A pictorial school history of the United States; to which are added the Declaration of independence, and the Constitution of the United States

Front matter

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Preface

The work here offered embraces several features which, it is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as desire that theii- pupils should acquire a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained from either of the author's previous and more elementary works.

It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state every important fact in the history in clear and concise language, so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events preceding it. No important event, it is believed, has been omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully understood.

The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numerous than in any other school history. This has been done as much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil; for, though the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requiring greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursiveness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and' injurious.

By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and uninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of requiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this

PREFACE.

logical connection of events on the part of the young student. This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely different character, and much more comprehensive than those at the foot of each page.

These review questions are, in the author's estimation, one of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly call into active exercise the pupil's power of continuous thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily induced.

It Avill be also observed that the work is copiously illustrated Avith maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presidents, and the general events in the history of the country from its discovery, are given with fullness and precision.

These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is believed, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions running through the book, and connecting the geography with the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil's attention, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as well as permanency to his knowledge of the subject.

The pronunciation of proper names has also been given more copiously than in either of the author's previous works, the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester.

While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor with which his fonner works have been received, the author submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less acceptable.

CO T^ TENTS

SECTION I.— Discoveries and Explorations Page 11

Columbus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15); De Ayllon (15); Cordova (16); Gri- .ialva (16); Cortez (16); Narvaez(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (IS); Cartier (18); Coligny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); Kaleigh(21); Amidas and Barlow (21); Grenville (22); Gosnold (22): Prins (23); Newport (25). "

SECTION II.— Colonial History 27

Virginia (27); Massachusetts (37. 52); New Hampshire (48); Connecticut (45); Khode Island (49); New York (60); New Jersey (66); Maryland (70); Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (78); Georgia (81).

SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 86

Events of 1753 (86); Events of 1754 (88); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 1758 (100): Events of 1759 (103); Events of 1760 (106); Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian War (108).

SECTION IV.— The American Revolution 110

Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (116); Events of 1776 (127); Events of 1777 (136); Events of 1778 (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 (163); Events of 1781 (174); Close of the Revolution, and events to the beginning of Washington's Administration (186) ; Table of the Names of the American Revolutionary Officers (190); Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution (191).

SECTION v.— From the beginning of Washington's Administration to the close of Jefferson's 1 94

Washington's Administration (194); John Adams's Administration (200); Jetferson's Administration (203).

SECTION VI.— Madison's Administration 210

Causes of the Second War with England (21(»); Events of 1812 (212); Events of 1813 (218); Events of 1814 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Principal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Principal Naval Battles (244); War with Algiers (244).

SECTION VII. — From the beginning op Monroe's Administration to THE close of Tyler's 243

Monroe's Administration (248) ; eTohn Quincy Adams's Administration (253); Jackson's Administration (254); Van Buren's Administration (261); Harrison''8 Administration (263) ; Tyler's Administration (264).

SECTION VIII. — From THE BEGINNING of Polk's Administration to the CLOSE OF Buchanan's : Page 269

Causes of the War with Mexico (270); Events of 1S46 (271); Events of 1847 (278); Table of the Principal Battles of the War (284); Taylor's Administration (;286); Fillmore's Administration (288); Pierce's Administration (289;; Buchanan's Administration (291).

8 CONTENTS.

SECTION" IX. — From the beginning of Lincoln's Administration to the

CLOSE OF Johnson's Page 297

Th« Great Rebellion (298); Events of 1862 (806) ; Events of 1863 (318) ; Events of 1864 (326); Events of 1S65 (337); Johnson's Administration (340).

Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the History of the

United States, from 1492 845

A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Prcsiden ts 359

A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 360

The Co.NSTiTiTTioN or the United States, with Questions and Explanations.

m:j?l.p»s.

PAGE

1. First Voyage of Columbns to America , 2

3. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 19

4. GosnokVs Expedition 23

5. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay 24

6. Environs of Jamestown. 29

7. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 37

8. German Ocean 39

9. Portsmouth and Vicinity 44

10. Vicinity of Long Island Sound 47

11. The State of New York 62

12. The Upper part of New Jersey, with Vicinity of Philadelphia 68

13. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 79

14. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War . . : 85

15. Oswego 96

16. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Vicinity 103

17. Boston and Vicinitv 120

18. Part of the Sorel River 124

19. Vicinity of Charleston 129

20. New York Bay 131

21. Central Part of New Jersev 136

22. Philadelphia and Vicinitv. " 142

23. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler 148

24. Saratoga and Vicinity.'. 149

25. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 164

26. Stony Point and Vicinity 169

27. New London and Vicinitv 183

28. Part of the Western States 192

29. Detroit and A'icinity 214

30. Niagara Frontier 215

81. State of Alabama 223

32. Part of Virginia and Maryland 237

33. Baltimore and Vicinity 238

34. Mobile and Vicinitv 239

35. Part of Florida. . . .' 257

86. Mexico, California, Texas, tfec 268

37. Taylor's Campaign in Texas and Mexico 271

38. Scott's Campaign in Mexico 279

39. Pensacola and Vicinity 295

40. Part of the Southern and Western States 300

41. Norfolk and Vicinity 312

42. Vicinity of Richmond 313

43. Part of the Southern States 320

44. Region Southwest of Washington 330

TO ILLUSTRATE 1!T SECTION, DISCOVERIES

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION I. Discoveries and Explorations

JXTENDINa FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607.

I. Christopher Columbus,* the discoverer of America, was born in the city of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. At an early age he manifested a predilection for the sea, and the most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters of the Mediterranean, and the west coast of Africa ; and he COLUMBUS. QYQM made a voyage towards

Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland.

II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, the usual route to India — the country in the southeast part of Asia with the adjacent islands being so called — was by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner

* Columbus was born about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506.

I. Questions. — 1. By whom was America discovered? 2. "Where was Columbus born ? 3. How is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America ?

II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time ? G. What part of the earth was then known as India? T. What theory did Columbus have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By m hat religious conviction was he also Influenced ?

reach India than by taking this route. He was also influenced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaveu to cany the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands.

III. His first application for aid was to the fvovernment of Genoa : it was i-efiised. After applying, without success, to the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by

Isabella {iz-a-hel'-lah), Queen of Spain, and he set sail from Palos {pah'-los), at the mouth of the river Tinto, in that country, with three vessels, namely : the Pinta [peentah), Santa Maria {snn'-tah ma-re'- ah), and Wmsi{ne'-)iah). The first land which he saw was one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Guanahani [gwah-nah-

hah'-ne)^ by him San Salvador, now known as Cat Island ;

and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered.

IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just described, his discoveries were confined to the islands between North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori-

* According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have been three diflferent discoveries of America; namely: — the first, during the period from one thousand to six hundred years before Christ, by navigators who sailed from Asia, through the Mediterranean ; the second, in the tenth century after Christ, by tlie Norwegians ; and the third, in 149i, by Columbus.

III. QuEST[ONS. — 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his theory ? 10 With what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal ? 12. What was the result? 13. Who finally did help him? 14. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 15. Give their names. 16. From what place did he set sail ? 17. In what part of Spain is Palos situated? (See map, p. 2.) IS. The Island which he first discovered belonged to what group? 19. How are the Bahama Islands situated? (See map, p. 10) 20. What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. What name did Columbus give to it? 22. What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? ^n-s. — IIolij /Saviour. 23. By what name is the island now known? 24. In what direction is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St. Augustine? (See same map.)

IV, 26. How many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 27. What can you say of the first two? 28. When did he make his third voyage? 29, What discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage ? 81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die?

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

noco, in South America ; and in the fourth and last, he examined the coast of Daricn. He still, however, believed that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of Eastern Asia [a' -shc-a), instead of a new continent, and in this conviction he died, being, as intimated, entirely ignorant of the real grandeur of his discovery.

V. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the continent, Amerigo Vespucci* (a-ma-re'-go ves-poot'-sht), an Italian navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He prepared accounts of these two voyages, which were published in Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called America.

VI. In 1497, one year before Columbus discovered the continent, and two years previous to Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII., of England, discovered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to discover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast

SEBASTIAN CABOT.

♦ Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.

V. Questions. — 32. When did Vespucci visit America ? 33. "What part of America did he visit? 34. How did the country come to be called America ?

VI: 35. What discovery was made in 1497 ? 36. What large island southeast of Labrador? (Sec map, p. 10.) 3T. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the continent? 38, Was the honor of naming this country rightly bestowed ? 39. Did that honor belong either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. Whi-n did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage. 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove?

from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — was explored; landings were made in several places, and natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and making use of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially to England, as, by reason of them, that country based her claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida.

VIL Twenty years a'fter Columbus's first and great discovery, Ponce de Leon* [p6n'-tha da la-on'), an aged Spaniard, sailed from Porto Rico (re'-co), in search of a wonderful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an unknown land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards cdXX Pascua Florida {^pah'-scno-ah jlo-re'-dali)^ it received the name of Florida. He continued his search alonir the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but, of course, without finding any such fountain.

VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been appointed governor of the country upon the condition that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, but was met by the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their

* Juan Ponce de Leon wa3 born in Leon, Spain. He died in 152L

VII. Questions. — i3. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a wonderful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. "Was he an old or a young man at the time? 46. What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover FIo« rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search besides the Bahamas? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands? (See map, p. 10.)

VIII. 52. Why did De Leon go to Florida a second time? 53. What appointment hud he received? 54. What further account can you give of him ?

ships, and De Leon himself received a mortal wound of which he died in Cuba.

IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the Governor of the Spanish colony at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole coast in the name of the Spanish crown.

X. About the time of De Leon's defeat in Florida, De Ayllon [ddail'-^on), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo {<lo-ming'-go). At a place in the southern part of South Carolina, a great number of natives were treacherously captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the two vessels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. Domingo, and many of the captives in the other sickened and died.

XI. It was not many months after this unprofitable speculation, that De Ayllon obtained the appointment as governor of Chicora (che-ko'-rah), the name given to that part of Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in fitting out an expedition to conquer the country The issue of this second enterprise was likewise disastrous : one of his ships, the largest and best, was stranded and lost ; many of his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for the treachery

* Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born in Spain, in 1475. Having been gnperseded in the governorship of the colony at Darien, and afterwards charged by the new governor with the design of making other discoveries without authority, he was tried and found guilty. Although he persisted that he was unjustly condemned, he was beheaded in conformity with the sentence, in 1517.

IX. Questions. — 55. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered ? 56. When was the discovery made? 57. What civil position did Balboa hold at the time? 5S. Where was he when he discovered the Pacific? 59. What ceremony did he observe ?

X. CO. Who was De Ayllon? 61. What enterprise did he engage in ? 62. What was the result?

XI. 63, What appointment did he afterwards receive? 64. What was the object of his second expedition? 65. What account can you give of it?

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

which he had previously been guilty of ; and he himself barely made good his escape.

XII. In 1517, Cordova, a Spanish navigator, sailed from Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yucatan. Upon his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization and riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a keen desire among the Spaniards to undertake their conquest. Accordingly Velasquez [va-lak'-ske'h), the governor of Cuba, sent an expedition under the direction of Juan de Grijalva [f/re-hahl'-vah)^ the result of which was very satisfactory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern coast of Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by trafficking with the natives.

XIII. Velasquez, then determining to conquer the Mexicans and get possession of their wealth, sent an expedition, consisting of eleven vessels and more than six hundred armed men, under the command of Fernando Cortez.

Cortez landed, in 1519, near Vera Cruz {ya'-rah Jcroose), ^'^^^'^^'^- and was at once met by

fi-iendly deputations from Montezuma {jnon-ta-thoo' -mah), the Mexican emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the city of Mexico, the Indian capital ; and by stratagem and boldness, and with the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally

XII. Questions.— 66. When was Yucatan discovered? 67. By whom? 68? What cau you say of the account which he gave? 69. What expedition was sent in consequence of this account ? 70. What did Grijalva accomplish ?

XIII. 71. What did Velasquez then determine upon ? 72. Who commanded the expedition against Mexico? 73. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 74. When did he land in Mexico? 75. At what place? 76. By whom was he met? 77. What account can you give of Cortcz's furthtr movements?

completed the conquest of the people, and Mexico became a province of Spain in 1521.

XIV. In 1528, Narvaez {narvah^-efh), having been appointed governor of Florida by the Spanish sovereign, sailed from Cuba to conquer and possess the country. The attempt proved most disastrous ; for, of the three hundred men who landed in Florida and penetrated the DE SOTO. wild regions, only four, after years

of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. These four men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally believed ; but to no one was credulity more disastrous than to Ferdinand de Soto* (da so'-to), a brave cavalier who had gained riches and military honors with Pizarro, in Peru.

XV. De Soto having solicited permission to conquer Florida at his own expense, the Spanish sovereign not only granted his request, but appointed him governor of Cuba, and of the immense territory to which the name of Florida was then vaguely applied. With a fleet of ten vessels and a gay company of six hundred armed men, he sailed for the New World in 1538. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior, toward the fancied land of gold.

XVI. After wandering for nearly three years in the wilder-

* De Soto was born in Spainy»in 1500. He died in 1542.

XIV. Questions. — 78. What expedition was undertaken in 1528? 79. Wliat was the result? 80. What opinion did De Soto entertain with regard to tlie wealth of Florida? 81. What successes had he previously met with ?

XV. 82. What request did he make of the Spanish sovereign ? S3. How was the request treated? 84. When did he sail for America? 85. Where did he leav his wife? 86. Where did he land? 87. In what part of Florida is Tampa Bay? (See map, p. 10.) 88. When did he commence his march?

iicss, encoiiiitering the hostility of the natives and suffering disasters and disappointments, De Soto sickened and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with fear, his body \vas sunk beneath the waters of the Mississippi, a river which he had discovered in 1541. After vainly trying to i-each Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his followers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico until they arrived at a Spanish settlement.

XVII. In 1524, Yerrazani [va-i'at-tsah'-iu'), a Florentine navigator, while sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of North America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland {iiew'-fand-lancl). To the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New France, a name which was afterwards restricted to the territory

vERRAZANi. of Cauada, and which was so retained

while that country remained in the possession of the French.

XVIII. No other explorations were made by the French until 1534. In that year and the following James Cartier* {car-tc-a') made two successful voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the name of his king. Though Cartier and the Lord of Roberval [ro-bare-vaV), some years after, undertook to colonize Canada, the French effected no permanent

* Cartier was born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. The time of his death is not known, though it is supposed he lived to an advanced age.

XVL Questions.— 89. What river did he discover? 90. "When did he discover the Mississippi ? 91. How long did he wander in the wilderness? 92. What finally became of him? 93. What was done by his followers after his death?

XVII. 94. Wliat exploration was made seventeen years beftjre De Soto discovered the Mississippi? 95. What name (Md Verrazani give to the region which he explored ? 96. To what territory was that name afterward restricted ? 9T. How long did Canada retain the name of New France?

XVIII. 9S. When, after the exploration made by Verrazani, did the French make other exjilorations? 99. Who commanded the expeditions? 100. How many voyages did he make in 15:34 and 15:?5? 101. Through what strait did he sail? (See map, p. 10.) 102. In what 3-eardid he discover the St. Lawrence? (See map, p. 10.) 103. "When was Qnebec settled? 104. By whom was it settled? 105i »Iow is Quebec situated ? (See map, p. 10.)

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608, by Champlain.

XIX. Quebec is not, however, the oldest French settlement in America, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia [sco'-she-ah), was settled three years before by De Monts [du-mou(/), a wealthy Huguenot. Port Royal was then spoken of as being in Acadia, a name which, at the time, was applied to the whole territory now included in Novtv Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands.

XX. More than forty years before the settlement of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, undertook to establish a colony — first in South Carolina and afterwards in Florida — as a place of refuge for their people. Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and aid of Jaspar Coligny* {ho-leen'-ye)^ Admiral of France. The first, intrusted to the command of John Ribault [re-bo'), reached the

* Colipny, or, as the dered at Paris, in 'i5"'.>.

is sometimes written, Coligiii, was born in France, in 1517. He was niur-

XIX. Questions. — lOG. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 107. In what year was Port Royal settled? 108. How is Port Royal situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Royal now known? 110. What territory was then called Acadia ?

coast in 1562. The colonists 4anded at Port Royal entrance, selected their place of refuge, and built a fort, to which they gave the name of Carolina, in honor of King Charles (Carohis) of France. It was thus that this country received its name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ribault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not ariiving, the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was made on the banks of the St. John's Riv^er, Florida.

XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River than Melendez, who had been appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would conquer the country within three years, departed on his expedition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augustine {aiv-gus-ttne') in 1565, which is the oldest in the United States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he surprised; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little more than two years after, De Gourges (du-goorr/), a brave soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's River, and hung two hundred captives upon the trees.

XXII. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In

XX. Questions. — 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to establish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view ? 113. Who aided and directed them? 114. Who commanded their first expedition? 115. Give an account of it.

116. In what direction from St. Augustine is Port Royal entrance? (See map, p. 10.)

117. When was the second expedition sent? 118. Where was a settlement made? 119. Describe the St. John's River. (See map, p. 10.)

XXI. 120. \Vhat was the fate of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's? 121. When and where did Melendez make a settlement? 122. What can you say of that settlement? 128. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged?

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS.

1583 he sailed a second time for America, and landed at Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erection of a pillar bearing- the arms of his government. While returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, and he, with all on board, perished.

XXII I. Sir Walter Raleigh* (raw'-lt), not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample patent, and sent two vessels, under the command of Amidas, and Barlow. The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, took possession of the country in the name of Ehza-