The horticulturist

Preface

The present work is the same as that published by Mr. Loudon^ shortly before his death, under the name of The Suburban Horticulturist; the title having been changed under the impression that it was too limited for the scope of the work. He considered it, as he states in his original Preface, " as by far the best Treatise on the culture of the Fruit and Kitchen Garden" which had ever ^^been produced by his pen." He adds that he had "bestowed more than common care in compiling it;" and that in so doing he had "had the inestimable advantage of being assisted by Mr. Thompson, the superintendent of the fruit and culinary departments in the Horticultural Society's Garden," by whom the fruits and culinary vegetables have either been selected, or approved of.

Mr. Loudon also had the assistance of Mr. Ogle, gardener to the Earl of Abergavenny, at Bridge Castle, who prepared the Calendarial and General Indices; of the late Mr. Lymburn; and of several other practical gardeners. The important note at p. 706, on the subject of charcoal, and the use of rough, turfy, rooty soil, and on small stones in potting plants, was furnished by Mr, Barnes, gardener to Lady E/olle, at Bicton Gardens, for the Gardener's Magazine.

ii

PREFACE.

The companion volume^ formerly published by Messrs. Longman and Co. as " The Suburban Gardener/^ is now being reprinted, uniform with the present work, and much improved, under the title of The Villa Gardener.^' This work embraces the whole subject of Villa and Suburban Gardens and pleasure grounds ; garden structures (particularly of ornamental greenhouses, a number of designs for which have been made expressly for this edition) ; laying out flower gardens, and floriculture in general; and the two volumes will be found to contain together a complete system of garden culture and arrangement.

In the present edition only such corrections and additions have been made as were absolutely necessary to bring the work up to the state of gardening knowledge at the present day.

Bayswater,

J. W. L.

Contents

PAGE

Names of the Fruits and Culinary Vegetables cultivated in

British Gardens, in different languages, &c. . . xxiv

CHAPTER I. Plants considered with reference to their Culture in Gardens 2

Sect. I. — The Analogy betiveen Plants and Animals, considered with

Sect. Ill, — Nomenclature of Plants with a view to Horticulture . 19 Sect. IV. — Structure of Plants with a view to Horticulture . . 20

80. Elementary organs. 81. Compound organs. 82. The root. 83. The stem. 85. The bark. 86. The medullary rays or plates. 89. Nodi. 90. Buds. 91. Leaves. 92. Hairs. 93. Flower-buds. 94. Inflorescence. 95. The floral envelope. 96. The sexes of plants. 97. The ovulum. 98. The fruit. 100. The seed.

Sect. V. — Functions of Plants with reference to Horticulture . 24 102. Germination. 103. Growth. 105. The stem. 109. Wood. 111. The bark. 113. Leaves. 115. Buds. 126. The Flowers. 129. The sexes. 130. The fruit.

Sect. VI. — The Geographical Distribution of Plants, and their stations and habitations, with reference to their Culture in Gardens 87

135. Temperature. 140. Physical circumstances. 142. Stations. 143. Light. 144. Water. 145. Soil. 146. Soils formed by particular rocks. 147. Atmosphere. 148. Stations. 150. The habitations of plants.

vi

CONTENTS.

Chapter II. Page

Soils considered with reference to Horticulture . . .45 Sect. 1.— Origin and Kinds of Soils . . . .46

153. Sandy soil. 155. Clayey soil. 156. Lime. 157. Magnesia. 158. Iron, 159. Alluvial soils. 160. Peat. 161. Organic matter. 162. Loose naked sands or gravels. 163. Calcareous soils or gravels. 164. Loams. 165. Loams are the best soils. 166. Texture. 167. Subsoils. 168. The surface of soils. 169. The plants which grow on a soil.

Sect. II. — The Improvement of Soils, with a view to Horticulture . 51 171. Draining. 172. Altering the texture and composition of soil. 173. Changing the inclination of the surface of soils. 174. Burning of soils. 175. Pulverising soils. 177. Rotation of crops.

CHAPTER III. Manures considered with reference to Horticulture . . 56

Sect. I. — Organic Manures . . . . .56

181. Fresh and tender vegetables. 182. Spent tanner's bark. 183. Peat soil. 184. Principal vegetable manurec. 185, Animal manures. 186. Excrementitious manures. 189, Bones. 190. Vegeto-animai manures.

Sect. II. — Inorganic Manures . . . .60

194. Lime. 195. Mild-lime. 197. Carbonate of lime, or chalk. 198. Marl. 199. Gypsum. 200. Sea shells. 201. The rationale of the action of lime. 202. The most important uses of lime. 203. Lime compost. 204. Saltpetre. 205. Common salt.

Sect. III. — Mixed Manures . . . . .64

207. Coal ashes. 208. Vegetable ashes. 209. Soot. 210. Street manure. 21 1. Composts. 212. Mixed manure in a liquid state. 213. Application of manures.

CHAPTER IV. The Atmosphere considered with reference to Horticulture . 67

Sect. I. — Heat, considered with reference to Horticulture . . 67 219. Conduction of heat. 220. Radiation. 223. Dew, or hoar-frost. 224. Dew is never formed upon metals. 225. The formation of dew. 226. The effects of radiation. 227. Refrigeration. 228. Protecting plants. 229. The secondary effect which radiation has upon the climate.

230. The influence of hills upon the nightly temperature of the valleys.

231. Exalting the powers of the climate. 232. Houses for growing the plants of warm climates. 234. Increasing the heat of the atmosphere and the soil, 235. Frost. 236. Straw mats, bast mats, cloth, wool, or wood. 237. Wall trees. 238. Tender shrubs and trees. 239. A stream or river. 240. Watering. 241. Conclusions.

Sect. II. — Atmospheric Moisture, considered with reference to Horti-

242. Existence of water in air. 243. Hygrometers. 244. Their utility. 245. Evaporation. 249. Vapour. 250. Rain. 251. Moisture of the free atmosphere. 252. Artificial climates unnaturally dry. 253. Drain of moisture. 255, Dryness of the atmosphere of hothouses, 256. Coolers of wet porous earthenware. 257, Plants in living rooms.

CONTENTS.

Vli

Sect. II. — Atmospheric Moisture, considered with reference to Horticulture — continued. page

258. Absorbent function. 259. A strict attention to the atmosphere. 260. Tropical plants. 261. The heat of the glass of a hothouse at night. 262. The skilful balancing of the temperature and moisture.

Sect. III. — The Agitation of the Atmosphere considered with reference to Horticulture ....... 83

263. Motion. 264. Perspiration. 265. Shelter. 266. Agitation of the air in plant structures. 267. To heat the air before it is admitted among the plants. 268. Effect on the human feelings. 269. The impression of an atmosphere saturated with moisture. 270. Mr. Penn's method of warming and ventilating. 271. Heating by pipes in the ordinary manner. 272. Greenhouses. 273. Pits and cucumber-frames. 274. Change of air and ventilation. 275. The climate, during the growing season. 276. Ventilators. 277. General principle.

Sect. IV. — Light, considered with reference to Horticulture . . 89

279. Light follows the same laws as heat. 280. Radiation of light. 281. Transmitted. 282. Refracted. 283. Disperses. 284. Perpendicular light. 285. The efficiency of light. 286. A due proportion between light and heat. 287. Absence of light.

CHAPTER V. Worms, Snails, Slugs, Reptiles, Birds, &c., considered with

Sect. I. — The Earth-worm, considered with reference to Horticulture 94

290. Lumbricus terrestris. 293. Natural uses. 294. Injury.

Sect. II. — Snails and Slugs, considered with reference to Horticulture 96

297. Helix asp^rsa, and H. nemoralis. 298. Slugs. 299. Snails and slugs. 300. Snails and slugs are hermaphrodite and oviparous. 301. Natural uses of the snail. 302. Retires. 303. To destroy snails. 304. To destroy slugs.

Sect. III. — Insects, considered with reference to Horticulture . . 99 SuBSECT. I — Of the Nature of Insects, and their Classification . . 99 306. Insects. 307. Winged insects. 308. Insects without wings. 309. Crabs and spiders. 310. Arrangement here given.

SuBSECT. II. — Transformation of Insects 101

311. Eggs. 312. Larvee. 313. Nymphse or pupse. 314. Perfect insect.

SuBSECT. 111.— Food of Insects . 102

315. Nourishment. 316. Roots, stem, and branches. 317. Foliage. 318. Flowers. 319. Number. 320. Food. 322. Transformation. 323. Gluttonous. 324. No nourishment. 325. Eat

SuBSECT. IV. — Distribution and Habits of Insects . , . . 1 04 326. Distribution. 327. Water. 328. Land insects. 329. Other animals.

SuBSECT. V. — Uses of Insects 105

332. Uses. 333. Medicine. 334. Insects destroyed by other insects. 335. Consume dead animal substances.

SuBSECT. YI.—^Means contrived by Nature to limit the Multiplication

of insects . ,105

336. Continued rain. 337. Late frosts. 338. Inundations. 339. Enemies. 340. Insectivorous Mammalia. 341. Birds. 342. Wood-

Viii C'OJNTEISTS.

Sect. III. — Insects, considered with reference to Horticulture —

continued. page pecker race. 343. Sparrow tribe. 344. Cuckoo. 345. Crows. 346. Insectivorous birds, sometimes granivorous. 347. Amphibious animals. 348. Equilibrium. 349. Beetles. 350. Ichneumdnidse. 351. Ants, and field or tree bugs.

SuBSECT. VII. — Means devised by Art for arresting the Progress of Insects in Gardens, or of destroying them there . . . .108

352, Insects may be destroyed in all their different stages. 353. Deterring the perfect insect. 354. Preventing the perfect insect from laying its eggs. 355. Catching the perfect insect. 356. Destroying the perfect insect. 357. Luring away the perfect insect. 358. Collecting the eggs of insects. 359. Preventing eggs from being hatched. 360. Collecting or destroying larvse. 361. Collecting the pup£e, or chrysalids.

Sect. IV. — Amphibious Animals, considered with rpference to Horticulture .......... 114

Sect. V. — Birds, considered with reference to Horticulture . .115

364. Raptores (seizers). Insessores (perchers). 367. Rasores (scratchers). 368. Grallatores (waders). 369. Natatores (swimmers). 3 70. The different modes of deterring birds. 371. The destruction of birds.

Sect. VI. — The smaller Quadrupeds, considered with reference to Horticulture . . . . . . . . .120

Chapter VI

Diseases and Accidents of Plants, considered with reference TO Horticulture ....... 123

375. Canker. 376. To prevent canker. 377. Cure. 378. Gum. 379. Mildew. 380. Honey-dew. 381. Blight. 382. Flux of juices, 383. Accidents. 384. Other plant diseases.

Part II

Implements, Structures, and Operations of Horticulture . 127 CHAPTER I.

Implebients of Horticulture . . . . . . . 127

385. Tools, instruments, utensils, machines, and other articles. Sect. I. — General Observations on the construction and uses of the Implements used in Horticulture . . . . . .128

387. The mechanical principles on which they act. 388. Construction of implements. 389. Repairs.

Sect. II. — Tools used in Horticulture . . . . . . 129

390. The common lever. 391. Perforators. 392. The dibber. 393. Picks. 394. Draw-hoes. 395. Scrapers. 396. Thrust-hoes. 397. Spades. 398. Turf-spades. 399. Turf-racers. 400. The trowel and the spud. 401. Transplanters. 402. Forks. 403. Rakes. 404. Besoms. 405. Beetles and rammers. 406. The mallet. 407. The garden hammer. 408. The garden pincers.

CO JN TENTS.

ix

Sect. III. — Instruments used in Horticulture ... 137 409. Garden knives. 410. Bill-knives, or hedge-bills. 411. Pruning-saws. 412. Pruning-chisels. 413. Shears. 414. The axe. 415. Verge shears. 416. Grass shears. 417. The short grass scythe. 418. Other instruments. 419. Chests of tool's, and instruments.

Sect. IV. — Utensils used in Horticulture . . . . . 142 420. Earthenware pots for plants. 421. Porosity. 422. Earthenware saucers for pots. 423. Rectangular boxes. 424. Wooden tubs. 425. Watering-pots. 426. Money's inverted rose watering-pot. 427. Sieves and screens. 428. Carrying utensils. 429. Baskets. 430. Basket-making. 431. Carrying-baskets. 432. Measuring-baskets. 433. Baskets for growing plants. 434. Portable glass utensils. 435. Substitute for bell glasses. 436. Powdering boxes. 437. Other utensils.

Sect. V. — Machines used in Horticulture . . , . 1 53 438. Wheelbarrows for gardens- 439. Rollers. 440. The watering engines. 441. Garden bellows. 442. The mowing-machine. 443. Other machines.

Sect. VI. — Miscellaneous articles used in Horticulture . . . 158

444. Articles for protection. 445. Mats of straw or reeds. 446. Wooden shutters. 447. Asphalte covers. 448. Oiled paper frames. 449. Oiled paper caps. 450. Wicker-work hurdles. 451. Props for plants. 452. The durability of wooden props. 453. Garden tallies and labels. 454. Nails, lists, and ties. 455. The garden line. 456. Ladders. 457. A levelling instrument. 458. Thermometers. 459. A hydrometer. 460. Other articles.

CHAPTER II.

. Structures AND Edifices OF Horticulture .... 171

Sect. I. — Portable^ Temporary^ and Movable Structures . . . 171

461. Wicker-work structures. 462. Portable substitutes for hand-glasses. 463. Canvas coverings. 464. Canvas shades to hothouses. 465. The common hotbed frame.

Sect. ll.^Fixed Structures used in Horticulture . . . 176 SuBSECT. 1. — Walls, Espalier rails, and Trellis work . . . . 176 466. Walls. 467. Direction and material. 468. The materials of walls. 469. The height of garden walls. 470. The foundations. 471. The copings of walls. 472. On the construction of walls. 473. Trellised walls. 474. Colouring the surface of walls black. 475. Flued waUs, 476. Conservatory walls. 477. A substitute for a wall of brick. 478. Espalier rails. 479. Trellises and lattice-work.

SuBSECT. II. — Fixed Structures for growing Plants with Glass roofs . 187 480. Plant houses. 481. Situation. 482. The form. 483. Curvilineal roofs. 484. Ridge and furrow roofs. 485. Materials. 486. The law of the reflection of light from glass. 487. Iron roofs. 488. Heat. 489. Fermenting substances. 490. Fermenting materials and fire heat combined. 491. Heating from vaults, or from stacks of flues. 492. Flues. 493. The best materials for building flues. 494. The furnace. 495. On substitutes for smoke flues. 496. Steam. 497. Hot water. 498. The modes of heating by hot water. 499. A reservoir of heat. 500. The pipes. 501. The situation in which the pipes are placed. 502. The boiler. 503. The furnace. 504. Rogers's conical boiler and hot-water appai-atus. 505. Rain-water. 506. To prevent the water in the apparatus from freezing. 507. Open gutters. 508. Retaining heat by coverings. 509. Atmospheric moisture. 510. Steaming. 511. Ventilation. 512. The agitation. 513. Light. 513. Water. 514. The difterent kinds of fixed structures for plants. 515.

X

CONTENTS.

Sect. II. — Fixed structures used in Horticulture — continued, page Pits. 516. The greenhouse. 517. The orangery. 518. The conservatory. 519. Botanic stoves. 520. The pine stove. 521. Forcinghouses. 522. A plant structure for all or any of the above purposes.

SuBSECT. III. — Edifices used in Horticulture 224

523. Gardener's house. 524. Journeyman gardener's lodge. 525, The fi*uit-room. 526. Seed-room. 527. Root-cellar, and other conveniences. 528. Tool-house. 529. Open sheds.

CHAPTER III.

Operations of Horticulture ....... 227

Sect. I. — Ho7'ticultural Labours . . . . . . . 227

SuBSECT. I. — Horticultural Labours on the Soil .... 227

531. Object of labours on the soil. 532. Marking with the garden line. 533. Digging. 534. Trenching. 535. Trenching ground that is to be cropped with culinary vegetables. 536. Operation of trenching, 537. Forking soil. 538. Hoeing. 539. Raking. 540. RoUing. 541. Screening or lifting. 542. Other labours on the soil.

SuBSECT. II. — Garden Labours with Plants 235

544. Sawing, 545. Cutting. 546. Clipping. 547. Clipping hedges. 548. Mowing. 549. Weeding. 550. Other labours with plants.

Sect. II. — Operations of Culture ...... 239

SuBSECT. I. — Propagation ........ 239

552, The seed. 553. Process of germination. 554. The period necessary to complete the process of germination. 555. The quantity of moisture most favourable to germination. 556. The water requisite to cause old seeds to germinate. 557. The depth to which a seed is buried in the soil. 558. The degree of heat most favourable for the germination of seeds. 559. The degree of heat which the seeds of plants will endure. 560. The degree of cold which seeds will endure. 561. Atmospheric air. 562. The influence of light. 563. Accelerating the germination of seeds. 564. Various experiments have been made to accelerate germination. 565. Electricity and alkalies as stimulants to vegetation. 566. The length of time during which seeds retain their vitality. 567. The length of time that seeds will lie in the ground without growing. 568. The season for sowing seeds. 569. The mechanical process of sowing. 570. Sowing seeds in powdered charcoal. 571. Sowing seeds in snow. 572. The discoveries daily making in chemical science.

573. A cutting. 574. Selecting plants from which the cuttings are to be taken. 575. Selecting the shoot. 576. Shoots which have formed blossom-buds. 577. As general rules. 578. The time of taking oflF cuttings. 579. Preparation of the cutting. 580. The number of leaves which are left on the cutting. 581. Taking off a cutting. 582. Treatment of cuttings from the time they are made till they are planted. 583. Cuttings of succulent or fleshy plants 584. The soil in which cuttings are planted. 585. The depth. 586. Planting cuttings. 587. The distance at which cuttings are planted. 588. After-treatment of cuttings. 589. The most proper form of bell-glass for covering cuttings. 590. Watering cuttings. 591. The temperature most suitable for cuttings. 592. Cuttings of hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. 593. Cuttings of hardy evergreens. 594. Cuttings of all the Coniferse and Taxacese. 595. Cuttings of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants. 596. Piping. 597. Cuttings of soft-wooded greenhouse plants. 598. Cuttings of hard -wooded greenhouse plants. 599.

CONTENTS.

xi

Sect. II. — Operations of Culture — continued. page Cuttings of heath-like plants. 600. Cuttings of succulent plants. 601. Cuttings of the underground stems and roots. 602. Striking cuttings in water or moist moss. 603, Striking plants in powdered charcoal. 604. Propagation by joints and nodules. 605. A nodule. 606. Propagating by joints of the vine. 607. Propagation by bulbs and entire tubers and tubercles. 608. Propagating by bulb-bearing leaves.

609. The principle on which the propagation of plants by leaves is founded. 610. The conditions generally required for rooting leaves. 611. Rooting portions of leaves. 612. The plants usually raised by leaves in British gardens. 613. Propagation by the leaves of bulbs. 614. Rooting leaves and parts of leaves in powdered charcoal. 615, Leaves with the buds in the axils root freely, 616. Immature fruits have even been made to produce plants. 617. The essence of all the different modes of forming plants from cuttings. 618. To induce stems or shoots to produce leaves or growths from which cuttings may be formed.

619. The theory of layering. 620. The operation of layering. 621. The state of the plant most favourable for layering. 622. Hardy trees and shrubs. 623. Shrubs with very long shoots. 624. Layering by insertion of the growing point. 625. Plum and paradise stocks. 626. Roses. 627. Hardy herbaceous plants. 628. Shrubby plants in pots kept under glass. 629. The soil in which plants are layered. 630. Hooked pegs. 631. Th* time which layers require to produce roots.

§ 5. — Propagation by Suckers, Slips, Offsets, Runners, and Simple

Division 277

632. A sucker. 633. Stem suckers or slips. 634. Offsets. 635. Runners or stolones. 636. Simple division,

§ 6. — Propagation by grafting, inarching, and budding . . . 280

637. The term graft. 638. The origin of grafting. 639. The phenomena of grafting. 640. The condition. 641. Anatomical analogy. 642. Physiological analogy. 643. The modifications effected by the graft. 644. The influence of the scion on the stock. 645. The uses of grafting. 646. The different kinds of grafting, 647. The materials used in grafting. 648. Grafting-clay. 649. Grafting-wax.

651. Splice-grafting. 652. Splice-grafting the peach. 653. Cleft-grafting. 654. Cleft- grafting the vine. 655. Saddle-grafting. 656. Side-grafting. 657. Wedge-grafting. 658. Grafting the mistletoe. 659. Root-grafting. 660. Herbaceous grafting. 661. Grafting the pine and fir tribe. 662, Grafting the tree-peony. 663, Grafting on fleshy roots. 664. Herbaceous wedge-grafting. 665. Herbaceous grafting for shoots with opposite leaves. 666. Herbaceous grafting annual or perennial plants. 667. Grafting herbaceous shoots of succulents. 668. Grafting the melon. 669. The greffe etouffee.

§ 8. — Grafting by approach or inarching ...... 297

671. Side inarching. 672, Terminal inarching. 673, Inarching with partially-nourished scions.

675. The uses of budding. 676. Performing the operation. 677. Prepared wax for budding. 678. Plastic wax. 679. Shield-budding in the end of summer. 680. Shield- budding in June. 681. Shield-budding in spring. 682. Shield-budding without a bud or eye. 683. Budding with a circular shield. 684. Budding with a shield stamped out by a punch. 685. Budding with the shield reversed. 686. Budding with the eye turned downwards. 687. Shield-budding for resinous trees. 688. Budding with the shield covered. 689> Budding with a xii

CONTENTS.

Sect. II. — Operations of Culture — continued. p^^jb,

square shield. 690. Shield-budding with a terminal bud. 691. Flute-budding, or tube-budding. 692. Flute-budding in spring. 693. Terminal flute -budding. 694. Flute-budding with strips of bark, 695. Annular budding. 696. The after-care of grafts by budding.

SUBSECT. II. — Rearing 308

698. To transplant. 699. The uses of transplanting. 700. The theory of transplanting. 701. Seedlings. 702. Deciduous trees and shrubs, and perennial herbaceous plants. 703.'Whether deciduous trees and shrubs ought to be transplanted in autumn or spring. 704. Different modes of transplanting large trees and shrubs. 705. Transplanting with large balls of earth. 706. Transplanting by shortening the roots, so as to induce them to throw out fibres. 707. Sir Henry Steuart's practice in transplanting large trees. 708. Pulling down the tree and raising it out of the pit. 709. Transporting and replanting the tree. 710. Transplanting by shortening the roots, without permitting them to throw out fibres at their extremities. 711 . Transplanting by thinning and pruning the roots and branches. 712. The removal of large trees and shrubs. 713, Transplanting by heading-in, that is, cutting in the branches. 714. The staking or supporting of newly-transplanted trees, and the protection of their stems from cattle. 715. The machinery for moving large trees. 716. Transplanting evergreens. 717. The best season for transplanting evergreens. 718. The drying of the roots of evergreens. 719. Planting evergreens. 720. Transplanting evergreens with balls. 721. The machines and implements for transplanting large shrubs with balls. 722. Packing evergreens. 723. Methods of planting small plants. 724. Planting with the dibber. 725. Planting with the trowel. 726. Planting in drills. 727. Laying in by the heels. 728. Trench-planting. 729. Slit-planting. 730. Hole-planting. 731. Planting in pits. 732. Hole-planting, and fixing with water. 733. Planting in puddle. 734. Planting out plants which have been grown in pots. 735. Watering, mulching, and staking newly-planted plants. 736. Taking up previously to planting. 737. As a summary of general rules for planting.

738. To pot a plant. 739. The main object of growing plants in pots. 740. The disadvantages of growing plants in pots. 741. Potting. 742. The same soil which is suitable for the open garden is not always suitable for using in pots. 743. Bottom drainage. 744. The mode of sowing or planting in a pot. 745. Transplanting from the free soil into a pot or box. 746. Care of newly potted or shifted plants. 747. Shifting or repotting. 748. Seasons and times for potting and shifting. 749. The most difficult plants to manage in pots. 750. Growing hardy plants in pots.

752. The specific principles on which pruning is founded, and its general effects. 753. Forest-trees. 754. Ornamental trees. 755. Ornamental shrubs. 756. Fruit-trees and shrubs. 757. Herbaceous plants. 758. Close pruning. 759. Shortening-in. 760. Fore-shortening. 761. Spurring-in. 762. Heading-in. 763. Lopping. 764. Close lopping. 765. Snag-lopping. 766. Lopping-in. 767. Cutting down. 768. Stopping and pinching out. 769. Disbarking. 770. Ringing. 771. Disbudding. 772. Disleafing. 773. Slitting and splitting. 774. Bruising and tearing. 775. Clipping. 776. Root-pruning. 777. Girdling and felling. 778. The girdling machine. 779. The seasons for pruning.

781. Seedling crops in gardens. 782. Thinning plantations. 783. Thinning ornamental plantations.

CONTENTS.

xiii

Sect. II. — Ope>'ations of Culture — Training — continued. page 784. To train. 785. The principles. 786. Manual operations of training. 787. Training herbaceous plants. 788. Herbaceous and shrubby plants in pots. 789. Training hardy flowering shrubs in the open ground. 790. Evergreen shrubs. 791. Training fruit-trees. 792. The different modes of training bushes and trees in the open garden. 793. The different modes of training fruit-trees against walls or espaliers. 794. Dwarfs in the open garden. 795. Spiral cylinders. 796, Standards in the open garden. 797. The spurring-in system. 798. Conical standards. 799. Hayward's quenouille- training. 800. Fan-training. 801. Fan-training in the common English manner. 802. Fan-training according to Seymour's mode. 803. Fan-training in the wavy or curvilinear manner. 804. Wavy fan-training with two stems. 805. "Wavy fan-training with a single stem. 806. Horizontal training. 807. Fan-training and horizontal training combined. 808. Perpendicular training. 809. Instruments and materials. 810. Comparative view of the different modes of training. 811. A standard tree.

813. A weed. 814. Annual weeds. 815. Perennial weeds. 816. Weeds in gravel-walks. 817. Weeds in lawns or on grass-walks. 818. Weeds in shrubberies and plantations. 819. Weeds in woods and park scenery. 820. Weeding ponds, rivers, and artificial waters. § 1 .— Watering . . . . . . .382

821. Water. 822. The soecific purposes for which water is used in horticulture. 823. The ordinary sources from which water is obtained in gardens. 824. The distribution of water. 825. The ordinary mode of giving water to plants. 826. When it is proper to water, and how much water to give. 827. Whether plants should be watered over the leaves, or only over the soil in which they grow. 828. Watering plants in pots. 829. Aquatic and marsh plants. 830. Watering with liquid manure. 831. To economise the water given to plants. § 8. — Stirring the soil and manuring . . . . 388

§ 10. — Protection from atmospherical injuries . . . 389

835. The object of shading. 836. Sheltering from wind. 837. The principles of protecting from cold. 838. Protecting from rain. § 11. — Accelerating vegetation ..... 391

839. Acceleration. 840. Artificial heat. 841. Hotbeds. 842. Preparation of materials for hotbeds. 843. M'Phail's hotbed or pit. 844. The formation of common hotbeds. 845. Ashes, tan, and leaves. 846. The nightly covering to hotbeds and pits. 847. Management of hotbeds and pits heated by dung.

§ 12. — Retarding vegetation 395

849. In the natural state of vegetation. 850. Nightly temperature.

851. What the night temperature of a hotbed or hothouse ought to be.

852. Double glass roofs. 853. The annual resting of plants. 854. The natural period of rest in hardy plants. 855. The advantages of putting trees that are to be forced into a state of rest.

§ 14. — Operations of gathering, preserving, keepi7ig, and packing . 401 856. Gathering. 857. Preserving. 858. Keeping fruits. 859. Packing

and transporting plants and seeds. 860. Packing fruits and flowers.

§ 15. — Selecting and improving plants in culture .... 403 862. Cultivation. 863. Selection. 864. Selecting from accidental

variations. 865. Cross-breeding. 866. Precautions against promiscuous

fecundation. 867. Fixing and rendering permanent the variety produced.

868. The production of double flowers. 869. Duration of varieties.

§ 16. — Operations of order and keeping . . . . . . 409

871. Order. 872. Keeping. 873. Rules.

XIV

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

PAGK

Operations of Horticultural Design and Taste . . .411

875. Taking plans. 876. Carrying plans into execution. 877. Reducing a surface to a level, or to a uniform slope.

CHAPTER V.

Operations of General Management . . . . . . 412

879. General management of a garden. 880. On undertaking the charge of a garden. 881. The books to be kept by a gardener. 882. The ordering of seeds and plants. 883. The management of men and the distribution of work. 884. The wages of a gardener.

Chapter I

Laying out and Planting the Kitchen and Fruit Garden . 416 Sect. I. — Laying out the Kitchen Garden . . . . . 416 885. The situation and general management of the kitchen garden. 886. Trenching and levelling.

Sect. II. — The Distribution of Fruit-trees in a Kitchen Garden . 420 SuBSECT. I. — Wall-fruit Trees ........ 422

888. Select list of fruit-trees adapted for walls of different aspects. 890. The distance. 891. For low walls. 892, Training. 893. Planting. SuBSECT. II. — Fruit-trees for Espaliers and Dwarfs .... 424

894. Espaliers. 895. Dwarfs or standards trained in the conical manner. 896. Espalier-rails. 897. A wooden espalier rail. 898. Espalier rails of cast iron. 899. Espalier rails of wrought iron. 900. Dwarfs. 901. Select list. 902. The plants. 903. Standard fruit-trees.

SuBSECT. III. — Fruit Shrubs 429

904. Gooseberries and currants. 905. Select list. 906. Plants. SuBSECT. IV. — Selection of Fruit-trees adapted for an Orchard . . 430 907. A plantation or orchard. 908. The plants. 909. Select list. 910. Training. 911. Culture of the soil.

Chapter II

Cropping and General Management of a Kitchen Garden . 434 Sect. I. — Cropping ......... 434

913. The herbaceous vegetables grown in kitchen gardens. 914. General proportions of crops. 916. The quantity of seed.

Sect. II. — Rotation of Crops ....... 435

918. Successional cropping. 919. The object to be obtained by a system of cropping. 920. Successional cropping. 921. The simultaneous mode of cropping. 922. Modes of cropping. 923. Successional and simultaneous cropping combined. 924. Order of rotation. 925. Secondary crops. 926. Times of sowing and planting.

Sect. III. — Planting^ Soicing^ Cultivating^ and Managing . . 439

928. Management of the fruit-tree borders. 929. Management of the culinary crops. 930. Gathering, storing, and keeping of fruit. 931. Management of the fruit-room.

CONTENTS.

XV

CHAPTER III. The Forcing Department ....... 442

Sect. I. — Culture of the Pine-apple^ and Management of the Pinery 443

SuBSECT. I. — Natural data on which the Culture of the Pine-apple is

founded 443

932. The conclusions to be drawn from these data. 933. Soil. 934. Water.

SuBSECT. IL — Culture of the Pine-apple in British Gardens . . 444

935. Construction of the pit. 936. Kinds grown. 937. Watering and sprinkling. 938. Worms. 939. Heat, air, and moisture. 941. Jamaica pines. 942. Starting pine plants into fruit. 943. Air. 944. Propagation. 945. Bottom-heat. 946. As the season declines, the temperature is lowered. 947. Culture of the queen pine, so as to have the fruit ripe in February and March. 948. Sizes of the pots in which the plants are grown. 949. Culture of queen pines for early fruit. 950. Growing the pine-apple in beds of soil. 951. Fruiting suckers on the stools. 952. To grow the pine-apple to an extraordinary size. 953. Insects.