The institutes of English grammar, methodically arranged: with examples for parsing, questions for examination, false syntax for correction, exercises for writing observations for the advanced student, and a key to the oral exercises

Front matter

Qass-PEUM Book - B C p

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THE

Preface

Language is the principal vehicle of thought; and so numerous and important are the ends to which it is subservient, that it is difficult to conceive in what manner the affairs of human society could be conducted without it. Its Utility, therefore, will ever entitle it to a considerable share of attention in civilized communities, and to an important place in all systems of education. For, whatever we may think in relation to its origin, — whether we consider it a special gift from Heaven, or an acquisition of industry, — a natural endowment, or an artificial invention, — certain it is, that, in the present state of things, our knowledge of it, depends, in a great measure, if not entirely, on the voluntary exercise of our faculties, and on the Jielps and opportunities afforded us. One may indeed acquire, by mere imitation, such a knowledge of words, as to ^njoy the ordinary advantages of speech ; and he who is satisfied with the dialect he has so obtained, will find no occasion for treatises on grammar : but he who is desirous either of relishing the beauties of literary composition, or of expressing his sentiments with propriety and ease, must make the principles of language his study.

It is not the business of the grammarian to give law to

language, but to teach it, agreeably to the best usage. The

ultimate principle by w 7 hich he must be governed, and

with which his instructions must always accord, is that 1 #

VI PREFACE.

species of custom which critics denominate good use j that is, present, reputable, general use. This principle, which is equally opposed to fantastic innovation, and to a pertinacious adherence to the quaint peculiarities of ancient usage, is the only proper, standard of grammatical purity. Those rules and modes of speech, which are established by this authority, may be called the Institutes of Grammar.

To imbody, in a convenient form, the true principles of the English Language, to express them in a simple and perspicuous style, adapted to the capacity of youth, to illustrate them by appropriate examples and exercises,and to give to the whole all possible advantage from method in the arrangement, are the objects of the following work. The author has not deviated much from the principles adopted in the most approved grammars already in use ; nor has he acted the part of a servile copyist. It was not his design to introduce novelties, but to form a practical digest of established rules. He, has not laboured to subvert the general system of grammar, received from time immemorial ; but to improve upon it, in its present application to our tongue. The nature of the subject almost entirely precludes invention. He has,however,aimed at that kind and degree of originality, which are to be commended in works of this sort ; and has borrowed no more from others, than did the most learned and popular of his predecessors. And, while he has taken the liberty to think and write for himself, he trusts it will be evident that few have excelled him in diligence of research, or have followed more implicitly the dictates of that authority which gives law tolanguage. Having devoted many years to studies of this nature, and being conversant with most of the grammatical treatises al-

PREFACE. Vll

ready published, he conceived that the objects above enumerated, might, perhaps, be better effected, than they had been, in any work within his knowledge. He does not mean, however, to depreciate the labours, or to detract from the merits, of those who have gone before him. He has studiously endeavoured to avail himself of all the light they they have thrown upon the subject. For his own information, he has carefully perused more than fifty English grammars, and has sought, with some diligence, the analogies of speech, in the structure of several other languages. His progress in compiling this work, has been slow, and not unattended with labour and difficulty. Amidst the contrarieties of opinion, that appear in the various treatises already before the public, and the perplexities inseparable from so complicated a subject, he has, after deliberate consideration, adopted those views and explanations which appeared to him the least liable to objection, and the most compatible with his ultimate object, — the production of a practical school grammar. On disputed points, he has not been disposed to dogmatize ; but has, as far as his limits would allow,given the various opinions of the most respectable grammarians. How far the author has succeeded in the execution of his design, is left to the candid decision of those who are qualified to judge.

JSTew-York, 1823.

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THS

SECOND EDITION.

The former edition of the Institutes of English Grammar having been favourably received by the public, and adopted by many respectable teachers, the author has been induced to devote yet further time and labour to the subject, with the hope of rendering his work still more valuable. On a careful revision of the whole, it did not appear expedient to make much alteration in what had been written ; but it was thought that some additional matter might be introduced to advantage. To this edition are added several critical notes and observations never before published, and four chapters of exercises designed to be written out by the learner. In selecting examples for these exercises, the author has been studious to economize the learner's and the teacher's time, by admitting those only which were very short. He has, in general, reduced each example to the compass of a single line. And, in this manner, he has been able to present, in this small volume, a series of exercises more various than are given in any other grammar, and nearly equal in number to all that are contained in Murray's two octavoes. It is believed that a grammatical treatise at once so comprehensive and concise, has not before been offered to the public. In preparing the examples, exercises, and parsing lessons, the author has been solicitous to avoid every thing that could be of-

PREFACE. IX

fensive to the most delicate and scrupulous reader; and, of the several thousands of quotations given, he trusts that the greater part will be considered valuable on account of the sentiments they contain.

A separate Key to the exercises for writing, will be published for the convenience of teachers and private learners.

Having undertaken and prosecuted this work, with the hope of facilitating the study of the English Language, and thus promoting the improvement of the young, the author now presents his finished labours to the candour and discernment of those to whom is committed the important business of instruction.

New- York, 1825,

©<MftH!K

Definition and Division of the Subject PART I.— ORTHOGRAPHY Of Letters — Rules for the use of Capitals Of Syllables and Words Of Spelling — Rules for Spelling Questions on Orthography- Exercises in Orthography, PART II.— ETYMOLOGY . .

Of the Parts of Speech Examples for Parsing, Chapter I.

Of the Article Of the Noun

Persons .

Numbers

Genders . .

Cases Examples for Parsing, Chapter II. .

Of the Adjective

Examples for Parsing, Chapter III.

Of the Pronoun

Examples for Parsing, Chapter IV.

Of the Verb -

Moods

Tenses

Persons and Numbers

Passive Verbs

Irregular Verbs

Defective Verbs Of the Participles . . .

Examples for Parsing, Chapter V.

Of the Adverb Of the Conjunction Of the Preposition Of the Interjection Examples for Parsing, Chapter VI.

Questions on Etymology Exercises in Etymology PART III.— SYNTAX Introductory Definitions Rules of Syntax

Examples for Parsing, Chapter VII.

Rules of Syntax, with Ex., Notes, Obs., and False Syntax Rule I. Ofthe Articles Rule II Of the Nominative to a verb Rule III. Of Words in apposition Rule IV. Of Adjectives Rule V. Ofthe Pronoun and antecedent Rule VI. Of the Pronoun and collective noun Rule VII. Of the Pronoun and joint antecedents Rule VIII. Of the Pronoun and disjunct antecedents

Contents

XI

Rule IX. Of the Verb and nominative

Rule X Of the Verb and collective noun

PART I. Orthography treats of letters, syllables, words, and spelling

OF LETTERS,

A Letter is a character used in printing or writing, to represent an articulate sound.

An articulate sound, is a sound of the human voice, used in speakiDg.

Z ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

The letters in the English alphabet, are twenty-six ; Aa,Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, G g, Hh, I i, Jj, Kk, LI, Mm, Nn, O o, Pp, Q q, R r, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zs.

The letters are divided into vowels and consonants*

A vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound, when uttered alone.

A consonant is a letter which cannot be perfectly uttered, till joined to a vowel.

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w, and y. All the other letters are consonants.

W and y are consonants when they precede a vowel in the same syllable ; as in wine, twine, youth : in other situations, they are vowels.

The consonants are divided into mutes, and semi-vowels.

A mute is a consonant which cannot be sounded at all without a vowel. The mutes are b, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard.

A semi-vowel is a consonant which can be imperfectly sounded without a vowel. The semi-vowels are /, h< j, I, m, n, r, s, v, x, s, and c and g soft. Of these I, m, w, and r, are termed liquids, on account of the fluency of their sounds.

In the English language, the Koman characters are generally employed ; sometimes, the Italic ; and occasionally, the old English. The letters have severally two forms, by which they are distinguished as capitals and small letters. The small letters constitute the body of every work. Capitals are used for the sake of eminence and distinction.

RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS

RULE I.

The titles of books, and the heads of their principal divisions, should be printed in capitals. When books are merely mentioned, the principal words in their titles begin with capitals, and the other letters are small ; as, "Pope's Essay on Man."

RULE II.

The first word of every distinct sentence, should begin with a capital.

RULE III.

All names of the Deity should begin with capitals ; as, God, Jehovah, the Almighty, the Supreme Being,

RULE IV.

Titles of office or honour, and proper names of every description, should begin with capitals; as, Chief Justice Hale, William, London, the Park, the Albion, the Spectator, the Thames,

RULE v.

The name of an object personified, when it conveys an idea strictly individual, should begin with a capital ; as, " Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come."

RULE VI.

Words derived from proper names, should begin with capitals ; as, Newtonian, Grecian, Roman,

RULE VII.

The words I and O, should always be capitals.

RULE VIII.

Every line in poetry should begin with a capital.

RULE IX.

The first word of an example, of a distinct speech, or of a direct quotation, should begin with a capital ; as, "Remember this maxim : * Know thyself.' " — " Virgil says, ' Labour conquers all things.' "

rule x.

Other words of particular importance, aQd such as denote the principal subject of discourse, may be distinguish? ed by capitals. Proper names frequently have capitals throughout.

OF SYLLABLES AND WORDS.

A Syllable is one or more letters pronounced in one sound, and is either a word or a part of a word; as, a, an, ant.

A Word is one or more syllables spoken or written as the sign of some idea.

In every word there are as many syllables as there are distinct sounds ; as, gram mart an.

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable ; a word of two syllables, a dissyllable; a word of three syllables, a t r is syllabi e ; and a word of four or more syllables, a polysyllable.

A diphthongh two vowels joined in one syllable ; as, ea in beat, ou\n sound.

A proper diphthong, is a diphthong in which both the vowels are sounded ; as, oi in voice.

An improper diphthong, is a diphthong in which only one of the vowels is sounded ; as, oa in loaf.

A triphthong is three vowels joined in one syllable ; as, eau in beau, iew in view,

A proper triphthong, is a triphthong in which all the vowels are sounded ; as, uoy in buoy.

An improper triphthong, is a triphthong in which only one or two of the vowels are sounded ; as, eau in beauty.

Words are distinguished as primitive or derivative, and as simple or compound.

A primitive word is one that is not formed from any simpler word in the language ; as, harm, great 9 connect.

A derivative word is one that is formed from some simpler word in the language ; as, harmless, greatly, connected.

A simple word is one that is not compounded ; as, watch, man.

A compound word is one that is composed of two or more simple words ; as, watchman, nevertheless.

Permanent compounds are consolidated ; as, bookseller, schoolmaster : others are formed by the hyphen ; nsglasshouse, negro-merchant.

In dividing words iuto syllables, we are chiefly to be directed by the ear. The cousonants should generally be joined to the vowels or diphthongs which they modify.

Derivative and grammatical terminations should gene-

ORTHOGRAPHY . b

rally be separated from the radical word j as, harm-less, great-ly, connect-ed.

Compounds should be divided into the simple words which compose them ; as, watch-man, never -the-tess.

At the end of a line, a word may be divided, if necessary ; but a syllable must never be broken.

OF SPELLING.

Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters.

Obs. — This important art is to be acquired rather by means of the spelling-book or dictionary, and by observation in reading, than by the study of written rules. The orthography of our language is attended with much uncertainty and perplexity : many words are variously spelled by the best scholars, and many others are not usually written according to the analogy of similar words. But to be ignorant of the orthography of such words as are uniformly spelled and frequently used, is justly considered disgraceful. The following rules may prevent some embarrassment, and thus be of service to the learner.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

RULE I.

Monosyllables ending in/, I, or s, preceded by a single rowel, double the final consonant ; as, staff, mill, pass : except, if of, as, gas, has, ?vas, yes, is, his, this, us, thus.

RULE II.

Words ending in any other consonant than/, I, or s, do not double the final letter : except add, odd, ebb, egg, inn, err, purr, butt, buzz, and some proper names.

RULE III.

Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double their final consonant before an additional syllable that begins with a vowel : as, rob, robber ; permit, permitting.

X, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled.

RULE IV.

A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable.should remain single before an additional syllable : as, toil, toiling; visit, visited; general, generalize.

2 *

O ENGLISH GRAjyiIVIAR.

But I and s final are often doubled, (though improperly,; when the last syllable is not accented : as, travel, traveller ; bias, biassed.

rule v.

Primitive words euding in II, generally reject one I, beloreful, less, ly, and ness : as, skill, skilful, skilless ; full, fully, fulness.

Words ending in any other double letter, preserve it double ; as, blissful, oddly, stiffness, carelessness.

RULE VI.

The final e of a primitive word, is generally omitted before an additional termination beginning with a vowel : as, rate, ratable ; force, forcible ; rave, raving.

Words ending in ce or ge, retain the e before able or ous,to preserve the soft sound of c andg- : as, peace, peaceable ; change, changeable ; outrage, outrageous.

RULE VII.

The final c of a primitive word, is generally retained before an additional termination, beginning with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; lodge, lodgement.

When the c is preceded by a vowel, it ought to be, and generally is, omitted : as, true, truly ; awe, awful.

RULE VIII.

The final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is changed into i before an additional terminalion : as, merry, merrier, merriest, merrily, merriment ;pity, pitied, pities, pitiest, pitiless, pitiful, pitiable.

Before ing, y is retained, to prevent the doubling of i ; as, pity, pitying. Words ending in te, dropping the e, by liULE vi. change i iutoy, for the same reason ; as, die, dying. When a vowel precedes, y should not be changed : as,day, days ; valley, valleys.

RULE IX.

Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words which compose them ; as, hereof, wherein, horseman, recall, uphill, shellfish.

In permanent compounds, the words full and all drop one' I ; as, handful, careful, always, withal : in others, they retain both ; as, full-eyed, all-wise, save^all.

©bs. — Other words ending in 11 sometimes improperly drop one /•, when taken into composition ; as, miscal, downhil. This excision is reprehensible, because it is contrary to general analogy > and because both letters are necessary to preserve the sound, and show the derivation of the compound. Where is the consistency of writing recall, miscal — inthrall, bethral — windfall, downfal — laystall, ihumbstal — waterfall, overfal — molehill, dunghil — windmill, twibil — tlodpoll,enrol? [See Johnson's Dictionary, first American ed. 4to.]

QUESTIONS.

What is English Grammar ?

How is it divided ?

Of what does Orthography treat ?

Of what does Etymology treat ?

Of what does Syntax treat ?

Of what does Prosody treat ?

QUESTIONS ON ORTHOGRAPHY.

Of what does Orthography treat ?

What is a Letter ?

What is an articulate sound ?

How many letters are there in English ? Repeat them.

How are the letters divided ?

What is a vowel ?

What is a consonant ?

What letters are vowels ? and what, consonants ?

When are w and y consonants ? and when, vowels ?

How are the consonants divided ?

What is a mute ?

What consonants are mutes ?

What is a semi-vowel ?

What consonants are semi-vowels '?

What letters are called liquids ? and why "1

What characters are employed in English ?

Has each letter more than one form /

On what account are capitals used ?

What words should be distinguished by capitals '?.

What is a Syllable ?

What is a Word?

Can the syllables of a word be perceived by the ear.?

What is a word of one syllable called ?

What is a word of two syllables called ?

What is a word of three syllables called ?

What is a word of four opaore syllables called ?

What is a diphthong ?

What is ^proper diphthong ?

What is an improper diphthong ?

What is a triphthong ?

What is a proper triphthong ?

What is an improper triphthong ?

How are words distinguished 1

What is a primitive word ?

What is a derivative word ?

What is a simple word ?

What is a compound word ?

What is Spelling ?

How is this art to be acquired ?

How many and what are the rules for spelling ?

EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY.

Note. — Spelling is to be taught by example, rather than by rule. For oral exercises in this branch of learning, 4he spelling-book or some vocabulary should be employed. The following examples of false orthography are inserted, that they may be corrected by the pupil, in writing. They are selected with direct reference to the rules ; which are, at first, indicated by figures. For it is evident, that exercises of this kind, without express rules for their correction, would rather perplex than instruct the learner ; and that his ability to correct them without reference to the rules, must presuppose such knowledge as would render them useless.

EXERCISE I.— CAPITALS.

I. The pedant quoted Johnson's dictionary of the english language, Gregory's dictionary of arts and sciences, Crabb's english synonymes, Walker's key to the pronunciation of proper names, Sheridan's rhetorical grammar, and the diversions of purley.

2. gratitude is a delightful emotion, the grateful heart at once performs its duty, and endears itself to others.

ORTHOGRAPHY. U

3. What mad Dess and folly, to deny the great first cause ! Shall mortal man presume against his maker ? shall he not fear the omnipotent ? shall he not reverence the everlasting one ? — ' The fear of the lord is the beginning of wisdom.'

4. xerxes the great, emperor of persia, united the medes, persians, bactriaus, lydians, assyrians, hyrcanians, and many other nations, in an expedition against greece.

5. I observed that, when the votaries of religion were led aside, she commonly recalled them by her emissary conscience, before habit had time to enchain them.

6. Hercules is said to have killed the nemean lion, the erymanthian boar, the lernean serpent, and the stymphalian birds. — The christian religion has brought mythologic stories, and milesian fables into disrepute.

7. i live as i did, i think as i did, i love you as i did ; but all these are to no purpose : the world will not live, think, or love, as i do. — o wretched prince ! o cruel reverse of fortune ! o father Micipsa !

8. are these thy views? proceed, illustrious youth, and virtue guard thee to the throne of truth !

9. Those who pretend to love peace, should remember this maxim : " it is the second blow that makes the battle.'*

EXERCISE II —CAPITALS.

1 time and i will challenge any other two,' said philip. ' thus', said diogenes, * do i trample on the pride of plato.' — c true,' replied plato ; but is it not with the greater pride of diogenes V

the father, in a transport of joy, burst into the following words : ' o excellent scipio ! heaven has given thee more than human virtue ! o glorious leader ! o wondrous youth !'

epaminondas, the theban general, was remarkable for his love of truth. he never told a lie, even in jest.

and pharaoh said to Joseph, "say to thy brethren, * do this — lade your beasts, and go to the land of canaan.' "

who is she that, with graceful steps, and a lively air, trips over yonder plain ? her name is health : she is the daughter of exercise and temperance.

to the penitent sinner, a mediator and intercessor with the sovereign of the universe, appear comfortable names.

the murder of abel, the curse and rejection of cain, and the birth and adoption of seth, are almost the only events related of the immediate family of adam, after his fall.

on what foundation stands the warrior's pride,

how just his hopes, let Swedish charles decide.

in every leaf that trembles to the breeze,

i hear the voice of god among the trees.

EXERCISE III.— SPELLING.

1. Few know the value of a friend, til they lose him. Good men pas by offences, and take no revenge. Hear patiently, iff thou wouldst speak wel.

2. The business of warr is devastation and destruction. To er is human ; to forgive, divine.

A bad speller should not pretend to scholarshipp.

3. It often requires deep diging, to obtain pure water. Praise is most shuned by the praise- worthy.

He that hoists too much sail, runs a risk of overseting.

4. Quarrels are more easily begun than endded. Contempt leaves a deepper scar than anger.

Of all tame animals the flatterrer is the most mischievous.

5. Quacks are generally more venturesome than skillful. He that willfully injures others, is a bad citizen. Odity may excite attention, but it cannot gain esteem.

6. Good examples are very convinceing teachers. Doubts should not excite contention, but inquirey. Obligeing conduct procures deserved esteem.

7. Wise men measure time by their improvmeot of it. Learn to estimate all things by their real usfulness. Encouragment increases with success.

8 Nothing essential to happyness is unattainable. Vices, though near relations, are all at varyauce. Before thou denyest a favour, consider the request. 9. Good-wil is a more powerful motive than constraint. A wel-spent day prepares us for sweet repose. The path of fame is alltogether an uphil road.

EXERCISE IV.— SPELLING.

1. He is tal enough who walks uprightly.

Repetition makes smal transgressions great. Religion regulates the wil and affections.

2. To carry a ful cupp even, requires a steady hand. Idleness is the nest in which mischief lays its egs.

The whole journey of life is besett with foes.

3. Peace of mind should be prefered to bodily safety. A bad begining is unfavourable to success.

Very fruitful trees often need to be proped.

4. JNone ever gained esteem by tattling and gossipping. Religion purifies, fortifies, and tranquillizes the mind. They had all been closetted together a long time.

5. Let every one be fullly persuaded in his own mind. Indolence and listlesuess are foes to happiness. Carelesness has occasioned many a wearisome step.

6. In all thy undertakeings, ponder the motive and the end; We cannot wrong others without injureing ourselves.

A dureable good cannot spring from an external cause.

7. Duely appreciate and improve your privileges. To borrow of future time, is thriftless managment. *

He who is truely a freman is above mean compliances. -

8. Pitiing friends cannot save us in a diing hour. Wisdom rescues the decaies of age from aversion. Vallies are generally more fertile than hills.

9. Cold numness had quite bereft her of sense.

A cascade, or waterfal, is a charming object in scenery, Nettles grow in the vinyard of the slothfull. Tuition is lost on idlers and numbsculs.

EXERCISE V.— SPELLING.

1- He that scofs at the crooked, should beware of stooping Pictures that resemble flowers, smel only of paint. &

Misdemeanours are the pioneers of gros vices.

2. To remitt a wrong, leaves the offender in debt. Superlative commendation is near akinn to detraction. Piety admitts not of excessive sorrow.

3. You are safe in forgetiug benefits you have confered. He has run well who has outstriped his own errors. See that you have ballast proportionate to your rigin°-.

4. The biasses of prejudice often preclude convincement* Rather follow the wise than lead the foollish.

To reason with the angry, is like whisperring to the deaf. A bigotted judge needs no time for deliberation. The gods of this world have many worshippers.

6. Many things are chiefly valued for their rareity.

Vicious old age is hopeless and deploreable. Irreconcileabie animosity is always blarneable.

7. Treachery lurks beneath a guilful toDgue. Disobedience and mischief deserve chastisment.

By self examination, we discover the lodgments of sin. The passions often mislead the judgment.

8. To be happy without holyness, is impossible. And all within were walks and allies wide. Call imperfection what thou fancy 'st such. Without fire chimnies are useless.

9. The true philanthropist deserves a universal pasport. Ridicule is but the froth of il-nature.

All mispent time will one day be regretted.

EXERCISE VI.— SPELLING.

Fiction may soften, without improveing the heart. Affectation is a sprout that should be niped in the bud* A covettous person is always in want.

Fashion is compareable to an ignis-fatuus. Fair appearances somtimes cover foul purposes. Garnish not your commendations with flatterry. Never utter a falshood even for truth's sake. Medicines should be administerred with caution. We have here no continueing city, no abideing rest. Many a trapp is laid to insnare the feet of youth. We are caught as silyly as the bird in the net. By defering repentauce, we accumulate sorrows. To preach to the droneish, is to waste your words. We are often benefitted by what we have dreaded. We may be succesful, and yet disappointed. In rebusses, pictures are used to represent wordsi He is in great danger who parlies with conscience. Your men of forhead are magnificent in promises. A true friend is a most valueable acquisition. It is not a bad memory that forgets injuryes. Weigh your subject wel, before you speak positivly> Difficulties are often increased by inismanagment. Diseases are more easyly prevented than cured. Contrivers of mischief often entrapp themselves. Corrupt speech indicates a distemperred mind. Asseveration does not ail ways remove doubt. Hypocrites are like wolves in sheeps' clotheing, Ostentatious liberallity is its own paymaster*

EXERCISE VII.— SPELLING.

A dowohil road maybe travelled with ease.

Distempered fancy can swel a molehil to a mountain,

Let your own unbiassed judgment determine.

A knave can often undersel his houest neighbours*

Xenophanes prefered reputation to wealth.

True politeness is the ofspring of benevolence.

Levellers are generally the dupes of designning men.

Rewards are for those who have fullfiled their duty.

Who trusts a hungry boy in a cubburd of dainties?

Misery acquaints a man with strange bed fellers.

The liberal man ties his purse with a beau-not.

Double-deelers are seldom long in favour.

The characters of the crosrow have wrought wonders.

The plagiary is a jacdaw decked with stolen plumes.

All virtues are in agrement ; all vices, at varyance.

Personnal liberty is every man's natural birthrite.

There, wrapt in clouds, the blueish hills ascend.

The birds frame to thy song, their chearfull cherupping.

There figgs, sky dyed, a purple hue disclose.

Lysander goes twice a day to the choccolat-house.

Years following years, steal sumthing every day.

The soul of the slothfull, does but drowse in his body.