n. 7; on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275; on the belief in demons in China, ix. 99; on the annual expulsion of devils in China, ix. 145 sq.; on mugwort in China, xi. 60

Gros Ventres, Indian tribe, prepare for war by fasting and lacerating themselves, iii. 161

Gross-Strehlitz, in Silesia, the custom of “carrying out Death” at, iv. 237

Grossvargula, the Grass King at Whitsuntide at, ii. 85 sq.

Grottkau, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 n.

Grotto of the Sibyl, at Marsala, v. 247

Ground, custom of sleeping on the, ii. 248; sacred persons not allowed to set foot on the, iii. 3, 4, 6, x. 2 sqq.; prohibition to sleep on the, iii. 110; warriors not to sit on the, iii. 159, 162, 163, x. 5, 12; executioner not to set foot on the, iii. 180; royal blood not to be shed on the, iii. 241 sqq.; priestesses not to touch the, vii. 97; last sheaf not to touch the, vii. 158, 159, 161; the bones of salmon not to touch the, viii. 254; priest of Earth not to sit on the, x. 4; girls at puberty not to touch the, x. 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; magical plants not to touch the, xi. 51; mistletoe not to touch the, xi. 280

Grouse, the ruffed, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; the first, blinded by hunter, viii. 268; clan of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273

Grout, L., on sacrifice of bull at Zulu festival of first-fruits, viii. 68 n. 3

Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, xi. 287 n. 1

Grove, sacred, of Nemi, i. 2, 17, xi. 315; of Egeria, i. 18; the Arician, i. 20, 22, ii. 115, 378, iv. 213, ix. 3; sacred, protected by curses, i. 45; Balder’s, x. 104, xi. 315; soul of chief in sacred, xi. 161. See also Arician

Groves, sacred, ii. 9, 10 sq., 20, 32, 39, 42, 43 sqq.; in Chios, i. 45; to Diana, ii. 121; in ancient Greece and Rome, ii. 121 sqq.; expiation for violating, ii. 122; in West Africa, ii. 322 n. 1; apologies for trespass on, ii. 328

Growth and decay of all things associated with the waxing and waning of the moon, vi. 132 sqq., 140 sqq.

Grub in the Grisons, masquerade to benefit the crops at, ix. 239

Grubb, Rev. W. Barbrooke, on the fear of demons among the Lengua Indians, ix. 78 sq.; on the seclusion of girls at puberty among the Lengua Indians, x. 57 n. 1

Grueber and d’Orville, Fathers, on the Dalai Lama of Lhasai, i. 412

Gruel of barley-meal and water, drunk as a form of communion with the Barley-goddess at the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 161 n. 4

Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, xi. 58 n. 1

Grunau, Simon, early Prussian chronicler, his account of Romove and its sacred oak, ii. 366 n. 2

Grünberg, in Silesia, the harvest Cat at, vii. 281; witches driven away on Walpurgis Night in the district of, ix. 163

Grunting like a wild boar or pig as a charm, ii. 22 sq.

Guacheta in Colombia, virgin impregnated by the sun at, x. 74

Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 126 sq.

Guadeloupe, precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Guagnini, Alex, on the sacred oak of Romove, ii. 366 n. 2

Guami Indians of Panama, concealment of personal names among the, iii. 325

Guanches of Teneriffe, their mode of procuring rain, i. 303

Guarani Indians of South America, their belief as to homoeopathic magic of millet, i. 145

Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 56

—— of Paraguay, revered the Pleiades, vii. 309

Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among the, x. 85 sq.

Guarayo Indians, their magic to clear the sky, i. 314

—— Indians of Bolivia, their presentation of children to the moon, vi. 145; ate the powdered bones of their dead, viii. 157

Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man’s, xi. 162 n. 2

—— deities of cities, iii. 391

“—— gods” of the Hos, vii. 234, viii. 61

—— spirit of child thought to reside in its caul, i. 199 sq.; as bear, boar, eagle, fox, ox, swan or wolf, i. 200; of family, vii. 121; among the Hos, viii. 60; afterbirth and seed regarded as, xi. 223 n. 2; acquired in a dream, xi. 256 sq.

—— spirits in the form of animals, i. 200, v. 83; of villages in Tonquin, i. 401 sq.; supposed to reside in people’s heads, iii. 252 sq.; in serpents, v. 83, 86; dead ancestors worshipped as, viii. 121, 123; among the American Indians, viii. 207; of wild animals exorcized by hunters, ix. 98; masked dances supposed to be derived from, ix. 375 sqq.

Guardian trees in Sweden, ii. 58

Guatemala, catching the soul of the dying in, iv. 199

——, the Indians of, confession of sins among the, iii. 216; their transference of fatigue to heaps of stones, ix. 10; their offerings at cairns, ix. 26; the nagual or external soul among the, xi. 212 sq.

——, the Kekchi Indians of, viii. 219, 241

Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 n.

Guayana Indians of Brazil, voluntary deaths by being buried alive among the, iv. 12

Guayaquil, in Ecuador, the Indians of, their human sacrifices at sowing, vii. 236

Guaycurus, try to frighten the demon of the storm, i. 330

—— of Brazil, precaution as to chief’s spittle among the, iii. 290; men dressed as women among the, vi. 254 n. 2

—— of the Gran Chaco used to change their names after a death, iii. 357; their festival at the reappearance of the Pleiades, vii. 309, ix. 262

Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, x. 85

Guazacualco, in Mexico, bones of the dead preserved for the resurrection in, viii. 259

Gudangs, the, of Queensland, avoidance of parents-in-law among, iii. 346; changes of vocabulary among the, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 359

Gudea, king of Southern Babylonia, festival of the New Year known to, ix. 356

Guelelé, king of Dahomey, represented partly in lion, partly in human form, iv. 85

Guelphs, the oak of the, xi. 166

Guessing dreams at New Year festival of the Iroquois, ix. 127

Guevo Upas, the Valley of Poison, in Java, v. 203 sq.

Guezo, king of Dahomey, represented with the feathers of a cock, iv. 85

Guhrau, district of Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237

Guiana, the Indians of, their precaution against heavy rain, i. 253; power of medicine-men among, i. 359 sq.; their fire customs, ii. 259; their belief in dreams, iii. 36 sq.; keep their names secret, iii. 324 sq.; their offerings of food to the dead, iii. 372 n. 5; do not sharply distinguish between animals and men, viii. 204; their custom after killing a tapir, viii. 236; their fear of demons, ix. 78

——, British, the Macusis of, iii. 159 n., x. 60; woman’s share in agriculture among the Indians of, vii. 120 sq.; the Arawaks of, viii. 154, ix. 302

——, French, difference of language between husbands and wives in the tribes of, iii. 348; the Roocooyen Indians of, ix. 181, 263; the Wayanas of, x. 63; ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, x. 63 sq.

Guinea, priestly kings in, iii. 5; negroes of, their belief in dreams, iii. 37; belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals in, viii. 287; transference of sickness to chickens in, ix. 31; annual expulsion of the devil in, ix. 131

——, French, the wild fig-tree regarded as a fetish-tree in, ii. 317 n. 1; dances at sowing in, ix. 235

——, North, disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278

——, Southern, the negroes of, use drippings of dead men’s brains to increase their wisdom, viii. 163

Guinea negroes, their transference of sickness to chickens, ix. 31

Guinea-fowl gives signal for planting, vii. 117

Guizing at Christmas in Lerwick, x. 268 sq.

Gujarat, rings as amulets in, iii. 315

Gujrat District, Punjaub, belief as to bodies of infants dug up by jackals or dogs in the, v. 94

Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe’en, x. 277 sq.

Gull clan of the Otawa Indians, viii. 225 n. 1

Gunkel, H., on the circumcised and the uncircumcised, i. 101 n. 2

Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, x. 291

Gunnar Helming disguises himself as the god Frey, ii. 144

Gunputty, elephant-headed god, human incarnation of, i. 405 sq.

Guns fired to expel demons, viii. 99, ix. 116 sq., 119, 120, 121, 125, 132, 133, 137, 147, 148, 149, 150, 203, 204, 221 n. 1; against witches, ix. 160, 161, 164, xi. 74

Gunther, king of the Burgundians, woos and wins Queen Brunhild, ii. 306

Gunthram, King, and his vagrant soul, iii. 39 n. 1

Gurdon, Major P. R. T., on the Khasis of Assam, vi. 202; on mother-kin among the Khasis, vi. 203 n. 1; on descent of the kingship among the Khasis, vi. 210 n. 1

Guré, a hobby-horse, at harvest festival of the Garos, viii. 337 sq.

Gurgaon, district of North-West India, fair at Bas Doda in, ii. 149

Guyana Indians of Brazil, their voluntary deaths, iv. 12 sq.

Guyenne, “the Wolf of the Field” at harvest in, vii. 275

Gwalior, Holi fires in, xi. 2

Gwanya, a worshipful dead chief, vi. 177

Gyges, king of Lydia, married the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281; his monument to his queen, ii. 282; dedicates double-headed axe to Zeus, v. 182

Gynaecocracy a dream, vi. 211

Gypsies, their way of stopping rain by means of a serpent, i. 295 sq.; Green George among the, ii. 75 sq.; their superstition about portraits, iii. 100; ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” among the, iv. 243; annual ceremony performed by the, ix. 207 sq.

Habes de Tornas, a tribe of Nigeria, revere a fetish doctor, iii. 124

Hack-thorn sacred, ii. 48

Hadad, chief male deity of the Syrians, v. 15, 16 n. 1; Syrian god of thunder and fertility, v. 163

Hadadrimmon, v. 164 n. 1; the mourning of or for, v. 15 n. 4

Haddon, Dr. A. C., on rain-making in Mabuiag, i. 262; on magicians in the Torres Straits Islands, i. 420 n. 2; on worship of animal-shaped heroes, v. 139 n. 1; on bull-roarers, vii. 106 n. 3

Hadeln, in Hanover, the Corn-mother at reaping last corn in, vii. 133

Hades, descent of Dionysus into, vii. 15

Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, x. 312 sq.

Hadramaut, mode of stopping rain in, i. 252

Hadrian builds at Nemi, i. 6; monument of, at Nemi, i. 6 n. 1; human sacrifice suppressed in reign of, v. 146; institutes games at Mantinea, vii. 80

Hag (wrach), name given to last corn cut in Wales, vii. 142 sqq.

Hagen, B., on the belief in demons among the Battas, ix. 87 sq.

Hagios Gheorgios, village in Thrace, ummery at Carnival at, vii. 26

Hahn, Dr. C. H., on the chief’s hut among the Herero, ii. 213 n. 2

Hahn, Theophilus, on the worship of the Pleiades among the Hottentots, vii. 317

Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, ceremony performed by pregnant women among the, i. 70; warlike pantomime of women while the men are at war, i. 133; their belief as to death at ebb-tide, i. 168; their charm to obtain a fair wind, i. 320; medicine-men among the, iii. 31; their recovery of lost souls, iii. 67 n.; attempt to kill the souls of their enemies in war, iii. 72 n. 1; their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 131 n. 1; their religions of cannibalism and of dog-eating, vii. 20 sq.; girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 44 sq.

—— medicine-men bottle up departing souls, iii. 31; their unshorn hair, iii. 259

—— shamans, their use of the tongues of otters and eagles, viii. 270

Hail, charm to protect corn from, vii. 300; ceremonies to avert, x. 144, 145; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176; bonfires thought to protect fields against, x. 344; mountain arnica a protection against, xi. 57 sq.

—— and thunderstorms caused by witches, x. 344

Hainan, island, the inhabitants of, call a year “a fire,” x. 137

Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, x. 108; procession of giants in, xi. 36

Hair offered to gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, i. 28 sq.; offered to the dead, i. 31, 102; offered to rivers, i. 31, iii. 261; clippings of, used in magic, i. 57, 64, 65, 66, iii. 268 sqq., 275, 277, 278 sq.; charms to make hair grow, i. 83, 145, 153 sq., 154; supposed to be the seat of strength, i. 102; of elephant hunter’s wife not to be cut, i. 120; of warriors not to be cut, i. 127; of wife and children of absent warrior not to be cut, i. 127; loose as a charm, i. 136; homoeopathic charm to strengthen, i. 144; homoeopathic charm to turn white hair black, i. 154; human, used in rain-making, i. 251 sq.; supernatural power of chief dependent on his, i. 344; of father of twins not to be cut for a time, ii. 102; long, a symbol of royalty, ii. 180; mode of cutting the Mikado’s, iii. 3; cut with bronze knife, iii. 14; not to be combed, iii. 14, 159 n., 181, 187, 203, 208, 264; pulled to give omens, iii. 55; of those who have handled the dead not cut, iii. 141; of man-slayers shaved, iii. 175, 177; of slain enemy, fetish made from, iii. 183; tabooed, iii. 258 sqq.; of kings, priests, and wizards unshorn, iii. 258 sqq.; regarded as the seat of a god or spirit, iii. 258, 259, 263; kept unshorn at certain times, iii. 260 sqq.; unshorn during a vow, iii. 261 sq.; of children unshorn, iii. 263; cut or combed out may cause rain and thunderstorms, iii. 271, 272, 282; clippings of, used as hostages, iii. 272 sq.; infected by virus of taboo, iii. 283 sq.; cut as a purificatory ceremony, iii. 283 sqq.; of women after childbirth shaved and burnt, iii. 284; loosened at childbirth, iii. 297 sq.; loosened in magical and religious ceremonies, iii. 310 sq.; sacrifice of women’s, v. 38; offered to goddess of volcano, v. 218; of head shaved in mourning for dead gods, v. 225; to be cut when the moon is waxing, vi. 133 sq.; pulling each other’s, a Lithuanian sacrificial custom, viii. 50 sq.; of slain foes used to impart courage, viii. 153; of patient inserted in oak, ix. 57 sq.; lock of, in cure for epilepsy, ix. 68 n. 2; unguent for, x. 14; girl at puberty not to cut her, x. 28; of girls at puberty shaved, x. 31, 56, 57, 59; Hindoo ritual of cutting a child’s, x. 99 n. 2; external soul in, xi. 103 sq., 148; strength of people bound up with their, xi. 158 sq.; of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, xi. 158 sq.; of children tied to trees, xi. 165; of novices cut at initiation, xi. 245, 251

Hair, grey, a signal of death, iv. 36 sq.

—— and nails of sacred persons not cut, iii. 3, 4, 16

—— and nails, cut, of a chief guarded against evil magic, i. 350 n. 1; deposited on or under trees, iii. 14, 275 sq., 286; disposal of, iii. 267 sqq.; as rain-charms, iii. 271, 272; deposited in sacred places, iii. 274 sqq.; stowed away in any secret place, iii. 276 sqq.; kept for use at the resurrection, iii. 279 sqq.; burnt to prevent them from falling into the hands of sorcerers, iii. 281 sqq.; of child buried under a tree, xi. 161

—— of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 182 sq., 190, 191

Hair-cutting, ceremonies at, iii. 264 sqq.; thought to cause thunder and lightning, iii. 265

Hair-pins as instruments of longevity, i. 169

Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, x. 212

Hak-Ka, the, a native race in the province of Canton, their annual expulsion of the devil of poverty, ix. 144

Hakea flowers, ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 86

Hakim Singh claims to be Jesus Christ incarnate, i. 409 sq.

Halae in Attica, mock human sacrifice at, iv. 215 sq.

Halasarna in Cos, rites of Apollo and Hercules at, vi. 259

Halberstadt in Thüringen, need-fire in, ii. 238 sq., x. 273; annual ceremony on day before Good Friday at, ix. 214

Hale, Horatio, on voluntary deaths in Fiji, iv. 11 sq.

Half-sister by the same father, marriage with, legal in Attica, ii. 284

Halfdan the Black, king of Norway, dismembered after death, vi. 100, 102

Halford in Warwickshire, May Day customs at, ii. 88 sq.

Hali-Bonar, village in Sumatra, iii. 104

Halibut, the first of the season, treatment of, viii. 253

Halicarnassus, the Mausoleum at, iv. 94 sq.; worship of Pergaean Artemis at, v. 35 n. 2

Haliphloios, a species of oak, ii. 373 n. 1

Hall, C. F., on the treatment of venison among the Esquimaux, x. 13; on new fire at New Year among the Esquimaux, x. 134

Hall, Dr. C. H. H., on the expulsion of the demon of plague in Japan, ix. 119 n. 1

Hall, Rev. G. R., on Midsummer fires at Christenburg Crags, x. 198

Hall, in the Tyrol, ceremony of whipping people on Senseless Thursday at, ix. 248 sq.

Hall of the Two Truths, the judgment hall in the other world, vi. 13

Hallowe’en, new fire at, in Ireland, x. 139, 225; an old Celtic festival of New Year, x. 224 sqq.; divination at, x. 225, 228 sq., 231, 234 sqq.; witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, x. 226 sqq., 245, xi. 184 n. 4, 185

—— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, xi. 40 sq.

Hallowe’en cakes, x. 238, 241, 245

—— fires, x. 222 sq.; in Wales, x. 156, 239; in the Highlands of Scotland, x. 230 sqq.; in the Isle of Man, x. 243; in Lancashire, x. 244 sq.; in France, x. 245 sq.

Hallowmas in Scotland, last corn cut before or after, vii. 140

Halmahera, or Gilolo, rain-making in, i. 248; rain-charm by means of the dead in, i. 285 sq.; ceremony at felling a tree in, ii. 38; the natives of, their words for soul, vii. 183; ceremonies at a funeral in, ix. 260 sq.; rites of initiation in, xi. 248

——, the Alfoors of, a man may not address his father-in-law by name among, iii. 341; their expulsion of demons, ix. 112

——, the Galelareese of, i. 110, v. 220, vii. 296; their belief as to incest, ii. 111. See Galelareese

Haloa, Attic festival, vii. 60 sqq.

Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, x. 301

Haman, a god worshipped by the heathen of Harran, ix. 366 n. 1

Haman, the Biblical, derivation of the name, ix. 366; effigies of, burnt at Purim, ix. 392 sqq.

—— and Mordecai, ix. 364 sqq.; as temporary kings, ix. 400 sq.

—— and Vashti the duplicates of Mordecai and Esther, ix. 406

Hâmân-Sûr, a name for Purim, ix. 393

Hamaspathmaedaya, old Iranian festival of the dead, vi. 67

Hamatsas, cannibals among the Kwakiutl, vii. 20

Hametzes, Cannibals or Biters, a Secret Society among the Indians of North-Western America, ix. 378

Hamilcar, his self-sacrifice by fire at the battle of Himera, v. 115 sq., 176; worshipped by the Carthaginians after death, v. 116, 180

Hamilton, Alexander, his account of the Samorins or kings of Calicut, iv. 47 sq.; on hook-swinging in India, iv. 278; on dance of hermaphrodites in Pegu, v. 271 n.

Hamilton, Gavin, on the seclusion of girls at puberty among the Tinneh Indians, x. 47 sq.

Hamilton, Professor G. L., v. 57 n. 1

Hamlet, his story half-historical, ii. 281 n. 2; his feigned imbecility, ii. 291

Hammedatha, father of Haman, ix. 373 n. 1

Hammer, used to make mock thunder, i. 248; iron, revered by the Lithuanians, i. 317 sq.; sick people struck with a, ix. 259 n. 4

Hammers, Thor’s, i. 248 n. 1

Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, x. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66

Hammurabi, king of Babylon, iv. 110; code of, ii. 130, v. 71 n. 3, 72 n. 1

Hampstead in reign of Henry II., ii. 7

Hamstring of deer, custom of removing, viii. 266

Hamstringing dead animals, viii. 267, 271, 273

—— deer, rule as to, i. 115

—— men to disable their ghosts, viii. 272, 273

Hand of Glory, the, a thief’s talisman, i. 149

“—— of Glory,” mandragora, xi. 316

——- of suicide cut off, iv. 220 n.; of dead man in magical ceremony, iv. 267 n. 1 See also Hands

Hand-marks, white, viii. 338

Handel, the harmonies of, v. 54

Hands tabooed, iii. 133 sq., 138, 140 sqq., 146 sqq., 158, 159 n., 174, 265; food not to be touched with, iii. 138 sqq., 146 sqq., 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 265; defiled, iii. 174; not to be clasped, iii. 298; of enemies eaten, viii. 151, 152; of deity, ceremony of grasping the, ix. 356. See also Hand

Hanged god, the, v. 288 sqq.

Hanging as a mode of capital punishment, iv. 114 n. 1; of an effigy of the Carnival, iv. 230 sq.; as a mode of sacrifice, v. 289 sqq.

Hannah’s vow, iii. 263, v. 79

Hannibal, his prayers to Melcarth, v. 113; his retirement from Italy, v. 265; despoils the shrine on Soracte, xi. 15; within sight of Rome, xi. 15

Hanover, Hildesheim in, ii. 85; harvest customs in, vii. 133, 283; the Harvest-mother in, vii. 135; Easter bonfires in, x. 140; the need-fire in, x. 275; custom on St. John’s Day about, xi. 56

Hantoes, spirits, in Borneo, ix. 87

Hanun, king of Moab, his treatment of David’s messengers, iii. 273

Hanway, J., on worship of perpetual fires at Baku, v. 192

Happah tribe in Marquesas Islands, evil magic practised on hair by the, iii. 268

Hardanger, Norway, Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom at, ii. 92

Hardisty, W. L., on the power of medicine-men among the Loucheux Indians, i. 356 sq.

Hardy, Thomas, on the disastrous effect of looking at trees on an empty stomach, i. 136

Hare, name of, tabooed in the morning, iii. 402 sq.; as scapegoat, ix. 50 sq.; pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, x. 17. See also Hares

——, corn-spirit as, vii. 279 sq.

Hare clan of the Moquis, viii. 178; of the Otawas, viii. 225 n. 1

—— Indians will not taste blood, iii. 241; do not pare nails of female children, iii. 263

Hare-lips, superstition as to persons with, i. 266

—— -skin Indians, viii. 265. See Loucheux

“Hare’s blood” at harvest, vii. 280

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

Hares thought to bewitch people, i. 212; witches in the form of, ii. 53, x. 157; killed on May Day as embodiments of witches, ii. 53, 54; not eaten lest they make the eaters timid, viii. 141; witches changed into, x. 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., xi. 41, 197

Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 48

Harlot’s Tomb, the, in Lydia, ii. 282

Harlots, sacred, ix. 370, 371, 372; at Comana, ix. 370 n. 4, 421 n. 1

Harma on Mount Parnes, lightning seen over, i. 33

Harmattan wind, in West Africa, iii. 5

Harmonia, the necklace of, v. 32 n. 2; turned into a snake, v. 86 sq.

—— and Cadmus, iv. 84; marriage of, iv. 88, 89

Haroekoe, East Indian island, fishermen’s magic in, i. 109; hunter’s magic in, i. 114; treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 187

Harold the Fair-haired, king of Norway, ii. 279, vi. 100 n. 2

Harp, the music of the, in religion, v. 52 sqq.

Harpalyce, her incest with her father, v. 44 n. 1

Harpocrates, the younger Horus, vi. 8, 9 n.; Osiris represented in the form of, vii. 260

Harpocration, on the human scapegoats at the Thargelia, ix. 254 n. 1

Harpooning a spirit, ix. 126

Harran, mourning of women for Tammuz in, v. 230; legend of Tammuz in, vii. 258

——, the heathen of, drank blood to enter into communion with demons, i. 383; their marriage festival of the gods in the Date Month, ii. 25; their custom at grafting, ii. 100 n. 2; human sacrifices offered by, vii. 261 sq.; sacrifices offered by, viii. 23 n. 3; their custom in December, ix. 263 sq.; their marriage festival of all the gods, ix. 273 n. 1; worship a god Haman, ix. 366 n. 1

Harris, island of, witches of the, i. 135; Slope of Big Stones in, x. 227

Harris, J. Rendel, on borrowed Greek and Roman festivals in Syrian calendars, i. 15 n.; on the pedigree of St. Hippolytus, 21 n. 2

Harrison, Miss J. E., on the Sacred Marriage of Dionysus, ii. 137 n. 1; on the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 139 n. 1; on the hyacinth (Delphinium Ajacis), v. 314 n. 1; on the winnowing-fan in the myth and ritual of Dionysus, vii. 5 n. 4; on the offering of first-fruits at Eleusis, vii. 60 n. 1; on the date of the Festival of the Threshing-floor, vii. 62 n. 6; on buckthorn, ix. 153 n. 1

Harrow used in rain-charm, i. 282, 284

Harte, Bret, on the old Spanish missions in California, viii. 171 n. 1

Harthoorn, S. E., on belief in demons in Java, ix. 86 sq.

Hartland, E. S., as to Mimetic Magic, i. 52 n. 1; on the Godiva legend, i. 283 n. 3; on legends of the Perseus type, ii. 156 n.; on the reincarnation of the dead, v. 91 n. 3; on primitive paternity, v. 106 n. 1; on the Hag at harvest in Wales, vii. 143 n. 1; on “burning the Old Witch” in Yorkshire, vii. 224 n. 4; on throwing sticks and stones on cairns, ix. 22 n. 2; on sin-eating, ix. 46 n. 2; on custom of knocking in nails as a magical rite, ix. 69 n. 1; on the life-token, xi. 119 n.

Hartlieb, in Silesia, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter at, iv. 256 n. 1

Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, xi. 9

Harvest, rain-charms at, ii. 47; custom of throwing water on the last corn cut as a rain-charm at, v. 237 sq.; rites of, vi. 45 sqq.; custom of the Arabs of Moab at, vi. 48, 96; annual festival of the dead after, vi. 61, viii. 110; new corn offered to dead kings or chiefs at, vi. 162, 166, 188; prayers to the spirits of ancestors at, vi. 175 sq.; sacrifices to dead chiefs at, vi. 191; riddles propounded at, ix. 122 n.; annual expulsion of demons at or after, ix. 134 sq., 137 sq., 225

—— in Egypt, date of, v. 231 n. 3, vi. 32

—— in Greece, the date of, i. 32, v. 232 n., vii. 48

—— in Palestine, date of, v. 232 n.

Harvest ceremonies among the Shilluk, iv. 20, 25

—— -child, last sheaf called the, vii. 151

—— -cock, last sheaf called the, vii. 276; harvest-supper called the, vii. 277

—— -crown, vii. 221, 277; of wheat-ears and flowers, vii. 163

—— -customs, the Corn-mother in, vii. 133 sqq.; and spring customs compared, vii. 167 sqq.

—— -goat, vii. 282, 283

—— Gosling, name for the harvest-supper, vii. 277 n. 3

Harvest-man, a woman tied up in the last sheaf, vii. 221

—— May, the, ii. 47 sq.

—— -mother, last sheaf called the, vii. 135

—— -Queen, vii. 146 sq., 152

—— -supper, vii. 134, 138, 156, 157, 159 sq., 161 sq., 289, 297, 299; sacramental character of, vii. 303, viii. 48

—— -woman, made of last sheaf, vii. 145

—— -wreath, vii. 283

Harvesters, athletic competitions among, vii. 76 sq.; wrapt up in corn-stalks, vii. 220 sqq.

Harz Mountains, greasing the weapon instead of the wound in the, i. 204; fir-trees set up at Midsummer in the, ii. 65 sq.; ceremony at Carnival in the, iv. 233; saying as to the dance of witches in the, ix. 163 n. 1; Easter fires in the, x. 140, 142; Midsummer fires in the, x. 169; need-fire in the, x. 276; springwort in the, xi. 69 sqq.

Haselberg in Bohemia, farmer swathed in the last corn to be threshed at, vii. 225 sq.; the Oats-goat at threshing at, vii. 286

Hasselt, J. L. van, on the belief in demons among the Papuans, ix. 83

Hastings, Warren, his embassy to Tibet, ix. 203

Hatfield Moss, in Yorkshire, huge trunks of oak found in, ii. 351

Hathor, Egyptian goddess, ii. 133, vi. 9 n.

Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, x. 45, 46, 47, 92. See also Hoods

Hatshopsitou, birth of Queen, represented in Egyptian paintings, ii. 131 sqq.

Hattusil, king of the Hittites, his treaty with Rameses II., v. 135

Haua, a god in Easter Island, viii. 133

Haupt, Professor P., on the principal personages in the Book of Esther, ix. 406 n. 2

Hausa kings put to death, iv. 35

—— story of the external soul, xi. 148 sq.

Haussas, taboos on the names of relations among the, iii. 337

Havamal, how Odin learned the magic runes in the, v. 290

Hawaii, feather robes of royal family of, i. 388 n. 3; king of, not to be seen by day, iii. 24; capture of souls by sorcerers in, iii. 72 sq.; exorcism of demons in, iii. 106; tabooed priest in, iii. 138 n. 1; customs as to chiefs and shadows in, iii. 255; annual festival in, iv. 117 sq.; the volcano of Kirauea in, v. 216 sqq.

Hawaiian taboo, iii. 262

Hawaiians, the New Year of the, xi. 244

Hawes, Mrs., on date of the corn-reaping in Crete, v. 232 n.

Hawk, belief as to the shadow of a brown, iii. 82; symbol of the sun and of the king in Egypt, iv. 112; Isis in the form of a, vi. 8; the sacred bird of the earliest Egyptian dynasties, vi. 21 sq.; epithet regularly applied to the king of Egypt, vi. 22; omens from, ix. 384 n. 1 See also Hawks

Hawk-town (Hieraconpolis) in Egypt, vi. 21 sq.

Hawk’s head and wings, man represented wearing a, vii. 260

Hawkie, the harvest home, vii. 146, 147 n. 1

Hawks worshipped in Egypt, i. 29; carved on the bier of Osiris, vi. 20; hearts of, eaten by diviners to acquire prophetic power, viii. 143; revered by the Ainos, viii. 200. See also Hawk

Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57

Hawthorn, Merlin under the, i. 306; in bloom on May Day, ii. 52; a protection against witches, ii. 55, 127; at doors on May Day, ii. 60; a charm against ghosts, ix. 153 n. 1; mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316

Haxthausen, A. von, on the Midsummer festival of the Cheremiss, x. 181

Hay, Sir John Drummond, on the Corn-woman among the Berbers, vii. 179

Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the mistletoe growing on it, xi. 283 sq.

Hazael, king of Syria, worshipped as a god by the people of Damascus, v. 15

Hazebrouck, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, xi. 35

Hazel, the divining-rod made of, xi. 67 sq.; never struck by lightning, xi. 69 n.

Hazel leaves in rain ceremony, i. 295

—— rod used to beat an absent man vicariously, i. 207; used in rain-making, i. 301; to drive cattle with, x. 204

Head, sacrificial victim required to shake its, i. 384; strayed souls restored to, iii. 47, 48, 52, 53 sq., 64, 67; prohibition to touch the, iii. 142, 183, 189, 252 sq., 254, 255 sq.; plastered with mud, iii. 182; sacred in Polynesia, iii. 245; the human, regarded as sacred, iii. 252 sqq.; tabooed, iii. 252 sqq.; supposed to be the residence of spirits, iii. 252; objection to have any one overhead, iii. 253 sqq.; washing the, iii. 253. See also Heads

—— of chief not to be touched, i. 344

Head of horse, in Roman sacrifice, viii. 42; used to protect garden from caterpillars, viii. 43 n. 1; in effigy, at harvest festival, viii. 43 n. 1, 337

Head-dress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, x. 92

“—— -Feast” among the Dyaks of Borneo, v. 295 sq.; of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383, 384 n. 1

—— -hunters, rules observed by people at home in absence of, i. 129; customs of, iii. 30, 36, 71 sq., 111, 166 sq., 169 sq., 261

—— -hunting in Borneo, v. 294 sqq.; in the Philippines, vii. 240 sq.; among the Wild Wa of Burma, vii. 241 sqq.; among the Nagas, vii. 243 sq.; as a means of promoting the growth of the crops, vii. 256

Headache caused by fatigue of soul, iii. 40; caused by clipped hair, iii. 270 sq., 282; cures for, ix. 2, 52, 58, 63, 64, x. 17; transferred to head-rings, ix. 2; transferred to animal, ix. 31; mugwort a protection against, xi. 59

Headington, in Oxfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 62 n. 2; Lord and Lady of the May at, ii. 90 sq.

Headlam, Walter, on Dionysus as a god of beer, vii. 2 n. 1

Headless Hugh, Highland story of, xi. 130 sq.

—— horsemen in India, xi. 131 n. 1

Headman, sacred, ix. 177 n. 3

Headmen of totem clans in Central Australia as public magicians, i. 335; headmen often magicians in South-East Australia, i. 335 sq.

Heads of lac gatherers not to be washed, i. 115; custom of moulding heads artificially, ii. 297 sq.; of manslayers shaved, iii. 177; of dead kings removed and kept, iv. 202 sq.; severed human, thought to promote the fertility of the ground and of women, v. 294 sqq.; used as guardians by Taurians and tribes of Borneo, v. 294 sqq.; of dead chiefs cut off and buried secretly, vi. 104; shaved after lightning has struck a kraal, viii. 161; or faces of menstruous women covered, x. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90. See also Head

Heaps of stones, sticks, or leaves, to which every passer-by adds, ix. 9 sqq.; on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 sqq.; “lying heaps,” ix. 14; on graves, ix. 15 sqq.

Hearn, Lafcadio, on the exorcism of demons in Japan, ix. 144

Hearne, S., on taboos observed by manslayers among North American Indians, iii. 184 sqq.; on the seclusion of menstruous women among the Chippeway Indians, x. 90 sq.

Hearn, Dr. W. E., on mother-kin among the Aryans, ii. 283 n. 5

Heart of Dionysus, the sacred, vii. 13, 14, 15; of human victim torn out, viii. 92; of jackal not eaten lest it make the eater timid, viii. 141; of hen not eaten lest it make the eater timid, viii. 142; of lion or leopard eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 142 sq.; of water-ousel eaten in order to acquire wisdom and eloquence, viii. 144; of bear eaten to acquire courage, viii. 146; of serpent eaten to acquire language of animals, viii. 146; of wolf eaten to make eater brave, viii. 146; regarded as the seat of intellect, viii. 149; of bird of prey eaten to acquire courage, viii. 162; of salmon not to be eaten by a dog, viii. 255 n. 4; of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, x. 321 sq. See also Hearts

—— of the Earth, a Mexican goddess, ix. 289

Hearth, bride at marriage conducted to the, ii. 221; custom of leading a bride round the, ii. 230, 231; new-born children brought to the, ii. 232

——, the common, at Delphi, i. 33; in Greek cities, i. 45

——, the king’s, at Rome, ii. 195, 200, 206; oath by, ii. 265

——, the sacred, of the Herero, ii. 213, 214; seat of the ancestral spirits, ii. 216, 221

Hearts of men and animals offered to the sun, i. 315; of dead kings eaten by their successors, iv. 203; of men sacrificed, vii. 236; of crows, moles, or hawks eaten by diviners to acquire prophetic power, viii. 143; of men eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 sqq.; of human victims offered to the sun, ix. 279 sq., 298; of human victims offered to the moon, ix. 282; of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, x. 269 n. 1, 325. See also Heart

Heathen festivals displaced by Christian, v. 308

—— origin of Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), v. 249 sq.; of Christmas, v. 302 sqq.

Heaven, vault of, imitated in rain-charm, i. 261, 262; threatened with conflagration as a rain-charm, i. 303; festivals of, i. 399 sq.; slave treated as the representative of, i. 399 sq.; temple and image of, i. 414; the Chinese emperor a son of, i. 416 sq.; eaten by heaven-herds among the Zulus, viii. 160 sq.

Heaven and earth, between, x. 1 sqq., 98 sq.

——, the Queen of, xi. 303

“Heaven bird” in rain-making, i. 302

—— -herds among the Zulus, viii. 160

Heavenly Master, the head of Taoism, i. 413 sqq.

—— Virgin or Goddess, mother of the Sun, v. 303

Hebesio, god of thunder, on the Gold Coast, iii. 257

Hebrew kings, traces of their divinity, v. 20 sqq.

—— names ending in -el or -iah, v. 79 n. 3

—— prohibition of images of animals, i. 87 n. 1

—— prophecy, the distinctive character of, v. 75

—— prophets, their ethical religion, i. 223; their resemblance to those of Africa, v. 74 sq.

Hebrews, their notion of the blighting effect of sexual crime, ii. 114 sq.; apocryphal Gospel to the, iv. 5 n. 3; sacrifice their children to Baal, iv. 168 sqq.; their sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 171 sqq.; forbidden to reap corners of fields and glean last grapes, vii. 234 sq.; sacrificed and burned incense to nets, viii. 240 n. 1; the importance they ascribed to blessings and cursings, ix. 23 n.; their use of birds as scapegoats for leprosy, ix. 35

Hebrides, wind-charms in the, i. 322 sq.; St. Bride’s bed on St. Bride’s Day in the, ii. 94; the Outer, the fire of a kiln called by a special name in the, iii. 395; peats cut in the wane of the moon in the, vi. 137 sq.

Hebron, practice of Moslem pilgrims at, ix. 21

Hecaerge, an epithet of Artemis, v. 292

Hecate at Ephesus, v. 291; sometimes identified with Artemis, v. 292 n.

—— and Zeus worshipped at Stratonicea, vi. 227

Hecatombaeon, an Athenian month, ix. 351

Hecatombeus, a Greek month, v. 314

Heckewelder, Rev. John, on attitude of North American Indians to the lower animals, viii. 205 sq.

Hecquard, H., on exorcism of evil spirit in Guinea, ix. 120

Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, xi. 131 n. 1

Hedgehog not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Hegel on magic and religion, i. 235 n. 1, 423 sqq.

Hegemone, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 n. 1

Hehn, V., on evergreens in Italy, i. 8 n. 4; on derivation of name Corycian, v. 187 n. 6

Heiberg, Sigurd K., on Midsummer fires in Norway, x. 171 n. 3

Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, x. 290

Heimskringla or Sagas of the Norwegian Kings, ii. 280

Heine, H., Pilgrimage to Kevlaar, i. 77; on the oak woods of Germany, ii. 243

Heitsi-eibib, Hottentot god or hero, his graves, iv. 3, x. 16

Hekaerge and Hekaergos, i. 33, 34, 35

Helaga, holy or taboo, ii. 106 _n._2

Helbig, W., on bronze statuettes at Nemi, i. 20 n. 5

Helen and Menelaus, ii. 279

—— of the Tree, worshipped in Rhodes, v. 292

Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en at, x. 237 n. 5

Helernus, grove of, ii. 190 sq.

Heliacal rising of Sirius, vi. 152

Helice, in Achaia, destroyed by earthquake, v. 203; Poseidon worshipped at, v. 203 n. 2

Heligoland, disappearance of herring about, viii. 251

Heliodorus, on the priesthood of Apollo and Artemis at Ephesus, vi. 243 sq.

Heliogabalus, the Emperor, his marriage of the Sun-god and Moon-goddess, iv. 92; his sacrifice of children of living parents, vi. 248

——, sun-god at Emesa, v. 35

Heliopolis (the Egyptian), Tum the god of, i. 419; the gods of, ii. 131; wine not to be taken into the temple at, iii. 249 n. 2; the mummy of Toumou at, iv. 5; Mnevis the sacred bull of, iv. 72, viii. 34; trial of the dead Osiris before the gods at, vi. 17

—— (Baalbec), in Syria, v. 163 n. 2; sacred prostitution at, i. 30 n. 3, v. 37, 58

Hell-broth in rain-charm, i. 352

—— -fire in Catholic and Protestant theology, iv. 136

“—— -gate of Ireland,” x. 226

Helle and Phrixus, the children of King Athamas, iv. 161 sqq.

Hellebore, curses at cutting, i. 281

Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, x. 295

Helpful animals in fairy tales, xi. 107, 117, 120, 127 sqq., 130, 132, 133, 139 n. 2, 140 sq., 149

Hemingway, Mr., on unlucky marriages in India, ii. 57 n. 4

Hemithea, her sanctuary at Castabus, viii. 24 n. 5, 85

Hemlock as an anaphrodisiac, ii. 138, 139 n. 1; burned on May Day as a protection against witches, ix. 158 sq.

Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 152

—— branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, xi. 186

—— stone in Nottinghamshire, x. 157

Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, xi. 62 n.

Hemp, homoeopathic magic to promote the growth of, i. 137 sq.; augury as to the height of the, ix. 315; dances to make hemp grow tall, ix. 315; intoxication of women to make hemp grow tall, x. 109; leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, x. 166, 168

Hemp dance on Shrove Tuesday, i. 138

—— seed, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 235, 241, 245

Hen sacrificed by woodman after felling tree, ii. 14; soul in form of, iii. 42 n.; heart of, not eaten, viii. 142, 147. See also Hens

—— and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at Christmas, x. 260

Hen’s egg, external soul of giant in a, xi. 140 sq.

Henderson, William, on need-fire, x. 288 sq.; on a remedy for cattle-disease, x. 296 n. 1; on burnt sacrifice of ox, x. 301

Henna, image of Demeter at, vii. 65

Hennepin, L., on the New Year festival of the Iroquois, ix. 128 n.

Heno, the thunder-spirit of the Iroquois, ii. 369 sq.

Henry II., Hampstead in the reign of, ii. 7; at Rouen, ii. 164, 165

Hens not eaten lest they make the eaters timid, viii. 140, 142, 147; the straw of the Shrovetide Bear supposed to make the hens lay eggs, viii. 326. See also Hen

Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, xi. 205 sq.

Hepding, H., on Attis, v. 263 n. 1; on Catullus’s poem Attis, v. 270 n. 2; on the bath of Cybele’s image, v. 280

Hephaestion, funeral games in honour of, iv. 95

Hephaestius, a Greek month, vii. 46 n. 2

Hephaestus, the Greek fire-god, reputed father of Erichthonius, ii. 199; (Ptah), temple of, at Memphis, iv. 259 n. 1; and hot springs, v. 209; said to have killed Adonis, viii. 23; worshipped in Lemnos, x. 138

Hephaestus and Talos, iv. 74

Heqet, Egyptian frog-goddess, vi. 9 n.

Hera, her adoption of Hercules, i. 74; the love of Zeus for, i. 161; as an oak-goddess, ii. 142, 142 n. 2; race of girls in honour of, at Olympia, iv. 91; the sister of her husband Zeus, iv. 194; represented wearing a goat’s skin, vii. 23 n. 4

——, Argive, her sacred grove among the Veneti, i. 27

—— the Flowery at Argos, ii. 143 n. 2

—— and Hercules, i. 74

—— and Zeus, their sacred marriage, ii. 137 n. 1, 140 sq., 142 sq., v. 280

Heraclids, Lydian destiny of the, v. 182, 184; perhaps Hittite, v. 185

Heraclitus, on the souls of the dead, iv. 12

Heraean mountains in Sicily, the oaks of the, ii. 354

Heraeon, a Greek month, viii. 7

Heralds, tongues of sacrificial victims assigned to Greek, viii. 270 sq.

Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe’en, x. 228

—— of St. John, mugwort, gathered on St. John’s Eve or Day, xi. 58 sqq.; wonderful virtues ascribed to, xi. 46, 58 sqq. See also Herbs

Herbert River in Queensland, personal names avoided for fear of magic on the, iii. 320

Herbrechtingen, in Thüringen, the cow at threshing at, vii. 291

Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, x. 182, 201; wonderful, gathered on St. John’s Eve or Day, xi. 45 sqq.

—— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, x. 162, 163, 172, 173

Hercules adopted by Hera, i. 74; sacrifice with curses to, i. 281 sq.; his birth delayed by Lucina, iii. 298 sq.; in the garden of the Hesperides, iv. 80; identified with Melcarth, v. 16, 111; slain by Typhon and revived by Iolaus, v. 111; burnt on Mount Oeta, v. 111, 116, 211; worshipped at Gades, v. 112 sq.; women excluded from sacrifices to, v. 113 n. 1; identified with Sandan, v. 125, 143, 161, ix. 388; burns himself, v. 176; worshipped after death, v. 180; the itch of, v. 209; his dispute with Aesculapius, v. 209 sq.; the patron of hot springs, v. 209 sqq.; altar of, at Thermopylae, v. 210; the effeminate, vi. 257, 258, 259; priest of, dressed as a woman, vi. 258; vernal mysteries of, at Rome, vi. 258; sacrifices to, at Rome, vi. 258 n. 5; apple offered instead of ram to, viii. 95 n. 2; surnamed Worm-killing, viii. 282; cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351 n. 3; his death on a pyre, ix. 389, 391

Hercules and Achelous, ii. 162

—— and Alcmena, iii. 298 sq.

—— at Argyrus, temple of, x. 99 n. 3

—— and Busiris, vii. 259

—— and the lion, v. 184

—— with the lion’s scalp, Greek type of, v. 117 sq.

—— and Lityerses, vii. 217

—— surnamed Locust, viii. 282

——, the Lydian, identical with the Cilician Hercules, v. 182, 184, 185

—— and Omphale, ii. 281 sq., v. 182, vi. 258, ix. 389

—— and Sardanapalus, v. 172 sqq.

—— and Syleus, vii. 258

—— and Zeus, viii. 172

Hercynian forest, the, ii. 7, 354; etymology of the name, ii. 354 n. 2, 367 n. 3

Herd-boys, taboos observed by Esthonian, ii. 331

Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, x. 343

Hereditary and elective monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 sqq.

—— deities, v. 51

—— queens and elective kings, ii. 295

Hereford, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Herefordshire, soul-cakes in, vi. 79; the sin-eater in, ix. 43; fires kindled on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318 sqq.; Midsummer fires in, x. 199; the Yule log in, x. 257 sq.

Herero or Damaras, a Bantu tribe of German South-West Africa, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209; their prayers and sacrifices for rain, i. 287; their fire-customs, ii. 211 sqq.; their huts and villages, ii. 212 sq.; their worship of ancestors, ii. 221; seclusion of women at childbirth among the, iii. 151; purification of warriors after battle among the, iii. 176; holiness of women in childbed among the, iii. 225 n.; the worship of the dead among the, vi. 185 sqq.

Hermaphrodite son of Sky and Earth, v. 282 n.

Hermaphrodites, dance of, v. 271 n.

Hermegisclus, king of the Varini, enjoined his son to wed his stepmother, ii. 283

Hermes at Athens, the mutilation of the, iii. 75; the grave of, iv. 4; tongues of victims assigned to, viii. 270; tried for the murder of Argus, ix. 24; wayside images of, ix. 24; Cretan festival of, ix. 350

—— and Aegipan, v. 157

Hermes and Argus, ix. 24

Hermesianax, on the death of Attis, v. 264 n. 4

Hermion, Dionysus of the Black Goat-skin at, vii. 17

Hermopolis, grave of Hermes at, iv. 4

Hermotimus of Clazomenae and his rambling soul, iii. 50

Hermsdorf, in Silesia, harvest custom at, vii. 139

Hermus, river, in Asia Minor, v. 185, 186

Hermutrude, legendary queen of Scotland, ii. 281

Herndon, W. L., on the ordeal of stinging with ants among the Indians of Brazil, x. 62 n. 3

Hernia, cured by prayer of girl at puberty, x. 98 n. 1

Herod resorts to the springs of Callirrhoe, v. 214; his slaughter of the young children, ix. 337; his soldiers’ treatment of Christ, ix. 416

Herodas, as to the soul on the lips, iii. 33 n. 3

Herodes Atticus, his benefaction at Thermopylae, v. 210

Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, v. 345

Herodotus on the Hyperborean maidens, i. 34 ns.; on the divinity of Spartan kings, i. 48 sq.; on the destruction of the Psylli, i. 331; on descent of the Lydian crown, ii. 282; on sanctuary of Aphrodite at Paphos, v. 34; on religious prostitution, v. 58; on wife of Bel, v. 71; on Cyrus and Croesus, v. 174; on the sacrifices of Croesus to Apollo, v. 180 n. 1; on so-called monument of Sesostris, v. 185; on the festival of Osiris at Sais, vi. 50; on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 86; identifies Osiris with Dionysus, vi. 113 n. 2; on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, vi. 127; on human sacrifices offered by the wife of Xerxes, vi. 221; on the Linus song, vii. 258; on human sacrifices in ancient Egypt, vii. 259 n. 3; on the Egyptian sacrifice of pigs to Osiris and the moon, viii. 25 n. 1; on the worship of Ishtar (Astarte), ix. 372

Heroes worshipped in form of animals, v. 139 n. 1

Herrera, A. de, on naguals among the Indians of Honduras, xi. 213 sq.

Herrick, Robert, The Hock-cart or the Harvest Home, vii. 147 n. 1; on the Yule log, x. 225

Herring thought to be attracted by the laird of Dunvegan, i. 368; superstitions as to, viii. 251 sq.; salt, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 239

Herrings and dumplings to be eaten on Twelfth Night, ix. 241

Hersilia, a Sabine goddess, ii. 193 n. 1

Hertfordshire, May garlands and carols in, ii. 61, 61 n. 1; “Crying the Mare” in, vii. 292 sq.; ague transferred to oaks in, ix. 57 sq.

Hertz, W., on religious prostitution, v. 57 n. 1, 59 n. 4

Heruli, a Teutonic tribe, their custom of killing the sick and old, iv. 14

Hervey Islands, South Pacific, legend of the origin of the Pleiades in the, vii. 312

Herzegovina, marriage custom at Mostar in, ii. 230 sq.; the Yule log in, x. 263; need-fire in, x. 286

Hesiod, on acorns as food, ii. 355; on Demeter as goddess of the corn, vii. 42; on time for ploughing, vii. 45; on time of vintage, vii. 47 n. 2; on the farmer’s calendar, vii. 53

Hesperides, garden of the, iv. 80

Hesse, homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg in, i. 205; race on horseback at a marriage in, ii. 303 sq.; custom at ploughing in, v. 239; pigs’ ribs used at sowing in, vii. 300; Lenten fire-custom in, x. 118; Easter fires in, x. 140; wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, xi. 28

Hest, the Egyptian name for Isis, vi. 50 n. 4, 115 n. 1

Hestia, the Greek equivalent of Vesta, i. 45; sacrifices offered by the king to, i. 45

Hettingen in Baden, custom at sowing at, v. 239

Heudanemi at Athens, i. 325 n. 1

Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, x. 299 sq.

Heyne, C. G., on the Parilia, ii. 329 n. 1

Hezekiah, King, and the brazen serpent, iv. 86; his reformation, v. 25, 107; date of his reign, v. 25 n. 4

Hiaina district of Morocco, Midsummer custom of Arab women in, xi. 51

Hialto, how he became brave, viii. 146

Hibeh papyri, vi. 35 n. 1, 51 n. 1

Hibiscus tree used in making fire-drill, iii. 227

Hidatsa Indians of North America, on the shades or spirits of cottonwood trees, ii. 12; taboos observed by eagle-hunters among the, iii. 198 sq.; their theory of the plurality of souls, xi. 221 sq.

Hide, cow’s, beaten with staves on the last day of the year in the Highlands of Scotland, viii. 322 sqq.; beaten by the Salii with rods, ix. 231

Hide-measured lands, legends as to, vi. 249 sq.

Hiera Sykaminos, furthest point of Roman empire in southern Egypt, iv. 144 n. 2

Hieracium pilosella, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 57

Hieraconpolis or Hawk-town, the oldest royal capital in Egypt, iv. 112; hawks worshipped at, vi. 22 n. 1; representations of the Sed festival at, vi. 151

Hierapolis on the Euphrates, biennial ceremony of pouring water at, i. 251 n. 4; sacred pigs at, viii. 23

——, the Syrian, offerings of hair at, i. 29; rule as to mourners entering the temple of Astarte at, iii. 286; high priest of the Syrian goddess at, v. 143 n. 4; festival of the Pyre or Torch at, v. 146, ix. 392; sacred doves at, v. 147; eunuch priests of Astarte at, v. 269 sq.

—— and Hieropolis, distinction between, v. 168 n. 2

——, in the valley of the Maeander, cave of Pluto at, v. 206; hot springs at, v. 206 sqq.

Hierapolis-Bambyce, Atargatis the goddess of, v. 137, 162; mysterious golden image at, v. 162 n. 2; rules as to the pollution of death at, vi. 227

Hieroglyphics, Hittite, v. 124, 125 n.

Hieroglyphs perhaps magical in origin, i. 87 n. 1

Hieron, Greek vase of, vii. 68 n. 1

Hierophant at Eleusis, temporarily deprived of his virility, ii. 138; his marriage, ii. 139 n. 1; his exhortation to offer the first-fruits, vii. 55, 59 sq.; unlawful sacrifice offered by a, vii. 61 n. 4; perhaps represented Zeus in a sacred marriage, vii. 65

Higgins, Rev. J. C., on bonfires at Tarbolton, x. 207 n. 2

High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, xi. 39 sq.

High History of the Holy Graal, iv. 120, 134

High Priest in Timor, rules observed by, during absence of warriors, i. 128 sq.; of the Kafirs of the Hindoo Koosh, taboos observed by the, iii. 14 n. 2; of Syrian goddess at Hierapolis, v. 143 n. 4; the Jewish, viii. 27, ix. 210; the Fijian, xi. 245

—— Priestess, head of the State in Khyrim, vi. 203

Highland sorcerers use knotted cords, iii. 305 n. 3

—— sportsmen, their guns or fishing-rods not to be stepped over, iii. 423

—— story of absence of soul in sleep, iii. 40 sq.; of Headless Hugh, xi. 130 sq.

—— witches, how they sink ships, i. 135

Highlanders of Scotland, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 329; their precautions against witchcraft on Beltane Eve, ii. 53; forced fire (need-fire) among the, ii. 238; their superstitions as to Good Friday, iii. 229; their belief as to cut hair, iii. 271; loose or cut all knots on a corpse, iii. 310; certain words tabooed to them at sea, iii. 394; on the influence of the moon, vi. 132, 134, 140; their medicinal applications of menstruous blood, x. 98 n. 1; their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, x. 343 n. 1; their belief concerning snake stones, xi. 311

Highlands of Scotland, magic to catch fish in the, i. 110; magical virtues ascribed to chiefs in the, i. 368; faith in the healing touch of a Macdonald in the, i. 370 n. 3; St. Bride’s day in the, ii. 94; fires put out in house of death in the, ii. 267 n. 4; divination by the shoulder-blades of sheep in the, iii. 229; iron as a charm against fairies in the, iii. 232 sq.; saying about combing hair at night in the, iii. 271; knots untied and buckles removed at marriage in the, iii. 299 sq.; the last corn cut at harvest called the Old Wife (Cailleach) in the, vii. 140 sqq.; the last corn cut at harvest called the Maiden in the, vii. 155 sqq.; beating the cow’s hide on the last day of the year in the, viii. 322 sqq.; custom of throwing stones on cairns in the, ix. 20 sq.; cock buried alive on spot where epileptic patient fell down in the, ix. 68 n. 2; the Twelve Days in the, ix. 324; snake stones in the, x. 16; Beltane fires in the, x. 146 sqq.; Hallowe’en fires in the, x. 230 sqq.; divination at Hallowe’en in the, x. 229, 234 sqq.; need-fire in the, x. 289 sqq.; need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, xi. 91

Hilaria, Festival of Joy in the rites of Attis, v. 273

Hildesheim, the Leaf King at Whitsuntide at, ii. 85; bell-ringing at, on Ascension Day, ix. 247 sq.; Easter rites of fire and water at, x. 124; Easter bonfires at, x. 141; the need-fire at, x. 272 sq.; hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, xi. 57

Hill, G. F., on image of Artemis at Perga, v. 35 n. 2; on legend of coins at Tarsus, v. 126 n. 2; on goddess ’Atheh, v. 162 n. 1; on coins of Mallus, v. 165 n. 6

Hill, Miss Nina, on a Candlemas custom in County Galway, ii. 95 n.

Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, x. 149

—— of Lloyd, near Kells, iv. 99

—— of Ward, in County Meath, x. 139

Hill Tout, C., on respect shown by the Indians of British Columbia for the animals and plants which they eat, vi. 44; on Indian ceremonies before eating the first wild berries or roots of the season, viii. 80 sq., 134

Hills, spirits of, worshipped in Burma, ii. 41

Himalayan districts of the North-Western Provinces of India, gardens of Adonis in the, v. 242; sacrifices at sowing and harvest in the, viii. 117; prayers at cairns in the, ix. 29; mistletoe in the, xi. 316

Himalayas, cairns or heaps of sticks in the, ix. 12

Himera, the battle of, iv. 167, v. 115; hot springs of, v. 213 n. 1

Himerius, on the gift of the corn, vii. 58

Hindoo bride led round the fire, ii. 230

—— ceremony of rebirth from a golden cow, iii. 113

—— charm to cause sleep, i. 148; ancient, by means of knots, iii. 306

—— expiation for killing sacred animals, iv. 216

—— marriage, the pole-star at, i. 166

—— marriages of trees and shrubs, ii. 25 sq.

—— places of pilgrimage, hair of criminals shaved at, iii. 287

—— ritual, confession of sins in, iii. 217; ancient, for the transference of thirst, ix. 38; abstinence from salt in, x. 27; as to cutting a child’s hair, x. 99 n. 2

—— story of the absence of the soul in a dream, iii. 38 n. 4

—— Trinity, i. 225, 404

—— women will not name their husbands, iii. 333; their restrictions at menstruation, x. 84

—— worship of cows, viii. 37

Hindoo Koosh, sacred cedar of the, i. 383; diviners among the tribes of the, i. 383 sq.; the Kafirs of the, i. 385; expulsion of demons after harvest in the, ix. 137, 225

Hindoos, magical images among the, i. 63 sqq.; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209; their test of a sacrificial victim, i. 384 sq.; worship the Holy Basil (tulasi) plant, ii. 26 sq.; their custom at yawning, iii. 31; their custom as to paring children’s nails, iii. 262 sq.; their belief as to shooting stars, iv. 67; their indifference to death, iv. 136; sacredness of the first-born among the, iv. 181; their belief in the rebirth of a father in his son, iv. 188; burial of infants among the, v. 94; their worship of perpetual fire, v. 192; their marriage customs, vi. 246, x. 75; transference of evil among the, ix. 38; their fear of demons, ix. 91 sq.; maidens secluded at puberty among the, x. 68; their use of menstruous fluid, x. 98 n. 1; stories of the external soul among the, xi. 97 sqq. See also India

Hindoos, ancient, magical images among the, i. 77; their treatment of jaundice, i. 79; barley in the religious ritual of the, vii. 132; sacrifice of first-fruits among the, viii. 119 sq.; their cure for epilepsy, ix. 69 n.

—— of the Central Provinces, their belief that a twin can ward off hail and heavy rain, i. 269

—— of Northern India, their mode of drinking moonshine, vi. 144

—— of the Punjaub, their belief as to the length of a soul’s residence in heaven, iv. 67; annual ceremony of the expulsion of poverty among the, ix. 144 sq.; their custom of passing unlucky children through narrow openings, xi. 190

—— of Southern India, their ceremony at eating the new rice, viii. 56; their Pongol festival, xi. 1

Hinnom, the Valley of, sacrifice of first-born children in, iv. 169, 170, v. 178, vi. 219

Hippasus, torn to pieces by Bacchanals, iv. 164

Hippoclides and Clisthenes, ii. 307 sq.

Hippocrates, sacrifices offered to, i. 105; on a Sarmatian custom of moulding the heads of children artificially, ii. 297

Hippodamia, her marriage with Pelops, iv. 91; institutes the girls’ race at Olympia, iv. 91; grave of the suitors of, iv. 104; her incest with her father, v. 44 n. 1

—— and Pelops, ii. 279, 299 sq.

Hippolytus killed by horses, i. 20, iv. 214, viii. 40; restored to life by Aesculapius, i. 20, iv. 214; dedicated horses to Aesculapius, i. 21 n. 2, viii. 41 n. 5; hair dedicated by youths and maidens to, i. 28, 39

—— and Artemis, i. 19 sq., 24 sqq.

—— and Phaedra, i. 19

—— or Virbius, the first King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 19 sq., iv. 214, viii. 40

Hippolytus, Christian Father, on the exhibition of corn to the initiates at Eleusis, vii. 38

Hippolytus, Saint, martyrdom of, i. 21

Hippomenes wins Atalante in a race, ii. 301

Hippopotamus, ceremony after killing a, viii. 235; external soul of chief in a, xi. 200

Hippopotamuses, souls of dead in, viii. 289; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 202, 205, 209

Hiqit, frog-headed Egyptian goddess, ii. 132, 133

Hirn, Y., as to homoeopathic magic, i. 52 n. 1; on magic by similarity and magic by contact, i. 54 n. 1

Hiro, Polynesian thief-god, iii. 69

Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, xi. 14 sq.

Hirpini, the, traced their origin to a “sacred spring,” iv. 186; guided by a wolf (hirpus), iv. 186 n. 4; valley of Amsanctus in the land of, v. 204

Hirschfeld, G., on Hittite hieroglyphs, i. 87 n. 1

Hirt, Professor H., on the derivation of the name Perkunas, ii. 367 n. 3; on the Twelve Days, ix. 325 n. 3

Hissar District, Punjaub, burial of dead infants at the threshold in the, v. 94

Historical tradition hampered by the taboo on the names of the dead, iii. 363 sqq.

History not to be explained without the influence of great men, v. 311 n. 2; of mankind not to be summed up in a few simple formulas, viii. 37; of religion a long attempt to reconcile old custom with new reason, viii. 40

Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, May carols at, ii. 61 n. 1

Hittite, correct form of the national name Chatti or Hatti, v. 133 n.

Hittite god of thunder, v. 134, 163

—— gods at Tarsus and Sardes, v. 185

—— hieroglyphics, i. 87 n. 1, v. 124, 125 n.

—— inscription on Mount Argaeus, v. 190 n. 1

—— priest or king, his costume, v. 131 sq., 133 n.

—— sculptures at Carchemish, v. 38 n., 123; at Ibreez, v. 121 sqq.; at Bor (Tyana), v. 122 n. 1; at Euyuk, v. 123; at Boghaz-Keui, v. 128 sqq.; at Babylon, v. 134; at Zenjirli, v. 134; at Giaour-Kalesi, v. 138 n.; at Kara-Bel, v. 138 n.; at Marash, v. 173; in Lydia, v. 185

—— Sun-goddess, v. 133 n.

—— treaty with Egypt, v. 135 sq.

Hittites worship the bull, v. 123, 132; their empire, language, etc., v. 124 sq.; their costume, v. 129 sq., 131; their seals of treaty, v. 136, 142 n. 1, 145 n. 2; traces of mother-kin among the, v. 141 sq.; their deity named Tark or Tarku, v. 147

Hkamies of North Aracan, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 61

Hkön, race of Upper Burma, virgins of the, married to the spirit of a lake, ii. 150 sq.

Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, xi. 156

Hlubies, the, of South-Eastern Africa, their rain-making, i. 249

Ho tribe of Togoland, their kings buried secretly, vi. 104. See Hos

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe’en in Wales, x. 239

Hobby-horse at Padstow, ii. 68; to carry away spirit of smallpox, ix. 119

Hobley, C. W., on the belief of the Akikuyu in the fertilization of women by wild fig-trees, ii. 316; on spiritual husbands among the Akamba, ii. 316 sq.

Hochofen, village of Bohemia, annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night at, ix. 161 sq.

Hockey played as a ceremony, ix. 174

Hockey cart, the waggon on which the last corn is brought from the harvest vii. 147 n. 1

Hodgson, Adam, on Indian parallel to Jacob wrestling with the angel, viii. field, 264

Hodson, T. C., on mode of keeping count of years in Manipur, iv. 117 n. 1; on taboos among the hill tribes of Assam, vii. 109 n. 2; on annual eponyms in Manipur, ix. 39 sq.

Hodum Deo, images of, i. 284 n.

Hoeck, K., on the pursuit of Britomartis by Zeus, iv. 73 n. 1

Hoeing, rites at, vii. 96; done by women, vii. 113 sq.

Hoensbroech, Count von, his mode of communion with the Deity, viii. 94

Hoes used by women in agriculture, vii. 114, 115, 116, 118, 119

Hofmayr, P. W., on the Supreme Being of the Shilluks, iv. 18 n. 1; on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, iv. 19 n. 3, vi. 164, 166

Hog-sucker in homoeopathic magic, i. 155

Hog’s blood, purifying virtue of, i. 107. See Pig

Hog’s wort (Peucedanum leiocarpum, Nutt.) burnt as an offering to salmon, viii. 254

Hogarth, D. G., on relics of paganism at Paphos, v. 36; on the Corycian cave, v. 155 n.; on Roman remains at Tarsus, v. 172 n. 1

Hogg, Alexander, and Midsummer bonfires, x. 206 sq.

Hoggan, Frances, on cutting “the neck” at harvest in Pembrokeshire, vii. 267

Hogmanay, the last day of the year, Highland custom of beating a cow’s hide on, viii. 323; song in the Isle of Man, x. 224; the “Burning of the Clavie” at Burghead on, x. 266

Hogs sacrificed to goddess of volcano, v. 218 sq. See Pigs

Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, x. 166

Hole in tongue of medicine-man, xi. 238, 239

Holed flint a protection against witches, ix. 162

—— stone in magic, i. 313. See also Holes

Holes in rocks or stones which sick people creep through as a cure, xi. 186 sqq.

Holi, a festival of Northern India, bonfires at, xi. 2 sq.

Holiness conceived as a dangerous virus, viii. 29; or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, x. 6 sq.

—— and pollution not differentiated by savages, iii. 224

Holland, belief as to cauls in, i. 199; Whitsuntide customs in, ii. 80, 104; story as to absence of soul from body in, iii. 39 n. 1; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; Easter fires in, x. 145

Hollantide Eve (Hallowe’en) in the Isle of Man, x. 244

Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, x. 122

Hollis, A. C., on a Masai custom as to the brewing of honey-wine, iii. 200 n. 3; on serpent-worship among the Akikuyu, v. 67 sq.; on serpent-worship among the Masai, v. 84; on serpent-worship among the Nandi, v. 84 sq.; on custom of manslayers among the Nandi, viii. 155; on pretence of being born again at circumcision among the Akikuyu, xi. 262

Hollow things, homoeopathic magic of, i. 157 sq.

Holly-oaks in sacred grove of Dia, ii. 122

Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, xi. 169 n. 2

Holm-oak or ilex, resemblance of its leaf to the laurel, iv. 81 sq.; the Golden Bough growing on a, xi. 285

Holstein, the last sheaf called the Corn-mother in, vii. 133 sq.; fox carried from house to house in spring in, vii. 297

Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, x. 126

—— Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26

—— candles, i. 13

—— Ghost, alleged incarnation of the, i. 409; regarded as female, iv. 5 n. 3

—— of Holies, the Fijian, xi. 244, 245

—— Innocents’ Day, young people beat each other on, ix. 270, 271; mock pope or bishop on, ix. 334, 336, 337, 338

—— Land, fire flints brought from the, x. 126

“—— men” in Syria, v. 77 sq.

—— Saturday, effigy of Queen of Lent beheaded on, iv. 244

—— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire in the, x. 128 sq.

—— water a charm against witchcraft, ii. 340; sprinkling with, iii. 285 sq.; a protection against witches, ix. 158, 164 sq.

Holyrood, Charles the First at, i. 368

Homer on the loves of Zeus and Hera, ii. 143; kings called divine in, ii. 177; on Demeter as goddess of the corn, vii. 41 sq.; on loves of Zeus and Demeter, vii. 66; on gods in likeness of foreigners, vii. 236

Homeric age, funeral games in the, iv. 93

—— Greeks cut out tongues of sacrificial victims, viii. 270

—— Hymn to Demeter, vii. 35 sqq., 70, 161 n. 4, 211 n. 3

Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, x. 344

Homicide, banishment of, iv. 69 sq. See Manslayers

Hommel, Professor F., on the Hittite deity Tarku, v. 147 n. 3

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 52 sqq., iii. 151, 152, 207, 295, 298, iv. 283, 285, vii. 10, 62, 262, viii. 267, 272, 331, 333, 334, ix. 177, 232, 257, 404, x. 49, 133, xi. 177, 287; for the making of rain, i. 247 sqq.; of a flesh diet, viii. 138 sqq. See also Magic

—— taboos, i. 116

Homogeneity of civilization in prehistoric times in Southern Europe and Western Asia, ix. 409

Homolje mountains in Servia, “living fire” in time of epidemic at the, ii. 237, x. 282

Honduras, Indians of, their superstition as to the bones of deer, viii. 241; the nagual or external soul among the, xi. 213 sq., 226 n. 1

Hone, W., on May-poles, ii. 70 sq.; on “crying the neck,” vii. 264 sq.

Honey offered to the sun-god, i. 311

—— and milk offered to snakes, v. 85, viii. 288

Honey-cakes, sacred serpent fed with, iv. 86, v. 87

—— -wine, continence observed at brewing, iii. 200

Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 sqq.

Honorius and Theodosius, decree of, ix. 392

Honour and good faith, the bonds of, strengthened by superstition, iii. 130

Hood Bay in New Guinea, custom observed after a death at, ix. 84

Hood, Thomas, on the water-fairy, iii. 94

Hoods worn by women after childbirth, x. 20; worn by girls at puberty, x. 44 sq., 48 sq., 55; worn by women at menstruation, x. 90. See also Hats

Hook-thorn not to be cut while the corn is in the ground, ii. 49

Hooks used in magic, i. 132, 347; to catch souls, iii. 30 sq., 51; Indian custom of swinging on, iv. 278 sq.

Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, xi. 184; of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, xi. 184

Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, xi. 70 n. 2

Hop-picking, treatment of strangers at, vii. 226

Hope of immortality, the Egyptian, centred in Osiris, vi. 15 sq., 90 sq., 114, 159

Hopi Indians, their fire-drill, ii. 208 sq.

Hopladamus, a giant, v. 157 n. 2

Hora and Quirinus, vi. 233

Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, xi. 194

Horkos, the Greek god of oaths, vi. 231 n. 5

Hornbeam, mistletoe on, xi. 315

Horne Island, South Pacific, blood of wounded friends smeared on their relatives in, iii. 245

Horned cap worn by priest or god, v. 123; of Hittite god, v. 134

—— Dionysus, vii. 12, 16

—— god, Hittite and Greek, v. 123

—— lion on coins of Tarsus, v. 127

Hornkampe in Prussia, the last sheaf called the Old Woman at, vii. 137

Hornless ox in homoeopathic magic, i. 151

Horns, of goat hung on a sacred tree, ii. 42; of sacrificial oxen, iv. 32, 33; as a religious emblem, v. 34; worn by gods, v. 163 sq.; of a cow worn by Isis, vi. 50; of straw worn to keep off demons, ix. 118; of goat a protection against witches, ix. 162

Horns blown to expel demons, ix. 111, 117, 204, 214; to ban witches, ix. 160, 161, 165, 166; at Penzance on eve of May Day, ix. 163 sq.; by maskers, ix. 243, 244

Horse, prohibition to see a, iii. 9; prohibition to ride, iii. 13; “seeing the Horse,” vii. 294; “Cross of the Horse,” vii. 294; “fatigue of the Horse,” vii. 294; sacrificed to Mars in October for the sake of the crops, viii. 42 sqq., ix. 230; ceremony of the, at rice-harvest among the Garos, viii. 337 sqq.; sacrifice of, in Vedic times, ix. 122 n.; beloved by Ishtar, ix. 371, 407 n. 2; beloved by Semiramis, ix. 407 n. 2; witch in the shape of a, x. 319. See also Horses

——, black, in rain-charm, i. 290

—— or mare, last sheaf given to, vii. 141, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 294; corn spirit as, vii. 202 sqq.

——, red, sacrificed as a purification of the land, ix. 213

——, sacred, in Celebes, i. 364; sacrificed at Rome in October, ii. 229, 326

—— and Virbius, viii. 40 sqq.

——, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, x. 203 sq.

Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, xi. 315

Horse-headed Demeter of Phigalia, viii. 21, 338

—— -mackerel, descent of a totemic clan from a, iv. 129

—— -race of boys at Lhasa, ix. 221 n. 1

—— -races, at Whitsuntide in Germany, ii. 69; in honour of the dead, iv. 97, 98, 99, 101, 103; at fairs, iv. 99 sqq.; at Eleusis, vii. 71; at harvest, vii. 76, viii. 114

—— sacrifice in ancient India, xi. 80 n. 3

—— -shoes a protection against witches, ix. 162

Horse’s flesh tabooed, among Zulus, i. 118

—— Fount at Troezen, i. 26, 27

—— head, in Roman sacrifice, viii. 42; used to protect garden from caterpillars, viii. 43 n. 1; in effigy at harvest festival, viii. 43 n. 1, 337 sq.; thrown into Midsummer fire, xi. 40

—— tail cut off in sacrifice, viii. 42, 43

Horseman, charm to make a good, i. 152

Horses, Hippolytus killed by, i. 19 sq., iv. 214; excluded from Arician grove, i. 20, viii. 40 sqq.; dedicated by Hippolytus to Aesculapius, i. 21 n. 2, 27; branded with mark of wolf, i. 27; in relation to Diomede, i. 27; sacrifice of white, i. 27; sacrificed to the sun, i. 315 sq.; Lycurgus, king of the Edonians, torn to pieces by, i. 366, vi. 98, vii. 24; sacrificed to trees, ii. 16; sacrificed to rivers, ii. 16 sq.; sacrificed to water-spirits, ii. 157; sanctity of white, ii. 174 n. 2; sacrifices for, on St. George’s Day, ii. 332, 336 sq.; sacrificed and hung on trees of sacred grove, ii. 365; left unclipped for a year after a king’s consecration, iii. 260; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 408, 413; sacrificed for the use of the dead, v. 293 sq.; excluded from sanctuaries, viii. 45 sq.; used by sacred persons, x. 4 n. 1; not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, x. 88 sq., 96; driven through the need-fire, x. 276, 297. See also Horse

Horus, the eye of, i. 364, vi. 17, 121 with n. 3, viii. 30; the soul of, in Orion, iv. 5; the four sons of, in the likeness of hawks, vi. 22; decapitates his mother Isis, vi. 88; represented sacrificing a human victim to Osiris, vii. 260; his eye injured by Typhon, viii. 30; institutes the sacrifice of a pig, viii. 30; the birth of, ix. 341

—— of Edfu identified with the sun, vi. 123

—— the elder, vi. 6

——, the golden, i. 418

—— the younger, son of Isis and the dead Osiris, vi. 8, 15; accused by Set of being a bastard, vi. 17; his combat with Set, vi. 17; his eye destroyed by Set and restored by Thoth, vi. 17; reigns over the Delta, vi. 17

Hos of Bengal offer first-fruits of rice to the sun-god, viii. 117; their annual expulsion of demons at harvest, ix. 136 sq.

—— of Togoland (West Africa), a tribe of Ewe negroes, their customs as to twins, i. 265; sanctity of the king’s throne among the, i. 365; their human gods, i. 396 sq.; their ceremony at felling a palm for wine, ii. 19; their god and goddess of lightning, ii. 370; their priests with unshorn hair, iii. 259; their magical use of knots to facilitate childbirth, iii. 295 sq.; their use of knots in cursing, iii. 301 sq.; tie strings round the sick as a cure, iii. 304; their comparison of maize to a mother, vii. 130; their miniature gardens dedicated to “guardian gods,” vii. 234; their festival of the new yams, viii. 58 sqq.; their offerings of new yams, viii. 115 sq.; their annual expulsion of evils, ix. 134 sqq., 206 sq.; their dread of menstruous women, x. 82

Hose, Dr. Charles, on ceremony of adoption in Sarawak, i. 75 n. 1; on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, xi. 175 sq.

——, Dr. Charles and W. McDougall, on head-hunting in Borneo, v. 295 n. 1; on the ngarong or secret helper of the Ibans, xi. 224 n. 1

Hosea on religious prostitution, v. 58; on the Baalim, v. 75 n.; on the prophet as a madman, v. 77

Hoshangábád, in Central India, custom as to the last corn cut at, vii. 222

Hospitality, bonds of, strengthened through superstition, iii. 130

Hosskirch, in Swabia, mode of predicting the weather for the year at, ix. 323

Hostages, clipped hair used as, iii. 272 sq.

Hostility of religion to magic in history, i. 226

Hot springs resorted to by women in order to obtain offspring, ii. 161; worship of, v. 206 sqq.; Hercules the patron of, v. 209 sqq.; resorted to by childless women in Syria, v. 213 sqq.

—— water drunk as a charm, i. 129

Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, x. 101 sqq., xi. 279 n. 4

Hottentot charm to make the wind drop, i. 320

—— hunters, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212

—— prayers for cattle at cairns, ix. 29 sq.

—— priest never uses an iron knife, iii. 227

—— women, rules observed by, in the absence of their husbands, i. 120 sq.

Hottentots, seclusion and purification of hunters among the, iii. 220 sq.; the mortal god of the, iv. 3; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316 sq.; throw stones or sticks on the graves of Heitsi-eibib, ix. 16; drive their sheep through fire, xi. 11 sq.

Hounds protected against spirits of wild beasts killed in the chase, ii. 128. See also Dogs

House, taboos observed after building a new, ii. 40; ceremony at entering a new, iii. 63 sq.; taboos on quitting the, iii. 122 sqq.; destroyed after a death, iii. 286

House-building, homoeopathic magic of woods used in, i. 146; custom as to shadows at, iii. 81, 89 sq.; continence observed at, iii. 202

—— -communities of the Servians, x. 259 n. 1

—— -timber, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146; tree-spirits propitiated in, ii. 39 sq.

Housebreakers, charms employed by, to cause sleep, i. 148 sq.

Houses built with one story, reason for, iii. 253, 254; fumigated as a protection against witches, ix. 158; protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, x. 344; made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, xi. 73

“—— of the soul” in Isaiah, xi. 155 n. 3

Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 220 sq.

Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, x. 291 sq.

Hovas, the, of Madagascar, divinity of kings among, i. 397; offer the first-fruits of the crop to the king, viii. 116

How, the civil king of Tonga, iii. 21

Howitt, A. W., as to extracted teeth of Australian aborigines, i. 176; on contagious magic of footprints in Australia, i. 207 sq.; on Australian magic, iii. 269; on superstitions as to personal names among the Australian aborigines, iii. 320; on Australian belief as to falling stars, iv. 64; on seclusion of menstruous women in Australia, x. 78; on killing a totem animal, xi. 220 n. 2; on secrecy of totem names in Australia, xi. 225 n.; on the drama of resurrection at initiation in Australia, xi. 235 sqq.

Howitt, Miss Mary E. B., her Folklore and Legends of some Victorian Tribes, xi. 226 n. 1

Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, x. 204

Howth Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, xi. 166

Hoyerswerda, district of Silesia, the “Old Man” at threshing in, vii. 149; Walpurgis bonfires to keep off witches in the, ix. 163

Hsa Möng Hkam, a native state of Upper Burma, care for the butterfly spirit of the rice in, vii. 190

Huaca, Peruvian word for god, ii. 146

Huahine, one of the Tahitian Islands, xi. 11 n. 3; offering of first-fruits in, viii. 132 sq.

Hubert, H., and M. Mauss, Messrs., on taboo as a negative magic, i. 111 n. 2

Huckle-bone of hare in cure, ix. 50 sq.