Text book of comparative general pathology, for practitioners and students of veterinary medicine

Front matter

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.

TEXT BOOK

OF

Preface To German Edition

The introduction of students of veterinary medicine to the study of pathology, because of the lack up to the present time of a German text book of general pathology adapted to diseases of animals, has depended chiefly upon works written for the practitioner of human medicine; the lectures of instructors in veterinary medicine and students' notes, made with more or less accuracy, supplying the necessary additions and explanations.

Only one work, the Text Book of General Pathological Anatomy by Birch-Hirschfeld, has been amended from the standpoint of our special branch of medicine, by the addition of veterinarymedical paragraphs from the facile pen of Johne, so as to seem adapted for students in veterinary schools ; but it is confined to pathological anatomy, and the physiological and serological features, the manifestation of functional impairments, pathogenesis, etc., require further reference to special works.

As an introduction and foundation for appreciation of the practice of veterinary medicine, to be studied and put into application in the latter portions of the college curriculum, after completion of the courses in anatomy, physiology and the natural sciences, the student should be given a general idea of the meaning of disease, the aetiology of diseases, of the make-up of our medical knowledge and of the principles of classification, as well as a general familiarity with the alterations in structure and function met in disease. It is for this reason that lectures on general pathology are provided, introductory to the special applied branches of study.. The need of a work concisely comprehending such features has determined me to undertake the task of preparing a condensed outline of the fundamental facts of pathology with special adaptations to the requirements of veterinarians. Of course, it has been necessary to make use of much material from works intended for the student of human medicine, and T am vividlv reminded of the old sentence in the Latin errammar — "Plinius iv Preface to German Edition.

nullum librum legit, ex quo nan excerpserit." I therefore acknowledge at the outset and at various places in the text, that I have freely employed in the preparation of the following text-book the works of Ribbert, Perls, Krehl, Durk, Samuel, Thoma, Birsch-Hirschfeld, Johne, Uhle and Wagner, as it is in fact practically impossible to write an authoritative work on general pathology without dependence upon other authors.

The scientific development of veterinary medicine depends primarily upon the same principles which obtain in human medicine. The propositions and methods of research which were originally employed in the study of human pathology, are for us, too, fundamentals for the appreciation and investigation of the nature of the animal diseases. Every new advance in human medicine in the fields of anatomy, physiology, the use of the microscope, technique of clinical study, surgical and therapeutic methods, bacteriological and practical hygiene, has been of advantage to comparative medicine, and, mutatis mutandis, has found an application in veterinary practice, and has pointed out the way for advanced work in our own branch. There has been much assistance afforded, too, in the fact that many of the discoveries oi value to human medicine have been made from experimental studies upon animals, and the principles of general pathology particularly have been fundamentally proven by comparative study of the anatomy and physiology of animals; both branches of medicine, therefore, drawing from the same sources and having a common field of work.

Apart from these considerations, however, the representatives of veterinary medicine have, by their independent achievements, built up the pillars and walls of their own scientific temple, with such multiplicity of specialized purposes and requirements that the method and practice of veterinary medical instruction have come to have a peculiar character of their own. Consideration of these requirements is attempted in this volume.

It is well known to every teacher who is required to act as an examiner, how difficult it often is for the candidates in an examination to express what they well know and how, no matter how clearly the questions may be presented, or what statements are made suggesting a proper answer, this or that really capable student finds himself forced to struggle with words and is handicapped in expressing his ideas. In order to lessen these difficulties for students, I have endeavored to frame my definitions

Preface to German Edition. v

concisely, to present the positive facts in as clear and as brief a manner as possible, and to limit to what is absolutely essential the incomplete, uncertain and controversial points of "study, the elaborate discussion of which is usually confusing and tends to weary the student. Of course, important objections and questioned points in theories have been noticed, lest the student be led to mere memorization and superficial study, and in order that he may be stimulated to think. I believe that the work will be found useful to the practising veterinarian as well, as a general presentation of the most recent position of the science.

I have omitted description of the individual types of animal parasites and bacteria and taken up only in this connection their bearings upon general pathology. The scope of the work would otherwise have been too large; and full details upon these subjects may be found in the part devoted to special pathology (Lehrbuch der pathol. Anatomie der Haustiere. II. Aufl. 1901. F. Enke, Stuttgart) and in my Lehrbuch der Bakterienkunde und pathol. Mikroskopie (IV. Aufl. M. Perles, Wien, 1903). The subject of malformations is also treated of at the beginning of the special section just mentioned, and a repetition is therefore superfluous.

The publisher has presented the volume in an excellence of style which places me under special obligation to him.

Numerous new illustrations are included, prepared by the artistic hand of K. Dirr; some of the cuts I have borrowed from the works of authors cited in the text. For a number of photographs I must thank for their kindness the veterinary physicians Dr. Jakob and Dr. W. Ernst, the latter of whom, a skillful microscopist and bacteriologist, has been engaged for a number of years in my institution and has aided me in a most valuable manner in carrying on investigations bearing upon my studies.

Munich. TH. KITT.

Preface To American Edition

The work of translating and preparing for publication the following edition of Kitt's General Pathology has been a pleasure, because of the real value of the work and because both editor and translator have believed the labor a service to the profession. As Professor Kitt states in the preface to the German edition, it is practically the only work devoted to a discussion of general pathology from the standpoint of the veterinarian ; and the need of such a work has long been manifest to every teacher of pathology in charge of students of veterinary medicine. The impressions given by any book upon pathology, even the best, which has been framed primarily for use in connection with human medicine, are often unfortunate from the inaptness of the descriptions of lesions for the needs of men studying comparative medicine. It is undoubtedly true that the general processes of disease are fundamentally the same in whatever subject they occur; but the varieties of appearances of one and the same type of lesion in different species may well be sufficiently marked to make the descriptions based upon the changes met in any given animal confusing and perhaps inadequate for students, whose experience in the earlier years is anything but extensive. The differences, for example, in the appearances of a tuberculous caseated area in man, in the cow, hog, horse, or in carnivora, well illustrate the point in mind ; or the differences in bulk and in other characteristics of various tumors as met in man and in the large domestic animals serve as an example. The adaptation of the present volume to the needs of students who, as Professor Kitt points out, have had to accept, as a rule, the descriptions of lesions as seen in man and then amend them by notes from lectures, has strongly appealed to us as instructors of veterinary students, and will find, we believe, an equal appreciation from others whose work has fallen in similar lines.

The book reflects well the tendency of modern pathological viii Preface to American Edition.

teaching to devote considerable effort to direct the thought of the reader along lines of pathological physiology, to make the student reason for himself from given anatomical data and appearances as to the necessary functional faults and failures which would follow. Pathological anatomy is, of course, fundamental and finds its place on every page ; but the author has had in mind the application of pathology to the living diseased animal, and the anatomical descriptions and discussions serve as a basis for explanation of the development of the processes and the functional faults the diseased animal must necessarily manifest. The chapters on disturbances of the circulatory, respiratory and other functions are, of course, brief, but they are by no means superficial and indicate well the lines of necessary study for the practicing physician and are stimulative to thought on the part of the student.

The value of such a work is not confined to the veterinarian ; the intimate relations comparative pathology bears to the study of human medicine and the need that experimentalists should be in the best possible position to appreciate the reactions peculiar to various species of experiment animals require of pathologists broader and broader powers of recognition. Much of the criticism against animal experimentation has its only force in that in the hands of men unfamiliar with the animals utilized, both in their normal life and in their pathological reactions, the best results are not obtained, at least not appreciated, by such workers in return for the sacrifice entailed. The best is accomplished, other things being equal, by men whose training comprehends a broad biological and physiological experience and who are familiar with the peculiarities of physiological reaction and anatomical changes to be met in the animals employed under the operation of given pathogenic influences. Such works as the present volume, introductory to the fuller Special Pathology in the companion volumes of the German edition, have therefore a proper place on the shelves of every pathologist, whether his work deals with human or with comparative problems as its major field.

In presenting the book to our English-speaking colleagues and students, the editor and translator have endeavored to follow closely Professor Kitt's language, although no attempt to be absolutely literal in the translation has been made. Doubtless the effort to translate the German idiom to its English equivalent has often failed ; and we both appreciate the fact that unwittingly the

Preface to American Edition. ix

verbiage of the translation has sometimes, in the endeavor to keep close to the original, come to be somewhat complicated for English text. The editorial notes, which are always enclosed in special brackets ([ ]), have purposely been kept within brief limits, because of our realization of the sufficiency of the work for the introductory purposes for which it is intended by the author, and because of a desire to keep the size of the book near the limits of the original edition. We feel that for use at the hands of graduate physicians the book as it stands meets the purpose for which it was written ; for student purposes, as a handbook as well as a general text, it would perhaps have been regarded as an advantage to have added descriptive matter to the tables of the vegetable and animal parasitic organisms and to have expanded the text somewhat in connection with minute anatomy, thus giving it a fuller adaptation to laboratory studies. A number of illustrations have been generously added by the publishers with this latter view in mind. These illustrations, made by the well-known artist, Louis Schmidt, include figures 63, 82, 86, 89, 91, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, in and 125; and it is thought that the book, with such additions, will find a fuller place as an aid to the student in the laboratory of pathological histology.

The publishers have not spared expense to make this work possible in the translated form, and by their interest have, we feel, placed the profession under obligations. For ourselves the venture is in no sense a financial one, and if others will find, as we hope, that our efforts have aided in pressing forward the general good for both veterinary and human medicine, our compensation will be ample.

Allen J. Smith.

William W. Cadbury.

September, 1906. •

Table Of Contents

PAGE

Preface to American Edition vii

Introduction i

Definition of Pathology ; Conceptions of Disease ; Processes of Disease.

Disposition Toward Disease 16

Predisposition and Immunity ; Defensive Mechanisms of the Body.

Congenital and Inherited Disease 30

Placental, Intrauterine Origin of Disease ; Germinal Variation ; Germinative Predisposition ; Hereditary Conditions.

Disturbances of Nutrition and Alimentation 36

Respiratory Disturbances 38

Excessive Functional Activity. 40

Chilling 45

Electrical Agencies 48

Mechanical and Traumatic Agencies 49

Chemical or Toxic Agents 50

Microbic or Infectious Agents 54

Course and Termination of Disease 91

Symptoms, Diagnosis, Natural and Artificial Means of Recovery, Death.

Circulatory Disturbances [06

I Hsturbances of Cardiac Efficiency 106

Local Variations in Amount of I Mood in a part (Hyperemia, Anaemia) 109 xii Table of Contents.

*

' PAGE

Haemorrhage 119

Dropsy and (Edema

Occlusion of Blood Vessels (Thrombosis and Embolism) -

Alterations of the Blood (Plethora, the Anaemias, Leukaemia) 156

Disturbances of Metabolism, Retrograde Changes and Necrotic

Processes . 165

Disturbances of Heat Regulation, Overheating, Fever. 165

Cloudy Swelling 190

Hyaline Degeneration 199

Mucoid Degeneration 202

Colloid Degeneration 204

Glycogenic Infiltration 205

Amyloid Degeneration 205

Calcification and Concrement Formation. . . . • 216

Processes of Repair and New Formation . 232

Botryomycosis *. 324

Tumors ( Autoblastomata) 325

* Table of Contents. xiii

PAGE

Functional Disturbances 423

Nervous Disturbances; Disturbances of Motion 423

Digestive Disturbances 436

Respiratory Disturbances 448

Disturbances of Urinary Excretion 454

Disturbances of the Thyroid Function 459

Disturbances of the Sexual Function 461

. Disturbances of the Cutaneous Function 462

Index 465