The centennial history of the United States

Front matter

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Preface

^^^HERE is nothing more worthy of a man's study than the M\ history of his country. In our own land, however, the ^h means of pursuing such a study are limited. Our great cities contain large and valuable public libraries, and the collections of our historical societies are rich and very complete ; but these are accessible only to the communities in which the}^ are located, and are practically useless to the majority of the American people. The great works of Bancroft and Hildreth cover but a portion of our history, and are removed from the reach of the masses by reason of their costliness. Besides these, the larger number of the works treating of American history are compendiums, or outlines intended for the use of schools, and are therefore unsatisfactory to the adult reader. The demand for a popular History of the United States which shall fill a place between these greater and smaller works has led the author to the preparation of this volume. He has endeavored to popularize the story of the nation, and at the same time to neglect nothing that could in the least contribute to a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject. He has sought to trace the history of the Republic from the discovery of the American continent to the present day, and has endeavored especially to fix the attention of the reader upon the various influences which have aided in moulding our national character, and have produced those distinctive political

and moral national traits which we call " American Institu-

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tions." He has endeavored to write from a broad national standpoint, and to cultivate in the minds of his readers that feeling of national patriotism which must ever be the safeguard of our country.

It is a fitting time to consider the story of the past, to learn the lessons which it teaches, and to ponder'the warnings which it conveys for the future. On the 4th of Jul}-, 1876, the United States of America will complete the first century of their national existence. The people of this country can look back upon this period with pride, and in this feeling may justly embrace the whole course , of our history. Less than four hundred years ago America was an unknown wilderness. Less than three centuries ago it passed into the hands of England, and was thus secured for the language and the free influences of the all-conquering Anglo-Saxon race. It was a precious heritage which was thus secured for liberty ; a land stretching from the frozen regions of the north to the sunny skies of the tropics, from the stormy Atlantic to the calm Pacific ; a land embracing every variety of climate, and a soil capable of producing almost every product of the earth, from the stunted herbage of the frozen regions to the luxuriant fruits of the tropics. The earth is rich in mineral deposits, from the homely, but invaluable, veins of coal, to beds of the most brilHant and precious minerals. It pours out in streams, oil for burning, gas that may be used fresh from the natural springs, salt that requires but the heat of the sun for its perfection, and beds of pure soda that cover the earth like the dust in the highways. In short, all that is needed for the preservation and comfort of animal and human life exists in this favored land in the greatest profusion.

Such is the land designed by God for the home of liberty. The people to whom He has intrusted it have not abused His

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goodness. In the short space of two centuries, the American people have grown from a small handful of hardy adventurers to a "mighty continental nation," increasing with a rapidity that is almost marvellous. They have built up their country on a scale of magnificence of which they are justly proud. They have covered it with powerful and free States, and splendid cities, connected by a network of railways, telegraphs, navigable rivers, and canals, which bind all the scattered parts into one solid whole. They have made a commerce and a system of manufactures before which the fabled wealth of Tyre sinks into insignificance. They have created a literature which commands the respect of the world; they have illustrated their history with deeds of arms not less splendid than their more peaceful achievements, and have given to the world names in every walk of life that will never die. They have shown that liberty and power can go hand in hand ; they have made themselves a nation in which God is feared, and of which Christianity" is the basis, in which ignorance and vice are despised, and in which the great lesson that liberty is possible only to an educated and virtuous people is being practically demonstrated.

This is a grand history — a record of the highest achievements of humanity — the noblest, most thrilling, and glorious story ever penned on earth. Yet the fact remains that the great mass of the American people are but imperfectly acquainted with it. There is a real need that we should know better than we do what we have done. It is only by a thoughtful study of our past that we can safely provide for the perils of the future. We have triumphed over adversity, and we are now called upon to bear the test of success. He can be no good citizen who is ignorant of his country's history.

In the preparation of this volume no authority of importance

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has been overlooked ; the author has carefully searched every source of information open to him ; and has availed himself of every fact that could throw new light upon, or impart additional interest to, the subject under consideration.

In the narration of military events, he has preferred to give each campaign as a whole rather than to mingle several by presenting the events in chronological order. At the same time he has sought to preserve the inter-relation of events in one field of operations to those in the others.

An honest effort has been made to do justice to both sections in the relation of the events of the civil war, and it is believed that each will admit the fairness and accuracy of the narrative. The author has made no attempt to intrude his own political views upon the reader, and has constantly ke})t in mind the purpose which has guided his labors — to write a national liistory free from sectional or partisan bias, which shall be acceptable to the whole country.

The book is offered to the public in the sincere hope that it may induce its readers to take to heart the lessons which our history teaches, and to set a higher value upon the precious heritage of constitutional liberty which our fiithers won for us with their blood, and handed down to us in trust for our children's children.

October 19th, 1875.

Chapter I. Primitive Inhabitants

Earliest Inhabitants of the United States— The Mound Builders — Remarkable Works constructed by them — Evidences of a Primitive Civilization — Indications of the Antiquity of this Period — The American Indians — Divisions of the Country among the Tribes — Names and Location of the various Tribes — Organization and Government of the Indians — Their Dress, Manners, and Customs — Villages — Indian Inventions — The War Dance — Legends of the Norsemen respecting the Discovery of America 33

Chapter II. The Voyages Of Columbus

Maritime Enterprise in the Fifteenth Century — Theories respecting the Earth's Surface — Christopher Columbus — His early Life — His Theory of a Western Passage to India — His Struggles to obtain the means of making a Voyage — Is aided by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain — His first Voyage — Discovery of America — Reception in Spain — His second Voyage — Settlement of Hayti — Third Voyage of Columbus — He reaches the ^Mainland — Discovery of Gold in Hayti — Troubles in the Colony — Columbus sent to Spain in Irons — Indignation of the Queen — Last Voyage of Columbus — His Sbipwreck — Returns to Spain — Refusal of Ferdinand to comply with his Promises — Death of Columbus — Amerigo Vespucci — Origin of the name Ameeica 45

Chapter III. English And French Discoveries

Discovery of the North American Continent by John Cabot — Voyages of Sebastian Cabot — The English fail to follow up these Discoveries — Efforts of the French to explore America — Voyage and Discoveries of Verrazzani — Cartier explores the St. Lawrence — Reaches Montreal — Efforts to found a Colony on the St. Lawrence — Failure — Roberval's Colony — Trading Voyages — Explorations of Champlain — Colonization of Nova Scotia — Founding of Quebec — Discovery of Lake Champlain — Arrival of the Jesuits in Canada — Death of Champlain 57

Chapter IV. The Spaniards In America

Settlement of the West Indies — Discovery of the Pacific Ocean — Voyage of Magellan — Discovery of Florida — Ponce de Leon's Search for the Fountain of Youth — Vasquez de Ayllon Kidnaps a Cargo of Indians — Effort of Paraphilo de Narvaez to Conquer Florida — A Terrible March — The Voyage on the Gulf of Mexico — Fate of the Fleet — Escape of Cabeza de Vaca and his Comrades — Discovery of New Mexico — Ferdinand de Soto — Obtains leave to Conquer Florida — Sails from Spain — Arrival in Cuba — Departure for Florida — Landing at Tampa Bay — Events o^ the first Year — De Soto enters Georgia — Descends the Alabama — Battle of Mavilla — Destruction of Chickasaw — Sufferings of the Spaniards — Discovery of the ^lississippi — The Spaniards Cross the Great River — De Soto in Arkansas — Reaches the Mississippi again — Sickness and Death of De Soto — His Burial — Escape of his Followers to Mexico — The Huguenot Colony in Carolina — Its Failure — The French Settle in Florida — Wrath of Philip II. — Alelendez ordered to Exterminate the Huguenots — Foundation of St. Augustine — Massacre of the French at Fort Carolina — The Vengeance of De Gourges 68

Chapter V. The First English Colony

The English Claim to America — Voyages of Frobisher— Exploits of Sir Francis Drake — Sir Humphrey Gilbert — Intends to found a Colony in America — Is lost at Sea — Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a. Patent of Colonization — Discoveries of Amidas and Barlow — Raleigh sends out a Colony to Virginia — Settlement on Roanoke Island — Its Failure — Arrival of Grenville — Second Effort of Raleigh to Colonize Virginia — Roanoke Island again Settled— The " City of Raleigh" — Virginia Dare— Fate of the Colony— -Death of Raleigh— Other Voyages of the English.. 86

Chapter VI. The Settlement Of Virginia

Formation of the London Company — Conditions of its Charter — Departure of the first Colony — Quarrels during the Voyage — Arrival in the Chesapeake — Settlement of Jamestown — Formation of the Government — Character of Captain John Smith — Exploration of the James River — Newport and Smith visit Powhatan — Smith Admitted to the Government — Explores the Chickahominy — Is Captured and Sentenced to Death — Is Saved by Pocahontas — Gains the Friendship of Powhatan for the Colony — Returns to Jamestown — His Decisive Measures — Return of Newport — Smith Explores the Chesapeake Bay — The new Emigrants — Smith compels them to Labor — Smith is Wounded and compelled to return to England — Disasters to the Colony — Arrival of Sir Thomas Gates — Jamestown Abandoned — Arrival of Lord Delaware — The Return to Jamestown — A Change for the Better— New Settlements — Sir Thomas Gates arrives with Reinforcements — Capture of Pocahontas by Captain Argall— She is Baptized— Marries John Rolfe — Sir Thomas Dale's Administration — Yeardley Governor — The first Legislative Assembly — Representative Government established in America — The Colonists obtain Wives — Changes in the Government 94

Chapter VII. Progress Of The Virginia Colony

Introduction of Negro Slavery into Virginia — Efforts of the Assembly to Restrict Slavery— The Indians Attempt the Destruction of the Colony — Terrible Sufferings of the Whites — Aid from England — The Indian War Begun — King James Revokes the Charter of the London Company — Charles I. Desires a Monopoly of the Tobacco Trade — Action of the Assembly — Sir William Berkeley's First Administration — Severe Measures against Dissenters — Close of the Indian War — Death of Opechancanough— Emigration of Royalists to Virginia — Virginia and the Common- •wealth — Treaty with England — The Assembly Asserts its Independence of the Governor — The Restoration — Berkeley Chosen Governor by the AssemlDly — His Hypocrisy 113

Chapter VIII. Virginia After The Restoration

Characteristics of the Virginians — Causes of the Success of the Royalists — Growth of the Aristocratic Class — Berkeley decides against the People — The Aristocratic Assembly Claims the Right to sit Perpetually — Deprives the Common People of their Liberties — Revival of the Navigation Act by Charles II. — The King bestows Virginia as a Gift upon his Favorites — Protests of the Assembly — Growing Hostility of the Virginians to the Colonial Government — The Indian War — The Governor Refuses to allow the Colonists to Defend themselves — Nathaniel Bacon — He Marches against the Indians — Rebellion of the People against Berkeley and the Assembly — The Convention — Repeal of the Obnoxious Laws — Berkeley's Duplicity — The People take up Arms — Flight of Berkeley — Destruction of Jamestown — Death of Bacon — Causes of the Failure of the Rebellion — Berkeley's Triumph — Execution of the Patriot Leaders — Berkeley's Course Condemned by the King — Death of Berkeley — The Unjust Laws Re-enacted — Lord Culpepper Governor — His Extortions — James II. and Virginia — Effects upon Virginia of the Revolution of 1688— William and Mary College Founded 121

Chapter IX. The Colonization Of Maryland

Extent of the Territory of Virginia — Clayborne's Trading-Posts established — Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore — Becomes interested in American Colonization — Obtains a Grant of Maryland — Terras of the Charter — A Colony sent out — Arrival in the Chesapeake — St. Mary's Founded — Character of the Colony — Friendly Relations established with the Indians — First Legislature of Maryland — Trouble with Clayborne — Rapid Growth of the Colony — Progress of Popular Liberty — Policy respecting the Treatment of the Indians — Clayborne's Rebellion — Law granting Religious Toleration enacted — Condition of Maryland under the Commonwealth — The People declared Supreme — Lord Baltimore recovers his Proprietary Rights — Characteristics of the Colony — Rapid Increase in Population — Charles Calvert, Governor — Death of the second Lord Baltimore — Roman Catholics disfranchised — Maryland becomes a Royal Province — Triumph of the Protestants — Annapolis made the Seat of Government — Restoration of the Proprietary Government — Continued Prosperity of Maryland 136

Chapter X. The Pilgrim Fathers

Rise of the Puritans — Their Increase in England — They are Persecuted by the English Church and Government — Conduct of James I. — His Hatred of Puritanism — Puritans take Refuge in Holland — The Congregation of John Robinson — They Escape to Holland — The Pilgrims — Their Sojourn at Leyden — They wish to Emigrate to Virginia — Failure of their Negotiations with the London Company — They form a Partnership in England — A Hard Bargain — Departure of the Pilgrims from Holland — Voyage of the "Mayflower" — Arrival in New England — The Agreement on board the " Mayflower " — Carver chosen Governor — Settlement of Plymouth — The first Winter in New England — SufTerings of the Pilgrims — Arrival of new Emigrants — Continued Suffering — Assignment of Lands— Friendly Literconrse with Indians— Samoset and Squanto — Visit of Massasoit — A Threat of War — Bradford's Defiance — Weston's Men — A Narrow Escape — The Colonists Purchase the Interests of their English Partners — Lands Assigned in Fee Simple — The ColoTiy Benefited by the Change — (ioveriunent of Plymouth — Steady Growth of the Colony 147

Chapter XI. Settlement Of Massachusetts And Rhode Island

Settlement of New Hampshire — The English Puritans determine to form a new Colony In America — The Plymouth Council — A Colony sent out to Salem under Endicott — Colonization of ]\Iassachusetts Bay begun — A Charter obtained — Concessions of the King — Progress of the Salem Colony — The Charter and Government of the Colony removed to New England — Arrival of Governor Winthrop — Settlement of Boston — Sufferings of the Colonists — Roger Williams — His Opinions give offence to the Authorities — The Success of the Bay Colony established — Growth of Popular Liberty— The Ballot Box — Banishment of Roger Willianis — He goes into the Wilderness — Founds Providence — Growth of Williams's Colony — Continued growth of Massachusetts — Arrival of Sir Henry Vane — Is elected Governor — Mrs. Anne Hutchinson — The Antinomian Controversy — Mi-s. Hutchinson banished — Settlement of Rhode Island — Murder of Mrs. Hutchinson 1G6

Chapter XII. Colonization Of Connecticut

The Dutdi Claim the Connecticut Valley — They build a Fort at Hartford — Governor Winslow makes a Lodgment in Connecticut for the English — Withdrawal of the Dutch — The First Efforts of the English to Settle Connecticut — Emigration of Hooker and his Congregation — They Settle at Hartford — Winthrop builds a Fort at Saybrooke — Hostility of the Indians — Visit of Roger Williams to Miantonomoh — A Brave Deed — The Pcquoil War — Capture of the Indian Fort — Destruction of the Pe(]U()(l Tribe — Effect of tills War upon the other Tribes — Connecticut Adopts a Constitution — Its Peculiar Features — Settlement of New Haven ISO

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Chapter XIII. The Union Of The New England Colonies

Feeling of the Colonies towards England — Hostility of the English Government to New England — Efforts to Introduce Episcopacy — Massachusetts Threatens Resistance — The Revolution in England — Establishment of Free Schools in New England — Harvard College — The Printing Press — The Long Parliament Friendly to New England — The United Colonies of New England — Rhode Island obtains a Charter — Maine Annexed to Massaclmsetts — The Quakers are Persecuted — Efforts to Christianize the Indians — John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians 188

Chapter XIV. New England After The Restoration

Arrival of the News of the Restoration of Charles 11. — The Regicides in New England — They are Protected — Revival of the Navigation Acts — Effect of this measure upon the New England Colonies — Massachusetts delays the Proclamation of the King — Connecticut obtains a Charter — Union of New Haven with the Connecticut Colony — Rhode Island given a new Charter — Massachusetts settles her difficulties with the Crown — Changes in the Government — High-handed acts of the Royal Commissioners — Troubles with the Indians — Injustice of the Whites — King Philip's War — A Forest Hero — An Incident in the Attack upon Hadley — Sufferings of the Colonies — Destruction of the Narragansetts — Death of Philip — Close of the War — England asserts her right to Tax the Colonies — Massachusetts buys Gorges* claims to Maine — New Hampshire made a separate Province— James II. revokes the Charter of Massachusetts — Dudley and Randolph in New England — Andros appointed Governor-General — His Tyranny— He demands the Charter of Connecticut — It is carried away and Hidden — The Charter Oak — Fall of James II. — The people of Massachusetts take up Arms — Andros arrested — Effects of the Revolution upon New England 198

Chapter XV. Witchcraft In Massachusetts

Results of the Failure of Massachusetts to Resume her Charter — The New Charter — Loss of the Liberties of the Colony — Union of Plymouth with Massachusetts Bay — Belief in Witchcraft— The History of Witchcraft in Massachusetts— The Case of the Goodwin Children — Cotton Mather espouses the Cause of the Witches — Samuel Parris— He Originates the Salem Delusion— A Strange History— A Special Court Appointed for the Trial of the Witches— The Victims— Execution of the Rev. George Burroughs— Cotton Mather's Part in the Tragedies— The General Court takes Action in behalf of the People— End of the Persecution— Failure of Cotton Mather's Attempt to Save his Credit 216

CHAPTER XV/.

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK.

Voyages of Henry Hudson— He is Employed by the Dutch— Discovery of the Hudson River— Early Dutch Voyages — Adrian Block — Fate of Hudson— The Dutch build a Fort on Manhattan Island— Settlement of New Amsterdam— The Province named New Netherlands— Fort Nassau— Peter Minuits Governor— The Dutch Settlement of Delaware— Wouter Van Twiller— Kieft Governor— His Unjust Treatment of the Indians — Massacre of the Indians at Hobokcn — The Indian ^Var— Stuyvesant Appointed Governor — Disputes with the English in Connecticut — The Swedes Settle Delaware — Stuyvesant Captures the Swedish Forts — Growth of New Amsterdam — Disputes between the People and Governor — Growing Spirit of Popular Liberty — The People Appeal to the States General— Capture of New Netherlands by the English — The Name of the Province changed to New York — Eesults of the iMiglish Conquest — Progress of New Jersey — Andros Governor of New York— He Fails to Establish his Authority over Connecticut — New York allowed an Assembly — Discontents of the People — Leisler's Rebellion — Execution cf Leisler and Milbourne — Fletcher Governor — His Attempt to obtain Command of the Connecticut Militia — Episcopacy Established in New York — The Freedom of the Press Sustained — New Jersey a Royal Province 228

Chapter XVII. Colonization Of Pennsylvania

The Quakers — Their Origin and Doctrines — "William Penn — Becomes a Quaker — Is Persecuted for his Religious Opinions — Becomes Interested in American Colonization — Purchases West Jersey from the Proprietor — Conceives the Idea of Founding a Free State in America — Purchases Pennsylvania from Charles II. — Conditions of his Charter — Sends out a Colony — Arrival of Penn in America — Philadelphia Founded — Penn's Treaty with the Indians — Religious Toleration Guaranteed — Penn's Relations with his Colonists — Rapid Growth of Pennsylvania in Pojjulation and Prosperity — William Penn and James II. — Renewal of Penn's Troubles — William III. Declares Pennsylvania a Royal Province — Penn is Vindicated and Restored to his Proprietary Rights — His Return to Pennsylvania — Character of the Settlers of the Province — Penn Goes Back to England — Eflbrts to deprive him of his Possessions — His Death 255

Chapter XVIII. Settlement Of The Carolinas

Gradual Settlement of North Carolina from Virginia — Charles II. grants Carolina to Clarendon and others — The "Grand Model" — An Ideal Aristocracy. Proposed for Carolina — The Authority of the Proprietaries Established in North Carolina — Contimied Settlement of that Region — Characteristics of the Early Settlers of North Carolina — The People Reject the Grand Model — Hostility of England to the Colonial Commerce — Insurrection in North Carolina — Slothel Governor — .Settlement of South Carolina — Charleston Founded — The Proprietary Constitutions Rejected by South Carolina — Rapid Cirowth of the Colony — Introduction of Slavery — Characteristics of the Early Settlers of South Carolina — Eflbrts to Enforce the

Navigation Acts— Resistance of the People— The Proprietaries Abandon tlieir Constitutions— Archdale's Eeforms— Eeligious Intolerance — Establishment of the Church of England in South Carolina— Action of the Crown— Continued Prosperity of South Carolina— Governor Moore Attacks St. Augustine— Failure of the Eflbrt— The Spaniards are Eepulsed in an Attempt to Capture Charleston— Indian War in North Carolina— The Tuscaroras Driven Northward— War with the Yeminassees— Destruction of their Power — Separation of the Carolinas 270

Chapter XIX. Settlement Op Georgia

General James Edward Oglethorpe— His Efforts to Eeform Prison Discipline of England—Proposes to Found a Colony in America for the Poor and for Prisoners for Debt— A Charter Obtained from the King— Colonization of Georgia— Savannah Settled— First Years of the Colony— Labors of Oglethorpe— Arrival of New Emigrants—Augusta Founded— The Moravian Settlements— The Wesleys in America- George Whitefield— War between England and Spain— Oglethorpe Invades Florida —Failure of the Attack upon St. Augustine— The Spaniards Invade Georgia— Oglethorpe's Stratagem— Its Success— Battle of " Bloody Marsh " — Close of the War — Charges against Oglethorpe — His Vindication— His Return to Europe— Changes in the Colonial Government — Introduction of Slavery into Georgia — Prosperity of the Colony 286

Chapter XX. The French In Tpie Valley Of The Mississippi

Origin of the Hostility of the Iroquois to the French— Settlement of Canada — Plans of the French respecting the Indians — The Jesuits — Their Work in America — Success of their Missions — The Early Missionaries — Foundation of a College at Quebec — Efforts of the Jesuits to Convert tlie Iroquois — Father Jogues — Death of Ahasistari — Father AUoiiez— The INIissions on the Upper Lakes — Father Marquette — His Exploration of the Upper Mississippi — Death of Marquette — La Salle — Efforts of France to Secure the Valley of the Mississippi — La Salle Descends the Mississippi to its Mouth--His Effort to Colonize the Lower Mississippi — The First Colony in Texas — Its Failure — Death of La Salle — Lemoine d'Ibberville — Settlement of Louisiana — Colony of Biloxi — Settlement of Mobile — Crozat's Monopoly — Founding of New Orleans — Detroit Founded— Slow Growth of the French Colonies—Occupation of the Ohio Valley by the French — Wars with the Indians — Extermmation of the Natchez Tribe — War with the Chickasaws 298

Chapter XXI. The English And French Come In Conflict

Relations between the English and the Five Nations — The Hostility of the Latter to the French — King W^illiam's War — Destruction of Dover — The Jesuit Missionaries incite the Indians to attack the English — Expedition against Quebec — Attack on Dustin's Farm — Peace of Eyswick — Hostility of the English to Eoman Catholics — Queen Anne's War — Burning of Deerfield — Eunice Williams — Cruelties of the French — Effort of New England to Conquer Acadia — Capture of Port Eoyal —

Failure of the Expedition against Quebec — King George's "War — Expedition against Louisburg — Its Composition — Arrival of the Fleet at Cape Breton — Good Conduct of the Provincials — Capture of Louisburg — Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle — Unjust Treatment of the Colonies by England — Sentiment of the Americans towards England 318

Chapter XXII. The French And Indian War

England Claims the Valley of the Oliio — Organization of the Ohio Company — The French extend tlioir Posts into tiie Ohio Country — Washington's Mission to the French at Fort Duquesnt — His Journey — Reception by tlie French — His Journey Home — A Perilous Undertaking — Organization of the Virginia Forces — "Washington made Second in Command — Tlie French Drive the English from the Ifcad of the Oiilo — Fort Duquesne Built by them — Washington Crosses the Mountains — The Fight at Great Meadows — Beginning of the P'rencli and Indian War— Surrender of Fort Necessity to the French — Unjust Treatment of the Colonial Officers — Congress of the Colonies at New York — Franklin's Plan of a Union of the Colonies — Its Failure — Reasons of the British Government for Rejecting it — England assumes the Direction of the AVar — Arrival of General Braddock — Plan of Campaign — Obstinacy of Braddock — He Passes the Mountains — Defeat of Braddock — Heroism of Washington — Retreat of Dunbar beyond the Mountains — \'igorous action of Pennsylvania — Armstrong defeats the Indians and burns the town of Kittanning 331

Chapter XXIII. The French And Indian War — Continued

Expedition against Acadia — Brutal Treatment of the Acadians — They are Expelled from their Country — A Sad Story — Fate of the Acadians — Johnson at Lake Ojeorge — March of Dieskau — Battle of Lake George — Failure of Shirley's Expedition — Arrival of the Earl of Loudon — Montcalm in Canada— Capture of Oswego by the French — Outrages of the Earl of Loudon upon New York and Philadelphia — Expedition against Louisburg — How the Earl of Loudon Beat the French — Cajiture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm — Massacre of the Prisoners by the Indians — Efforts of Montcalm to save them — The Royal Officers attempt to cover their Failures by outraging the Colonies 356

Chapter XXIV. The French And Indian War — Concluded

A Change for the Better — William Pitt Prime Minister — Vigorous Pleasures Adopted — Recall of the Earl of Loudon — Capture of Louisburg — Ahcrcroml)ie on Lake George — Advances against Tioonderoga — Death of Lord Howe — Failure of the Englisli attack upon Ticonderoga — Disgracefid conduct of Abercrombie — His Retreat — Capture of Fort Fronteiiac — Advance of General Forbes— Grant's Defeat — The Virginians again save the Regulars — Capture of Fort Duquesne — Washington retires from the Army — Ticonderoga and Crown Point occupied by the English — Capture of Fort Niagara — The Expedition against Quebec — Failure of the first Operations — Despondency of Wolfe — He Discovers a Landing-place — The Army scales the Heights of Abraham — Montcalm's Surprise — Battle of the Plains of Abrtiham — Death of Wolfe — Defeat of the French — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of Quebec — Capture of Montreal — Treaty of Paris — Canada ceded to England — France loses all her American Possessions— The Cherokee War — Hostility of the Indians to the English— Pontiac's War — Death of Pontiac — Bouquet relieves Fort Duquesne — Kesults of the War 369

Chapter XXV. Causes Of The American Revolution

Injustice of Great Britain towards her Colonies — Tlie Navigation Acts — Effects of these Laws upon the Colonies — Great Britain seeks to destroy the Manufactures of America — Writs of Assistance — They are Opposed — Home Manufactures Encouraged by the Americans — Ignorance of Englishmen concerning America — Great Britain claims the Eight to Tax America — Eesistance of the Colonists — Samuel Adams — The Parsons' Cause — Patrick Henry — England persists in her Determination to Tax America — Passage of the Stamp Act — Resistance of the Colonies — Meeting of the First Colonial Congress — Its Action — William Pitt — Repeal of the Stamp Act — Franklin before the House of Commons — New Taxes imposed upon America — Increased Resistance of the Colonies — Troops quartered in Boston — The " Mas- Bacre" — The Non-Importation Associations — Growth of Hostility to England- Burning of the "Gasp^" — The Tax on Tea retained by the King — Destruction of Tea at Boston — Wrath of the British Government — Boston Harbor Closed — Troops Quartered in Boston — The Colonies come to the Assistance of Boston— Action of the Virginia Assembly — General Gage in Boston — The Regulating Act — Its Failure — Gage seizes the Massachusetts Powder — Uprising of the Colony — Meeting of the Continental Congress — Its Action — Addresses to the King and People of England — The Earl of Chatham's Indorsement of Congress — The King remains Stubborn 390