Life & times of William E. Gladstone ..

Front matter

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Preface

jO interpret the life of a great historical personage is not an easy task. In proportion as the given career has intertwined itself with the lines of general causation and made itself a brilliant thread in the history of an epoch, by so much the more is the interpretation of that career made difficult. The highest lives are closest to the Universal Flow, and to know them and translate them into language involves a knowledge of the profound sources and tendencies of the whole human drama. The small life is inconspicuous and is causative of little ; the great life is conspicuous and causative of much.

The life of the great man is not a biography, but a history. His purposes and actions tend constantly to the impersonal. In such a life there is always a startling paradox ; for while its individuality becomes more and more intense, its personality becomes less and less distinct. The unity of the man, strengthened more and more by the conflicts through which he passes, is strongly set upon a disk which widens ever, like the penumbra of a star, until it covers the firmament.

By the common consent of men and nations William Ewart Gladstone has been a great figure, a powerful personage, in the history of our times. For quite half a century his name has been heard. At the date 'of his death it was fully sixty years since his first book was brilliantly and adversely reviewed by the ablest critic and essayist of England. At times the fame of Gladstone has sounded across wSeas and continents, rising above the historical roar and clamor of the Western nations.

For more than threescore years Gladstone sat in the British House of Commons. We think that no other statesman of ancient or modern times continued for such an incredible period to participate actively in the legislation of his country. Certainly no other of any age or nation retired more honorably from the arena in which he had so long performed a conspicuous part.

It is my purpose in this volume to present for American readers a comparatively full account of the Life and Times of William E. Gladstone. To write his life has involved to a considerable extent a recital of the history of his times. As soon as Gladstone appeared in the British Cabinet he began to influence and

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even to direct public affairs. As early as 1853, when, as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the ministry of the Earl of Aberdeen, he found himself under the responsibility of supplying the resources with which to support an army and a navy in the Black Sea during the Crimean War, he influenced conspicuously the direction of events. More and more this influence broadened and deepened, until in several crises of English history he was actually the determining force ; that is, he was the individual consciousness by the agency of which History determined what should and what should not be in the current evolution of English nationality.

To delineate this life succinctly and adequately in its relation with the general movement in the last half of the nineteenth century has been my duty. To delineate it in a manner suited to the easy apprehension of American readers has also been my office and desire. To this end I have considered, first, what may be called a section of general history at the date of Gladstone's birth ; also the ancestral conditions and forces which brought him forth. The manner of life which prevailed in his boyhood and in his school days at Eton I have tried to describe. It has been my purpose, wherever this life of Gladstone has touched the institutions of his times, to interpret them also. This plan has led to the presentation of sketches of Eton School and Oxford University, at which seats of discipline and learning the young Gladstone was trained for the duties of life. In his going forth for a brief sojourn in the south of Europe the same method of noting the social and political conditions through which he passed has been adopted. It was on the circuit of Italy that the young publicist — merchant and politician alike by lineage and environment — came into contact with the Neapolitan prisons and first revealed himself as a public man to the consciousness of his countrymen.

In this connection I shall only indicate in briefest outline the course of Gladstone's life from the beginning of his public career to the sunset of his days. The year 1832 sees him, a young man only twenty-three years of age, entering the House of Commons. He goes into that arena as a Tory, a Conservative. He has for his patron the Duke of Newcastle. He begins by defending social and political abuses. He becomes the apologist of Negro slavery, for his father had sugar plantations in the West Indies, and his father was ** an honorable man."

The younger Gladstone makes his way under this banner for several sessions. The year 1838 witnesses his apparition as an author. He writes The State in its Relations with the Church, and gets therefor a merited castigation at the hands of Macaulay. By this time the ancient Oxford notes her son with pride. In 1847 he becomes her representative in the House of Commons. And this relation he holds for eighteen years. During this period Gladstone became an

PREFACE. 9

historical personage. First he was Vice-President and then President of the Board of Trade. In 1845 he actually resigned from the British ministry on account of a conscientious scruple ! Then he became Secretary 0/ State for the Colonies. At that epoch a man with a conscience was still available !

It was in the interval between 1846 and 1852 that Gladstone showed the first unmistakable signs of a purpose to desert the tents of the Tories. His liberalism came on like a dawn tending to sunrise. Meanwhile, in 1852, he accepted the place of Chancellor of the Exchequer in the ministry of Aberdeen. From Conservatism he had passed by the way of Peelism near the mouth of the cave of AduUam — but had not entered. After the fall of Aberdeen he continued in office under Palmerston for a short season, and then resigned. In the years 1858-59 he became Special Commissioner of Great Britain to the Ionian Islands, and in this office he secured the cession of the islands to Greece. By this time his liberalism had become so pronounced that he accepted the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell, his successor. Now he became leader of the House of Commons, and his star entered the ascendant.

It was in December of 1868 that Gladstone became, for the first time, Prime Minister of England. His first term in this office continued for five years and two months. In this interval the Irish Church was disestablished and the Irish Land Act passed. The reaction of 1874 carried Gladstone into opposition. In this attitude he stood for six years in gladiatorial antagonism to his great rival, Benjamin Disraeli. Not until 1880 did the reverse tides of British opinion carry him again to the premiership of Great Britain. Then came the Home Rule agitation, and the great deeps of England were stirred ; and after the victorious Midlothian campaign Gladstone came back to the highest office in the gift of the British nation.

For five years the Home Rule struggle continued, until it culminated in temporary defeat. The bill which Gladstone had prepared with so much skill and defended with so much eloquence, at last reached the crisis of a vote, and failed in the very hands of its author. Then there was a brief appeal to the country, then a third brief interval in the office of Prime Minister, extending from February to July, 1886. Then the crisis broke, and Gladstone went out of office for another period of six years. This was the epoch of the Salisbury ascendency.

But the Home Rule spirit would not down. The tide rises again and roars along the shore. In 1892 Gladstone, being already in his eighty-third year, is for ihQ fourth time summoned by the Queen to conduct her government. Now by a victorious battle shall Home Rule be accomplished. In 1893 the Prime Minister brings in his bill, and in the face of all manner of opposition carries it through the House of Commons. For the hour it appears that Ireland shall be lifted into

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PREFACE.

a new relation with the British empire and with the world* But the House of Lords, that dilapidated roost for the croaking birds of the Middle Ages, comes to the rescue of the Past, ^nd the bill for the Home Rule of Ireland is negatived.

Thus near the end of his career, in 1894, William E. Gladstone was obliged to give over the project of Home Rule, and presently to retire from the arena in which he had so long been the foremost actor. In doing so he shook his hand in defiance not only at the House of Lords, but at the whole system of aristocratic organization and ancient privilege which are represented by that House and held as in a keep unto the judgment of the last day.

There remains only the period of the Grand Old Man's retirement in the halls and haunts of Hawarden. Of this last span of a heroic career the closingchapter of this work will give an adequate account. The closing days of Gladstone's life were hallowed to an unusual degree by the sympathies and respect of mankind. The eyes of the world long rested upon him as one of the noblest offspring of a great century. His tottering step was marked. The slow incoming of decrepitude, the deepening wrinkles on the furrowed face — these were recorded in the journalism of all nations.

It is the story of this life, considered in its historical relations, which I have sought to delineate in the following pages. I beg leave to commend the recital to the consideration of my countrymen ; for it is full of interest and inspiration.

CHAPTER I. The Year 1809

Conditions of Passage in 1809 — State of War and Civil Service in England — Aerial Navigation — Industrial Conditions — State of Inquiry — Geology in Particular — Astronomical Knowledge — Constitution of Nature — Davy and Herschel — Status of Slavery and the Slave Trade — Servitude of Woman — Transit of Napoleon the Great — Ebb and Flow of Political Conditions in America and France — Ascendency of the Nom Homines — Clash of British and Gallic Sympathies in America — Personnel of Leadership in the United States — ^What Bonaparte was Doing — The Present Work a Life and a Histor)' — Coincident Avatar of Darwin and Lincoln — Tennyson and Poe — Mendelssohn — All These the Offspring of Revolution, .-..-. 25-29

CHAPTER 11.

Ancestry and Boyhood.

Primitive Seat of the Gladstone Stock — Arthurshiel — The Old Gledstanes — Meaning and Transformation of the Name — William Gladstane — John — He of Mid-Toftcombs — Thomas Gladstone — Coming of the Gladstonian Character — Apparition of the Commercial Instinct — Thomas Gladstone and Helen Neilson — ^John Gladstone, the Scotch Englishman — Time of his Birth — How He Founded the Family — His Relations with Corrie — His First Commercial Exploit — Success of his American Adventure — " Corrie, Gladstone, and Bradshaw " — John Gladstone and Company — President of the West India Association — Liverpool Becomes the Gladstonian Seat — Growth of the Family — Commercial Conditions at the Time of the Great One*s Birth — Sir John Gladstone in Politics — His Relations with Canning and Peel — Birth of William Ewart — Destinies of his Brothers and Sisters — How the Poor are Hampered in England — And how the Rich Emerge — Mythical Strains of Noble Blood in the Gladstone — Princely Folk Mixed in with the Burgher — Gladstone Bom in a Crisis — His Star the Planet of Commerce and Politics — Reaction of the Environment — Incidents of William Ewart's First Years — Touch of Hannah More — He Hears Great Guns at Edinburgh — Witnesses the Uproar of Victory in Livei-pool — Remembers Canning — Other Platitudes of Childhood — Age of Twelve — Impact of Scotch Discipline — Robustness of the Burgher Boy — Derivation of Sentiments — Primary Studies — Sir John Discovers Possibilities — We Must Educate, - 30-37

CHAPTER IIL At Eton and Oxford.

Crisis in 1821 — Choice of Eton — Story of that School from Henry VI — The Town of Eton — Purposes of King Henry — Sketch of the Youth Gladstone — The Curriculum to which He was Exposed — Comparisons of Then and Now — Philosophical View of Collegiate Training at the Close of the First Quarter of Our Century — Nature of Subcolleges in Great Britain — Winchester and Westminster Schools — Sketch of the *' Royal School" of Eton — Predominance of the Greek and Latin Languages — Class Divisions of the School — List of Text-books — Absence of Natural Science and Mathematics — Critique from the Edinburgh Review — Quantum of Greek and Latin Readings — Quality of the Texts — Authors specially Considered — Merits of Fagging and Flogging — Seniority being Substituted for Merit — Posterior Compiflsion — The Head Master as a Flogger — How Wellington Got his Courage — Introduction of Gladstone to this Discipline — Further Criticism of the Edinburgh Review — Athletic Sports at Eton — The Etonian Periodicals — Gladstone Juventis Dips his Pen — He Becomes an Able Editor — The Eton Miscellany Flourishes — Contributors thereto — Gladstone and Hallam Freres — How They Hurled their Lances — First Nomde Plume — Principia of the Gladstonian Style — His "View of Lethe" — Phases of Poetical Adolescence— The Youth's Vision of the Drowning Immortals — Narrow Range of Things Taught — The Gladstonian Epic of the Lion Heart — Increase of Mental Activity — Glimpses of Ambition in the Miscellany — Foreshadowings of Parliament — George Canning as an Ideal — How the Youth Became a Tory — Death of Canning — Other Political Heroes of the Day — Panegyric on Canning — Development of the Gladstonian Style — General Results of the Youth's Life at Eton — The Religious Bent — Gladstone as a Student under Dr. Turner — Choice of Oxford and Motives of the Choosing — Christchurch College in Particular — A Student **on the Foundation" — Larger Field of Scholastic Study Opens — Beginning as an Oxonian — The Debating Society — Changed and Changing Conditions of that Institution — The Young Man as a Champion of Tory Orthodoxy — Epoch of Reform — What the Student Debate Signifies — Cambridge and Oxford Divide on Shelley and Byron — Memorable Debate on that Subject— Preponderance of Argument on Gladstone's Side in the Combat — He Rises to Distinction in the Union — Question of the Disabilities of the Jews — Resolution against the Earl Grey Ministry — Abolition of Slavery in the West Indies— Gladstone on the Wrong Side — Leaders and Progress of Abolitionism — Position of Gladstone the Elder — Therefore Are We Opposed to Abolition — The Debate on the Oxonian Union — Philosophy of Gladstone's Progress — How He was Entangled on the Slavery Question — He Comes to his Examinations — A ** Double First ** — Afterviews and Retrospect of Oxford — His Address to the Palmerston Club, - - 38-57

II Chapter IV

Travel and Entrance into Parliament.

Project of Going Abroad — Unfruitfulness of the First Journey to Italy — Better Results Afterward — The Visit to Sicily — Moods of ^tna and Vesuvius — Gladstone's Description of the Former and the Surrounding Landscape — His Magniloquent Style — Glimpses of his Dream — By Way of Catania to the Summit— A Piece of Description — How a Man may Prefer an Hexameter to a Volcano — Gladstone not a Great Traveler — The Political Arena more Attractive than Nature — We will Stand for Parliament — General Sketch of Conditions in 1832 — Transit of George IV and William IV — Question of Reforming the House of Commons — The Rotten Boroughs — The Agita> tion Shakes Great Britain — The Slavery Issue and Disabilities of the Jews — The Disappointing Election of 1832 — Gladstone Promoted by the Duke of Newcastle— Style of an English Election — Opponents of Mr. Gladstone and Principles of Each — Appearance of the Neophyte on the Hustings — Contest of the Blue Club with the Red — The Young Tory's First Political Address — His Proclamation of Principles — Labor Should be Remunerated — Slavery Should not be Abolished, but Mitigated— Scriptural Justification of Servitude — Fitness should Precede Emancipation— Rally to the Ancient Flag — No Surprise at such a Delivery — Gladstone the Favorite — Contest with Sergeant Wilde at the Hustings — A Formal Poll Required — Scenes on Election Day — Gladstone is Successful — Significance of the Election — Bearing of the Young Member from Newark — Question of the Press Tax — The Chorus of Cheers and Hisses — Sayings of Scribblerus Politicus — Counter Eruptions of the yournal and the ReJUctor- —Argument of the Latter— Suspicion that the Duke did It — No Aspersion of Gladstone's Character, - 58-72

CHAPTER V.

First Passages in the House of Commons.

Point of Superiority of the British Method over that of Congress — How Reform Lags in Great Britain — East India Company and Slavery in West Indies the Two Bugbears — Condition of Affairs in Trinidad and Jamaica — John Gladstone's Estate in Demarara — Beginning of Debate on Abolition — Speech of Lord Howick — Gladstone's Maiden Effort — His Defense of his Father — His Second Address before the House — His Plea for Gradual Emancipation — He Favors Temporizing — The Planters Must be Protected — Debate Results in Abolition with Compensation — The Borough of Liverpool to be Investigated — Political Value of Ten Pounds Sterling — Liverpool xioX particularly Corrupt — The Church Temporalities Bill — Measure Opposed by Gladstone — We will Defend the Irish Church — There may be Abusts, but Let Us Correct them Gently — Ought Students to Subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles ? — Gladstone Thinks it Should be Done Pro Forma — He Begins to Lead the Tories — Applause in Newark — Fall of the Melbourne Ministry — Peel Calls Gladstone — Parliamentary Method with Ministers Elect — Gladstone's Appeal to Newark — He has Sergeant Wilde for a Colleague — Popularity of the Junior Lord of the Treasury — His Account of his Meeting with Lord Aberdeen — Question of Church and State Arises — Attitude of Gladstone thereto — The Reform Act is Accepted — Sir Robert Appoints Gladstone Under Secretary for the Colonies— His First Bill — Overthrow of the Peel Ministry — Nature of Action and Reaction in Great Britain — Gladstone's Speech on the Church Question — Adoption of Russell's Resolution — Political Rancor in Melbourne Ministry — Negro Apprenticeship in the West Indies — The Buxton Resolution — Gladstone Speaks Against It — The Canadian Commotion Reaches the House of Commons — The Question at Issue — Policy of Lord Durham as Governor General — l,ord Russell's Scheme — Gladstone Speaks in Support Thereof — The Question of 1837 — How Shall We Manage the Church Estates ?— Opposition of Sir Robert Peel to the Ministerial Measure — Rudiments of The State in its Relation with the Church — Gladstone's First Great Oration, - - - 73-87

CHAPTER VI.

Rising to Leadershit.

Accession of Victoria to the Throne — The New Parliament — Gladstone again Stands for Newark — Question of Going to Manchester — Gladstone's Communication to the Alercttry — The Shibboleth of ** Church and State" — A Minority Candidate at the Manchester Poll — The Reception at Bush Inn — Some Political Wit — Beginning of Gladstone's Ascendency — The Young Queen's Speech — The Canadian Imbroglio again — Gladstone's Speech on Lord Russell's Measure — Brougham Proposes the Abolition of Negro Apprenticeship — Stories of Abuses on the Plantation — Strickland's Resolution in the Commons — Gladstone Speaks in Opposition thereto — His Defense of Apprenticeship— His Father's Honor and his Own Involved — Apprenticeship a Part of the Compensation to the Slaveholders— Gladstone Describes the Situation in the West Indies— He Charges Inconsistency on Strickland — He Strikes a Blow at Negro Slavery in America— He Calls for Justice— Defeat of the Strickland Resolution — Gladstone's Speech Praised by the 7»/^j— Rejoicing of the Conservatives— Summary of Gladstone's Status in 1838— Paragraph from the British Senate^ A Question of Subtraction— A Description of Gladstone's Style*— His Habit and Person— His Manner in Public Speech— Further Agitation on the Question of Negro Apprenticeship — Gladstone's Position on the Subject— Seeking: for a Better System of Education— Awakening of Religious Prejudices—Lord Morpeth's Speech on the Education Bill— Gladstone's Work on the State and Church Becomes a Handbook— Speeches of O'Connell and Ashley— Gladstone's Reply to the Former— He Enlarges upon the Subject before the Commons and Reduces the Governmental Majority — Question of Admitting the Jews to Educational Privileges — Lord Macaulay's Speech — The Chinese Question Obtrudes Itself — What the Question Involved — Gladstone's Passage with Sir James Graham — Narrow Margin for Sir James's Resolution — Decline of the Melbourne Ministry — Dissolution of Parliament and Appeal to the Country— The Liberals Go to the Wall — Sir Robert Peel Becomes Prime Minister — Gladstone Vice President of the Board, - - - 88-104

CHAPTER Vn.

Marriage and First Appearance in Literature.

Gladstone Marries Catherine Glynne — The Hawarden Estate — The Glynne Family— Sir James Glynne in Particular— The Castle and the Park — Gladstone Publishes The StaU in its Relations with the C^«/vA— Preceding Works on the same Subject — Gladstone's Dissatisfaction with the Question as Stated — Macaulay Reviews the Work— His Famous First Paragraph— Fundamental Proposition of Gladstone's Book— The Author's Thesis to Establish the Rightfulness of State Government over Religious Institutions — His Argument to Prove as Much — The Nation Has a Personality — A Personality Should be Religious — Religion Implies a Government — The Governing Control Must be by the Secular Body — Macaulay's Answer to these Propositions — He Employs the ReducHo ad Ahurdum^F uTther Destruction of the Gladstone Propositions — The Assumptions of the Author Do not Bear the Tests of Logic — The Critic's Citation of the Battle of Blenheim — Men of Different Faiths May Unite in Common Purposes without Governmental Control — Destruction of Gladstone's Argument for the Exclusion of Dissenters— How the Question Appears in the Prospect — Correspondence of Gladstone with his Critic — Admirable Good Temper Displayed by Both — The Author's Carlton-Gardens Letter — Macaulay's Reply — Pleasure of Oxford at the Work of her Son — Position Taken by the Quarterly Review — What the Present may Learn out of Gladstone's Book — His Defense of the Irish Church Establishment — Inconsistency of the Argument with his Subsequent Work and Teaching — The Book Puts Gladstone on the Defensive — How He Parries the Thrust — The Critics Bear Hard upon Him — What He Says in a Chapter of Autobiography — His Apology — What Modified his Opinions — The Work Increases the Estimate in which He is Held by the Public, • - 105-124

CHAPTER VIIL The Free-trade Transformation.

Conditions Present at the Beginning of the Reign of Victoria — Accession of the Melbourne Ministry — Character of Lord Melbourne — The Nation Turns against his Administration — Sir Robert Peel Succeeds Him — The Com Law Question — History of that Legislation — Successive Stages in its Development — Sir Robert Proposes a New Scale of Duties — The Crisis Precipitated — Lord Russell's Amendment— Gladstone's Position on the Question — Sir Robertas Misrepresentations — Necessity of Doing Something — An Act to Tax Incomes — The Situation a Counterpart to that of the United States in 1886 — The Long Debate — Gladstone Prolific in Speeches — Public Opinion against the Corn Laws — Tendency to Free Trade— Debate on the Queen's Speech — Gladstone's Plea for Moderation — The Minister Triumphs — Beginning of the Chartist Agitation — Principles of the People's Charter — Reasonableness of the Same — Work of the Agitators — Marriage of the Queen — Character of the Prince Consort — The Royal Family — Gladstone Defends the Sugar Duty — He Favors Free Exportation of Machinery — His Views Begin to Enlarge — His Address before the Collegiate Institution — His Skill in Commercial Questions — His Bill for the Regulation of Railway Fares — The Companies against Him — Question of the Unitarian Properties — Gladstone's Advocacy of the Unitarian Right to Hold — Question of Voting Money to the College of Maynooth — Character of the Institution — The Maynooth Improvement Bill — Gladstone, between Two Fires, Resigns — His Motives for Supporting the Maynooth Bill — His Argument — He Sets forth the Philosophy of the Situation— His Plea for Justice to the Irish People — Analysis of the Vote — Sir James Graham's Bill for Education in Ireland — Gladstone's Debate with Inglis on the Question — Other Great Issues to be Considered — Gladstone's Pamphlet, entitled Remarks^ etc. — His Drift on the Free-trade Current— The Crisis of 1845 — Proposition to Abolish the Corn Laws in toto — Overthrow of the Peel Ministry — Accession of Lord Russell — Gladstone as Colonial Secretary— He Bids Farewell to Newark — Explanation of his Motives — Consistency Giving Way before Hunger — Sudden Apparition of Disraeli — His Attack on Sir Robert — Great Britain on the Highroad to Free Trade — The Corn Laws are Abolished in toto, -------.. 125-148

CHAPTER IX.

Representative of Oxford University.

Downfall of the Peel Ministry — Gladstone Goes with It — He Presents Himself to Oxford — His Opponent — Gladstone's Address — He Admits Changes of Opinion — He Discusses the Irish Question — Oxford Hard to Satisfy —Position Taken by Gladstone's Advocates — He is Elected — Question of Enlarging the Rights of the Jews — The Baron Rothschild is Elected to the House of Commons — How Could He Qualify ? — Lord Russell Seeks to Make a Way — If a Catholic, Why Not a Jew? — Gladstone Speaks in Favor of Admission — Points of his Argument — Admission to Citizenship Carries Eligibility — The Dangerous Ground on Which Gladstone Stood — The Chartist Agitation Rises Again — Mass Meetings, Bonfires, and Outbreaks — The Assembly in Kensington Common — The

Maintenance of Authority — Gladstone and Louis Napoleon in the same Role — Lord Russell Confronted with a. Deficit — Question of Taxing Incomes — Hot Debate on the Subject — Disraeli's Charge on the Government — Gladstone Defends his Chief — He Appeals to Statistics — Necessity of Passing the Income Tax — Effect of Pacific Utterances— Distracted Condition in Europe — England Holds on her Way Unmoved — She Will Not Revolutionize — Emergence of Two Great Characters — Disraeli and his Fatal Thrust — Question of the Navigation Laws — Gladstone Essays the Defense of the Peel Ministry — His Cautious Speech on the Navigation Bill— Strong Trend toward Absolute Free Trade — His Speech on the Labouchere Act — Report of the Commission on Customs — Disraeli on the Day of Dupes — Gladstone Parries his Rival's Onset — The Navigation Act is Passed, - 149-163

CHAPTER X.

Beginnings of the Church Question.

The Religious Aspect Presents Itself — Cardinal Ferretti Becomes Pius IX — His Consultum — Question of Establishing Diplomatic Relations with Rome — Gladstone Speaks against this Policy — Hint of a Future Purpose — "On the True Faith of a Christian " — The Poor as well as the Rich Should Have Equal Religious Privileges — No Sittings No Rates, Should be the Rule — Alarming Condition in Canada — How to Suppress the Rebellion — Gladstone's Position on the Subject — Question of a General Colonial Reform — Issue between Gladstone and Roebuck — Molesworth's Contention — Hume's Policy — Last Days of the Ancient Ecclesiasticism — Question of Marrying the Deceased Wife's Sister — Wortley's Marriage Bill — Gladstone's Opposition and Arguments — His Conjunction with Disraeli — Principle of Laissez Faire in England and America — Disraeli Appears as the Living Voice of the Landed Aristocracy — Free Trade as Related to Industrial Distress — Analogy of Gladstone's Position — Both Leaders Seek to Alleviate the Agricultural Distress — Peril of the Ministry — Lord Russell's Measure for the Government of the Australian Colonies — Gladstone's Opposition to a Single House — Passage of the Russell Bill — Suffering of British Producers — The Conservatives Gain an Advantage on the Sugar Question — Shall Sugar be Protected ? — Lord Palmerston's Contention — Question of the Universities Again — Gladstone's Speech on the Subject — What Came of the Burning of Judas Iscariot — The Thrifty Don Pacifico — Palmerston Put on the Defensive— Sir Robert Peel's Speech against the Ministry — Gladstone's Argument on Don Pacifico — He Criticises Lord Palmerston — He Points Out the Besetting Sin of Englishmen — An Appeal Lies to the People — View of International Comity — The Government is Sustained — Death of Sir Robert Peel — Where Will Gladstone Go? - 164-179