An elementary treatise of logic

Front matter

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inMiSOC*

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Section I. — Of Conceptions — their Formation, their Object and Relations, 9

II. — Of Substance and Properties — Sphere and Matter of Conceptions, Essentia, Genus, General and Collective Terms, Diflferentia and Species, Individual and Accidents, 13

m. — Of the whole and its Parts, 21

I. — Of Quantity, three kinds, 22

II. — Of Division, thkek kinds, 24

XIV CONTENTS.

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Sec. IV. — The Relation of Cause and Effect, 29

V. — Of Difference^ Identity, Resemblance, and Analogy, 32

VI. — Of Definition and Description, 33

VII. — Of the Quality of Terms — General, Specific, Synonymous, Analogous, Incompatible, Positive, Negative, and Privative, 34

VIII. — Of the Quantity of Terms — Numerals, Ordinals, Positive and Negative, Infinite, Comparatives and Superlatives,

Distributed and Undi^ributed, 38

IX. — Of the Opposition of Terms — Relative, Contrary, Subcontrary, Contradictory, 40

CHAPTER n.

OP PROPOSITIONS,

Section I. — Of Judgments — Scope, Kinds, Categorical, Conditional, Disjunctive, Hypothetical, Relative or Comparative, and

Probable, 43

IT. — Of the Terms in a Proposition — how Placed, Propositions

Resolvable into Terms, 46

in. — Of the Copula — its Force, Forms, Effects, and Classification, 48

IV. — Of the Adequacy of Propositions, 55

V. — Of the Quantity of Judgments — Individual, Particular,

and Universal Judgments, 59

VI. — Of the Quality of Judgments, 61

VII. — Of the Modality of Judgments, 61

VIII. — Of the Four Cardinal Propositions — Universal Afiimiative. Universal Negative, Particular Affirmative, and

Particular Negative, 62

IX. — Of the Distribution of Terms in Judgments, 6-1

X. — Of Immediate Inference, 69

1. — By the Opposition of Judgments, 70

II. — By Permutation or Contra- Position, 71

III. Byconversion, 74

IV.— By Substitution op Terms, 76

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CONTENTS. XV

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Sec. XI. — Of Complex Propositions — Modals, Explicative, Differential, Exceptional, Exclusive, Conditional, and Protrusive, « 77

XII. — Of Compound Propositions — Express and Implied, Copulative Causal, Discretive, Conditional, and Disjunctive,

Exceptives, and Exclusives, 80

Xin. — Of Comparative Judgments, 84

XrV. — Of Probable Judgments — The Calculation of Chances,

Antecedent and Special Probabilities, 87

XV. — Of Conditional Judgments — The Sequence, Complex Sequences, Compound and Continuous Conditionals, 91

XVI. — Of Disjunctive Judgments and Excluded Middle, 97

XVII. — Of the Grounds of Affirmation — Identity and Contradiction, Sufficient Cause, and Excluded Middle 102

CHAPTER m.

OF SYLLOGISMS.

Section I. — Classification of Syllogisms — Names of the Terms, and

Parts in Pure Categorical Syllogisms, 106

n. — Of Pure Categorical Syllogisms^ 110

I. — Of the Figure of Syllogisms, 110

II. — Of the Mood of Syllogisms, 115

III. — Application OF Moods TO THE Figures, 118

in. — Of Indirect Conclusions^ 123

rV. — Of the Conversion of Syllogisms — Ostensive Reduction,

and Reductio ad impossibile, 121

V. — Of Complex Syllogisms — Change of Modals and Proten-

sive Quantity, 131

VI. — Of Compound Syllogisms, or Sorites, the Reduction of

Sorites to Simple Categoricals, 138

Vn. — Of the Incomplete Formulce^ or Enthymemes, Inductive

and Cumulative Formula, 142

Vni. — Of Epichirema, Pro-syllogism s, and Epi -syllogisms, 148

IX. — Of Comp oimd Judgments in Syllogisms, 149

XVI CONTENTS.

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Sec. X. — Of Comparative Syllogisms —

L~BiMPLE Comparatives, 152

II. — Comparatives in wniCH the Difference of Intensity

IS Eegarded as a Cause, 155

III. — Comparatives, Manner, &c., 156

XL — Of Probable Syllogisms, the Effect of Discrete Quantity on Logical, and the Combination of Independent Probabilities, 157

XII. — Of Conditional Syllogisms — their Completion, 170

Xlll. — Of Disjunctive Syllogisms — Comprehensive and Divisive 175 XIV,— Of the Dilemma, 179

CHAPTER IV.

OF FALLACIES.

Section I. — Of the Ignoratio Elenchi^ 185

n. — Of the Petitio Principii, 186

in. — Of the Ambiguous Middle, 189

rV. — Of Division and Composition, 190

V. — Of Accidents and Quid, 191 i

PAKT II.

LOGICAL METHODS.

CHAPTER I. ' OF THE ELEMENTS OF METHOD.

Section I. — Of Method in General, 194

II. — Of Order as an Element of Method, 196

III. — Of the Ideas which Determine Methods, 198

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Sec. IV. — Of the Matter of Logical Methods — Analytical and Synthetic Judgments, Necessary and Contingent Matter, Class-Conceptions, Judgments d priori and d, posteriori, Material and Implied Properties, Formal and Modal Properties, Absolute, Physical, and Moral Certainty, Analysis, Synthesis, Truth, Opinion, Hypothesis, Theory, and Conjecture, 202

Chapter II. Methods Of Investigation

Section I. — Of Investigation — The finding of Predicates, 219

II. — Of Observation and Testimony — the External Senses, Consciousness, Experiment, the use of Hypotheses, and

of Testimony,

in. — Of Measurement and Calculation — Methods of Obtaining Wholes from Parts and Parts from Wholes, 232

rV. — Of Average and Exclusion, or the Abscissio Injiniti, 237

V. — Of Analysis — The Analysis of Conceptions and of Objects, 243

VI. — Of Induction and Analogy — Several forms of Induction, 249 VII. — Of Elimination^ Causes and Antecedents — Causality Implies Substance, Methods of Elimination, 259

CHAPTER m.

METHODS OF PROOF AND REFUTATON.

Section I. — Of Proo/— Direct and Indirect Methods,. ^ 275

n. — Of Demonstration, 281

III.— 0/ Deduction, 290

IV. — Of the Argument from Authority — Principles of Interpretation, 293

V. — Of the Appeal to Facts, by way of Induction, the Uniformity of Nature, Final Causes, Example, Analogy, and Circumstantial Facts, 303

XVm CONTENTS.

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Sec. VI. — Of Progressive Approach, 324

Vn. — Of the Argumentum ad Jgnorantiam, 326

TUl,— Of Refutation, three Methods 328

IX.— Of Direct Refutation, 329

X. — Of Indirect Refutation, 333

XI. — Of Personal Refutations, ad hominem, ad verecitndiam,

ad invidiam, 336