A student's history of the United States

Front matter

lite ■■ ■

Class, Book.

rs.

Prefatory Note

The cordial welcome and continued favor which have been accorded to this advanced manual of United States history have been far in excess of the author's expectations. He feels assured that this success has been due, in great measure, to the kindness of the many friends which the book has found. In preparing this new edition he has endeavored, as far as possible, to meet their wishes, to follow their valuable suggestions, and to correct the errors which they have pointed out. He has also rewritten and enlarged the matter given to the years since the close of the Civil War and brought the text down to the present time.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, October, 1913.

INTRODUCTION The Land and its Resources

1. Geography and History . . i

2. Temperature of America and

of Europe 2

3. Temperature of the United

4. Rainfall 5

5. Physical Formation of North

6. The Atlantic Seaboard . . 8

7. The Mississippi Basin . . 9

8. The Cordilleran Region . . 10

9. Adaptability of the Continent ij

CHAPTER I Discovery and Exploration, 1000-1600 SEC

PAGE

SEC

ID.

Voyages of the Northmen .

II. English and French Fishermen

1=^

Early Geographical Ideas .

n-

Ideas of Toscanelli, Behaim, and Columbus ....

Columbus's First Voyage, i.S-

Columbus's Later Voyages .

The Cabot Voyages, 1497,

The Naming of America

Discovery of the Pacific, 1513

Circumnavigation of the

.SI-

Globe

Discovery of Florida . . .

Mexico

The Spanish on the Atlantic

Coast

PAGE

The Verrazano Voyage, 1524 27 Discovery of the Southwest 27 Coronado's Expedition,

1540-1542 28

De Soto's Expedition, 1539-

1543 29

The French in the St. Lawrence, 1534-1541 ... 30 The Huguenot Colonies,

1562-1565 30

Destruction of the French

The Elizabethan Seamen . 32 Drake's Voyage around the

World 33

Sir Humphrey Gilbert . . 34 The Ralegh Colonists, 1584-

1590 34

The Spanish Armada, 1588 36

CHAPTER II Colonization, 1600-1660 PAGE

The French in Acadia and

Canada 41

Revival of English Enterprise 42

The Virginia Company, 1606 42

The Popham Colony, 1607 . 43

The Jamestown Colony, 1607 43 The Virginian Charters of

1609 and i6t2 .... 44 Dale's Administration . . 45 Introduction of Representative Institutions .... 46 Introduction of Forced Labor 47 Overthrow of the Virginia

Company 47

Virginia under the Royal

Governors, 1624-1652 . . 47 Virginia during the Puritan

Supremacy 48

The Calverts and Maryland 49

Boundaries of Maryland . 50

Government of Maryland . 50 The Act concerning Religion ,

1649 51

The Council for New England, 1620 51

The English Puritans ... 52

The Pilgrims 52

The Pilgrim Compact, 1620 53 Settlement at Plymouth, 1620 53 The Pilgrims and Communism 55

57. Form of Government ... 55

58. The Massachusetts Bay

59. The Puritans in England . • 56

60. The Great Emigration, 1630-

1640 57

61. Problems of Government . 59

62. Attacks on Massachusetts . 59

63. Roger Williams .... 60

64. Founding of Providence,

1636 60

65. Anne Hutchinson and her

Adherents 61

66. Settlements on Narraganselt

Bay 62

67. The Founding of Connecti-

68. Connecticut Orders of 1638-

1639 62

69. Extent of Connecticut . . 63

71. The First New England

Code of Laws, 1641 . . 64

72. The United Colonies of New

73. Articles of Confederation . 65

74. The Dutch Settlements . . 66

75. Governors Kieft and Stuy-

vesant 67

76. The Swedes on the Dela-

ware 68

77. Summary 68

CHAPTER III A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760

78. The New Era in Coloniza-

tion 74

79. The Puritans and Quak-

ers 74

80. The English Government

and Massachusetts ... 75

81. Massachusetts Declaration

82. The Commission of 1664 . 77

83. Charters of Connecticut and

Rhode Island 77

84. The Conquest of .New .Ncth-

85. Settlement of New Jersey . 79

86. William IVnn 79

87. Mason and Dixon's Line . 8o

PAGE

The Northern Boundary of

Pennsylvania 8i

Penn and the Indians . . 82 Government of Pennsylvania 83

The Carolina Charters,

1663, 1665 84

Settlement of the Carolinas 84 Grievances of the Virginians, 1660-1676 .... 85 Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 . 85 Virginia, 1677-1700 ... 86 Overthrow of the Massachusetts Charter ... 86 The " Stuart Tyranny in

New England " .... 87 The " Glorious Revolution " in America 88

PAGE

Policy of the New Government 89

Georgia 91

The Carolinas 92

Constitutional Progress,

1689-1760 92

French and Indian Wars,

1690- 1748 93

Founding of Louisiana . . 94 E.xpulsion of the French,

1754-1763 95

The Proclamation of 1763 . 97 The Albany Congress, 1754 99 Statistics of Population, 1760 loi

Negro Slavery loi

White Servitude .... 103

Religion 103

Education 105

Chapter IV

113. Change in the Colonial

Policy of Britain . . .111

114. The Colonial System, 1688-

1760 112

115. Difficulties in Enforcing the

Laws 112

116. Writs of Assistance, 1761 . 113

117. Otis's A'igkts of the Colo-

118. The Parson's Cause, 1763 . 114

119. Granville's Policy . . . .116

120. Passage of the Stamp Act,

1765 116

121. The Stamp Act 117

122. Re]3resentative Institutions 117

123. English Theory of Repre-

sentation 119

124. Resistance in America . .119

125. The Stamp Act Congress,

1765 121

126. Repeal of the Stamp .Act,

1766 122

PACE

The Townshend Acts,

1767 124

Resistance to the Townshend Acts, 1768, 1769 . 125 Seizure of the Liberty, 1768 126 The Virginia Resolves of

1769 127

Non - Importation Agreements, 1769 128

The Boston Massacre, 1770 129 Local Committees of Correspondence 131

Colonial Committees of

Correspondence . . . 132 Colonial Union .... 133 Repressive Acts, 1774 . . 134 The First Continental Congress, 1774 135

More Repressive Mcasun-s,

1774. 1775 137

Lexington and Concord, .April 19, 1775 .... 138

Chapter V

140. Material Prosperity, 1775 . 143

141. Advantages of the Colonists 144

143. Evacuation of Boston, 1776 146

144. Growth towards Independ-

145. The State Constitutions,

1775. 1776 149

146. Organization of a General

147. The Hessians 152

148. The Declaration of Inde-

pendence 153

151. The Conway Cabal, 1777,

1778 161

152. The French Alliance, 1778 162

153. Lord North's Coijciliatory

154. Treason of Charles Lee,

1778 164

155. Arnold's Treason, 1779-

1780 165

156. The Southern Campaigns,

1776-178 1 168

157. The Yorktown Campaign,

1781 169

158. Naval Warfare 171

159. Congress and the Army,

1775-1782 171

160. The Newburg Addresses,

1783 173

i6t. Finances of the Revolution 174

162. The Loyalists 175

163. Peace Negotiations of

1782 176

164. The Treaty of Peace, 17B3 179

165. Problems of Peace . . . 182

Chapter VI

166. Nationalism and Particu-

larism 185

167. Formation of the Articles

of Confederation . . .186

168. The Articles of Confedera-

tion 187

169. Importance of the Articles

of Confederation . . . 188

170. Claims to Western Lands 189

171. Value of these Claims . . 191

172. The Land Cessions . . . 192

173. The National Domain . . 194

1789 ■ ... 198

176. Financial Problems, 1783-

1786 199

177. The Critical Period, 1786,

1787 200

SEC.

PAGE

Attempts to amend the

Articles

Genesis of the Federal Convention

The Federal Convention,

Nature of the Constitution

The Great Compromises .

A Government of Checks and Balances . . . .

The Legislative Power . .

i8q.

The Supreme Court . . .

Political Parties . . . .

Stability of the Constitution

The President zi-;

i8q.

Ratification of the Constitu-

Chapter VII

190. Washington elected Presi-

dent 225

191. John Adams elected Vice-

President 226

192. Political Tendencies, 1789 227

193. Washington's Inaugura-

194. Organization of the Gov-

ernment 232

195. Hamilton's Financial Meas-

ures 234

196. The National Capital and

Assumption 236

197. The First Slavery Debates,

1789, 1790 237

198. The Excise and the Bank,

1791 239

199. Rise of the Republican

Party 241

200. The Neutrality Proclama-

1789-1800

201. RelationswithGreatBritain,

1783-1794 244

203. Ratification of J ay's Treaty,

204. Relations with Spain and

205. Washington's Farewell Ad-

206. Election of John Adams,

1796 249

207. Breach with France, 1796- 250

Sedition Acts,

1799 .

Alien and

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 1799 . .

Treaty with France, 1800 .

The Judiciary Act, 1801

254 256 257 259

CHAPTER VIII The Jeffersonian Republicans, 1801-1812

213. American Ideals, 1800 . . 263

215. Analysis of the Population 267

216. Various Statistics .... 268

217. Occupations of the People 269

218. Cotton Culture and Manu-

facture 270

220. Internal Communication . 274

221. Intellectual Life .... 275

222. The Federalists and the

People 276

223. Jefferson's Inaugural . . 278

224. The Civil Service .... 280

225. The Judiciary Department 282

226. Financial Policy .... 283

227. The Louisiana Purchase,

1803 283

228. Questions arising out of the

Purchase 285

The Twelfth Amendment, 1804

Burr's Conspiracy and Trial, 1804- 1807 . . .

Attacks on Neutral Trade,

232. Decrees and Orders, 1806-

233. The Impressment Contro-

234. The Outrage on the Chesa-

peake, 1807

235. Jefferson's Embargo Pol-

236. Effects of the Embargo

237. The Non-Intercourse Act,

238. The Erskine Treaty, 1809 .

239. Declaration of War, 1812 .

CHAPTER IX War and Peace, 1812-1829 244. 245

PAGE

Nature of the Conflict . . 303 Campaigns of 1812-1814 . 305 The British Defeat at New

Orleans, 1814, 1815 . . 305 The War on the Sea, 1812-

1815 306

The Privateers .... 309 Negotiations for Peace,

1812-1814 309

246. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 310

247. The Hartford Convention,

1814. 1815 311

248. Results of the War . . . 313

249. Altered Industrial Condi-

250. Early Tariff Legislation,

1789-1815 315

251. Growth of Textile Indus-

253. Monroe's Administrations,

1817-1825 317

254. The Policy of Nationaliza-

tion 318

255. Relations with Great Brit-

256. Relations with Spain, 1810-

1819 321

257. The Florida Treaty, 1819 . 321

258. The Spanish-American

259. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 324

260. 1 he Russian Treaty of 1824 327

261. Extension of Slave Territory 327

262. The Missouri Compro-

264. The Election of J. Q.

265. J. Q. Adams's Administra-

1829 337

267. Adams and Georgia, 1825-

1827 338

268. The Tariff of Abomina-

269. Calhoun's Exposition, 1828 340

CHAPTER X The National Democracy, 1829-1844 SEC

274. 275-

276. 277. 278.

PAGE

Significance of Jackson's Election 345

Theory of Popular Sovereignty 346

Population and Area in 1830 348

Influence of Slavery . . . 351

Improvements in Transportation 352

Railroads 354

Other Inventions .... 355 Social Changes .... 355 Education and Religion . 356 The Spoils System, 1829 . 358 Webster and Hayne, 1830 359 Nullification, 1832, 1833 . 363

The Force Bill . . . .365 The Compromise Tariff,

1833 365

The Antislavery Agitation,

1831-1838 366

Anti- Abolition Sentiment in

the North, 1833-1837 . 367 Slavery Petitions in Congress, 1836 368

Change of Sentiment in the

1837 370

Jackson's War on the Bank 371 Removal of the Deposits,

1833 373

Tabic of Contents

292. Distribution of the " Sur-

293. The Specie Circular, 1836 375

294. The Independent Treasury

PAGE

296. Tyler's Administration,

1841-1845 379

297. The Ashburton Treaty, 1842 380

Chapter XI Page

Necessity for More Slave

Territory 385

The Annexation of Texas,

1845 387

301. The Oregon Treaty, 1846 . 391

302. The Walicer Tariff, 1846 . 393

304. The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 397

308. Fugitive Slaves .... 404 j

PACK

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 407 Appeal of the Independent

Democrats, 1854 . . . 408 Popular Sovereignty . . 409 Struggle for Kansas, 1855-

1861 411

The Dred Scott Decision,

1857 416

Lincoln and Douglas, 1858 417 John Brown's Execution,

1859 418

Helper's Impending Crisis,

1857 420

CHAPTER XII Popula

Sections

SEC

318. Introductory

319. Population, i860

320. Distribution of the

tion. Area, etc.

321. Slave and Free

Compared

322. Transportation

323. Material Prosperit

324. Financial Policy, 1857-1861

325. Mental Activity

PAGE

423 424

327. Secession Threatened, No-

vember, i860 439

328. Compromise Suggestions . 440

329. The Crittenden Compro-

mise 441

330. Secession of Seven States,

1860-1861 441

331. The Underlying Cause of

332. Southern Blunders . . . 444

333. Apathy of the Northerners 445

CHAPTER XIII The Civil War, 1861-1865

334. Lincoln's Policy, 1861

335. Lincoln's Advisers .

PACJE I SEC PAGE

• 45° 336- Uprising of the People,

337. The " Border States," 1861 454

338. Military Strength of the

North and South . . . 455

339. Numbers 456

340. Northern Finances, 1861-

1865 .457

341. The National Banking

System 459

342. Increased Taxation . . . 459

343. Southern Finances, 1861-

1865 460

344. The Blockade 461

345. Characteristics of the Con-

flict 463

346. Defense of Washington,

1861 464

347. Theater of War in Virginia 465

348. The Bull Run Campaign,

1861 466

349. The Contest in the West,

April, 1861, to February, 1862 467

350. The Trent Affair, 1861 . . 470

351. Capture of New Orleans,

1862 471

353. The Monitor and the Mer-

354. The Peninsular Campaign,

March to August, 1862 . 475

355. The Second Bull Run Cam-

paign, August, 1862 . . 477

SEC

362. 363-

366. 367. 368. 369-

371- 372.

373- 374-

The Antietam and Fredericksburg, 1862 . . .

Campaign in Eastern Ten nessee, 1862 ....

Lincoln's Policy as tc Slavery, 1861-1863

The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 ....

The Vicksburg Campaign 1863

Chancellorsville, May,

Gettysburg, July, 1863

Northern Opposition to the War

Chickamauga and Chattanooga, 1863 ....

The Atlanta Campaign May to July, 1864 . .

Plan of Campaign . .

Sherman and Thomas .

Grant and Lee, 1864 . .

Sheridan's Valley Campaign, 1864 ....

Great Britain and the Con federate Cruisers . .

Lincoln's Re-election, 1864 496

The Surrender at Appomattox, 1865 ....

Assassination of Lincoln

Cost of the War .... 498