A students' history of the United States

Front matter

Class _L Book.__

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Prefatory Note

The cordial welcome and continued favor which have been accorded to this advanced manual of United States history have been far in excess of the author's expectations. He feels assured that this success has been due, in great measure, to the kindness of the many friends which the book has found. In preparing this new edition he has endeavored, as far as possible, to meet their wishes, to follow their valuable suggestions, and to correct the errors which they have pointed out. He has also rewritten and enlarged the matter given to the years since the close of the Civil War and brought the text down to the present time.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, October, 1913.

Introduction

SHC. PAGE

1. Geography and History . . i

2. Temperature of America and

of Europe 2

3. Temperature of the United

4. Rainfall 5

5. Physical Formation of North

6. The Atlantic Seaboard . . 8

7. The Mississippi Basin . . 9

8. The Cordilleran Region . . 10

9. Adaptability of the Continent 11

CHAPTER I Discovery and Exploration, 1000-1600

ID. Voyages of the Northmen . 15 II. English and French Fishermen 15 k

Early Geographical Ideas . 15 Ideas of Toscanelli, Behaim,

and Columbus .... 16 Columbus's First Voyage,

1492 18

Columbus's Later Voyages . 19

16. The Cabot Voyages, 1497,

1498 21

17. The Naming of America . 22

18. Discovery of the Pacific, 1513 23

19. Circumnavigation of the

Globe 25

20. Discovery of Florida ... 26

21. Mexico . 26

22. The Spanish on the Atlantic

Coast o 27

IS

23. The Verrazano Voyage, 1524 27

24. Discovery of the Southwest 27

25. Coronado's Expedition,

1540-1542 28

26. De Soto's Expedition, 1539-

1543 29

27. The French in the St. Law-

28. The Huguenot Colonies,

1562-1565 30

29. Destruction of the French

30. The Elizabethan Seamen . 32

31. Drake's Voyage around the

World 33

32. Sir Humphrey Gilbert . . 34

33. The Ralegh Colonists, 1584-

1590 34

34. The Spanish Armada, 1588 36 vm

CHAPTER II Colonization, 1600-1660 SEC

37- 38. 39- 40.

41. •42.

43- 44.

45- 46.

49- 50-

52- 53- 54- 55- 56.

PAGE

The French in Acadia and

Canada 41

Revival of English Enterprise 42

The Virginia Company, 1606 42

The Popham Colony, 1607 . 43

The Jamestown Colony, 1607 43 The Virginian Charters of

1609 and 1612 .... 44 Dale's Administration . . 45 Introduction of Representative .Institutions .... 46 Introduction of Forced Labor 47 Overthrow of the Virginia

Company 47

Virginia under the Royal

Governors, 1624-1652 . . 47 Virginia during the Puritan

Supremacy 48

The Calverts and Maryland 49

Boundaries of Maryland . 50

Government of Maryland . 50 The Act concerning Religion ,

1649 51

The Council for New England, 1620 51

The English Puritans ... 52

The Pilgrims 52

The Pilgrim Compact, 1620 53 Settlement at Plymouth, 1620 53 The Pilgrims and Communism 55

57. Form of Government ... 55

58. The Massachusetts Bay

59. The Puritans in England . 56

60. The Great Emigration, 1630-

1640 57

61. Problems of Government . 59

62. Attacks on Massachusetts . 59

63. Roger Williams .... 60

64. Founding of Providence,

1636 60

65. Anne Hutchinson and her

Adherents 61

66. Settlements on Narragansett

Bay 62

67. The Founding of Connecti-

68. Connecticut Orders of 1638-

1639 62

69. Extent of Connecticut . . 63

71. The First New England

Code of Laws, 1641 . . 64

72. The United Colonies of New

73. Articles of Confederation . 65

74. The Dutch Settlements . . 66

75. Governors Kieft and Stuy-

vesant 67

76. The Swedes on the Dela-

ware 68

77. Summary 68

CHAPTER III A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760

78. The New Era in Coloniza-

tion 74

79. The Puritans and Quak-

ers 74

80. The Enghsh Government

and Massachusetts ... 75

81. Massachusetts Declaration

82. The Commission of 1664 . 77

83. Charters of Connecticut and

Rhode Island 7J

84. The Conquest of New Neth-

85. Settlement of New Jersey . 79

86. William Penn 79

87. Mason and Dixon's Line . 80

IX

88. The Northern Boundary of

Pennsylvania 8i

89. Penn and the Indians . . 82

90. Government of Pennsyl-

vania 83

91. The Carolina Charters,

1663, 1665 84

92. Settlement of the Carolinas 84

93. Grievances of the Virgini-

94. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 . 85

96. Overthrow of the Massa-

chusetts Charter ... 86

97. The " Stuart Tyranny in

New England " . . . .

98. The " Glorious Revolution "

in America

99. Policy of the New Government 89

100. Georgia 91

loi. The Carolinas 92

102. Constitutional Progress,

1689-1760 92

103. French and Indian Wars,

1690-1748 93

104. Founding of Louisiana . . 94

105. Expulsion of the French,

1754-1763 95

106. The Proclamation of 1763 . 97

107. The Albany Congress, 1754 99

108. Statisticsof Population, 1760 loi

109. Negro Slavery loi

no. White Servitude .... 103

111. Religion 103

Chapter IV I

113. Change in the Colonial

Policy of Britain . . .111

114. The Colonial System, 1688-

1760 112

115. Difficulties in Enforcing the

Laws 112

116. Writs of Assistance, 1761 . 113

117. Otis's Rights of the Colo-

118. The Parson's Cause, 1763 . 114

119. Grenville's Policy . . . .116

120. Passage of the Stamp Act,

1765 116

121. The Stamp Act 117

122. Representative Institutions 117

123. English Theory of Repre-

sentation 119

124. Resistance in America . . 119

125. The Stamp Act Congress,

1765 121

126. Repeal of the Stamp Act,

1766 122

SEC.

129. 130.

132. 133-

135- 136.

137. 138. 139-

The Townshend Acts,

1767 124

Resistance to the Townshend Acts, 1768, 1769 . 125 Seizure of the Liberty, 1768 126 The Virginia Resolves of

1769 127

Non - Importation Agreements, 1769 128

The Boston Massacre, 1770 129 Local Committees of Correspondence 131

Colonial Committees of

Correspondence . . . 132 Colonial Union .... 133 Repressive Acts, 1774 . . 134 The First Continental Congress, 1774 135

More Repressive Measures,

1774. 1775 137

Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 .... 138

Chapter V

140. Material Prosperity, 1775 . 143

141. Advantages of the Colonists 144

143. Evacuation of Boston, 1776 146

144. Growth towards Independ-

145. The State Constitutions,

1775. 1776 149

146. Organization of a General

147. The Hessians 152

148. The Declaration of Inde-

pendence 153

151. The Conway Cabal, 1777,

1778 161

152. The French Alliance, 1778 162

153. Lord North's Conciliatory

SEC. PACK

154. Treason of Charles Lee,

1778 164

155. Arnold's Treason, 1779-

1780 165

156. The Southern Campaigns,

1776-178 1 168

157. The Yorktown Campaign,

1781 169

158. Naval Warfare 171

159. Congress and the Army,

1775-1782 171

160. The Newburg Addresses,

1783 173

161. Finances of the Revolution 174

162. The Loyalists 175

163. Peace Negotiations of

1782 176

164. The Treaty of Peace, 1783 179

165. Problems of Peace . . . 182

Chapter VI

166. Nationalism and Particu-

larism 185

167. Formation of the Articles

of Confederation . . .186

168. The Articles of Confedera-

tion 187

169. Importance of the Articles

of Confederation . . . 188

170. Claims to Western Lands 189

171. Value of these Claims . . 191

172. The Land Cessions . . . 192

173. The National Domain . . 194

1789 198

176. Financial Problems, 1783-

1786 199

177. The Critical Period, 1786,

1787 200

SEC PACK

178. Attempts to amend the

Articles 201

179. Genesis of the Federal Con-

vention 202

180. The Federal Convention,

1787 203

181. Nature of the Constitution 205

182. The Great Compromises . 206

183. A Government of Checks

and Balances .... 208

184. The Legislative Power . . 209

185. The Supreme Court . . . 210

186. Political Parties .... 212

187. Stability of the Constitu-

tion 213

188. The President 215

189. Ratification of the Constitu-

XI

CHAPTER VII The Federalist Supremacy, 1789-1800 igo. Washington elected President 225

191. John Adams elected Vice-

President 226

192. Political Tendencies, 1789 227

193. Washington's Inaugura-

194. Organization of the Gov-

ernment 232

195. Hamilton's Financial Meas-

ures 234

196. The National Capital and

Assumption 236

197. The First Slavery Debates,

1789, 1790 237

198. The Excise and the Bank,

1791 239

199. Rise of the Republican

Party 241

200. The Neutrality Proclama-

201. RelationswithGreat Britain,

1783-1794 244

203. Ratification of jay's Treaty,

1795 247

204. Relations with Spain and

205. Washington's P'arewell Ad-

206. Election of John Adams,

1796 249

207. Breach with France, 1796-

1799 250

208. Alien and Sedition Acts,

1798 251

209. Virginia and Kentucky Res-

210. Treaty with France, 1800 . 256

212. The Judiciary Act, 1801 . 259

CHAPTER VIII The Jeffersonian RErunucANs, 1801-1812

213. American Ideals, 1800 . . 263

215. Analysis of the Population 267

216. Various Statistics .... 268

217. Occupations of the People 269

218. Cotton Culture and Manu-

facture 270

220. Internal Communication . 274

221. Intellectual Life .... 275

222. The Federalists and the

People 276

223. Jefferson's Inaugural . . 278

224. The Civil Service .... 280

225. The Judiciary Department 282

226. Financial Policy .... 283

227. The Louisiana Purchase,

1803 283

228. Questions arising out of the

Purchase 285

229. The Twelfth Amendment,

230. Burr's Conspiracy and

231. Attacks on Neutral Trade,

1800-1808 290

232. Decrees and Orders, 1806-

233. The Impressment Contro-

234. The Outrage on the Chesa-

235. Jefferson's Embargo Pol-

236. Effects of the Embargo . 295

237. The Non-Intercourse Act,

1809 296

238. The Erskine Treaty, 1809 . 297

239. Declaration of War, 1812 . 298

Xll

CHAPTER IX War and Peace, 1812-1829

240. Nature of the Conflict . . 303

242. The British Defeat at New

243. The War on the Sea, 1812-

1815 306

244. The Privateers .... 309

245. Negotiations for Peace,

1812-1814 309

246. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 310

247. The Hartford Convention,

1814, 1815 311

248. Results of the War . . . 313

249. Altered Industrial Condi-

250. Early Tariff Legislation,

1789-1815 315

251. Growth of Textile Indus-

253. Monroe's Administrations,

1817-1825 317

254. The Policy of Nationaliza-

255. Relations with Great Brit-

256. Relations with Spain, 1810-

1819 321

257. The Florida Treaty, 1819 . 321

258. The Spanish-American

259. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 324

260. The Russian Treaty of 1824 327

261. Extension of Slave Territory 327

262. The Missouri Compro-

264. The Election of J. Q.

265. J. Q. Adams's Administra-

1829 337

267. Adams and Georgia, 1825-

1827 338

268. The Tariff of Abomina-

269. Calhoun's Exposition, 1828 340

CHAPTER X The National Democracy, 1829-1844

271. Significance of Jackson's

Election 345

272. Theory of Popular Sover-

eignty 346

273. Population and Area in

1830 348

274. Influence of Slavery . . . 351

275. Improvements in Trans-

portation 352

276. Railroads 354

277. Other Inventions .... 355

278. Social Changes .... 355

279. Education and Religion . 356

280. The Spoils System, 1829 . 358

281. Webster and Hayne, 1830 359

283. The Force Bill . . . .365

284. The Compromise Tariff,

285. The Antislavery Agitation,

1831-1838 366

286. Anti-Abolition Sentiment in

287. Slavery Petitions in Con-

288. Change of Sentiment in the

1837 370

290. Jackson's War on the Bank 371

291. Removal of the Deposits,

1833 . . . . . . . .373 xiu

293- 294-

PAGE

Distribution of the " Surplus," 1837 374

The Specie Circular, 1836 375 The Independent Treasury Act, 1840 376

PAGE

296. Tyler's Administration,

1841-1845 379

297. The Ashburton Treaty, 1842 380

Chapter XI

298. Necessity for More Slave

Territory 385

The Annexation of Texas,

1845 387

Mexican War, 1846-1848 . 389 The Oregon Treaty, 1846 . 391 The Walker Tariff, 1846 . 393 California, 1848-1850 . . 395 The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 397 The Election of 1848 . . 397

308. Fugitive Slaves .... 404

310. The Kansas-Nebraska Act 407

311. Appeal of the Independent

312. Popular Sovereignty . . 409

313. Struggle for Kansas, 1855-

1861 411

314. The Dred Scott Decision,

1857 416

315. Lincoln and Douglas, 1858 417

316. John Brown's Execution,

1859 418

317. Helper's Impending Crisis,

CHAPTER XII Secession, i86o-i86t

,EC. PAGE

318. Introductory 423

320. Distribution of the Popula-

tion, Area, etc 425

321. Slave and Free Sections

Compared 427

322. Transportation .... 429

323. Material Prosperity . . . 430

325. Mental Activity .... 433

327. Secession Threatened, No-

vember, i860 439

328. Compromise Suggestions . 440

329. The Crittenden Compro-

mise 441

330. Secession of Seven States,

1860-1861 441

331. The Underlying Cause of

332. Southern Blunders . . . 444 333- Apathy of the Northerners 445

CHAPTER XIII The Civil War, 1861-1865

335. Lincoln's Advisers . . . 451

336. Uprising of the People,

XIV

SEC.

337- 338.

339- 340-

342- 343-

347- 348.

350- 351-

352. 353-

354- 355-

PAGE

The " Border States," 1861 454 Military Strength of the North and South . . . 455

Numbers 456

Northern Finances, 1861-

1865 457

The National Banking

System 459

Increased Taxation . . . 459 Southern Finances, i85i- 1865 ....... 460

The Blockade 461

Characteristics of the Conflict 463

Defense of Washington,

1861 464

Theater of War in Virginia 465 The Bull Run Campaign,

1861 466

The Contest in the West, April, 1 861, to February,

1862 467

The Trent Affair, 1861 . . 470 Capture of New Orleans,

1862 471

Shiloh, April, 1862 . . . 473 The Monitor and the Mer-

riniac, March, 1862 . . 474 The Peninsular Campaign,

March to August, 1862 . 475 The Second Bull Run Campaign, August, 1862 . . 477

356. The Antietam and Freder-

357. Campaign in Eastern Ten-

358. Lincoln's Policy as to

359. The Emancipation Procla-

360. The Vicksburg Campaign,

1863 .484

361. Chancellorsville, May,

1863 486

363. Northern Opposition to the

War 487

364. Chickamauga and Chatta-

365. The Atlanta Campaign,

366. Plan of Campaign . . . 491

367. Sherman and Thomas . . 492

369. Sheridan's Valley Cam-

370. Great Britain and the Con-

federate Cruisers . . . 495

371. Lincoln's Re-election, 1864 496

372. The Surrender at Appo-

373. Assassination of Lincoln . 498

374. Cost of the War .... 498