A Students' History of the United States ... With maps and illustrations

Preface

It is of the first importance that every American should have a thorough knowledge of the constitutional, the political, and the industrial development of the United States ; and this applies especially to the period since the beginning of the movement which led to the separation from the British Empire and the formation of a republican government under the Constitution. It is impossible, how ever, to understand the history of this later period without a knowledge of the political and constitutional history of colonial times, for our institutions are mainly developed out of colonial institutions. It is also impossible to comprehend the territorial development of the United States with out some acquaintance with the period of discovery and exploration. Furthermore, the history of no modern nation has been more profoundly affected by its environment than has the development of the American people ; so that a knowledge of the physical advantages and disadvantages of the scene of its activity is indispensable.

These considerations have determined the form and proportions of this book : of the six hundred pages of text four hundred and fifty deal with the period since 1760, and, of these, three hundred and fifty relate the history of the nation since 1 783. On the other hand, the narrative is preceded by an Intro duction describing the Land and its Resources. The elucidation of these important problems has made it necessary to omit much interesting historical material ; — details of military history, descriptions of colonial life, anec dotes of the heroes of colonial and revolutionary days, accounts of the institutions and manners of the aborigines, and the narrative of the ineffectual struggling of the Red Man against the superior race. These omissions have vi i Preface VI 11 been made with the greater confidence because these topics are adequately treated in the excellent grammar-school his tories with which the users of this book are expected to be familiar.

Moreover, the writer of the present work believes that the topics which form the body of this book have hitherto received far too little attention in our High and Normal schools. The great successes of the American people have been won in the fields of peace, not in those of war. The men who have given the. United States its foremost place among the nations of the world are its states men and its leaders in politics, its inventors and its captains of industry, its masters of literature, of science, and of education. The Civil War, however, is so important in our political and constitutional history, its teachings are so vital to our prosperity, and the patriotism of the men who saved the Union so deserving of remembrance, that it has seemed best to give a few details of the stupendous conflict.

With this exception the information given in this book relates mainly to the victories of peace. History, and above all American history, should not be studied only or chiefly for the information it conveys. No subject lends itself better to the disciplining of the mind, especially to the development of the critical faculties. Rec ognizing this fact, the Associations of Colleges and Prepara tory Schools have advocated the adoption of better methods of teaching this important subject ; and a few of our leading colleges have already changed their requirements for admis sion to encourage the use of better methods, while other colleges will doubtless make similar demands in the near future. This volume is therefore equipped with an appar atus of topics, references, and suggestive questions which will enable the teacher to comply with the requirements of the new system.

The "Committee of Ten" of the National Educational Association advocates the introduction of history in two places in the school programme : one of them being the last year in the High School. The serious study of Amen- Preface i.\ can history more fitly follows than precedes that of other countries, and belongs to the maturer years of school life. The present work is primarily designed, therefore, for the use of students in their last year in the High School ; but the book can be adapted to the needs of lower grades by the omission of the more difficult topics, or it can be used in Normal Schools and in Colleges by the addition of more collateral reading, map work, note-book work, and written work of one sort or another. At the beginning of each chapter is a list of " Books for Consultation."

In these lists the " General Readings " are selected from books which should be in every school library, or, at all events, in every town library ; and the passages selected contain usually a more detailed account of topics treated in this text-book. Under the heading " Special Accounts " are enumerated larger works suitable for topical work in High Schools and for collateral reading by teachers ; they are well fitted for collateral reading by students in Normal Schools and in Colleges, and the more difficult works, and those which for one reason or another are more suitable for mature students and for teachers, are marked with an asterisk. In the paragraphs on "Sources" care has been taken to refer only to available books ; teachers whose classes have access to large public libraries can easily find other references through the sections of the Guide to American History, which are noted under " Bibli ography."

Specific references to the more important and accessible of these works are given on the margins of the pages of the text. Finally, under the heading of " Illus trative Material" are grouped some of the larger and more authoritative books, works of fiction, poems, and ballads. It is believed that these lists with the marginal references, and Suggestive Questions and Topics, will furnish abundant material for the teaching of American history under modern methods, while at the same time they are not so numerous as to oppress the teacher and the student. The maps have been made from the author's sketches, Preface X and the illustrations were for the most part selected by him. Acknowledgments for the use of material are due to Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, to the Eclectic Com pany, to Little, Brown, and Company, to the Lippincott Company, to Lee and Shepard, to D. Appleton and Com pany, to Curtis and Cameron, and to Messrs. E. R. Walker, H. Pickering, and A. H. Gallatin.

The author has received many valuable suggestions from Miss Emma M. Ridley, Professor of History in the Iowa Normal School, from Ray Greene Huling, Head Master of the Cambridge High School, and from Miss Lucia Bart lett, of Milton Academy. In the " Suggestions to Teachers," Miss Anna Boynton Thompson, of the Thayer Academy, Braintree, has kindly described her own methods of teach ing, and she has also prepared the Suggestive Questions which will be found at the close of each chapter. Probably few teachers will have the time or the opportunity to adopt all of these suggestions ; but every teacher will find some thing of value in them. Few classes even in Colleges will be able to study all the questions ; but every class even in the lower grades of the High School will do well to study some of them.

The author will be greatly obliged for the communication of any error, and for any suggestions which will make the book more useful to students and to teachers. Cambridge, November 29, 1897.

Introduction

The Land and its Resources SEC. PAGE I. Geography and History . . I 2. Temperature of America and of Europe 3 3. Temperature of the United States 6 4. Rainfall 7 SEC. PAGE 5. Land Configuration of North America 11 6. The Atlantic Seaboard . . 12 7. The Mississippi Basin . . 14 8. The Cordilleran Region . . 16 9. Adaptability of the Continent 17

Chapter I

Discovery and Exploration, 1000-1600 SEC. PAGE 24. The Verrazano Voyage, 1524 40 25. W'anderings of Cabeza de Vaca, 1527-36 .... 40 26. Coronado's Expedition. 1540-42 41 27. De Soto's Expedition, 1539- 43 42 28. The French in the St. Lawrence, 1534-4* ■ • • • 43 29. The Huguenot Colonies, i555-°5 45 30. Destruction of the French Colony, 1525 46 31. The Elizabethan Seamen . 47 32. Drake's Voyage around the World 48 33. Sir Humphrey Gilbert . . 49 34. The Ralegh Colonies, 1584- 90 5° 35. The Spanish Armada, 1588 . 51 SEC PAGE 10. Meaning of the Word " Discovery " 22 ii. Voyages of the Northmen . 22 12. English and French Fishermen 24 13. Early Geographical Ideas . 24 14. Ideas of Toscanelli, Behaim, and Columbus .... 25 15. Columbus's First Voyage, 1492 29 16. Columbus's Later Voyages . 30 17.

The Cabot Voyages, 1497, 1498 3* 18. The Naming of America . 34 19. Discovery of the Pacific, *5*3 ■ ■ ■ 35 20. Circumnavigation of the Globe 37 21. Florida, 1513 38 22. Mexico 39 23. The Atlantic Coast ... 39 Xll CHAPTER ii Colonization. i 600- 1 660 SEC. PAGE 57. The Pilgrims and Communism 79 58. Form of Government ... 79 59. The Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629 .... 80 60. The Great Emigration, 1630- 40 81 61. Problems of Government . 83 62. Attacks on Massachusetts . 85 63. Roger Williams .... 86 64. Founding of Providence, 1636 87 65. Anne Hutchinson and her Adherents 88 66. Settlements on Narragansett Bay 88 67. Founding of Connecticut, 1635-40 90 68. Connecticut Orders of 1638- 39 9" 69. Extent of Connecticut . . 91 70. New Haven, 1638 .... 91 71. The First New England Code of Laws, 1641 . . 92 72.

The United Colonies of New England, 1643 . . 92 73. Articles of Confederation . 94 74. The Dutch Settlements . . 95 75. Kieft and Stuyvesant ... 97 76. The Swedes on the Delaware 98 77. Summary 98 SEC. PAGE 36. The French in Acadia and Canada 58 37. Revival of English Enterprise 59 38. The Virginia Company, 1606 60 39. The Popham Colony, 1607 . 61 40. The Jamestown Colony, 1607 61 41. The Virginia Charters of 1609 and 1612 .... 63 42. Dale's Administration . . 64 43. Introduction of Representative Institutions .... 65 44. Introduction of Forced Labor 66 45. Overthrow of the Virginia Company, 1624 .... 67 46. Virginia under the Royal Governors, 1624-52 . . . 67 47. Virginia during the Puritan Supremacy 69 48. The Calverts and Maryland 70 49. Boundaries of Maryland . . 71 50 Government of Maryland . 72 51.

Toleration Act, 1649 ... 72 52. The Council for New England 73 53. The English Puritans . . 74 54. The Pilgrims 74 55. The Pilgrim Compact, 1620 76 56. Settlement at Plymouth, 1620 78

Chapter III

A Century of Colonial History, 1660- 1760 SEC. PAGE 78. The New Era in Colonization 104 79. The Navigation Acts . . . 104 80. The Puritans and the Quakers 105 81. The English Government and Massachusetts . . . 107 SEC. PAGE 82. Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, 1661 .... 108 83. The Commission of 1664 . 109 84. Charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island .... no 85. Conquest of New Netherland, 1664 ...... in xm SEC. PAGE I 86. Settlement of New Jersey . 112 87. William Penn 114 88. Boundaries of Pennsylvania 115 89. Penn and the Indians . . 117 90. Government of Pennsylvania 117 91. The Carolina Charters . . 119 92. Settlement of the Carolinas 120 93. Grievances of the Virginians, 1660-76 120 94. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 . 121 95- Virginia, 1677-1700 . . 122 96. Overthrow of the Massachusetts Charter . . . 122 97.

The Stuart Tyranny in New England 124 98. The "Glorious Revolution" in America 125 SEC. PAGE 99. Policy of the New Government 126 100. Georgia 128 101. The Carolinas 129 102. Constitutional Progress, 1689-1760 130 103. French and Indian Wars, 1690-1748 131 104. Founding of Louisiana . . 133 105. Expulsion of the French, 1754-63 134 106. The Proclamation of 1763 . 136 107. The Albany Congress, 1754 138 108. Statistics of Population, 1760 139 109. Negro Slavery 140 no. White Servitude .... 142 in. Religion 143 112. Education 145

Chapter IV

Intercolonial Union, i 760-1 774 SEC PAGE 113. Change in the Colonial Policy of Britain . . . 153 114. The Colonial System, 1688- 1760 154 115. Difficulties in Enforcing the Laws 155 116. Writs of Assistance, 1761 . 156 117. Otis's Rights of the Colonies, 1764 157 118. The Parson's Cause, 1763 . 158 119 Grenville's Policy . . . . 160 120. Passage of the Stamp Act, 1765 161 HI, The Stamp Act . . . .162 122. Representative Institutions 162 123. English Theory of Representation 165 124. Resistance in America . . 166 125. The Stamp Act Congress, 1765 168 126. Repeal of the Stamp Act, 1766 169 SEC. PAGE 127. The Townshend Acts, 1767 171 128. Resistance to the Townshend Acts, 1768, 1769 . 172 129. Seizure of the Liberty, 1768. 174 130. The Virginia Resolves of 1769 '75 131. Non-importation Agreements, 1769 176 132.

The Boston Massacre, 1770 177 133. Local Committees of Correspondence .... 179 134. Colonial Committees of Correspondence . . . 180 135. Colonial Union .... 181 136. Repressive Acts, 1774 . . 183 137. The First Continental Congress, 1774 184 138. More Repressive Measures, 1774. '775 • ■ ■ • • l86 139. Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 .... Table of Contents

Chapter V

Independence, «775-'783 SEC. PAGE 140. Material Prosperity, 1775 . 192 141. Advantages of the Colonists 193 142. Bunker Hill, 1775 . . . 194 143. Evacuation of Boston, 1776 197 144. Growth towards Independence, 1775, 1776 . . . 198 145. The State Constitutions, 1775, 1776 198 146. Organization of a General Government .... 200 147. The Hessians 202 148. The Declaration of Independence 203 149. Campaign of 1776 . . . 206 150. Campaign of 1777 . . . 207 151. The Conway Cabal, 1777, 1778 209 152. The French Alliance, 1778 211 SEC. PAGE 153. Lord North's Conciliatory Proposals. 1778 .... 212 154. Treason of Charles Lee . 213 155. Arnold's Treason .... 214 156. The Southern Campaigns, 1776-81 216 157. The Yorktown Campaign, 1781 218 158. Naval Warfare .... 219 159. Congress and the Army, 1775-82 220 160.

The Newburg Addresses, 1783 222 161. Finances of the Revolution 223 162. The Loyalists 224 163. Peace Negotiations of 1782 225 164. The Treaty of Peace, 1783 . 228 165. Problems of Peace . . . 231

Chapter VI

The Constitution, 1 783-1 789 SEC. PAGE 166. Nationalism and Particularism 236 167. Formation of the Articles of Confederation . . . 237 168. The Articles of Confederation 238 169. Importance of the Articles of Confederation . . . 240 170. Claims to Western Lands . 241 171. Validity of these Claims . 243 172. The Land Cessions . . . 244 173. The Ordinance of 1787 . . 246 174. Social Progress, 1780-89 . 249 175. Foreign Relations, 1783-89 251 176. Financial Problems, 1783- g6 253 177. The Critical Period, 1786, *7%7 254 SEC. PAGE 178. Attempts to amend the Articles 255 179. Genesis of the Federal Convention 255 180. The Federal Convention, 1787 257 181. Nature of the Constitution 259 182. The Great Compromises . 260 183. A Government of Checks and Balances .... 262 184. The Legislative Power . . 263 185.

The Supreme Court . . . 264 186. Political Parties .... 265 187. Stability of the Constitution 267 188. The President 269 189. Ratification of the Constitution, 1787, 1788 ....

Chapter VII

The Federalist Supremacy, 1 789-1800 SEC. PAGE 190. Washington elected President 279 191. John Adams elected Vice- President 280 192. Political Tendencies, 1789 . 281 193. Washington's Inauguration, 1789 284 194. Organization of the Government 286 195. Hamilton's Financial Measures 288 196. The National Capital and Assumption 290 197. The First Slavery Debates, 1789, 1790 291 198. The Excise and the Bank, 179* 293 199. Rise of the Republican Party 295 200. The Neutrality Proclamation, 1793 296 SEC. PAGE 201. Relations with Great Britain 298 202. Jay's Treaty, 1794 . . . 300 203. Ratification of Jay's Treaty, 1795 3QI 204. Relations with Spain and France, 1794-97 ■ ■ ■ 302 205. Washington's Farewell Address, 1797 303 206. Election of John Adams, 1796 303 207, Breach with France, 1796- 99 3°5 208.

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 306 209. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 1799 . 308 210. Treaty with France, 1800 . 310 211. The Election of 1800 . . 312 212 The Judiciary Act, 1800 . 314

Chapter VIII The Jeffersonian

Republicans, 1801-1812 SEC. PAGE 213. American Ideal, 1800 . . 317 214. Population in 1800 . . . 318 215. Analysis of the Population 321 216, Various Statistics .... 322 217. Occupations of the People 323 218. Cotton Culture and Manufacture 324 219. Slavery 327 220. Internal Communication . 328 221. Intellectual Life .... 329 222. The Federalists and the People 330 223. Jefferson's Inaugural . . 332 224. The Civil Service .... 333 225. The Judiciary Department 335 226. Financial Policy .... 336 227. The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 337 228. Questions arising out of the Purchase 339 SEC. PAGE 229. The Twelfth Amendment, 1804 341 230. Burr's Conspiracy and Trial, 1804-1807 . . . 342 231. Attacks on Neutral Trade, 1800-1808 343 232. Decrees and Orders, 1806- 10 344 233. The Impressment Controversy, 1793-1807 . . .345 234.

The Outrage on the Chesapeake, 1807 347 235. Jefferson's Embargo Policy, 1807, 1808 347 236. Effects of the Embargo . . 349 237. The Non-intercourse Act, 1809 35° 238. The Erskine Treaty, 1809 . 351 239. The Declaration of War, 1812

Chapter IX

War and Peace, 1812-1829 SEC. PAGE 240. Nature of the Conflict . . 357 241. Campaigns of 1812-14 . . 359 242. The British Defeat at New Orleans, 1814, 1815 . . 359 243. The War on the Sea, 1812- 15 36o 244. The Privateers 363 245. Negotiations for Peace, 1812-14 363 246. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 364 247. The Hartford Convention, 1814, 1815 365 248. Results of the War . . . 367 249. Altered Industrial Conditions, 1816 368 250. Early Tariff Legislation, 1789-1815 369 251. Growth of Textile Industries, 1800-15 .... 370 252. Tariff Act of 1816 . . . 370 253. Monroe's Administrations, 1817-25 371 254. The Policy of Nationalization 372 SEC. PAGE 255. Relations with Great Britain, 1815-18 . . . 374 256. Relations with Spain, 1810- J9 375 257. The Florida Treaty, 1819 . 376 258. The Spanish-American Colonies, 1808-22 . . . 377 259.

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 378 260. The Russian Treaty of 1824 381 261. Extension of Slave Territory 381 262. The Missouri Compromises 383 263. The Tariff of 1824 . . .385 264. The Election of J. Q. Adams, 1824, 1825 . . 386 2D5- J- Q- Adams's Administration, 1825-29 390 266. Foreign relations, 1825-29 . 391 267. Adams and Georgia, 1825- 27 392 268. The Tariff of Abominations, 1828 393 269. Calhoun's Exposition, 1828 394 270. Elections of 1828 .... 395

Chapter X

The National Democracy. 1 829- 1 844 SEC. PAGE 271. Signification of Jackson's Election 399 272. Theory of Popular Sovereignty 400 273. Population and Area in 1830 403 274. Influence of Slavery . . . 405 275. Improvements in Transportation 407 276. Railroads 409 277. Other Inventions .... 410 278. Social Changes .... 410 279. Education and Religion . 412 280. The Spoils System, 1829 . 413 281. Webster and Hayne, 1830. 415 SEC. PAGE 282. Nullification, 1832, 1833 . 418 2S3. The Force Bill 421 284. The Compromise Tariff, 1833 422 285. The Antislavery Agitation, 1831-38 423 286. Anti-abolition Sentiment in the North, 1834-37 . . 424 287. Slavery Petitions in Congress, 1836 425 288. Change of Sentiment in the North, 1837, 1838 . . .426 289. Foreign Relations, 1829-37 427 290. Jackson's War on the Bank SEC PAGE 291- Removal of the Deposits, "833 43° 292.

Distribution of the Surplus, 1837 432 293. The Specie Circular, 1836 . 433 SEC. PAGE 294. The Independent Treasury Act, 1840 434 295. The Election of 1840 . 435 296. Tyler's Administraiion, 1841-45 437 297. The Ashburton Treaty, 1842 438

Chapter XI

Slavery in the Territories, 1844-1859 SEC. . PAGE 298. Necessity for More Slave Territory 443 299. The Annexation of Texas, 1845 445 300. Mexican War, 1846-48 . . 447 301. The Oregon Treaty, 1846 . 449 302. The Walker Tariff, 1846 . 451 303. California, 1848-50 . , . 453 304. The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 . 455 305. The Election of 1848 . . 455 306. Taylor's Policy, 1849, 1850 . 457 307. Compromise of 1850 . . 459 308. Fugitive Slaves .... 462 309. Election of 1852 .... 464 SEC. PAGE 310. The Kansas-Nebraska Act 465 311. Appeal of the Independent Democrats, 1854 . . . 466 312. Popular Sovereignty . . . 468 313. Struggle for Kansas, 1855- 61 469 314. The Dred Scott Decision, 1857 474 315. Lincoln and Douglas, 1858 475 316. John Brown's Execution, 1859 47° 317. Helper's Impending Crisis, 1857 478

Chapter XII

Secession, 1 860-1 86 i SEC PAGE 318. Introductory 481 319. Population, 1860 .... 482 320. Distribution of the Population, Area, etc 483 321. Slave and Free Sections compared 485 322. Transportation .... 487 323. Material Prosperity . . . 488 324. Financial Policy, 1857-61 . 490 325. Mental Activity .... 491 326. Election of 1860 .... 493 SEC. PAGE 327. Secession Threatened, 1860 497 328. Compromise Suggestions . 497 329. The Crittenden Compromise 498 330. Secession of Seven States, 1860-61 499 331. The Underlying Cause of Secession 501 332. Southern Blunders . . . 502 333. Apathy of the Northerners 503

Chapter XIII

1, 1861-1865 The Civil War, SEC. PAGE 337. The " Border States," 1861 512 338. Military Strength of the North and the South . . 513 339. Numbers 514 SEC. PAGE 334. Lincoln's Policy, 1861 . . 508 335. Lincoln's Advisers . . . 509 336. Uprising of the People, April, 1861 Table of Contents SEC. PAGE 340. Northern Finances, 1861-65 5*5 341. The National Banking System 517 342. Increased Taxation . . . 517 343. Southern Finances, 1861-65 518 344. The Blockade 519 345. Characteristics of the Conflict 521 346. Defense of Washington, 1861 522 347. Theater of War in Virginia 523 348. The Bull Run Campaign, 1861 524 349. The Contest in the West, April, 186 i-February, 1862 525 350. The Trent Affair, 1861 . . 528 351. Capture of New Orleans, 1862 529 352. Shiloh, April, 1862 . . . 531 353. The Monitor and the A/errimac, March, 1862 . . 532 354.

The Peninsular Campaign, March to August, 1862 . 533 355. The Second Bull Run Campaign, August, 1862 . . 534 356. The Antietam and Fredericksburg, 1862 .... 535 SEC. PAGE 357. Campaign in Eastern Tennessee, 1862 536 358. Lincoln's Policy as to Slavery, 1861-63 ■ • -537 359. The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 539 360. The Vicksburg Campaign, 1863 54° 361. Chancellorsville, May, 1863 541 362. Gettysburg, July, 1863 . . 542 363. Northern Opposition to the War 543 364. Chickamauga and Chattanooga, 1863 544 365. The Atlanta Campaign, May to July, 1864. . . 546 366. Plan of Campaign . . . 547 367. Sherman and Thomas . . 548 368. Grant and Lee, 1864 . . . 549 369. Sheridan's Valley Campaign, 1864 550 370. Great Britain and the Confederate Cruisers . . . 551 371. Lincoln's Re-election, 1864 552 372. The Surrender at Appomattox, 1865 553 373. Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1865 . . . .553 374. The Cost of the War . . 554

Chapter XIV

National Development, -, 1865-1897 SEC. PAGE 375. Return to Peace Conditions 557 376. The Army and Navy . . 558 377. The War Debt .... 559 378. Lincoln's Southern Policy . 560 379. Johnson's Reconstruction Policy, 1865 562 380. The Freedmen's Bureau . 563 381. The Fourteenth Amendment 564 382. The Reconstruction Acts, 1867 565 383. Impeachment of President Johnson, 1868 .... 567 384. Foreign Relations, 1865-69 567 385. Election of 1868 .... 568 386. End of Reconstruction . . 568 387. Relations with Great Britain 570 SEC. PAGE 388. Political Uncertainty, 1868- 76 571 389. Election of 1876 .... 572 390. A New Epoch, 1876 . . . 573 391. Political History, 1877-96 . 574 392. Civil Service Reform, 1868- 96 577 393. Taxation 579 394. Population, 1890 .... 581 395. Distribution of Population, Area, etc 583 396.

Transportation, 1890 . . . 584 397. Industrial Development, 1860-90 586 398. Agricultural Development, 1860-90 587 399. Prosperity, 1890 .... 588 400. Conclusion MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS COLORED MAPS NOS. PAGE I. The United States, showing forms of land . facing I II. The Colonies in 1 763, from Bell's No rth America " 191 III. Negotiations of 1 782, from Fitzmaurice's Shelburne " 229 IV. Territorial Development " 235 V. The United States in 1800 " 3>7 VI. The United States in 1830 "399 VII. The United States in 1850 "443 VIII. The United States in 1860 "481 IX.

The United States in 1890 "559 MAPS IN THE TEXT Lines of equal temperature, annual, February, August . . 3, 4, 5 Average annual rainfall ........ 10 Geographical ideas of Toscanelli, from Italian Columbian Commission Report ....•■••■ 27 Behaim's globe (1492), from Ruge's Kartographie ... 28 La Cosa's Map (1500), from Ruge's Kartographie ... 30 Bartholomew Columbus's map (before 1502) 32 The Cabot map (1544) 33 Routes of the discoverers 3° Virginia charter, 1606 °° Virginia charter, 1609 °2 New England and Maryland charters 7° Massachusetts, Connecticut, Carolana, and Carolina charters . 80 Pennsylvania charter . . . • • • • • .110 Proclamation of 1763 '37 The United States, 1783 229 Claims and cessions ■ • 243 Election of 1796 3°4 Election of 1800 312 Center of population, Movement of, 1 790-1890 .... 318 Density of population, 1800 321 The United States, 1803 33$ Maps and Illustrations XX PAGE The United States, 1821 376 Election of 1824 388 Election of 1828 395 Density of population, 1830 . ....... 40D Election of 1840 43& Election of 1844 446 The United States, 1845 449 The United States, 1853 454 Election of 1848 456 Election of 1852 4^5 Kansas-Nebraska Act 467 Election of 1856 473 Density of population, 1S60 . ....... 484 Election of 1860 495 The United States, 1S61, showing Slave and Free Soil . . 500 Rivers and railroads of the South ...... 52^ Election of 1880 575 Election of 1884 576 Density of population, 1890 582 ILLUSTRATIONS Abraham Lincoln, from a photograph by Brady, 1860 .

Frontispiece Toscanelli, from Italian Columbian Commission's Report, I . .26 Costuographiae [ntroductio, facsimile of passage .... 34 Magellan, from Hakluyt Society's Magellan volume ... 38 Cartier, after an engraving of the portrait at St. Malo ... 44 John Hawkins, from Hakluyt Society's Hawkins'' Voyages . . 48 Champlain, from an engraving of the Moncornet portrait . 59 Dock at Plymouth, England, from a photograph .... 75 The Pilgrim Compact, facsimile of Bradford's manuscript . . 77 John Winthrop, from Life and Letters of John Wintlirop, by permission of Little, Brown & Co. ...... 84 Sir Henry Vane, from an old engraving ..... 89 William Penn, from an ivory model by Bevan . . . .114 Sir Edmund Andros, from an old engraving .... 124 Massachusetts Currency, 1690, facsimile of original . . . 127 A blockhouse, from Anburey's Travels ..... 132 Sir William Pepperell, from Parsons' Life of Teppereil, by permission of Little, Brown & Co. . . . . . . ■ T33 Bienville, from an old engraving . . . . . . .134 General Wolfe, from an old engraving . . . . ■ 135 Jonathan Edwards, from an engraving ..... 144 A New England child, from a contemporary sketch . . .

Maps and Illustrations xxi PAGE James Otis, from an early engraving, by permission of D. Appleton & Co 157 Patrick Henry, after a contemporary miniature . . . .158 New Jersey currency, 1 763, facsimile of original .... 160 Samuel Adams, after a portrait by Copley . . . . 173 The Hancock House, from an original engraving . . 174 Faneuil Hall, 1776, from an original engraving .... 178 Thomas Hutchinson, after Truman's portrait .... 179 Tea Handbill, from an early engraving ..... 182 Joseph Warren, after a portrait by Copley, by permission of Little, Brown & Co 195 George Washington, after a portrait by C. W. Peale . . .196 Thomas Paine's American Crisis, facsimile of part of first page . 201 Declaration of Independence, facsimile of Jefferson's original draft 204 General Stark, from Stark's Memoir of John Stark . . . 208 General Steuben, after a portrait in New York City Hall . .210 General Wayne, after a sketch by Trumbull, by permission of the Lippincott Company ........ 213 Lafayette, from an engraving by Ethion 215 Nathan Ilale's birthplace, from Stuart's Life of Llale . . ■ 216 General Greene, after a portrait by Trumbull .... 217 Virginia currency, 1777, facsimile of original .... 221 Continental currency, 1775, facsimile of original .... 223 Benjamin Franklin, after a portrait by Martin .... 226 John Dickinson, after a portrait by C. W. Peale .... 238 General G. R. Clark, after a portrait by Jarvis . . . .242 Daniel Boone, after a portrait by Harding 245 Fitch's steamboat, facsimile of cut in Columbian Magazine, 1786 . 247 Gouverneur Morris, from a contemporary engraving . . . 258 Stratford House, from a contemporary engraving . . . 272 Richard Henry Lee, aster a portrait by Chappel .... 273 Monticello, Jefferson's residence, from a contemporary print . 282 George Washington, 1785, after a mask made from the living face 285 Mount Vernon, view of the West Parlor, from a photograph . 286 Mrs. Alexander Hamilton, aster a portrait by R. Earl, by permission of D. Appleton &.