An encyclopædia of gardening

Front matter

•o

Ay « ov

AN

Preface

account, due to the Council and Secretary of the Linnsean Society ; to the Council and Secretary of the Horticultural Society ; to Robert Brown, Esq. the possessor of the Banksian library ; and to William Forsyth, Esq., whose collection of British works on Gardening is more than usually complete.

It remains only to mention, as a key to this work, that to save room, the prenoms and other additions to names of persons are not inserted; only contracted titles of the books referred to are given; and the names of gardens or country residences are mentioned, Avithout, in many cases, designating their local situation. By turning to the General Index, the names of persons will be found, with the addition of their prenoms and other titles, where known, at length ; and there the abridged titles of books are also given complete, and the names of residences, accompanied by that of the county or country in which they are situated. The botanical nomenclature which has been followed is that of Sweet's Hortus Suburbanus Lori' dinensis, with only one or two exceptions ; the reasons for which are given where they occur. The systematic names of insects, or other animals, or of minerals, are generally those of Linnaeus : some exceptions are also noted. In various parts of the work etymological and other explanations will be found, which, to one class of readers, may be unnecessary. But it is to be considered that we address ourselves to Practical Gardeners as well as to the Patrons of Gardening ; and our opinion is, that to enhghten, and generally to raise the intellectual character of the former, will ultimately be found the. most efficient mode of improving them in their profession, and thus rendering them more truly valuable to the latter.

By referring to the Kalendarial Index, those parts of this work which treat of Garden Culture and Management may be consulted monthly, as the operations require to be performed ; and by recourse to the General Index, the whole may be consulted in detached portions, as in a Dictionary of Gardening.

Although this second edition forms a less bulky volume than the first, yet it contains considerably more printed matter ; besides above a hundred new engravings. These important additions we have been enabled to make by printing all those parts of the work which may be considered as of secondary importance, in a smaller type than that of the general text.

J. C. L.

Bay!<mitcr, April S, 1824.

Contents

PART L

GARDENING CONSIDERED IN RESPECT TO ITS ORIGIN, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT STATE AMONG DIFFERENT NATIONS, GOVERNMENTS, AND CLIMATES.

Book I. History Of Gardening Among Ancient And Modern Nations

Chap. I. Page Of the Origin and Progress of Gardening in the earliest ages of Antiquity, or from the 10th century before the vulgar aera to the found, ation of the Roman Empire - - 3

I. Of the fabulous Gardens of Antiquity - ib.

II. Jewish Gardens. B.C. 1500. - - 4

III. Phseacian Gardens. B.C. 900. - - ib.

IV. Babylonian or Assyrian Gardens. B.C.

2000. - - - - 5

VI. Grecian Gardens. B. C. 300. - - ib.

VII. Gardening in the ages of Antiquity, as

to Fruits, Culuiary Productions, and Flowers - - - 7

Chap. II

Chronological History of Gardening, from the time of the .Roman Kings, in the sixth century B. C. to the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the fifth century of our aera - 9

I. Roman Gardening as an Art of Design and

Taste - ... ib.

II. Roman Gardening considered as to the Cul.

III. Roman Gardening in respect to its Pro.

ducts for the Kitchen and the Dessert ib.

IV. Roman Gardening considered in respect

to the Propagation and Planting of Timber.trees and Hedges . - - 14

V. Roman Gardening as a Science, and as to

the Authors it produced - .15

Chap. III

Chronological History of Gardening, in conti. nental Europe from the Time of the Romans to the present Day, or from A. D. 500 to A. D. 1823. - . . - 16

I. Of the Revival, Progress, and present State

of Gardening in Italy - . ib.

1. Italian Gardening, in respect to Design

and Taste . . - ib.

2. Italian Gardening in respect to the Cul.

3. Italian Gardening in respect to its Products

for the Kitchen and the Dessert - 23

4. Italian Gardening, in respect ro the plant.

ing of Timber.trees and Hedges . 24

5. Italian Gardening, as empirically practised 25

6. Italian Gardening, as a Science, and as to

the Authors it has produced . . ib.

II. Of the Revival, Progress, and present State

. of Gardening in HoUand and Flanders . 26

1. Dutch Gardening, as an Art of Design and

Taste . . . ib.

2. Dutch Gardening, in respect to the Cul.

3. Dutch Gardening in respect to the Cul.

. ture of Fruits and Culinary Vegetables • 31

4. Dutch Gardening, in respect to the plant.

ing of Timber-trees and Hedges - 31

5. Dutch Gardening, as empirically practised 32

6. Dutch Gardening, as a Science, and in re.

spect to the Authors it has produced . S3

III. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

Gardening in France . - ib.

1. French Gardening, as an Art of Design

and Taste ... ih.

2. French Gardening, in respect to the Cul-

3. Frencli Gardening, in respect to its horti-

cultural Productions . - 40

4. French Gardening, in respect to the plant.

ing of Timber-trees and Hedges - 41

5. French Gardening, as empirically prac-

tised . . -42

6. French Gardening, as a Science, and as to

the Authors it has produced - - 43

IV. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

Gardening in Germany - - i6.

1. German Gardening, as an Art of Design

and Taste - . - ib.

2. German Gardening, in respect to the Cul.

3. German Gardening, in respect to horticul.

tural Productions - . 49

4. German Gardening, as to planting Timber.

trees and Hedges . . - 50

5. German Gardening, as empirically prac.

tised .... ib.

6. German Gardening, as a Science, and as to

the'Authors it has produced . . 51

V. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

Gardening in Switzerland . .52

VI. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

Gardening in Sweden and Norwav . 53

VII. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

1. Russian Gardening, as an Art of Design

and Taste

2. Russian Gardening, in respect to the Cul.

3. Russian Gardening, in respect to its horti-

cultural Productions - - ib.

4. Russian Gardening, in respect to the Cul-

ture of Timber-trees and Hedges . 60

5. Russian Gardening, as empirically prac-

tised . - . ib.

6. Russian Gardening, as a Science, and as

to the Authors it has produced - 61

VIII. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State

of Gardening in Poland - - ib.

IX. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of

Gardenhig in Spain and Portugal . 63

1. Spanish Gardening, as an Art of Design

and Taste . . .64

2. Spanish and Portuguese Gardening, in re.

spect to the Culture of Flowers and Plants of Ornament . .65

3. Spanish and Portuguese Gardening, in re.

spect to its horticultural Productions and Planting . . -66

X Of the Rise, Progress, and present state of Gardening in European Turkey - ib,

A 3

CONTENTS.

Chap, IV. Page Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of Gardening in the British Isles - - 68

I. British Gardening, as an Art of Design and

1. Gardening in England, as an Art of De-

sign and Taste - - - ib.

2. Gardening in Scotland, as an Art of Design

and Taste - - - 80

3. Gardening in Ireland, as an Art of Design

and Taste - - - 82

II. British Gardening, in respect to the Cul-

1. Gardening in England, in respect to the

Culture of Flowers and the Establishment of Botanic Gardens - - 84

2. Gardening in Scotland, in respect to the

Culture of Flowers and the Establishment of Botanic Gardens - - 86

3. Gardening in Ireland, in respect to Flori-

culture and Botany - - - - 87

III. British Gardening, in respect to its horti-

cultural Productions - - - . 88

1. Gardening in England, in respect to its

horticultural Productions - - ib.

2. Gardening in Scotland, in respect to its

horticultural Productions - - 91

3. Gardening in Ireland, in respect to its hor-

ticultural Productions - - 92

IV. British Gardening, in respect to the plant-

ing of Timber-trees and Hedges - ib.

1. Gardening in England, in respect to the

planting of Timber-trees and Hedges - ib.

2. Gardening in Scotland, in respect to the

planting of Timber-trees and Hedges - 93

3. Gardening in Ireland, in respect to the

planting of Timber-trees and Hedges - 94

V. British Gardening, as empirically practised ib.

VI. British Gardening, as a Science, and as to

the Authors it has produced - - 96

Chap." V. Page

Of the present State of Gardening "in Ultra- European Countries - - - 97

I. Syrian, Persian, Indian, and African Gar-

dens of modem Times . - 98

II. Chinese Gardening . . loi

III. Gardening in Anglo-North America, or

the United States and British Provinces 104

IV. Gardening in Spanish North America, or

Mexico - _ . 106

V. Gardening in South America . -107

VI. Gardening in the British Colonies, and in

other Foreign Settlements of European Nations - /j^

GARDENING CONSIDERED AS TO ITS PRO- GRESS AND PRESENT STATE UNDER DIF- FERENT POLITICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CIRCUMSTANCES.

Chap. I. Page Gardening as affected by different Forms of Government, Religions, and States of Society 110

I. Gardening as affected by different Forms of

Government and Religions . _ m

II. Gardening as affected by different States of

Society - - . ib^

Chap. II.

Gardening as affected by different Climates, Habits of Life, and Manners . . 112

I. Influence of Climate, in respect to Fruits,

culinary Plants, Flowers, Timber-trees, and horticultural Skill - . 113

II. Influence of Climate and Manners on Gar-

dening, as an Art of Design and Taste - 114

III. Of the Climate and Circumstances of Bri-

tain, in respect to Gardening - -118

Part II. Gardening Considered As A Science

THE STUDY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Chap. II

Glossology, or the Names of the Parts of Plants 122 Chap. III.

Phytography, or the Nomenclature and Description of Plants - - - 123

I. Names of Classes and Orders - - ib.

II. iNames of Genera - - - ib.

III. Names of Species - - -124

IV. Namesof Varieties and Subvarieties -125

V. Descriptions of Plants - - - 126

VI. Of forming and preserving Herbarians - 127

VII. Of Methods of Study - - -128

Chap. IV. Taxonomy, or the Classifications of Plants - 26

I. The Hortus Britannicus arranged according

to the Linnsean System - - ISO

II. The Hortus Britannicus arranged according

to the Jussieuean System - - 135

Chap. V. Vegetable Organology, or the external Structure of Plants - - 138

I. , Perfect Plants - - - ib.

1. Conservative Organs - - ib.

2. Conservative Appendages - - ib.

3. Reproductive Organs - - 139

4. Reproductive Appendages - - ib.

II. Imperfect Plants - - - 140

1. Filices, Equisitaceae, and Lycopodineae - ih.

2. Musci - - - ib.

3. Hepaticae - - - 1*1

4. Algae and Lichenae - - ib.

Chap. VI. Page Vegetable Anatomy, or the internal Structure of Plants - _ . 142

I. Decomposite Organs , . ib.

II. Composite Organs - . . 144

III. Elementary or Vascular Organs - 146

Chap. VII. Vegetable Chemistry, or primary Principles of Plants - - . - 147

I. Compound Products . , . ib.

II. Simple Products - _ - 157

Chap. VIII

Functions of Vegetables - . Zlid,

I. Germination of the Seed . _ 158

II. Food of the vegetating Plant - . 160

III. Process of Vegetable Nutrition - -165

IV. Process of Vegetable Developement -172

V. Anomalies of Vegetable Developement -177

VI. Of the Sexuality of Vegetables - -181

VII. Impregnation of the Seed _ . 182

VIII. Changes consequent upon Impregnation 183

IX. The propagation of the Species - - 184

X. Causes limiting the Propagation of the Spe-

XI. Evidence and Character of Vegetable Vi-

tality - . . 187

Chap. IX

Vegetable Pathology, or the Diseases and Casualties of Vegetable Life - . 191

I. Wounds and Accidents - . n,,

II. Diseases - - _ 192

III. Natural Decay - - . 195

Chap. X

Vegetable Geography and History, or the Distribution of Vegetables relatively to the Earth and to Man - _ . 195

I. Geographical Distribution of Vegfetables - 197

IL Physical Distribution of Vegetables - ib.

III. Civil Causes affecting the Distribution of

Plants . - .302

CONTENTS.

vii

IV. Characteristic or Picturesque Distribution

of Vegetables - - - 203

V. Systematic Distribution of Vegetables - 205

VI. Economical Distribution of Vegetables - 206

VII. Arithmetical Distribution of Vegetables - ib.

VIIL Distribution of the British Flora, indigenous and exotic - - ib.

Chap. XI

Origin of Culture, as derived from the Study of Vegetables - - - - 214

Chap. I. Of Earths and Soils - - - 217

I. Of the Geological Structure of the Globe and

the Formation of Earths and Soils - ib.

II. Classification and Nomenclature of Soiid - 219

III. Of discovering the Qualities of Soils - 221

1. Of discovering the Quahties of Soils by

means of the Plants which grow on them - _ . . ib.

2. Of discovering the Qualities of Soils by

chemical Analysis - - - ib.

3. Of discovering the Qualities of a Soil

mechanically and empirically - - 222

IV. Of the Uses of the Soil to Vegetables - 223

V. Of the Improvement of Soils - - 226

1. Pulverisation ... ib.

2. Of the Improvement of Soils by Compression - . . .228

3. Of the Improvi ent of Soils by Aeration

or Fallowing - . . ib.

4. Alteration of the constituent Parts of Soils 229 , 5. Changing the Condition of Lands, in respect to Water - . . 231

6. Changing the Condition of Lands, in re-

spect to Atmospherical Influence . 232

7. Rotation of Crops - .233

Chap. IL

Of Manures - . , . 234

I. Of Manures of Animal and Vegetable Origin 235

1. The Theory of the Operation of Manures

of Animal and Vegetable Origin - ib.

; 2. Of the different Species of Manures of

Animal and Vegetable Origin . 236

, 3. Of the fermenting, preserving, and applying of Manures of Animal and Vegetable Origin - - .241

II. Of Manures of Mineral Origin . .243 L 1. Theory of the Operation of Mineral Ma.

nures • - - - ib

2. Of the different Species of Mineral Ma.

Chap. IIL

Of the Agency of Heat, Light, Electricity, and Water, in Vegetable Culture . - 249

I. Of Heat and Light - . . ib

II. Of Electricity . . - - 253 IIL Of Water . - . . ib.

Chap. IV.

Of the Agency of the Atmosphere in Vegeta.

I. Of the Elements of the Atmosphere - - ib.

II. Ofthe Means of prognosticatingthe Weather 264 HI. Of the Climate of Britain - -266

Book III. Mechanical Agents Employed In Gar- Dening

Chap. I.

I. Tools - . ib.

II. Instruments - - - 272 1 Instruments of Operation - . ib.

2. Instruments of Direction - -278

3. Instruments of Designation - -280

III. Utensils . . .282

1. Utensils of Preparation and Deportation - ib.

Page

2. Utensils of Culture - - - 283

3. Utensils of Protection - . 286

4. Utensils for entrapping Vermin - 287

IV. Machines ... ib.

1. Machines of Labor - .288

2. Machines for Vermin, and Defence against

the enemies of Gardens - - 292

3. Meteorological Machines - - 293

V. Various Articles used in Gardening Oper-

ations - 295

1. Articles of Adaptation - - ib.

2. Articles of Manufacture - - 297

3. Articles of Preparation - - ib.

Chap. 1L

Structures used in Gardening - - 298

I. Temporary or Moveable Structures . ib.

1. Structures Portable, or entirely Moveable ib.

2. Structures partly Moveable - - 300

II. Fixed Structures - - - 303

III. Permanent Horticultural Structures . 310

1. Ofthe Principles of Design in Hot-houses 311

2. Forms of Hot-house Roofs . . 314

3. Details of the Construction of Roofs, or

the glazed part of Hot-houses . - 318

4. Glazing of Hot-house Roofs - - 31P

5. Walls and Sheds of Hot-houses - - 322

6. Furnaces and Flues - - - 323

7. Steam Boilers and Tubes . - 326

8. Trellises - - - - 328

9. Paths, Pits, Stages, Shelves, Doors, &c. - 329

10. Details for Water, Wind, and Renewal of

IV. Mushroom-houses - - 332

V. Cold Plant-habitations - - 334

Chap. IIL ; Edifices used in Gardening - - ib.

I. Economical Buildings . - - ib.

II. Anomalous Buildings - - 339

1. Of the Ice-house and its Management - ib.

2. Of the Apiary and the Management of

3. Of the Aviary, and of Menageries, Pisci.

III. Decorative Buildings - - 348

1. Useful Decorative Buildings - - ib,

2. Convenient Decorations - - 355

3. Characteristic Decorations - - 360

f Chap. IV.

Of the Improvement of the Mechanical Agents of Gardening . . - _ 361

Book IV. Of The Operations Of Gardening. 1

Chap. I.

Operations of Gardening, in which Strength is

chiefly required in the Operator - - 363

I. Mechanical Operations common to all Arts

of Manual Labor - - - ib.

II. Garden-labors on the Soil - - 364

III. Garden-labors with Plants - - 367

Chap. II

Operations of Gardening in which Skill is more required than Strength ... 369'

I. Of transferring Designs from Ground to

Paper or Memory - - - ib,

II. Of transferring Designs from Paper or

Memory to Ground ... 373

1. Transferring Figures and Designs to plane

Surfaces - - ... ib.

2. Tranferring Figures and Designs to irregu-

lar Surfaces - . - - 375

3. Of the Arrangement of Quantities - 377 IIL Of carrying Designs into Execution - 378

Chap. III. Scientific Processes and Operations - - 38*

1. Preparation of fermenting Substances for

Hot-beds, Manures, and Composts - ib.

II. Operations of Propagation - - 387

1. Propagation by natural Methods - - ib.

2. Propagation by Layering - - 388

3. Propagation by Inarching - - 390

4. Propagation by Grafting _ - 391

5. Propagation by Budding . \ - 397

6. Propagation by Cuttings ^ m - 399 viii

CONTENTS.

Page

III. Operations of Rearing and Culture - 401

1. Sowing, Planting, and Watering - ib.

2. Transplanting - - -402

4. Training - - - 411 i). Blanching - - 415

IV. Operations for inducing a State of Fruit-

fulness in barren and unblossoming TYees and Plants - - . ib.

V. Operations for retarding or accelerating

Vegetation - - . 418

1. Operations for retarding Vegetation - ib.

2. Operations for accelerating Vegetation - 419

VI. Operations to imitate warm Climates - 423

VII. Operations of Protection from Atmospher-

ical Injuries ... 424

VIII. Operations relative to Vermin, Diseases,

and other Casualties of Plants and Gardens - - - 426

Page

1. Of the Kinds of Vermin most injurious

to Gardens - . .426

2. Operations for subduing Vermin - 436

3. Operations relative to Diseases and other

Casualties ... 437

IX. Operations of Gathering, Preserving, and

Keeping - - .438

Chap. IV

Operations relative to tlie final Products desired of Gardens, and Garden-scenery . 443

I. Of the Vegetable Products desired of Gar-

II. Of the Superintendence and Management

of Gardens - - . 445

III. Of the Beauty and Order of Garden-

Part III. Gardening As Practised In Britain

HORTICULTURE.

Chap. I. Page The Formation of a Kitchen-garden . - 455

I. Situation - . , . ib.

II. Exposure and Aspect ... 456

III. Extent - - . . .457

IV. Shelter and Shade - - - 458

VIII. Walls 465

IX. Ring-fence and Slip ... 472

X. Placing the Culinary Hot-houses and

Melonry - - . . ib.

XI. Laying out the Area - . . 473

Chap. II. Of the Distribution of Fruit-trees in a Kitchen-garden ..... 476

I. Of the Selection and Arrangement of Wall

Fruit-trees - - 477

II. Of the Selection and Arrangement of

Espaliers and Dwarf-standards - . 479

III. Of tall Standard Fruit-trees in a Kitchen.

IV. Fruit-shrubs - . - . 4«1

Chap. III

Of the Formation and Planting of an Orchard, subsidiary to the Kitchen-garden . . 482

Chap. IV

Of the general Cultivation and Management of a Kitchen.garden - - - 485

I. Culture and Management of the Soil - ib.

II. Manure 486

III. Cropping . . . .487

IV. Thinning . . . - 489

V. Pruning and Training - - 490

VI. Weeding, Stirring the Soil, Protecting,

Supporting, and Shading - - 493

VII. Watering - - . . ib.

VIII. Vermin, Insects, Diseases, and Accidents 494

IX. Gathering and Preserving Vegetables and

Fruits, and sending them to a Distance 495

X. Miscellaneous Operations of Culture and

Management ... ib.

Chap. V. Of the general Management of Orchards - 496

I. General Culture - - - ib.

II. Pruning Orchard-trees . - . 497

III. Of gathering and storing Orchard-fruits - 499

IV. Of packing Orchard and other Fruits for

Carriage - - - - 501

Chap. VI

Construction of the Culinary Forcing Structures and Hot-houses - . -502

Page

I. Of the Construction of the Pinery . -502

II. Of the Construction of the Vinery - 506

III. Construction of the Peach-house - 506

IV. Construction of the Cherry-house and Fig-

V. Of Constructing Hot-houses in Rangesr - ib.

VI. Construction of Culinary Pits, Frames, and

Mushroom-houses - . ib.

VII. Details in the Construccion of Culinary

Hot-houses . - - 512

Chap. VII

Of the general Culture of Forcing Structures and Culinary Hot-houses - - 513

I. Culture of the Pinery - -514

1. Varieties of the Pine and General Mode of

Culture - - - . ib.

3. Artificial Heat - - - 515

4. Propagation of the Pine-apple - 516

5. Of rearing the Pine-apple in the Nursing

Department - - . , - 517

6. Succession Department - - 521

7. Fruiting Department - - 525

8. General Directions common to the Three

Departments of Pine-apple Culture - 531

9. Compendium of a Course of Culture - 537

10. Recent Improvements in the Culture of

the Pine-apple - - 538

II. Of the Culture of the Vinery - -541

1. Of the General Culture of the Grape in

Vineries ... ib.

2. Of particular Modes of cultivating the

Grape, adapted to particular Situations 553

3. Of Gathering and Keeping forced Grapes 556

4. Of the Insects and Diseases attendant on

forced or Hot-house Grapes - * 557

III. Culture of the Peach-house - - 558

IV. Of the Culture of the Cherrv-house - 563

V. Of the Culture of the Fig-house - -566

VI. Of the Culture and Forcing of the Cucum-

VII. Of the Culture of the Melon - - - 580

VIII. Forcing the Strawberry in Hot-houses,

Pits, and Hot-beds - - - 588

IX. Forcing Asparagus in Pits and Hot-beds 590

X. Forcing Kidneybeans ... 592

XI. Forcing Potatoes - - - 593

XII. Forcing Peas - - - 595

XIII. Forcing Salads, Pot-herbs, &c. - - 596

XIV. Culture of the Mushroom - - ib.