From Bull Run to Appomattox; a boy's view

Book 1 ^J— Copyiight'N"

COPYRIG!IT DEPOSnV

LUTIIKK W. HOPKINS.

A BOY'S VIEW

BY

L. W. HOPKINS

OF GENL. J. E. B. STUART'S CAVALRY 6th Virginia Regiment, C. S. A.

PRESS OF

Fleet- McGiNLEY Co.

BALTIMORE

Copyright. 1908

By L. W. HOPKINS

Baltimore

Preface

"Life is the mirror of the king and slave,

'Tis just what you are and do.

Then give to the world the best you have,

And the best will come back to you."

I never thought that I should be guilty of writing a book. I did not, however, do this with malice aforethought. My son is responsible for whatever sin I may have committed in presenting this to the public. He and I have been good friends ever since we became acquainted, and he has always insisted upon my telling him all that I know. When he was about three years old he discovered that I had been a soldier in Lee's army from 1861 to 1865, and, although he is of Quaker descent and a loyal member of the Society of Friends, and I am half Quaker, yet he loved war stories and I loved to tell them. This accounts for the production of the book. After I had told him these stories over and over, again and again, when he was grown he insisted upon my starting at the beginning and giving him the whole of my experience in the Confederate army. Then he wanted it published. I yielded to his request, and here is the book. This is not, however, an exact copy of the typewritten manuscript which he has. The original manuscript is more personal. I thought the change would make it more acceptable to the general reader.

We all believe in peace ; universal peace, but when war does come, and such a costly war as the one from which this story is taken, we

4 PREFACE

ought to get all the good out of it we can. The long marches along dusty roads, under hot suns, the long marches through sleet and snows, the long dreary nights without shelter, the march of the picket to and fro on his beat, the constant drilling and training, the struggle on the battlefields, all these are part of the material that the world has always used in constructing a nation. While there are some things about war that we should forget, there are many things that ought never to be forgotten, but should be handed down from sire to son all through the ages that are to come.

Historians have told us much about our Civil War, but they have left out the part that appeals most to the boy, and it is this part that I have tried to bring before the public. Men may read the book if they will, but it is written more particularly for the youth. The boy of today and the boy that is yet to be ought to know of the bloody sweat through which this nation passed in reaching its present position among the great nations of the earth, and the part the boy played in it. It is said that one boy is a boy; two boys a half boy and three boys no boy at all. That may be true of the boy running loose, unbridled like a colt, but gather up these boys and train them, harness and hitch them and they will move the world or break a trace. It is the boy who decides the fate of nations. I don't know the average age of our soldiers in times of peace, but when wars come and there is a call for soldiers, it is mainly the boy in his teens who responds ; yet, strange to say, the historian has never thought it worth while to put much emphasis upon what the boy does in the upbuilding of a nation.

Another thing that has been neglected by the historian is the brave and noble part the horse took in our war. The grays, the bays, the

PREFACE 5

sorrels, the roans, the chestnuts, have not been forgotten in this story. Indeed, as I have already said, I have tried to bring to light that part of the story of our Civil War that has not been told.

Now, young men and boys, girls too, old men, if there are any, read this book, all of you, regardless of geographical lines, for I have tried to be fair to those who wore the blue. As the years go by, I have learned to respect and love those who fought for the Union. I visited Boston and its environments two summers ago for the first time. During the visit, I never met a person whom I had ever seen before, yet all the time that I was away I felt at home. I said to myself, are these the people we of the South used to hate? Are these the people that we once mobbed as they marched through our streets? Yes, they are the same people or their descendants, but then we did not know them and they did not know us. I came back feeling proud of my country, and I only wish I could give here a detailed account of that visit. If, early in the spring of 1861, the North and South had swapped visits, each party would have gone home singing, "there ain't goin' to be no war," but we had a war; a great war, a costly war; let us forget what ought to be forgotten and remember what ought to be remembered. I want to pay this tribute to the Northern soldiers. I have discovered this : When two armies of equal numbers met face to face in the open, it was nearly always a toss up as to who would win. Numbers don't always count in battle. General Hooker, with his army of 130,000, retreating before Lee's 60,000, doesn't mean that one rebel could whip two yankees. It only meant that "Fighting Joe" had more than he could manage. His numbers were an encumbrance. There were other differences which, for the sake of brevity, I will not mention, but will add this

6 PREFACE

one word : One bluecoat was all I cared to face, and I believe every other Johnny Reb will say the same.

May we never have another war, but boys, remember this : "Peace hath her victories, no less renowned than war," and the boy that wishes to count in this world must train. But there are other training schools quite as helpful as the camp and the battlefield.

L. W. HOPKINS.

Baltimore, November, 1908.

CHAPTER I. From Harper's Ferry to Bull Run

Loudoun County on the Potomac— John Brown's Raid— War Talk Among the Schoolboys— The Slave and His Master— Election of Lincoln— Secession— Schoolboys Preparing for the Coming Conflict— Firing on Fort Sumter—Union Army Crossing the Potomac.

CHAPTER n.

From Bull Run to Seven Pines.

Confederates Concentrating at Manassas— First Battle— The Wounded Horse— Rout of tne Union Army— The Losses.

CHAPTER HI.

From Bull Run to Seven Pines. (Continued.)

Long Rest— Each Side Recruiting Their Armies— McClellan in Command— His March on Richmond by the Way of the James River— Jacicson's Brilliant Valley Campaign— The Battles Around Richmond— Seven Pines— Mechanicsville— Beaver Dam— Gaines' Mill— Fair Oal?s— The Wounding of Gen. Jos. E. Johnston— McCIellan's Defeat— The Spoils of the Battle.

CHAPTER IV.

From Seven Pines to Antietam.

The Battle of Cedar Run— Jackson's Flank Movement— McClellan Moves His Army Back to Washington— Second Battle of Manassas— The Defeat of Pope— His Retreat to the Defenses of Washington— The Captured Stores and Losses on Both Sides— Lee Crosses the Potomac Into Maryland—The Stragglers of Lee's Army— A Dinner Party— The Capture of Harper's Ferry— Battle of Antietam— Result of the Battle— Lee Recrosses the Potomac— Lee in a Trap.

CHAPTER V.

From Antietam to Chancellorsville.

McClellan Relieved of His Command— Burnside Commands the Union Army— The Two Armies at Fredericksburg— The Blue Ridge Mountain— The Author a Prisoner— Battle of Fredericksburg— Burnside's Defeat— Losses on Both Sides— The Armies in Winter Quarters— How They Spent the Winter— Company Q's Escapade— Raid Into West Virginia— Burnside Relieved— Hooker In Command— Hooker Crossing the Rappahannock- Jackson's Successful Flank Movement— His Mortal Wound— Hooker's Defeat— He Recrosses the River— Losses on Both Sides— Stonewall Jackson's Death— The South in Tears— Ode to Stonewall Jackson by a Union Officer.

CHAPTER VI.

From Chancellorsville to Gettysburg. Ninth of June at Brandy Station— Lee's Army En Route for Gettysburg- See Map— Stuart's March Around the Union Army— Lee Crosses the Potomac— The Union Army in a Parallel Line With Lee's— Crosses the

8 CONTENTS

Potomac Below Harper's Ferry— Hooker Relieved— Meade in Command of the Union Arm}— The Battle of Gettysburg— Lee's First Defeat— His Retreat— The Midnight's Thunder Storm— His Five Days' Rest on the North Bank of the Potomac— He Recrosses the River,

CHAPTER VII.

From Gettysburg to the Wilderness.

Both Armies Marching Back to the Rappahannock— Short Rest— Meade's Advance — Lee Retires to the Rapidan— Meade's Withdrawal From Lee's Front— Lee's Advance— Fighting Around Brandy Station— The Battle at Bristoe Station— The Union Army Retires Towards Washington— Lee Discontinues the Pursuit and Returns to the Rapidan River— In Winter Quarters— How the Winter Was Spent— Many of Lee's Soldiers Are Permitted to Return to Their Homes Under Care of Their Commanding Officers for a Vacation— Mosby Appears Upon the Scene.

CHAPTER VIII.

From the Wilderness to James River.

Grant in Command of the Union Army— Preparation for the Coming Struggle— Battle of The Wilderness— Strength of the Armies— Losses- Wounding of General Longstreet— Battle at Spotsylvania Court House— The Awful Slaughter— Sheridan's Raid on Richmond- Stuart's Cavalry in Pursuit— General Stuart's Death— Yellow Tavern— The Author Again a Prisoner.

CHAPTER IX.

From the James River to Petersburg.

Battle of Cold Harbor— Grant Again Repulsed— Death of Flournoy— Grant Crossing the James— Prison Life at Point Lookout— Parole of the Sick From the Hospitals— The Dreary Winter— Its Bright Side— How the Soldiers and the Citizens Spent It— Mosby's Men— The Long Siege- Battle of the Crater.

CHAPTER X.

From Petersburg to Appomattox.

Evacuation of Richmond— Retreat of Lee's Army Towards Appomattox- Lee's Surrender— After the Surrender— Some War Stories— The Faithful Slave.

CHAPTER XI.

The Horses of Lee's Army.

Their Number— Losses— Rover's Tricks— A Mighty Jaw— Her Capture- Horses in Battle — Friendship Between Horse and Rider- Wagon Horses- Artillery Horses— Cavalry Horses— Men Sleep on Their Horses— Horses for Breastwork— Seventy-five Thousand Black Beauties— Monument for Lee's Horses— A Pathetic Poem.

GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON, Who preceded Gen. Robert E. Lee in command of the Army of Northern

Virginia.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Luther W. Hopkins, Frontispiece^

Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, • • 8 y

Jefferson C. Davis^ ^^ -^^

Gen. Thomas Jonathan Jackson (called "Stonewall Jackson"), . . 32 ^'

Robert Howard Hopkins, 48 -^

The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson at Chancellorsville, . . 80 ''

Gen. Robert E. Lee, 112 -

Mrs. R. E. Lee, 128 -

Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, I44 ^

A Battle-Scarred Confederate Banner, 161 ^

Gen. a. p. Hill, 176 -^

One of Stonewall Jackson's Mileposts, 192

Bishop Alpheus W. Wilson, 208 y

A BOY'S VIEW Chapter I.

From Harper s Ferry to Bull Run.

"O war, thou hast thy fierce delight, Thy gleams of joy intensely bright; Such gleams as from thy polished shield Fly dazzling o'er the battle-field."

Is there a boy in all this wide land, North or South, who would not like to hear what a boy has to say of his experience as a private soldier in the Confederate Army from 1861 to 1865, serving for the most part in Stuart's Cavalry of Lee's army? Men have told their story, and graphically told it from a man's standpoint. But who has spoken for the boy? Who has told of the part the boy played in that great drama that was on the stage for four years without intermission? That bloody drama in which there were 3,000,000 players — a play that cost the country eight billions in money and half a million human lives?

I do not know how it was in the Northern armies but the bulk of Lee's soldiers in the ranks were boys in their teens. It was these boys who made Thomas Jonathan Jackson, ''Stonewall Jackson;" who put Robert E. Lee's name in the hall of fame and who lifted J. E. B. Stuart up to the rank of lieutenantgeneral of cavalry. One of these boys has written the story as he remembers it in plain, simple language ; not a history, but simply an account of what he saw and did while this eventful history was being made. If his experience is different from others, or does not accord in all respects with what the historian has written, it is because we do not all see alike. The writer has not consulted the histories for material for this story; he did not have to do this. If all the boys who served in the Confederate Army were to write their experience, they would all be different, yet all approximately correct, and perhaps, taken together, would be the most perfect history that could be written of the Confederate side of the Civil War.

In the early spring of 1861 I was seventeen years old and going to school about half a mile from my home in Loudoun county, Virginia. Twelve miles distant was Harper's Ferry, where four years previous John Brown had made an attempt to raise an insurrection among the slaves in that district. He seized the United States arsenal, located there, for the purpose of arming the negroes, who were expected to flock to his standard and have their freedom declared. The negroes did not respond; John Brown and a few of his followers were captured and hanged. This atrocious act of Brown and his abettors kindled a flame in the hearts of the Southern people ,that led to the Civil War. But none felt it so keenly as did the Virginians, because it was their sacred soil that had been traduced. Three years previous to this, when I was ten years of age, I remember to have heard a political discussion among a body of men, and the following words have lingered in my memory ever since, and they are all that I can recall of their talk: ^'If there is a war between the North and South, Virginia will be the battlefield." I thought it would be grand, and waited anxiously for the fulfillment of this prophecy. Then when John Brown swooped down on Harper's Ferry with his cohorts, it looked as if the day had really come and that the prediction was about to be fulfilled. From that time war talk was general, especially among the small boys.

But the intense excitement caused by the Brown episode gradually abated. It broke out afresh, however, when later it was announced that Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. It seemed to be the concensus of opinion that the result would be war, and that Virginia in truth would be the battleground, and that the counties along the Potomac would receive the first shock of battle. We boys of Loudoun county, right on the Potomac, felt that we were ^^t," and we had a kind of pity for those poor fellows a little farther back. We were in the front row, and when the curtain went up we could see and hear everything. There were about thirty boys attending our school between the ages of fifteen and twenty. They all entered the Confederate Army, but few survived the war.

Before going on with the story, perhaps I ought to explain why these boys were so eager for war, when they knew that the enemy would be their own countrymen. There was a peculiar relationship existing between the slave owner's family and the slaves that the North never did and never will understand. On the part of the white children it was love, pure and simple, for the slave, while on the part of the adult it was more than friendship, and, I might add, the feeling was reciprocated by the slaves. The children addressed the adult blacks as Uncle and Aunt, and treated them with as much respect as they did their blood relatives. It was Uncle Reuben and Aunt Dinah. The adult white also addressed the older colored people in the same way. With but few exceptions, the two races lived together in perfect harmony. If a slave-owner was cruel to his slaves, it was because he was a cruel man, and all who came in contact with him, both man and beast, suffered at his hands. Even his children did not escape. These men are found everywhere. The old black mammy, with her head tied up in a white cloth, was loved, respected and honored by every inmate of the home, regardless of color.

The following incident will be of interest : Hon. John Randolph Tucker, one of Virginia's most gifted and learned sons, who represented his State in the U. S. Senate, always celebrated his birthday. I remember to have attended one of these celebrations. It was shortly after the close of the war. Mr. Tucker was then between fifty-five and sixty years of age. He had grown children. Fun making was one of his characteristics. On these annual occasions, it was his custom to dress himself in a long white gown and bring into the parlor his old black nurse, whom he called '^nammy." She sat in her rocking-chair with her head tied up in the conventional snow-white cloth. Mr. Tucker, dressed up as a child in his nightgown, would toddle in and climb up into her lap, and she would lull him to sleep with an old-time nursery song, no doubt one of her own compositions. This could not possibly have occurred had the skin of his nurse been white.

When a daughter married and set up her own home, fortunate was she if she took with her the mammy. In many homes the slaves were present at family prayers. The kitchen and the cabin furnished the white children places of resort that were full of pleasure.

This was the relation between white and colored as I remember it from a child in my part of Virginia. And tonight, as I write these lines, while the clock tolls ofif the hour of eleven, I cannot keep out of my mind the words of that little poem by Elizabeth Akers:

"Backward, turn backward, oh time in thy flight, And make me a child again, just for tonight."

JEFFERSON t. DAVIS,

President of the Confederate States of America. Talien just before liis

inauguration.

How anyone could have desired to break up this happy relationship was beyond the conception of the child, and more or less incomprehensible to the adult.

Somewhere between childhood and youth we children all learned that there was a race of people up North called Abolitionists, who were so mean that they sent secret agents through the country to persuade the colored people to leave their homes and go North, where they could be free. That these agents were disguised as peddlers or otherwise, and that they visited the cabins of the slaves during the late hours of the night, and went so far as to urge them to rise up in a body and declare their freedom, and if necessary to murder those who held them as slaves. This delusion, if it were a delusion, might have been dispelled had not John Brown and his men appeared upon the scene to give an ocular demonstration of their real intent. The few men with him may have been the only following that he had, but the damage had been done. Virginia was fighting mad. What had been whispered about the abolitionists in secret was now proclaimed from the housetops. John Brown was an abolitionist, and all abolitionists were John

Browns, so the youths at least reasoned. The words abolitionist and Yankee were for the most part synonymous terms; the former being hard to pronounce, the child usually employed the latter. Some of the 3^oung children did not know that a Yankee was a human being, as the following incident will illustrate:

When the first Federal soldiers entered the village of Middleburg, Loudoun county, Virginia, the cry went up and down the streets, "The Yankees have come!" The streets were soon deserted by every living thing except the dogs and the ubiquitous, irrepressible small boy, who was or pretended to be "skeered o' nothin'." This war was gotten up for his special benefit, and he was determined to see all that was to be seen, and was always to be found well up in front. The women and children within their homes crowded to the windows to see the cavalry as it marched by. A little three-year old nephew of mine, with the expression of alarm disappearing from his face, said: "Mamma, them ain't Yankees, them's soldiers." He expected to see some kind of hideous animal.

This is the education the Virginia boys got, who afterward became Lee's soldiers. They were brought up in this school, and when they became soldiers, wearing the gray, they felt that they had something to fight for. They believed that they were real patriots, notwithstanding they were called rebels and traitors.

This brings us to the beginning of the Civil War, or at least to the secession movement. Lincoln had not yet taken his seat as President, when several of the Southern States seceded and formed a Southern Confederacy, with Montgomery, Ala., as the capital, and Jefiferson C. Davis as President. This was recognized by the United States Government as open rebellion, and as soon as Mr. Lincoln took the reins of government, he called for 75,000 troops to suppress the rebellion.

Virginia must either furnish her quota of troops or withdraw from the Union. She promptly chose the latter, and shortly afterward became a part of the Southern Confederacy. As soon as the ordinance of secession had passed the Virginia Legislature, there were a thousand Paul Reveres in the saddle, carrying the news to every point not reached by telegraph lines. The young men and boys did not wait for the call from the Governor. Military companies, infantry, cavalry and artillery sprang up everywhere. Anyone who chose and could get a sufficient following might raise a company. These companies were offered to the Governor and promptly accepted. The ordinance of secession was passed at night. The next morning Virginia troops w^ere on their way to seize Harper's Ferry. On the approach of these troops the small guard of United States soldiers stationed there set fire to the buildings and fled. The fire was extinguished by the citizens, I think, and much of the valuable machinery and military stores was saved. The machinery was sent to Richmond, and the arms were used in equipping the soldiers. Harper's Ferry became one of the outposts of the Confederacy, and a place of rendezvous for the rapidly-growing Confederate battalions. Thomas Jonathan Jackson, afterward known as Stonewall Jackson, was sent to Harper's Ferry to drill and organize the forces gathering there, into an army. He was later superseded by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, but Jackson remained as a subordinate commander. In the meantime, the Confederate Government had demanded that Gen. Anderson evacuate Fort Sumter, at the entrance of Charleston harbor, and also had said, if not in words, in action, to the Government at

Washington as it saw United States armies gathering near its northern frontier, So far shalt thou come, and no further.

But to go back to the thirty boys. What were they doing all this time? Just prior to the date of Virginia's secession they were gathering in groups at noon and recess, on the way to and from school, and talking war. How big and important we seemed as we prospectively saw ourselves dressed as soldiers, armed and keeping step to the beat of the drum. There was but little studying, for our preceptor was not hard on us. He had once been a boy himself, and appreciating the conditions that surrounded us, he chiefly employed himself in keeping the school together until hostilities began, if it should really come to that. I don't know how long the school continued, but I do know that these particular boys were early on the drill ground, and were being trained into soldiers. It was difficult for the parents to keep the fourteen and fifteen-yearold boys at home or in school. I had a brother sixteen years old who was first of the family to enlist, and then all followed, one after another, until four of us were in the ranks. There were mature men and old men, men of heavy responsibilities, who saw farther into the future than the younger generation. These went about with bowed heads and talked seriously of what the future might bring. They wisely discussed constitutional law, State rights, what foreign nations would have to say ^ about it, the nations that had to have our cotton. '^Cotton was king," they said, and the South owned the king, soul and body. Questions like these were discussed among the men, but like one of old, the boy cared for none of these things. In the language of a famous Union general, his place was to meet the enemy and defeat him. I remember about this time hearing this toast being offered to the South: ''May her old men make her laws, her young men fight her battles, and her maidens spin her cotton."

The boy well understood the part he was to play, and he was in his element, and as happy as a boy could be. I cannot remember just when the first call was made for troops by the Governor, but I do know, as I have already stated, that the boys heard the call from a higher source, and they were coming from mountain and plain, from hillside and valley, from the shop, and office and school. Well do I recall the joy that welled up in every boy's breast as one after another of the actors took their places on the stage. Again I find myself quoting Elizabeth Akers, this time substituting a word:

"Backward, turn backward, oh time in thy flight, And make me a BOY again, just for tonight."

Now let us take a peep into the Virginia homes. What were the women doing? Ah, they were as busy as bees. These boys must be equipped not only with munitions of war, but each boy must take with him as many home comforts as could possibly be compressed into a bundle small enough to be carried. When he was at home it took a good-sized room to hold these things ; now he must put them into his pocket or on his back, and it took all of a mother's skill to gather these things up into the least possible space, that her boy might have in the camp life all that a mother's love could give him. The Government would furnish the guns, the powder, the lead, the canteen and knapsack and haversack; the tinshop, the tincup ; the shoemaker, the boots; the bookstore, the Bible (every boy must carry a Bible), but all the clothing, all the little necessary articles for comfort and health, must be manufactured in the home. Did you ever open the outside casing of one of these large patent beehives and see the bees at work inside? What rushing and pushing and confusion ! Every bee, so far as human eye can see, seems busy. This beehive was but a replica of a Virginia home in the spring of 1861.

While these things were going on in the home the boys were drilling in the field, for they were now out of school. All were anxious to get their equipment, and to be the first to offer their services to the Governor.

Had these boys any conception of what they were rushing into? Suppose just at this time the curtain had been lifted, and they could have seen Bull Run and Seven Pines, Manassas and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and Appomattox? And if they could have seen a picture of their homes and fields as they appeared in 1865, would they have rushed on? Perhaps I can answer that question by pointing to the battlefield of New Market. In the fall of 1864, after nearly all the great battles had been fought, the young cadets from Lexington, Va., who had not yet been under fire, but with a full knowledge of what war meant, rushed into this battle like veterans and were mowed down as grain, their little bodies lying scattered over the field like sheaves of wheat.

"O war, thou hast thy fierce delight, Thy gleams of joy intensely bright; Such gleams as from thy polished shield Fly dazzling o'er the battle-field."

Yes, war has its bright, attractive side, and those boys, as I knew them, would have looked at these moving-pictures as they came one after another into view, and then perhaps have turned pale; perhaps they would have shuddered and then cried out, "On with the dance; let joy be unconfined;" and it was literally on with the dance. School, as I have just said, was out, and every laddie had his lassie, and you may be sure they improved the time. It was drill through the day and dance through the night.

"No sleep till morn when youth and pleasure meet To chase the glowing hours with flying feet."

The boys were happy, and "all went merry as a marriage bell," and well that it was so. When we looked into the hive we saw that the bees were busy, but as far as human eye could discover, there was no head; all was confusion; it was pushing and shoving and coming and going, and one might have asked the question, What are they doing? What does it all mean? If we could have seen farther into the hive we would have discovered that back of this busy throng sat the queen, and that these were her subjects, doing her bidding. She was sending out her little rogues to rob the flowers, and they were coming back richly laden with spoils. This was the raw material, and it was being worked up. When the season was over and the flowers were dead, and we drew from the hive the finished product, so perfect in all its parts and richly stored with sweetened treasures, we began to realize that there was a master mind behind it all. Do you suppose for a moment that when these young men and boysof Virginia, infact from allover theSouth,who were rushing with such intense enthusiasm in the Confederate ranks, these fathers and mothers and sisters , who were equipping these youths with comforts without which they could not have endured the hardships of the camp, do you suppose they were but following the dictates of a few maddened, fire-eating fanatics, and that the whole would end in debt, death and desolation? If you had lived in 1861 you might have been excused for thinking so.