The institutes of English grammar, methodically arranged

Front matter

(lass.

THE

INSTITUTES

PART I.— ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 Of Letters - - - - 15

Rules for the use of Capitals - 16

Of Syllables and Words - -17

Of Spelling— Rules for Spelling - 19

Questions on Orthography 20

Exercises in Orthography - - 21

PART II.— ETYMOLOGY. 27 Of the Parts of Speech - - 27

Examples for Parsing, Chapter I. - 28

Of the Article - - - 30

Of the Noun - - - 31

Persons - - - 32

Numbers - - - 33

Genders - - 35

Cases - - 36

Examples for Parsing, Chapter II. - 38

Of the Adjective - - - 40

Examples for Parsing, Chapter III. - 43

Of the Pronoun - - - 45

Examples for Parsing, Chapter IV. - 50

Of the Verb - - - 51

Moods - 53

Tenses - 54

Persons and Numbers - - 55

Conjugation of Verbs 59

Passive Verbs - -

Irregular Verbs - -

Defective Verbs - -

Of the Participle - - - 80

Examples for Parsing, Chapter V. - 84

Of the Adverb - 87

Of the Conjunction - - - 89

Of the Preposition - - - 90

Of the Interjection - - - 91

Examples for Parsing, Chapter VI. - 91

Questions on Etymology - - 95

Exercises in Etymology - - 100

PART III.— SYNTAX. 104 Introductory Definitions - - 104

Rules of Syntax - - 105

Examples for Parsing, Chapter VII. - 107 Rules of Syntax, with Exam , Excep.,

Notes, Obs., and False Syntax - 121 Rule I. Of Articles - - - 122

Rule II. Of the Nominative to a Verb 12o Rule III. Of words in Apposition - 128 Rule TV. Of Adjectives - - 130

Rule V. Of the Pronoun and antece

Rule VI. Of the Pronoun and collective

Rule VII. Of the Pronoun and joint antecedents - .... i4g Rule VIII. Of the Pronoun and disjunct antecedents - - 147 Rule IX. Of the Verb and nominative 148 Rule X. Of the Verb and collective k noun . - * 152

Page Rule XI. Of the Verb and joint nominatives - - - 153 Rule XII. Of the Verb and disjunct

nominatives - - 157

Rule XIII. Of Verbs connected - 159

Rule XIV. Of Participles - - 161

Rule XV. Of Adverbs - - 165

Rule XVI. Of Conjunctions • - 169

Rule XVII. Of Prepositions - - 172

Rule XVIII. Of Interjections - 175

Rule XIX. Of the Possessive Case - 176 Rule XX. Of the Objective Case after a

Verb or Participle - - - 180

Rule XXI. Of the Same Case after a

Verb as before it - - 182

Rule XXII. Of the Objective Case after

a Preposition - - - 184

Rule XXiri. Of the Infinitive Mood 186 Rule XXIV. Of the Infinitive after bid,

dare, feel, &c. 188

Rule XX V. Of the Nominative Case

Absolute - - - - 188

Rule XXVI. Of the Subjunctive Mood 19C Promiscuous Examples of False Syntax - - - - 192 General Rule of Syntax - - 196 Examples for Parsing, Chapter VIII. 199 Questions on Syntax - - 203 Exercises in Syntax - • 205 PART IV.— PROSODY. 218 Of PUNCTUATION - - 218 Of the Comma - - - 218 Of the Semicolon - - - 223 Of the Colon - - - 223 Of the Period, and the Dash - - 224 Of the Note of Interrogation, and the

Note of Exclamation - - 225

Of the Parenthesis - - -226

Of the Other Marks - - - 227

Of UTTERANCE • - - 228

Of Pronunciation • - - 228

Of Elocution • - - 228

Of FIGURES - - - 229

Of Figures of Etymology - • 229

Of Fiffures of Syntax - - 230

Of Figures of Rhetoric - • 232

Of VERSIFICATION - - 235

Of Iambic Verse - - - 236

Of Trochaic Verse - • - 237

Of Anapresiic Verse - - - 238

Of Dactylic Verse - - - 239

Examples for Parsing, Chapter IX. • 239 Questions on Prosody - - 246

Exercises in Prosody - - - 248

A KEY to the Oral Exercises in False

Svntax - - - 262

APPENDIX I. Of the Sounds of the

Letters - - 285

APPENDIX II. Of Derivation - 294

APPENDIX IIT. Of Style - - 305

APPENDIX IV Of Poetic Diction • 308

THE

INSTITUTE

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

' English Grammar is the art of speaking and writing the English language correctly.

It is divided into four parts ; namely, Orthography, Etynrology, Syntax, and Prosody.

Orthography treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.

Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, and their classes and modifications.

Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement, of words in sentences.

Prosody treats of punctuation, utterance, figures, and versification.

Part I. Orthography

Orthography treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.

OF LETTERS.

A Letter is a character used in printing or writing, to represent i<r articulate sound.

An articulate sound, is a sound of the human voice, used m speaking.

The letters in the English alphabet, are twenty-six J A a, B b, C c, a<l,Ep } Ff, Gj?, H h, It, J J, Kk, L I, Mm, Npi,0 o, P p, Q q, R rj S s, T t % Uu, Yv, Ww, X x, ]Y y, Z z*

' For the names and powers of the letters, see Appendix L

CLASSES OF LETTERS.

The letters are divided into two general classes, vowels and consonants.

A vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered alone.

A consonant is a letter which cannot be perfectly uttered till joined to a vowel.

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y. All the other letters are consonants.

W and y are consonants when they precede a vowel heard in the same syllable ; as in wine, twine, whine, ye, yet, youth : in all other cases, they are vowels ; as in newly, dewy, eyebrow.

CLASSES OF CONSONANTS.

The consonants are divided into mutes and semivowels.

A mute is a consonant which cannot be sounded at all without a vowel. The mutes are b, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard.

A semivowel is a consonant which can be imperfectly sounded without a vowel. The semivowels are/, h,j, I, m, n, r, s, v, x, z, and c and g soft.

Four of the semivowels, I, m, n, and r, are termed liquids, on account of the fluency of their sounds.

FORMS OF THE LETTERS.

In the English language, the Roman characters are generally employed ; sometimes, the Italic ; and occasionally, the ©lb (ffnglisl).

The letters have severally two forms, by which they are distinguished as capitals and small letters.

Small letters constitute the body of every work ; and capitals are used for the sake of eminence and distinction.

RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS.

RULE I. TITLES OF BOOKS.

The titles of books, and the heads of their principal divisions, should be printed in capitals. When books are merely mentioned, the chief words in their titles begin with capitals, and the other letters are small ; as, " Pope's Essay on Man."

RULE II. FIRST WORDS.

The first word of every distinct sentence, should begin with a capital.

RULE III. NAMES OF DEITY.

All names of the Deity should begin with capitals ; as, God, Jehovah^ the Mmighty, the Supreme Being,

ORTHOGRAPHY. CAPITALS. 17

RULE IV. PROPER NAMES.

Titles of office or honour, and proper names of every description, should begin with capitals ; as, Chief Justice Hale, William, London, the Park, the Albion, the Spectator, the Thames.

RULE V. — OBJECTS PERSONIFIED.

The name of an object personified, when it conveys an idea Strictly individual, should begin with a capital ; as,

" Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come."

RULE VI. WORDS DERfVED.

Words derived from proper names of persons or places, should begin with capitals ; as, Newtonian, Grecian, Roman.

RULE VII. 1 AND O.

The words / and O, should always be capitals.

RULE VIII. IN POETRY.

Every line in poetry should begin with a capital.

RULE IX. EXAMPLES.

The first word of a full example, of a distinct speech, or of a direct quotation, should begin with a capital ; as, " Remember this maxim : i Know thyself.' " — " Virgil says, ' Labour conquers all things. 5 "

RULE X. CHIEF WORDS.

Other words of particular importance, and such as denote the principal subjects of discourse, may be distinguished by capitals. Proper names frequently have capitals throughout

OF SYLLABLES AND WORDS.

A Syllable is one or more letters pronounced in one sound, and is either a word or a part of a word ; as, a, an, ant.

A Word is one or more syllables spoken or written as the sign of some idea.

In every word there are as many syllables as there are distinct sounds ; as, gram-ma-ri-an.

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable ; a w^ord of two syllables, a dissyllable ; a word of three syllables, a trissyllable ; and a word of four or more syllables, a polysyllable.

DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS.

A diphthong is two vowels joined in one syllable ; as, ea in beat, ou in sound.

A. proper diphthong, is a diphthong in which both the vowels are sounded ; as, oi in voice.

An improper diphthong, is a diphthong in which only one of the vowels is sounded ; as, oa in loaf.

A triphthong is three vowels joined in one syllable ; as> eau in beau, iew in view.

A proper triphthong, is a triphthong in which all the vowels are sounded ; as, noy in buoy.

An improper triphthong, is a triphthong in which only one or two of the vowels are sounded ; as, eau in beauty, iou in anxious.

SPECIES AND FIGURE OP WORDS.

Words are distinguished as primitive or derivative, and as simple or compound. The former division is* called their species ; the latter, their figure.

A primitive word is one that is not formed from any simpler word in the language ; as, harm, great, connect.

A derivative word is one that is formed from some simpler word in the language ; as, harmless, greatly, connected.

A simple word is one that is not compounded ; as, watch, man.

A compound word is one that is composed of two or more simple words ; as, watchman, ne%ertheless.

Permanent compounds are consolidated ; as, bookseller,' schoolmaster : others are formed by the hyphen ; ^glasshouse, negro-mercha?it.

SYLLABICATION.

In dividing words into syllables, we are chiefly to be directed by the ear ; it may however be proper to observe the following rules.

I. The consonants should generally be joined to the vowels or diphthongs which they modify ; as, ap-os-tol-i-cal.

II. Derivative and grammatical terminations should generally be separated from the radical word ; as, harm-less, great-ly, connect-ed.

III. Compounds should be divided into the simple words which compose them ; as, watch-man, never-the-less.

IV. At the end of a line, a word may be divided, if necessary ; but a syllable must never be broken.

OF SPELLING.

Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters. JU-

ORTHOGRAPHY.*— SPELLING. 19

Obs. — This important art is to be acquired rather by means of the spelling-book or dictionary, and by observation in reading, than by the study of written rules. The orthography of our language is attended with much uncertainty and perplexity: many words are variously spelled by the best scholars, and many others are not usually written according to the analogy of similar words. But to be ignorant of the orthography of such words as are uniformly spelled and frequently used, is justly considered disgraceful, The following rules may prevent some embarrassment, and thus be of service to the learner.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

RULE I. — FINAL F, L, OR S.

Monosyllables ending in f I, or 5, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant ; as, staff, mill, pass : except if, of as, gas, has, ivas, yes, is, his, this, us, thus.

RULE II. — OTHER FINALS.

Words ending in any other consonant than/, I, or s, do not double the final letter : except add, odd, ebb, egg, inn, err, burr purr, butt, buzz, fuzz, and some proper names.

RULE III. DOUBLING.

Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double their final consonant before an additional syllable that begins with a vowel : as, rob, robber ; permit, permitting.

Exc. — X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled.

RULE IV. NO DOUBLING.

A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable : as, toil, toiling ; visit, visited ; general, generalize.

Exc. — But I and s final are usually doubled, (though perhaps improperly,) when the last syllable is not accented : as, travel, traveller ; bias, biassed.

RULE V. FINAL LL.

Primitive words ending in II, generally reject one I, before ful, less, ly, and ness : as, skill, skilful, skilless ; full, fully, fulness.

Obs.— Words ending in any other double letter preserve it double before these terminations ; as, blissful, oddly, stiffness, carelessness.

RULE VI. FINAL E.

The final e of a primitive word, is generally omitted before an additional termination beginning with a vowel : as, rate, ratable ; force, forcible ; rave, raving.

Exc. — Words ending in ce or ge, retain the e before able or ous, to preserve the soft sound of c and g : as, peape, peaceable ; change, changeable ; outrage, outrageous.

RULE VII. FINAL E.

The final e of a primitive word, is generally retained before an additional termination beginning with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; lodge, lodgement.

Exc. — When the e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted ; as, true, truly ; awe, awful : and sometimes retained ; as, rue, rueful ; shoe, shoeless.

RULE VIII, FINAL Y.

The final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is changed into i before an additional termination : as, merry, merrier, merriest, merrily, merriment ; pity, pitied, pities, pitiest, pitiless, pitiful, pitiable.

Exc. — Before ing, y is retained to prevent the doubling of i ; as, pity, pitying. Words ending in ie, dropping the e by Rule 6th, change i into y, for the same reason ; as, die, dying.

Obs. — When a vowel precedes, y should not be changed : as, day, days; Valley } valleys; money, moneys; monkey, monkeys.

RULE IX. COMPOUNDS.

Compounds generally retain the orthography of the simple words which compose them ; as, hereof, wherein, horseman, recall, uphill, shellfish.

Exc. — In permanent compounds, the words full and all drop one I ; as, handful, careful, always, withal : in others, they retain both ; as, full-eyed, all-wise, save-all.

Obs. — Other words ending in //, sometimes improperly drop one I, when taken into composition ; as, miscal, downhil. This excision is reprehensible, because it is contrary to general analogy, and because both letters are necessary to preserve the sound, and show the derivation of the compound. Where is the consistency of writing, recall, miscal — inthrall, bethral — windfall, downfal — laystall, thumbstal — waterfall, overfal — molehill, dunghil — windmill, twibil — clodpoll, enrol? [See Johnson's Dictionary, first American ed. 4to.]

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

LESSON I. — GENERAL DIVISION.

What is English Grammar 1 How is it divided 1 Of what does Orthography treat 1 Of what does Etymology treat'?

Of what does Syntax treat % Of what does Prosody treat 1

QUESTIONS ON ORTHOGRAPHY.

LESSON II. — LETTERS.

Of what does Orthography treats

ORTHOGRAPHY. QUESTIONS. 2\

What is a Letter?

What is an articulate sound 1

How many letters are there in English ! Repeat them.

How are the letters divided !

What is a vowel !

What is a consonant ?

What letters are vowels! and what, consonants'?

When are ic and y consonants ! and when, vowels 1

How are the consonants divided !

What is a mute? what consonants are mutes'?

What is a semivowel '? what consonants are semivowels'?

What letters are called liquids ! and why ]

LESSON III. — CAPITALS.

What characters are employed in English!

What distinction of form do we make in each of the letters'?

What is said o. small letters ! and why are capitals used!

How many rules for capitals are there '? and what are their heads !

What says Rule 1st of titles of books?— Rule 2d of first icords?— Rule 3d of navies of Deity? — Rule 4th of -proper names? — Rule 5th of objects per son* ified?—Ru\e 6th of icords derived?— Rule 7th of I and O?— Rule 8th of poetry? — Rule 9th of examples? — Rule 10th of chief icords ?

LESSON IV. — SYLLABLES AND WORDS.

W T hat is a Syllable ? What is a Word ?

Can the syllables of a word be perceived by the ear ! What is a word of one syllable called 1 What is a word of two syllables called 1 What is a word of three syllables called!

What is a word of four or more syllables called ! • What is a diphthong?

What is a proper diphthong! — an improper diphthong t What is a triphthong?

What is a proper triphthong! — an improper triphthong! How are words distinguished in regard to species and figure? What is a primitive word ?

What is a derivative word !

What is a simple word !

What is a compound word !

How do permanent compounds differ from others !

What guide have we for dividing words into syllables 1 What are the special rules of syllabication !

LESSON V. — SPELLING.

What is Spelling?

How is this art to be acquired !

How many rules for spelling are there! and what are their heads!

What *ays Rule 1st of final f I, or s?— Rule 2d of other finals?— -Rale 3d of the doubling of consonants ! — Rule 4th against the doubling of consonants !— Rule" 5th of final 11?— Rule 6th of final e?— Rule 7th of fina* e?— Rule 8th of final y?— Rule 9th of compounds?

EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY.

£r" [Spelling is to be taught by example, rather than by rule. For oral exercises in tins branch of learning, a speliing-book or vocabulary should oe employed. The following examples of false orthography are inserted, that they may be corrected by the pupil in writing. They are selected with direct reference to the rules ; which are at first indicated by figures. For it is evident, that exercises of this kind, without express rules for their correction, would rather perplex than instruct the learner ; and that his ability to correct them without reference to the rules, must presuppose such knowledge as would render them useless.]

EXERCISE L— CAPITALS.

1. The pedant quoted Johnson's dictionary of the english language, Gregory's dictionary of arts and sciences, Crabb's english synonymes, Walker's key to the pronunciation of proper names, Sheridan's rhetorical grammar, and the diversions of purley.

2. gratitude is a delightful emotion, the grateful heart at once performs its duty and endears itself to others.

3. What madness and folly, to deny the great first cause ! Shall mortal man presume against his maker ? shall he not fear the omnipotent? shall he not reverence the everlasting one ? — ' The fear of the lord is the beginning of wisdom.'

4. xerxes the great, emperor of persia, united the medes, persians, bactrians, lydians, assyrians, hyrcanians, and many other nations, in an expedition against greece.

5. I observed that, when the votaries of religion were led aside, she commonly recalled them by her emissary conscience, before habit had time to enchain them.

6. Hercules is said to have killed the nemean lion, the erymanthian boar, the lernean serpent, and the stymphalian birds. The christian religion has brought all mythologic stories and milesian fables into disrepute.

7. i live as i did, i think as i did, i love you as i did ; but all these are to no purpose ; the world will not live, think, or love as i do. — o wretched prince ! o cruel reverse of fortune ! o father Micipsa !

8. are these thy views ? proceed, illustrious youth, and virtue guard thee to the throne of truth !

9. Those who pretend to love peace, should remember this maxim : " it is the second blow that makes the battle."

EXERCISE II.— CAPITALS.

c time and i will challenge any other two,' said philip. — c thus, said diogenes, 4 do i trample on the pride of plato.' — ' true,' replied plato ; c but is it not with the greater pride of diogenes V

the father in a transport of joy, burst into the following words: 1 o excellent scipio ! heaven has given thee more than human virtue ! o glorious leader ! o wondrous youth !'

0RTH0GRAPBY. EXERCISES. 23

epammondas, the theban general, was remarkable for his love of truth, he never told a lie, even in jest.

and pharaoh said to Joseph, " say to thy brethren, ' do this — lade your beasts, and go to the land of canaan.' "

who is she that, with graceful steps and a lively air, trips over yonder plain ? her name is health : she is the daughter of exercise and temperance.

to the penitent sinner, a mediator and intercessor with the sovereign of the universe, appear comfortable names.

the murder of abel, the curse and rejection of cain, and the birth and adoption of seth, are almost the only events related of the immediate family of adam, after his fall.

on what foundation stands the warrior's pride, how just his hopes, let sweedish charles decide.

in every leaf that trembles to the breeze, i hear the voice of god among the trees.

EXERCISE III— SPELLING.

1. Few know the value of a friend, til they lose him. Good men pas by offences, and take no revenge.

Hear patiently, iff thou wouldst speak wel.

2. The business of warr is devastation and destruction. To er is human ; to forgive, divine.

A bad speller should not pretend to scholarshipp.

3. It often requires deep diging, to obtain pure water. Praise is most shuned by the praiseworthy.

He that hoists too much sail, runs a risk of overseting.

4. Quarrels are more easily begun than endded.

Contempt leaves a deepper scar than anger.

Of all tame animals the flatterrer is the most mischievous*

5. Gluacks are generally more venturesome than skillful. He that willfully injures others, is a bad citizen.

Odity may excite attention, but it cannot gain esteem.

6. Good examples are very convinceing teachers.

Doubts should not excite contention, but inquirey. Obligeing conduct procures deserved esteem.

7. Wise men measure time by their improvment of it. Learn to estimate all things by their real usfulness. Encouragment increases with success.

8. Nothing essential to happyness is unattainable. Vices, though near relations, are all at varyance. Before thou denyest a favour, consider the request.

9. Good-wil is a more powerful motive than constraint, A wel-spent day prepares us for sweet repose.

The path of fame is altogether an uphil road.

EXERCISE IV.— SPELLING.

1. He is tal enough who walks uprightly.

Repetition makes smal transgressions great.

Religion regulates the wil and affections.

2. To carry a ful cupp even, requires a steady hand. Idleness is the nest in which mischief lays its egs. The whole journey of life is besett with foes.

3. Peace of mind should be prefered to bodily safety. A bad begining is unfavourable to success.

Very fruitful trees often need to be proped.

4. None ever gained esteem by tattling and gossippmg. Religion purifies, fortifies, and tranquillizes the mind. They had all been closetted together a long time.

5. Let every one be fullly persuaded in his own mind. Indolence and listlesness are foes to happiness.

6. In all thy undertakeings, ponder the motive and the end. We cannot wrong others without injureing ourselves.

A dureable good cannot spring from an external cause.

7. Duely appreciate and improve your privileges.

To borrow of future time, is thriftless managment.

He who is truely a fireman is above mean compliances.

8. Pitiing friends cannot save us in a diing hour. Wisdom rescues the decaies of age from aversion.

Vallies are generally more fertile than hills.

9. Cold numness had quite bereft her of sense.

A cascade, or waterfal, is a charming object in scenery. Nettles grow in the vinyard of the slothfull.

Tuition is lost on idlers and numbscuis.

EXERCISE V.— SPELLING.

1. He that scofe at the crooked, should beware of stooping. Pictures that resemble flowers, smel only of paint. Misdemeanours are the pioneers of gros vices.

2. To remitt, a wrong, leaves the offender in debt. Superlative commendation is near akinn to detraction. Piety admitts not of excessive sorrow.

3. You are safe in forgeting benefits you have confered. He has run well who has outstriped his own errors. See that you have ballast proportionate to your nging.

4. The biasses of prejudice often preclude convincement. Rather follow the wise than lead the foollish.

To reason with the angry, is like whisperring to the deaf. A bigotted judge needs no time for deliberation.

The gods of this world have many worshippers.

ORTHOGRAPHY. EXERCISES. 25

5. Crosness has more subjects than admirers.

6. Many things are chiefly valued for their rareity. Vicious old age is hopeless and deploreable.

Irreconcileable animosity is always blameable.

7. Treachery lurks beneath a guilful tongue.

Disobedience and mischief deserve chastisment.

By self-examination, we discover the lodgments of sin. The passions often mislead the judgment.

8. To be happy without holyness is impossible.

And, all within, were walks and allies wide.

Call impertection what thou fancy'st such.

Without fire chimnies are useless.

9. The true philanthropist deserves a universal pasport, Ridicule is generally but the froth of il-nature.

All mispent time will one day be regretted.

EXERCISE VI— SPELLING.

Fiction may soften, without improveing the heart. Affectation is a sprout that should be niped in the bud. A ccvettous person is always in want.

Fashion is compareable to an ignis-fatuus.

Fair appearances somtimes cover foul purposes.

Garnish not your commendations with flatterry.

Never utter a falshood even for truth's sake.

Medicines should be administerred with caution.

We have here no continueing city, no abideing rest. Many a trapp is laid to ensnare the feet of youth. We are caught as silyly as the bird in the net.

By defering repentance, we accumulate sorrows.

To preach to the droneish, is to waste your words. We are often benefitted by what we have dreaded.

We may be succesful, and yet disappointed.

In rebusses, pictures are used to represent words. He is in great danger who parlies with conscience. Your men of forhead are magnificent in promises.

A true friend is a most valueable acquisition.

It is not a bad memory that forgets injury es.

Weigh your subject wel, before you speak positivly Difficulties are often increased by mismanagment. Diseases are more easyly prevented than cured.

Contrivers of mischief often entrapp themselves.

Corrupt speech indicates a distemperred mind.

Asseveration does not allways remove doubt.

Hypocrites are like wolves in sheeps' clotheing.

Ostentatious liberallity is its own paymaster.

EXERCISE VII— SPELLING.

A downhil road may be travelled with ease.

Distempered fancy can swel a molehil to a mountain. Let your own unbiassed judgment determine.

A knave can often undersel. his honest neighbours. Xenophanes prefered reputation to wealth.

True politeness is the ofspring of benevolence.

Levellers are generally the dupes of designning men. Rewards are for those who have fullfiled their duty. Who trusts a hungry boy in a cubburd of dainties % Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellers.

The liberal man ties his purse with a beau-not.

Double-deelers are seldom long in favour.

The characters of the crosrow have wrought wonders. The plagiary is a jacdaw decked with stolen plumes. All virtues are in agrement ; all vices at varyance. Personnal liberty is every man's natural birthrite. There, wrapt in clouds, the blueish hills ascend. The birds frame to thy song, their ch earful] cherupping. There flggs, skydyed, a purple hue disclose.

Lysander goes twice a day to the choccolat-house. Years following years, steal summing every day.

The soul of the slothfull, does but drowse in his body. What think you of a clergiman in a soldier's dres ? Justice is here holding the stilliards for a balance. The huming-burd is somtimes no biger than a bumble-be. The muskittoes will make you as spoted as samon-trout. Cruelty to animals is a malicious and Jo-lived vice. Absolute Necessity must sign their deth-warrant.

He who catches flies, emulates the nat-snaper.

The froggs had long lived unmolested in a horspond. These are villanous creatures*' says a blokheded boy. The robbin-read-breast til pf late had rest ; And children sacred held a martin's nest.

ETYMOLOGY.— PARTS OF SPEECH. 27

Part II. Etymology

Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, and their classes and modifications.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

The Parts of Speech, or sorts of words, in English, are ten ; namely, the Article, the Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Participle, the Adverb, the Conjunction, the Preposition, and the Interjection.

1. THE ARTICLE.

An Article is a word placed before nouns, to limit their signification : the articles are the, and an or a.

2. THE NOUN.

A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned: as, George, York, man } apple, truth.

3. THE ADJECTIVE.