The second war with England

Preface

More books, probably, have been written on the War of 1812 than on any other portion of our history. The great. poHtical leaders of that time were so vindictive in their animosities, and took such strong and decided ground on all political questions, that the success of one or the other afterwards in public life depended very much on his conduct during the war. Hence, much detached and personal history has been written in order to clear up or illustrate some particular event. A candidate for public office was often chosen for his services in the war ; hence, every portion of it in which he took part was thoroughly investigated by both friends and foes. So if one had failed* in that trying period of the country, the world was sure to hear of it when he came up for the suffrages of the people. The war proved very unfortunate for some of the leaders, and court martials and disgrace closed the career of many which had hitherto been bright and prosperous. These men have written long pamphlets and books in self-defence, or they have been written

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by their descendants, so that if hearing both sides would aid the reader in coming to a correct conclusion, he was pretty sure to reach it. When so many quarrels are to be settled the public will not fail to be informed all about the origin of them. Another class of works have b(*en written, designed only to furnish a synopsis of the war, and scarcely reach to the value of histories. Others have been confined solely to the military and naval movements — others still are devoted almost exclusively to political matters of that period ; so that notwithstanding the large supply of works on the War of 1812, I know of none in which all these difFei'ent topics are even attempted to be combined in proper proportions. The present work is an effort to accomplish that end without being too voluminous on the one hand, or too general on the other. I have endeavored to give impressions as well as facts — to trace the current and depict the phases of public feeling, rather than inflict on the reader long documents and longer debates, in which everything that gave them life and interest was carefully excluded by the reporter.

The eflfects of the fierce conflict waged between the Federalists and Democrats during the war have not yet passed away, and many of the actors in it are still living, who retain their old prejudices and hatred. Their near descendants and relatives, though so many of them are found in the ranks of democracy, still defend the memory of those whose names they bear, and endeavor to throw discredit on the writer who would rob them of reputation, and consign them to the obloquy they deserve. In a war like the late one with Mexico, where almost every officer was a hero, and in narrating the progress of which the historian is called upon only to eulogize,

PREFACK. VU

his task is an easy one. But in one like that of 1812, in which the most conspicuous leaders met with signal defeat and disgrace, and instead of winning reputation, lost that which had illustrated them in the revolutionary struggle, the historian necessarily recalls feuds and assails character, which is sure to bring down on him the maledictions and open condemnation of friends and relations. A noble man and true patriot, like General Dearborn, will never want friends who will deny his incompetency as commander-in-chief, while one who had won so brave a name in the revolution, and was so estimable a man in social life as General Hull, must always be defended by those in whose veins his blood flows. The inefficiency and blunders of the government remain to this day to many a sufficient apology for the conduct of Wilkinson, Hampton and others.

Having no animosities to gratify, and no prejudices to favor, I have set down nought in malice, but have endeavored to ascertain, amid conflicting testimony, the exact truth, without regarding the friendly or hostile feelings the declaration of it might awaken. In many cases I have withheld much that was personal, because it was not necessary to my purpose, and useless only in self-defence. That I should reconcile difficulties which have never yet been healed, and please rivals who have ever hated each other, was not to be expected. I have attempted also to give a clear impression of the political and social feelings of the times, and make the reader, as far as lay in my power, live amid the scenes I depict.

Two new features have been introduced into the present work, which I though necessary to a complete history of the war, viz., privateering and the Dartmoor Piison.

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It would be impossible to give all the authorities to which I am indebted. State papers, records, journals, Gazettes ot the time have been consulted, as well as histories, while I have earnestly sought for information from the survivors of the war. In many cases I have omitted references to books in which facts I state are found recorded, because I came across them in old pamphlets, letters, and newspaper paragraphs, where, probably, the original compiler also obtained them. I cannot omit, however, acknowledging the vast aid I have derived from Niles' Register. A more valuable periodical was never published in this country, IngersoU's History also, though very deficient in arrangement, contains more valuable material than any other work embracing the same period.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I

Chapter 1. A Review Of The Causes Leading To The Second War With England

Duplicity and oppressive acts of the British Government contrasted with the forbearance of the United States— Character of Madison— Debates in Congress on War measures — Declaration of War, 15

CHAPTER H.

Different feelings with which the Declaration of War was received — State of the parties at the commencement— Federalists and Democrats — Their hostility — Absurd doctrines of the Federalists — Hostility of New England — Unprepared state of the country — Culpable neglect of the government — Comparative strength of the two navies— Empty state of the Treasury— Inefficiency of the Cabinet, ...'..,... B8

CHAPTER HI.

Plan of the Campaign— General Hull sent to Detroit— British oflScers first receive news of the declaration of war — Capture of Hull's baggage, etc. — Enters Canada and issues a proclamation, and sends out detachments — Colonels McArthur and Cass advance on Maiden— Hull refuses to sustain them — Kecrosses to Detroit— Van Home's defeat— Colonel Miller defeats the enemy, and opens Hull's commuuications — Strange conduct of Hull — Advance of the British — Surrender of Detroit — Indignation of the officers — Beview of the Campaign — Eising of the people— Harrison takes command —

Advance of the army, .... , TO

1*

CONTEISTTS.

Page

CHAPTER IV.

Operations on the New York frontier— B&ttle of Queenstown— Death of Brock — Scott a prisoner— General Smythes Proclamation and abortive attempts — Cm-sed by the army — Duel with General Porter — Retires in disgrace — Dearborn's movements and failures— Ee view of the campaign on the New York frontier — Cuaiacter of the officers and soldiers, ...... 98

CHAPTER V.

THE NAVY.

The Cabinet resolves to shut up our ships of war in port— Eemonstrance of Captains Bainbridge and Stuart — Kodgers ordered to sea — Feeling of the crews — Chase of the Belvidere — Narrow escape of the Constitution from an English fleet — > ruise of the Essex — Action between the Constitution and Guerriere— Effect of the victory in Enghmd and the United States — United States takes the Macedonian — Lieutenant Hamilton carries the captured colors to Washington— Presented to Mrs. Madison in a ball-room— The Argus — Action between the Wasp and Frolic — ( onstitution captures the Java — Hornet takes the Peacock— Effect of these Victories abroad, . 125

CHAPTER VH.

Harrison plans a winter campaign— Advance of the army— Battle and massacre at the River Raisin— Baseness of Proctor — Promoted by his Government — Tecumseh, his character and eloquence — He stirs up the Creeks to War- Massacre at Fort Mimms — Investment of Fort Meigs — Advance of Clay's reinforcements and their destruction — Successful eortie — Flight of the besiegers—Major Croghan's gallant defence of Fort Stephenson, . . . ITT