The Indian races of North and South America: comprising an account of the principal aboriginal races; a description of their national customs, mythology, and religious ceremonies: the history of their most powerful tribes, and of their most celebrated chiefs and warriors

Front matter

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Preface

From the size of this volume, as compared with the variety and extent of the subjects under examination, it will be readily perceived that minuteness of detail has been impossible.

In describing the adventures and proceedings of the pioneers in the settlement and civilization of the Western Continent, the interesting nature of the narrative may have led the author, in some instances, away from the immediate object of his attention, viz: the manners, peculiarities, and history of the aboriginal inhabitants. He trusts, however, that where this may appear to be the case, it will generally be found to have resulted from the inseparable manner in which the history of the natives and those who have supplanted them is interwoven.

So far as has proved convenient or practicable, localities will be found to be in such a manner pointed out or referred to, that the reader who is ordinarily well acquainted with the geography of the country will seldom be at fault. Upon this point, the opening of the fifth book of "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith," is worthy the attention of all historical writers. It runs thus:

"Before we present you the matters of fact, it is fit to offer to your view the Stage whereon they were acted; for, as Geography without History seemeth a carkasse without motion, so, History without Geography wandereth as a Vagrant, without a certaine habitation."

The works which have been carefully examined by the author in the prosecution of his design, and from which most of the facts embodied in this outline of history and description have been obtained, are the following:

American Antiquities and Researches into the Origin and History of the Red Race ; by Alexander W. Bradford ;

The Biography and History of the Indians of North America ; by Samuel G. Drake ;

The Natural History of Man; by James Cowles Prichard ;

Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians ; by George Catlin ;

PREFACE.

The History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States ; by Henry R. Schoolcraft, LL. D ;

The United States' Exploring Expedition; by Commander Charles Wilkes ;

Indian Biography ; by B. B. Thacher ;

Mc Intosh's Book of the Indians ;

Travels of Capt. Jonathan Carver through the Interior of North America, in 1776-7-8 ;

Indian Wars of the United States ; by William V. Moore ;

The History of the Conquest of Mexico; from the Spanish of Don Antonio De Solis ;

The Conquest of Mexico ; by Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Regidor of the city of Guatemala, written in 1568 ; I Prescott's Conquest of Mexico ;

Conquest of Mexico and Peru; Harper's series of Tales from American History ; I Robertson's History of America ; j The Invasion and Conquest of Florida, under Hernando de Soto, -written by a gentleman of the town of Elvas ;

Irving's Conquest of Florida ;

The Territory of Florida ; by John Lee Williams;

The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captaine Iohn Smith; from the London edition of 1629 ;

The Life of Captain John Smith ; by W. G. Simms ;

; The History of the Indians of Connecticut ; by John W. De Forrest ;

! Baylie's Memoirs of Plymouth Colony ;

| Barber's Historical Collections, in Massachusetts and Connecticut;

I The Rev. William Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars in New England ; written in 1775 ; The History of Philip's War ; by Thomas Church, a son of Capt. Benjamin Church ;

j New England's Memorial; by Nathaniel

I Morton, published in 1669 ;

| The Publications of the Massachusetts Historical Society, especially those relating to the Early Settlements in New England ; including, among other documents, the Relations of G. Mourt and E. Winslow concerning the Pilgrims at Plymouth ; Letters and Writings of Roger Williams ; Gookin's Historical Collections, &c, &c. Schoolcraft's Notes on the Iroquois ;

Stone's Life of Jos. Brant— Thayendanegea ; Memoirs of William Penn; by Thomas Clarkson ;

Heckewelder's Narrative of the Mission of

the United Brethren among the Delaware

and Mohegan Indians ; The Life of William Henry Harrison, with a

History of the Wars with the British and

Indians on our North-western Frontiers ; The Adventures of Daniel Boone ; by the

author of Uncle Philip's Conversations ; The History of the American Indians; by

James Adair, for forty years a resident

and trader among them ; Cobbett's Life of Andrew Jackson ; The Histoiy of Georgia; by Capt. Hugh

Mc Call;

The Adventures of Capt. Bonneville in the Far West, and among the Rocky Mountains ; by Washington Irving ;

Cox's Adventures on the Columbia River ;

BaiTow's Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions ;

Back's Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition ;

Greenland, the Adjacent Seas, and the North-west Passage ; by Bernard O'Reilly ;

Parry's Journal of a second voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage ;

Mackenzie's Inland Expedition to the Arctic Ocean ;

Purchas, his Pilgrimage ;

The Modern Traveller; by Josiah Conder, Articles on South America ;

Spanish America; by R. H. Bonnycastle ;

Irving's Life of Columbus ;

Indian Tribes of Guiana ; by Rev. W. H. Brett ;

Alexander de Humboldt's Travels in South

America ; Prescott's Conquest of Peru ; Travels in Peru ; by Dr. J. J. Von Tschudi,

translated from the German by Thomasina

Ross ;

The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili ; by Abbe don J. Ignatius Molina ; translated from the original Italian by an American Gentleman ;

John Mawe's Travels in the Interior of Brazil ;

Head's Journey to the Pampas and the Andes.

Contents

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. page Chapter I. Origin of the North American Indians-Some of their General Customs

and Peculiarities, „' ; ' t .' !

Chapter II. Religion of the Indians-Then Weapons and System of Warfare- ^ Their Lodgings, Dress, Ornaments, &c

AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.

Chapter I. United States' Territory, &c. • ^

Chapter II. Antiquities of Mexico, &c. • Chapter III. Antiquities of South America, ....«••■

THE ABORIGINES OE MEXICO.

Chapter I. General Remarks-Expedition of Grijalva-Hernando Cortez, . . 54 Chapter II. Battles with the Natives-Conciliatory Intercourse-Donna Manna, . 63 Chapter III. Communications with the Mexican Emperor-The Zempdallans and

. • Go

Quiavistlans,

Chapter IV The March to Tlascala-Occupation of the City-Great Massacre at Cholula-Entrance into the City of Mexico, and Interview with Montezuma- Description of the Temple, &c * * .

Chapter V Seizure and Imprisonment of Montezuma-Execution of Qualpopoca and his Companions-Ominous Prospects-Expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez- Success of Cortez against him-Return to Mexico-Outrage by Alvarado, and Consequent Troubles-Death of Montezuma-The "Jfoche Tr is tt "-Battle of Obtumba, and Arrival at Tlascala, 87

Chapter VI. Preparations for the Attack on the City of Mexico— Building and Transportation of Brigantines-Siege laid to the City-Assault by the Spaniards, and their Repulse-Sacrifice of Prisoners-Capture of Gautimozin-Conquest of the Capital, 96

Chapter VII. Rebuilding of the City-Extension of Spanish Powers-The March to Honduras— Execution of Gautimozin— Donna Marina— Modern Mexico, . . 106

THE FLORIDA INDIANS.

Chapter I. Early Expeditions of Spanish Adventurers— Ponce de Leon— L. Velasquez de Ayllon— Pamphilo de Narvaez— Fernando de Soto : his Landing and Establishment at Tampa-Story of John Ortiz, a Spanish Captive among the Indians, 110 Chapter II. Progress Northward-Contests with the Natives— Vitachuco— Expedition to Cutifachiqui— Departure for the West, 116

Chapter III. From the Conquest by De Soto to the Year 1818-Missionary Operations by the Spaniards-Moore's Invasion of Florida-Bowles-Wars of 1812-

Defeat of the Seminoles by General Jackson, 122

Chapter IV. Commencement of the late Florida War— Treaty of Moultrie Creek- Treaty of Payne's Landing— Osceola-Destruction of Dade's Command-Battle of the Ouithlacoochie-Conference with Indian Chiefs by General Gaines, . . .126 Chapter V. Condition of East Florida-Gen. Scott's Campaign-Garrison besieged on the Ouithlacoochie-Occurrences during the Summer of 1836- Arrival of Creek Allies-Colonel Lane's Expedition from Tampa-Battle of the Wahoo Swamp- General Jessup appointed to the command in Florida, 134

CONTENTS.

PAGB

Chapter VI. Pursuit of the Seminoles Southward-Encounter on the Hatchee Lustee— Conference and Truce with the Indians— Renewal of the Treaty of Payne's Landing— Neglect on the part of the Indians to comply with its Provisions-Capture, Surrender, and Treacherous Seizure of various Chiefs— Death of Osceola— Colonel Taylor's Campaign, 140

Chapter VII. Various Minor Engagements— Surrender of Large Numbers of Indians-Continuance of Depredations-Blood-hounds from Cuba-Attack upon a Company of Actors- Seminole Chiefs brought back from the West to report their Condition to their Countrymen— Colonel Harney's Expedition to the Everglades- End of the War— Indians shipped West— Numbers still remaining in Florida, . 145

THE INDIANS OP VIRGINIA.

Chapter I. Expedition of Amidas and Barlow— Of Sir Richard Grenvffle— Of Bartholomew Gosnoll, with Captain Smith-Settlement at Jamestown- Visit to Powhatan-Improvidence and Difficulties of the Colonists-Exploration of the Chickahominy— Smith taken Prisoner— His Treatment by the Indians, . . .151

Chapter II. Court of Powhatan-Smith's Preservation by Pocahontas-Supplies by the Indians-Newport's Arrival-Smith's Expeditions up the Chesapeake, . 160

Chapter III. Coronation of Powhatan-Smith's Visit to Werowocomoco for Supplies—Treachery of Powhatan-Smith a second time Preserved by Pocahontas— Visit to Pamunky— Fight with the King of Paspahegh— Ascendancy of the English, 171

Chapter IV. Distress of the Colonies-Martin and West's Settlements- Arrival of Lord De la Warre— Retaliations upon the Natives— Seizure of Pocahontas : Her Marriage— Peace with the Indians— Pocahontas visits England: Her Death— Death of Powhatan— Pory's Settlement, ........ igj

Chapter V. The Virginia Massacre of 1622 and of 1641 (or 1644)— Death ofOpe* chancanough, ^

Chapter VI. Smith's Account of the Numbers, Appearance and Habits of the Indians, 194

NEW ENGLAND INDIANS.

Chapter I. Conduct of the Early Voyagers— Arrival of the May-Flower— Samoset— Tisquantum-Massasoit- Weston's Colony-Caunbitant's Conspiracy-Trade in Fire Arms-Thos. Morton— Death of Massasoit and Alexander, and Accession of Philip, 199

Chapter II. The Narragansetts— The Pequots— Murder of Stone and Oldham— Endicott's Expedition— The Pequot War— Destruction of the Pequot Fort— The Tribe Dispersed and Subdued, 20 9

Chapter III. Quarrel between the Narragansetts and Mohegans— Uncas and Miantonimo— The Mohegan Land Controversy— Subsequent Condition of the Pequots and Mohegans, 21g

Chapter IV. The Indians furnished with Fire- Arms— Situation of the Colonists- Philip's Accession— His Treaties with the Whites— His True Plans— Emissaries sent to Sogkonate— Captain Benjamin Church— His Interview with Awoshonks— Murder of John Sassamon, 22g

Chapter V. Attack on Swansey— Collection of Troops— Fight at Miles' Bridge* Philip driven from the Neck— Church at Punkatese— Destruction of BrookfieM, . 237

Chapter VI. Philip moves Westward— Attacks on Hadley and Deerfield— Goffe'the* Regicide— Destruction of Lathrop's Command— Assaults on Springfield and Hatfield —Expedition against the Narragansetts : Outrageous Cruelties in their Reduction- Philip on the Hudson— Destruct'n of Lancaster, Medfield, Seekonk,Groton, Warwick, Marlborough, &c— Canonchet taken, and put to Death— Further Indian Ravages, ' 246

Chapter VII. Philip's Return to Pokanoket-Major Talcott's Successes-Church Commissioned by the Court at Plymouth— His Interview with Awoshonks: with the Sogkonates at Sandwich— His Campaign against the Indians— Philip seen: his Wife and Son taken-Death of Weetamore, Queen of Pocasset— Death of Philip, . 256

CONTENTS. •

PAGE

Chapter VIII. Pursuit of Annawon and His Party-Daring Procedure of Captain Chur^

Chapter ik ibe Eastern Indians-Thdr Friendly Disposition-Seizure of those ^pUcated nPhUip's Conspiracy-French and Indian War in 1689-Attack on Co- Zco-Murder of Major Waldron-War of 1702-Church's Last Campaign-War ^

of 1722— Captain John Lovewell, ,

THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS.

Chapter I. General Outlines of Character, fcc.-Impressions of the Inh ab itants of ! New England respecting the Iroquois-Garangula : His Speech to M. de la Baxre, 280 Chapter II Iroquois Tradition relative to their Former History-A Brief Ac coult of the Cerent tribes belonging to the Confederacy, and the manner of the, ^

Union— Incidents of Early Warfare, l ' / ' "

ChaptekIII. Important Characters and Events of the Eighteenth Century-Brant- ^

CresaD's War, and History of Logan, • * * * *

Chapter IV. History of Brant continued: Connexion of the Six Nation, with the ^ War of the American Revolution, 313

Chapter V. Continuation of Revolutionary Incidents, . . . • • ■ Chapter VI. General Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquoie-Subsequent War- ^

Cha^^C^ 72 Six Nation subsequent lo the Re^n-Conclu-

8ion of Brant's History-Red-Jacket and Corn-Planter, ^

Chapter VIII. Present Condition of the Six Nations,

PONTIAC'S WAR.

Chapter II. Siege of Detroit-Battle of Bloody Bridge, THE D EL AW ARE S , SHAWANEES

AND OTHER TRIBES OF THE MIDDLE AND WESTERN STATES.

Chapter I. The Delawares-William Penn-St. Tammany-The Moravians-The Shawanees-French and Indian War-Braddock's Defeat-Massacre of the Canes- ^ toga Indians— Daniel Boone, ' * ,* *

Chapter II. Division of the Delawares- White-Eyes, and Pipe-Indian Confederacy of 1781-Attack on Bryant's Station, and Battle near the Blue Licks-General Clarke's Expedition-Disastrous Campaign of Harmar and St. Clair-Mihtary Operations of General Wayne-Decisive Battle near the Maumee Rapids, and subsequent ^ Treaty of Peace, * * " , _,, ,

Chapter III. Condition of the Indians subsequent to the Peace-The Prophet Elskwatawa-Tecumseh: His Plans and Intrigues-General Harrison's Expedition against the Prophet's town-Defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe-War of 1812- Harrison'! Invasion of Canada-Battle of the Thames, and Death of Tecumseh, 368 Chapter IV. Acquisition and Sale, by the United States, of Indian Land in Illinois -Black-Hawk-The Sacs removed west of the Mississippi-Return of Black-Hawk and his Followers-Defeat of Major Stillman-The Hostile Indians P^ued by ^Atkinson and Dodge-Their Defeat on the bank of the Mississippi-Black-Hawk s Surrender-He is taken to Washington-His Subsequent Career, . . . . d«o

INDIANS OE THE SOUTHERN STATES.

Chapter I. Early Location, Numbers, Character, &c, of the Catawbas ; of the Upper and Lower Cherokees; of the Muscogees or Creeks; of the Choctaws; of the Chickasaws-French War with the Natchez and Cnickasaws,

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chapter II. Colonization of Georgia-Early Intercourse with the Natives— Tomochichi— Intrigues of the Reverend Thomas Bosomworth— Cherokee War of 1759— Attakullakulla and Occonostota— Murder of Indian Hostages- Colonel Montgomery's Expedition— Destruction of the Eastern Cherokee Towns— Battle near Etchoe —Capitulation at Fort Loudon— Indian Treachery— Campaign of Colonel Grant, and Complete Reduction of the Cherokees, 399

Chapter III. Captain Steuart's Agency— Disturbance in 1767— Visit of Tecumseh to the Southern Tribes— Weatherford— Sack of Fort Mimms— War of 1813— General Jackson's Campaign— Battles on the Tallusahatchee ; at Talladega, Autossee, &c— The Hallibees— Defeat of the Indians at Horse-Sboe Bend— End of the War, . . 402

Chapter IV. The Removal of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi— Present Location and Condition of the other Tribes of the Southern States, .... 411

NORTHERN RACES.

Chapter I. The Esquimaux: their Manners and Personal Appearance— Accounts of Early Voyagers— Esquimaux Habitations, Food, &c— The Kaiak or Canoe- Sealing— The Rein-deer— Uses of the Dog— Patriarchal Government— Effects of Foreign Intercourse, 416

Chapter II. The Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula— Their Stature and Costume—' Snow Huts and then Furniture— Implements for Hunting and Sealing— Mental Traits > . . 426

Chapter HI. The Knisteneaux, Chippewas, &c . . , , , > 431

VARIOUS NATIONS AND TRIBES

BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

Chapter I. The Sioux or Dahcotas, and other Tribes of the same Race: Classiflcation-The Mandans: Their Number, Situation, Villages, &c.-Their Cemeteries- Affectionate Remembrance of the Dead, ^

Chapter II. Personal Appearance and Peculiarities of the Mandans— Their Hospitality and Urbanity— Their Cleanliness of Person— Their Dress-Portraits of Mandan Chiefs— Contrast between the Wild Tribes and those of the Frontier— Mandan Domestic Usages— Games and Dances— Training of the Youth— The Great Annual Religious Ceremony— The Mandans supposed to be of Welsh Descent— Annihilation of the Tribe by the Small-pox, '■ r 443

Chapter III. The Sioux, continued— Their Mode of Life— Maternal Affection— Exposure of the Aged— The famous Quarry of Red Pipe-stone— Nature of this Material —Indian Superstitions respecting it— The Bison or Buffalo— Horses of the Indians- Various Modes of Hunting the Buffalo— Wasteful Destruction of the Herds, . 455

Chapter IV. Indians of the Great Western Prairies— Their Summer and Winter Lodges— The Medicine-Bag— The Crows and Blackfeet— Races Hostile to the latter Tribe— Fortitude of a Blackfoot Warrior— The Crow Chief Arapooish and his Guest —Indian Conceptions of a Perfect Country— Story of Loretto and his Indian Wife- Adventures of Kosato, a Blackfoot Warrior, # 463

Chapter V. Tribes on the Columbia and its Tributaries— The Nez-Perces— Their Religious Character— The Walla-wallas— The Chinooks— Mode of Flattening the Head— The Botoque— Canoee of the Tribes on the Lower Waters of the Columbia —Fishing— Houses of the Flat-heads, 473

Chapter VI. The Shoshonees, or Snake Indians— The Shoshokoes, or Root-diggers— Extent of Country occupied by the Snakes— The Camanches : Their Horsemanship, Mode of Life, Dwellings, &c— The Pawnee Picts— The Nabajos and Moques, . 477

CONTENTS.

SOUTH AMERICA.

TRIBES OF THE WEST INDIES,

AND THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OE SOUTH AMERICA. FAGS

Chapter I. Indians first seen by Columbus-Landing at Guanahani-Natives of Cuba-Embassy to the Grand Kabn '.-Discovery of Hayti, and Intercourse with the Natives-Guacanagari-Wreck of the Admiral's Vessel-Honesty and Hospitality of the Native Inhabitants-Trade for Gold-Building of the Fortress of La Navidad-Departure of the Nina-The Ciguayans-Disorders and Destruction of the Garrison at La Navidad-Fort of St. Thomas, ' ■/

Chapter II. Indians of Jamaica-Cruise along the Southern Coast of Cuba-Speech of an Indian Counsellor-Difficulties at the Fortress of St. Thomas-Its Siege by Caonabo-Efforte of Columbus to restore Order-Great Rising of the Indians of Hispaniola-Their Defeat-Tribute Imposed- Visit of Bartholomew to Xaraguay- Further Insurrection in the Vega-Bobadilla as Viceroy-Cruelties practised on the Indians-Las Casas-Incidents related by Punmas— Administration of Ovando- Expedition against Xaraguay— Reduction of Higuey, 49o

Chapter III. The Caribs-Their Islands First Visited by Columbus-Origin and Location of the Race-Tokens of Cannibalism seen by the Spaniards— Cruise among the Islands— Demeanor of Prisoners taken-Return to Hispaniola— Destruction of the Fortress at that Island-Capture of Caonabo: His Death-Expulsion of the Natives from the Caribbee Islands, '

Chapter IV. Indians of Guiana and Venezuela-Classification-The Arawaks- First seen by Columbus-Entry into the Gulf of Paria-Hospitality of the Natives -Raleigh's Visit to the Orinoco-Early Wars of the Arawaks-Victoiy over the Caribs-Maroon Negroes-Present Condition of the Arawaks-Other Tribes of the Interior— General Description,

THE ABORIGINES OE PERU.

Chapter I. Physical Peculiarities of the Quichuas, Aymaras, Atacamas, and Changos-Nature of the Country-Peruvian Works of Art, &c.-First Rumors of the Wealth of the 'Country— Expedition of Pascual de Andagoya— Francisco Pizarro: His First Voyage of Discovery- Almagro's Voyage-Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque— The Second Expedition— Pizarro and his Companions upon the Isle of

Gorgona— Continuation of the Voyage— Return to Panama,

Chapter II. Mythological Traditions-Topa Inca Yupanchi, and his Son Huayna Capac-The Peruvian Capital-Religious System-Government-Agrarian Law- Llamas-Public Records : The « Q^»-Agricultee-Marriages-Warlike Policy of the Incas— The Great Roads-Contentment of the Natives-Division of the Em-

pire: Huascar and Atahuallpa— Contest for Supremacy,

Chapter IH. Pizarro's Visit to Spain, and Application to the Emperor-His Four Brothers-Funds procured for a New Expedition to Peru-Vessels again fitted out at Panama-Landing of the Spaniards upon the Peruvian Coast-Plunder at Coaque -The March towards Tumbez-Battles on the Isle of Puna-Tumbez Deserted- Settlement of San Miguel-March into the Interior-Passage of the Andes-Messages from Atahuallpa— Entry into Caxamalca,

Chapter IV. First Interview with the Inca-Plans for his Capture— Entry of Atahuallpa into Caxamalca-Address of the Chaplain- Attack by the Spaniards: Fearful Massacre of the Natives, and Seizure of the Inca-Prisoners and Plunder obtained-The Promised Ransom-Hernando Pizarro's Visit to Pachacamaca-

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Challcuchima— Messengers sent to Cuzco— Immense Treasure collected at Caxa-

malca— Trial and Murder of Atahuallpa, 551

Chapter V. March towards Cuzco— Opposition of the Natives— Death of Toparca, and Murder of Challcuchima— Manco Capac— Entry into the Capital— Booty obtained—Escape of Manco, and General Insurrection— Siege of Cuzco— Reverses of the Spaniards— Civil Wars— Further Hostilities of Manco Capac— Cruel Treatment of the Natives— Death of Manco Capac— Reforms under Pedro de la Gasca— Tupac Amaru— Insurrection of 1781— Present Condition of the Peruvian Indians, . . 563

THE ARAUCANIAN RACE.

Chapter I. Their Location, Appearance, &c— Purchas' Description of Chili— Division of the Tribes— Peruvian Conquests— Agriculture, Arts, &c, among the Natives — Almagro's Invasion— Expedition of Pedro de Valdivia— Founding of St. Jago— Battles with the Mapochinians— Destruction of Spanish Miners— Peace with the

Promaucians, ~j

Chapter n. The Araucanians Proper— Character and Habits of the Tribe— Houses and Dress— Sectional Divisions and Government— System of Warfare— Courage and Military Skill— Religious Belief and Superstitions— Patriotism and Public

Spirit of the Natives— Molina's Eulogium, . 579

Chapter III. Army sent to Oppose the Progress of the Spaniards— Battle oil the Adalien— Lincoyan's Campaign— Valdivia's March Southward— Foundation of Valdivia, and Establishment of Forts in the Araucanian Territory— The Natives roused by Colocolo— Caupolican made Toqui— His Successes— Great Victory over the Spaniards— Death of Valdivia— Invasion of Arauco by Villagran— His Defeat- Destruction of Conception— Lautaro's Fatal Expedition Against Santiago, . . 585 Chapter IV. Don Garcia de Mendoza ; His Establishment at Quiriquina— Fort of Mount Pinto attacked by Caupolican— Don Garcia's Invasion of Arauco ; His Cruelties-Expedition to Chiloe— Artful Management of the Cunches-Seizure and Cruel death of Caupolican— Subsequent Successes of the Spaniards— Retreat of the Natives to the Marshes of Lumaco— Indian Victory at Mount Mariguonu— General*

Summary of Succeeding Hostilities, ^ 594

Chapter V. Viceroyalty of Martin Loyola— Paillamachu— Renewal of the War- Loyola Slain— General Insurrection of the Natives— The Spaniards Driven from the Country South of the Bio-Bio— Bloody Campaigns under several successive Toquis —Peace of 1640— Ten Years' War— Subsequent Treaties and Hostilities— Present Position of the Araucanians, gQ2

INDIAN TRIBES OF BRAZIL.

Chapter I. Physical Characteristics— Pinzon's Discoveries— Landing of Pedro Alvarez Cabral upon the Brazilian Coast— Expedition under Vespucius— Cannibalism —Colonization of the Country, and Wars with the Natives— Fate of Juan de Solis, at the Estuary of La Plata— Settlement of Bahia de Todos Santos by Diogo Alvarez —The Jesuits— Particulars of the Cannibal Propensities of the Natives— The Boto-

Chapter H. Success of the Portuguese Against the Natives— Their Contests with Settlers from other Countries of Europe— English Colony at Paraiba— Expulsion of Guarani Tribes from their Countiy on La Plata— Division of Brazilian Nations- Daily Routine of Indian Life in the Forests— Reflections,

THE PAMPAS INDIANS Their Horsemanship— Their Mode of Life— Sir Francis Head's Description of the Race— Female Captives among the Indians-Trading Visits to European Settle-

CONTENTS.

PAGE

ments— Classification of Tribes— Change in their Condition by the Introduction of European Domestic Animals, ..... • 624

THE PATAGONIANS.

Early Exaggerated Reports concerning them— Race to which they belong— Nature of the Country— Terra del Fuego— General Description and Classification of the Inhabitants— Captain Fitzroy's Narrative— Physical Conformation of the Natives- Scantiness of their Clothing— Their Huts, Resources for Food, etc.— Fuegians carried to England by Fitzroy— Attempt at the Introduction of Agriculture on the Island— Pecherais described in Wilkes' Narrative of the United States' Exploring Expedition, * 629

INDIAN POPULATION Of the United States and Territories, ■ ■ • • 485

IMPORTANT ERAS AND DATES Of Interesting Events in Indian History, .......

INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS—SOME OF THEIR GENERAL CUSTOMS AND PECULIARITIES.

"Like leaves on trees the race of man is found, Now green in youth, now withering on the ground; Another race the following spring supplies." — Biad.

It were far easier to foretell the period when the extinction of the Indian races must be cons u mmated, and to explain the causes that must sooner or later terminate their national existence, than to trace back their early history.

Even a succinct account of the various theories, with the arguments upon which they are based, as to the probable sources whence the early inhabitants of the Western hemisphere derived their origin, would furnish matter for a volume : we shall therefore do little more than allude to the different hypotheses upon the subject, leaving the reader to follow up the inquiry, if his inclination so move him, by the examination of works especially devoted to the discussion of this vexed question.

The want of a written language among the aborigines of America; the blindness of the system of hieroglyphics used by the more advanced nations of. the continent; and the wild discrepancies in their fanciful oral traditions leave us little hope of satisfactorily elucidating the mystery by

INDIAN RACES OF AMERICA.

any direct information obtained from the people them selves. Analogies in physical conformation, customs, architecture, language, and religion, must form our principal clue in deciding the question of their origin.

That America was first peopled by wanderers from the Old World seems to be a conclusion to which most of those who have treated on the subject have arrived. Exclusive of the supposed necessity for maintaining the truth of Scriptural history by deducing all the races of the globe from a common ancestry, abundant facilities for an intentional or casual migration have been pointed out by geographers.

The numberless isles of the Pacific offer ready restingplaces for adventurous or bewildered navigators, and might have been peopled successively by wanderers from Southeastern Asia. Some of the natives of that portion of the Eastern continent possess a skill in nautical affairs which would abundantly qualify them for voyages as hazardous as any to which they would be exposed in crossing the Pacific from island to island in their swift proas. The near approach of the two grand divisions of the globe at Behring's Straits presents still greater facilities for a passage from one to the other, when the waters are closed by ice, during the severe Northern winter, or when they lie open, affording a free passage for canoes.

That the North-eastern portions of America were visited and probably peopled, at a very early date, by adventurers from the North of Europe seems to be fully established. Many wild and improbable legends indeed exist, touching these early voyages, and we can sympathise with the manner in which the old historian of Virginian colonization dismisses the subject: "For the stories of Arthur, Malgo, and Brandon, that say a thousand yeares agoe they were in the North of America, or the Fryer of Linn, that by his black Art went to the North Pole in the yeare 1360. In that I know them not. Let this suffice."

Modern investigation lias brought to light abundant evidence of visits by the Northmen to Greenland and the neighboring American coast, at the close of the tenth and in the beginning of the eleventh centuries, and it is not improbable that intercourse had subsisted betw een the two countries at a much earlier period. The marked difference between the Esquimaux Indians and all other tribes of the Western continent points plainly to a separate | ancestry. We shah speak more at large upon this subject when we come to treat of the natives of that vast and desolate region lying between the Canadas and the frozen seas of the North.

Vague accounts of islands or continents at the West are found°in the works of many early writers. The Atlantis of Plato, the Hesperides, and a host of other uncertain fables have been tortured by ingenious antiquaries into proof of more extensive geographical knowledge than is generally attributed to the ancients.

Some theorists have indefatigably followed up the idea that we are to search for the lost tribes of Israel among the red men of America, and have found or fancied resemblances, otherwise unaccountable, between Indian and Hebrew words, ceremonies, and superstitions.

Others have exhibited equal ingenuity in carrying out a comparison between the Moors of Africa and the Americans, claiming to establish, a near affinity in character and complexion between the two races. They suppose the Moorish immigrants to have arrived at the West India Islands, or the Eastern coast of South America, and thence to have spread over the whole continent.

However variant, in some particulars, the different jj nations of America may appear, there are peculiarities of language which are noticeable throughout the continent, and° which would seem to prove that neither of these nations has subsisted in an entirely isolated condition.

According to Humboldt; "In America, from the coun- ; try of the Esquimaux to the banks of the Orinoko, and again, from these torrid banks to the frozen climate of the Straits of Magellan, mother tongues, entirely different with regard to their roots, have, if we may u^e the expression, the same physiognomy. Striking analogies of grammat- | ical construction have been recognised, not only in the | more perfect languages — as that of the Incas, the Aymara, i I the Guarani, the Mexican, and the Cora, but also in lan- | | guages extremely rude. Idioms, the roots of which do ! | not resemble each other more than the roots of the Scla- j j vonian and Biscayan, haye resemblances of internal me- j j chanism similar to those which are found in the Sanscrit, I j j the Persian, the Greek, and the German languages."

Of the primary roots of the different Indian dialects, | 1 1 it is said that there are four more prominent than the rest, ' I and which can be traced over nearly the whole continent, j | These are the Karalit or Esquimaux, the Iroquois, the i

I Lenni Lenape, and that of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and I ! other tribes of the South.

The great body of the American aborigines, notwith-

I I standing the country over which they are distributed, have many features of physical conformation in common. The j

! \ exceptions to this general truth, exhibited principally in ' I ; the persons of the Esquimaux, and in certain white tribes at the West, deserve a separate consideration : at present, our remarks will be confined to the red men, and particu-

j larly to those of the present United States and territories. '

The appellation universally bestowed upon this people is 1

in itself a strange misnomer, and would hardly have obtain- ' j

! ed so generally, had not the error in which it originated :

been one which early voyagers were slow to acknowledge, j

The Americans have, indeed, usurped the name of those j for whom they were so long mistaken, and whom we are