Leslie's history of the greater New York /

CHAPTER I Discovery and Settlement (1609-1633) ..... 1

The Site of the City — Early Voyagers — Discovery by Hudson — Dutch Arctic Exploration and the Dutch East India Company — Christiaensen and Adrian Block — Early Dutch Forts — Usselinx — West India Company — Walloons, First European Settlers on Manhattan Island — Hulst Introduces Cattle — Governors May and Verhulst — Early Government — Director Minuit — Purchase of Manhattan Island — Early Educational and Religious Interests — Early Industries and Commerce — First Shipbuilding — The Patroonships.

CHAPTER II Under the Dutch Flag (1633-1664) 27

Director Van Twiller — English Ship Braves the Governor — Statistics of Commerce— " Bouweries " — Domine Bogardus — Van Twiller Dismissed — Director Kieft — Notable Patroons — Anne Hutchinson and Lady Moody — Father Jogues — Indian Wars — The Kieft-Bogardus Feud — Director Stuyvesant — Remonstrance of the " Nine Men " — Steps Toward Municipal Self-government — First Representative Assembly — Trouble with Swedes in Delaware and English on Long Island — Indian War — Description of the City Under Stuyvesant — Streets and Canals — Commerce — Provincial Currency — Immigration — Early Religious Sects.

CHAPTER III The City Becomes English (1664-1688) 59

Rival English and Dutch Claims- — Surrender of the City to Nicolls's Fleet — The Last of Stuyvesant — Reorganization of City Government — Thomas Willett First Mayor — New Judicial System — First Postal System — First Merchants' Exchange — The First Club— New York Re-captured by the Dutch and Christened New Orange — The City Passes Again Under the English by Treaty — Dutch Recalcitrants — Markets and Inns — Industries, Commerce, and Currency — Description of the City — Governor Dongan and the First Charter of New York City — Consolidation of Provinces, Andros Again Governor — Church Interests — Witchcraft — Education.

CHAPTER IV A Clash of Parties (1688-1710) 85

Accession of William of Orange to the English Throne — Militia Captains Hold the City for William of Orange — Popular Government Under Leisler — Bayard's Opposition — His Trial and Pardon — Arrival of Governor Sloughter — Leisler and Milbornc Kxecuted — Governor Fletcher — Leisler's Memory Officially Vindicated — Piracy — Captain Kidd — First Printer in New York — Growth of the City — Trinity Church Established — Governors Hellomont, Cornbury, and Lovelace — Corrupt Practices of Cornbury — New York a Century After Hudson's Discovery — Education — Negro Slavery — -Wealth of the Citizens — Sabbath Observance.

CHAPTER V Immigration and Journalism (1710-1743) . . . . .112

German Immigration from the Palatinate During Governor Hunter's Administration— Party Divisions on Voting Supplies — Governor Burnet Marries Miss Van Home — The Montgomerie Charter — The City Described — Acting Governor Van Dam — Cosby's Suit Against Van Dam — Beginning of Newspaper Criticism of Government — Zenger Trial, the Freedom of the Press Maintained — The '• Negro Plot" — Growth of the City — Fire Brigade — Ferry Privileges — Early Markets — Commerce — Religious Interests — Religious Toleration — Sanitary Conditions and Epidemics.

CHAPTER VI A Colonial Capital (1743-1761) 141

Social Life in New York — Governor George Clinton's Conflict with the Popular Assembly — Feud Between Clinton and De Lancey — Governor Osborn Commits Suicide — Lieutenant-! rovernor De Lancey — Lieutenant-Governor Colden — New York and the French and Indian War — Packet and Mail Service -Commerce - Increase of Churches — The "Great Awakening" — Columbia College Founded — Society Library — Description of the City — Early .Journalism — Clubs — Concerts — Early Theaters — Dress of the Period — Beginnings of the Medical Profession — Horse Racing — Notable Boat-race — Washington's First Visit to New York — Correction of the Calendar.

CHAPTER VII Preparing for Independence (1761-1775) 168

Method of Colonial Taxation to Meet Expenses of French and Indian War Sows the Seeds of Revolution — I'se of Stamped Paper Proposed Organization of "Sons of Liberty " — The Stamp Act Congress in New York City, 17<m — Demonstration Against the Stamp Act — Burning of Major James's Villa — Burning of Stamped Paper — Repeal of Stamp Act and Levying of Port Duties — Governor Trvon — New York "Tea Party" — Unfairness of New England Historians Concerning New York's Part in Anti-Tea Demonstrations — Colonial Congress of 1774 — Collisions Between Troops and Citizens — Conflicts over the " Liberty Pole " -Youthful Activity of Alexander Hamilton Complexion of New York .Journals — The News of Lexington and Concord — Religious Activity— New York Hospital Founded — Wealth and Social Display — Streets and Street-lighting.

ill

Chapter VIII Pagi

In the Hands of the Enemy (1775-1783)

. 197

Min imis Willett Prevents the Carrying Off of Anns — Washington Passes Through New York En Route to Boston — Patriot Militia Capture the Battery Guns — General Putnam Assumes Command in New York — Washington Arrives — Fortifications and Disposition of Troops — First Celebration of Independence Day — British Ships Pass up the Hudson — Howe's Forces Before New York — Battle of Long Island and Washington's Withdrawal of His Forces to Manhattan Island — Battle of Harlem Heights — Capture of Fort Washington — British Military Rule in New York City — A Fire Destroys Trinity Church and Hundreds of Houses — Execution of Nathan Hale — Cruel Treatment of American Prisoners — The End of the War — Evacuation of New York- — Washington's Farewell to His Officers — Summary of Effects Upon the City of British Occupation and Military Rule.

CHAPTER IX The Federal Capital (1784-1807) 227

Whigs and Tories — Hamilton Pleads Against Persecution of Tories — Formulation and Adoption of Constitution of the United States — Struggle to Secure Its Ratification by New York — Notable Ratification Demonstration — New York the First Federal Capital — Washington Publicly Received and Inaugurated as First President of the United States — Social and Official Functions in the New Capital — Rise of Political Parties — Commercial Treaty with Great Britain — Demonstration Upon Death of Washington — Hamilton-Burr Feud and Duel — City Government of New York Under the United States — Yellow Fever Epidemic — Growth of the City — Industries and Commerce — Development of Journalism — Organizations and Societies— " Doctors' Riot."

Fulton's Steamboat — Steam Utilized for Ferry-boats — Effect of Embargo Act — War of 1812 — Wrelcome of Peace — Yellow Fever Again — Visit of Lafayette — Erie Canal — Celebration Upon Its Completion — Park and Street Improvement — Church Development in the City — Catholicism in New York — Public School System — ■ Commerce and Finance — Mayors of the Period — Present City Hall Erected — \\ ashington Irving as Municipal Chronicler — Thomas Paine — Theaters.

CHAPTER XI Becoming the Commercial Capital (1826-1842) .... 293

Comparison Between New York and European Capitals — Slavery in New York Abolished in 1827 — Scourge of Cholera — Notable Fires in New York City — The Great Fire of 1835 — Albert Gallatin — Panic of 1837 — Immigration from Europe — Irish Influence in New York Politics — First Croton Aqueduct — Mayoralty Made Popularly Elective, 1834 — " Election Riot" — " Abolition Riot " — "Stone-cutters' Riot " — " Five Points Riot " — " Bread Riot " — Introduction of Cheap Daily Newspapers, Sun, Herald, Tribune, Times, World — " Know-nothingism " — Churches and Schools — Art Development, National Academy of Design — Theaters — Visit of Dickens — Street Improvement.

t

CHAPTER X

Invention and Enterprise (1807-1825)

. 259

IN-

CHAPTER XII PAGE Increasing the Facilities of Communication (1842-1857) . 326

Social and Commercial Revolution Effected by the 'Steamboat, Railroad, and Telegraph — Invention and Introduction of the Telegraph by a New York Artist — War with Mexico — The Fire of 1845 — Second Visitation of Cholera — Stevens Improves the Steamboat — Ship-building in New York — -Yacht America Brings the Queen's Cup to America— Steam Navigation on the Ocean — The Building of Railroads— Panic of 1857 — Unsavory Notoriety of the " Five Points " — Palatial Residences— Church Architecture — Fatal Panic in a School-building — Fashionable Society — Forrest-Mac ready Feud and the As tor Place Riot — Visit of Kossuth — Other Distinguished Visitors — Trade of Inland Cities Centered in New York — Changes in Municipal Government under Charter of 1849 — Deterioration in Character of Municipal Officials — Rival Police Systems — Immigration — Suburbs of New York.

CHAPTER XIII The City's Higher Life (1850-1800) 358

Events to 1860 — Attempts to Lay the Atlantic Cable — First Japanese Embassy Visits New York — The Great Eastern — The Prince of Wales— Abraham Lincoln in New York — Evidences of Higher Life — Libraries — New York Historical Society— College of the City of New York — Cooper Institute — Literary Periodicals and Authors — -Washington Irving — James Fenimore Cooper — Cuban C. Yerplanck — George Bancroft — Fitz Greene Halleck — Charles Fenno Hoffman — X. P. Willis — George P. Morris — Edgar A. Poe — Joseph Rodman Drake — Davidson Sisters — Lydia Alalia Child — Warner Sisters — Mrs. Caroline M. Kirkland — Cary Sisters — American Academy of Fine Arts — American Art Union — Architecture — Crystal Palace — Development of Theaters — Jenny Lind — Creation of Central Park — Grinnell Arctic Expeditions — Benevolent Institutions — Religions " Revival " of 1857-58.

CHAPTER XIV The Crisis of War (1801-1865) 392

Secession — Mayor Fernando Wood Proposes the Creation of a "Free City" — Pine Street Meeting to Remonstrate witli Southern Secessionists — New Yorker Peter Hart at Fort Sumter — Seventh Regiment Departs for WaiJiington- Patriotism of Chamber of Commerce— Union Square Meeting and Union Defense Committee — Mayor Wood Declares for the Union Effect of the Bull Run Defeat — Merriinac and Monitor — Patriotism of New York Women — Proclamation of Emancipation — Union League Club Organized — Service of Distinguished New Yorkers Abroad -Draft Riot — Incendiary Plot, 18(54 — Assassination of Lincoln.

CHART EE XV

Ridden by Ring Rule (1866-1873) 424

Mass-meeting in Support of President Johnson — Successful Laying of Atlantic Cable — Trans-continental Railroads — Visits of an English and a Russian Prince — Presidential Campaign of 1S7'J and Deatli of Horace Greeley — Career of Tweed — The "Tweed Ring" and Its Overthrow — Two " Black Fridays " — '• Orange Riots" Of 1H70 and 1871— Paid Fire Department Established— Creation of Board of Health

Deaths of Notable Journalists, Henry J. Raymond, James Gordon Bennett — William Cullen Bryant — Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and Society for the Suppression of Vice -Sorosis —Notable Buildings — Churches — Public Schools — Normal College — Street Improvements.

v

CHAPTER XVI PAGE The City Crosses the Harlem River (1874-1883) . . . 454

Early History of Harlem Village — Effect of Elevated Railroads — Part of Westchester County Annexed in 1873 — Account of This Region — Bridging the Harlem River — Celebration July 4, 1876 — Tilden-Hayes Campaign and Contest — Garfield- Conkling Feud — Centennial Celebration of British Evacuation of New York — Brooklyn Bridge Completed, 1883 — Panic on the Bridge — Grand Central Depot — Bartholdi Statue of Lafayette Preseuted to New York by France — Tunnel Accident Beneath the Hudson — Moody and Sankey Revival of 1876- — Commerce and Finance — Phenomenal Clearing-IIouse and Industrial Figures — Art Collections — Death of A. T. Stewart, Peter Cooper, and Win. E. Dodge.

CHAPTER XVII A Century of Union (1884-1889) 484

Election of Cleveland as President — Arctic Explorer Greeley Rescued — Death of General Grant — His Funeral — Blasting of "Hell Gate" — Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Presented by France — Aldermanic Bribery Cases Connected with Franchise for Broadway Street Railway — Centennial Celebration of Inauguration of Washington as President — Mayors Following the Overthrow of the Tweed Ring — The " Blizzard" of 1888 — Death of Conkling — Death of William H. Vanderbilt — Increase of Population and Inadequacy of Church and School Accommodations — Effect of " Safety " Bicycle on Social Life — -Failure of Grant and Ward.

CHAPTER XVIII Remembering the Discovery of America (1890-1894) . . 506

Mayoralty Elections of Recent Years — Municipal Corruption and the " Lexow " Legislative Investigation — Committee of Seventy — Overthrow of Tammany Government and Election of Mayor Strong — New Croton Aqueduct — Growth in Population— Era of Tall Buildings — Church Architecture — Salvation Army — Christian Endeavor Convention — New Madison Square Garden — Immigration — Theaters — Suburban Seaside Resorts — International Yacht Races — Illustrations in Daily Newspapers— Colonization of Business Interests — Panic of 1893 — Americanization of Inman Ocean Steamship Line — Ocean " Greyhounds " Built by the Cramps at Philadelphia— World's Fair, 1893, Goes to Chicago — Quadri-Centennial Celebration of Discovery of America in New York — Naval Demonstration.

CHAPTER XIX The Climax of the Greater New York (1895-1897) . . 527

Mayor Strong's Reform Administration — Street-cleaning Department — The International Yacht Race of 1895 — The Currency Issue in Presidential Campaign of 1896 — Grant's Tomb Dedicated — New York Compared with European Capitals — Palatial Residences — Hotels — Department Stores — Armories — The New Speedway — Plans for Underground Railroad — Fatal Heat of 1896 — The Tenement Problem — A Last Glimpse at the City's Higher Life — University Extension — Parks — Museums Music — Public Library — Colleges — The Climax of the Greater New York.

LIST OF STEEL-ENGRAVINGS.

FACE PAGE

Peter Cooper Title

Peter Stuyvesant 112

John Jay - 196

Alexander Hamilton 296

Washington Irving 422

ILLUSTRATIONS INSERTED. facepagh

Map of Grants of Village Lots, 1642 26

Madison Avenue and Fourth Avenue Bridges Across the Harlem 100 View from Drive Above Morningside Park; Near The Scene of t he

Battle of Harlem Heights 212

Procession of Navy of All Nations. April 26, 1893; Columbian

Celebration 302

The Armory of 71st Regiment, X. (1. S. X. Y 554

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT. page

The Half Moon in 1609 3

City and Harbor of Amsterdam 4

Part of Block's " Figurative " Map. 1014 8

West India Company's House in Amsterdam 11

A Dutch Windmill. 13

Ship Xew Netherland 15

The Purchase of Manhattan Island 17

Fac simile of Schaghen Letter 23

West India Company's Storehouse 24

An Old Dutch House 25

Earliest Map of Xew York 27

Captain David Pieterz De Vries 29

Water Gate. Foot of Wall Street 33

Xew Amsterdam in 1656 35

Church and Governor's House in Fort 36

Palisades Along Wall Street 39

Stuyvesant Pear Tree 41

Canal in Broad Street 43

Stuyvesant's House in the " Bouwerie " 16

Stadt's Herberg or City Tavern (Afterward City Hall) 47

" White Hall," Stuyvesant's Town House 49

Stuyvesant I )es1 roving Xi< holls's Letter 53

The "Duke's Plan" 60

Stuyvesant Tablet in W all of St. Mark's Church 62

Burgomaster Steenwvck's House 04

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Kip House 66

Admiral Cornelis Evertseu 69

The Strand, now Whitehall Street 73

City Hall and Great Dock 75

Old New York Houses 77

City's Seal of 1686 80

De Sille House 83

Philipse Manor House 86

Leisler's Residence 89

Autograph Letter of Leisler 91

Leisler's Tomb 95

Corner Broad Street and Garden Street (Exchange Place) 97

E'ac-simile Letter of Bradford 100

Garden Street (Exchange Place) Church, 1693 103

City Hall, 1700 106

Plan of New York in 1695 108

The Collect Pond 112

New York in Burnet's Day Ill

Mrs. William Burnet . . . ! 116

Rip Van Dam 120

William Smith 121

Page from Zenger's Journal 124

Andrew Hamilton 128

Slave Market, Foot of Wall Street 130

New York Almshouse, 1731 134

Brooklyn Ferry 135

Dutch Church on Nassau Street, 1731 138

Colonial Cocked Hat 141

Cadwallader Golden 143

Admiral Warren's House at Greenwich 144

Battery in 1746 147

View of New York in 1761 150

Royal Exchange, 1752 153

North Dutch Church on Fulton Street, 1769 155

Wall Street Presbyterian Church 156

Columbia (King's) College, 1758 158

The Walton House 160

Walton House — Interior 162

Broad Street and City Hall 165

Provincial Seal 171

Burns's Coffee House 175

Liberty Boys' Placard 177

Kennedy and Watts Houses, 1 and 3 Broadway 179

Samuel Johnson 183

Augustus Jay 185

Mayor Whitehead Hicks 189

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.

PAGE

Alexander McDougall 191

John Street Methodist Church 193

The News from Lexington 198

Exploit of Marinas Willett 201

View of Hell Gate in 177G 204

Ruins of Trinity Church 20S

Hill's Map of New York, Showing Intrenchments 211

Statue of Capt. Nathan Hale 216

Civic Reception to Washington and Clinton 220

The British Evacuating New York. 17N:>> 225

Map of New York in 1789 228

Gouverneur Morris 231

Washington Landing at New York in 1789 234

Washington Taking the Oath as President 230

Inauguration of Washington — Scene in Wall Street, April .">(>.

1789 239

Hamilton Grange 241

Richmond Hill 244

The Hamilton-Burr Duel 247

The Government House 231

Society Library iu 179.") 253

Hamilton-Burr Duelling Ground 257

Robert Fulton 259

The Clermont and Its Machinery 201

Washington Hall 263

Hallett's Point Tower 265

Murray Street in 1822 268

Arrival of Lafayette in 1824 270

City Hall Illuminated for Erie Canal Celebration 274

Broadway at Canal Street, 1811 277

Corner Chapel and Provost Streets (West Broadway and Franklin Street), 1826 .' 278

Washington Irving 281

First House Lighted by Gas, 1825 284

City Hall in the Park, 1812 287

Interior of Park Theater, November 7. 1822 291

John .lav's House at Bedford 295

Broadway at St. Paul's in 1831 298

The Great Fire of 1835 — Burning of Merchants' Exchange 300

Coenties Slip in the Fire of 1835 304

Christopher Colles 306

Engine in Waterworks of 1776 307

Manhattan Company's W aterworks 309

The Croton Water Celebration 311

Masonic Hall on Broadway 313

Mayor Walter Bowne 317

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Cotoit's Garden, Broadway, 1830 319

St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1815 321

Albert Gallatin : 323

Broadway in 1840 327

First Telegraph Line Constructed 330

General Worth 333

Clipper Ship Dreadnaught 336

The " America " Cup 339

Panic of 1857— Scene in Wall Street 342

French Church in 1834 346

Astor Place Riot, 1849 349

The Fountain in City Hall Park , 351

High-Constable Jacob Hays 356

The Battery and Castle Garden in 1850 358

Jenny Lind 361

The Great Eastern 363

William Cullen Bryant 365

The Astor Library 367

Fitz-Greene Halleck 369

Charles F. Hoffman 371

James K. Paulding 372

Gulian C. Verplanck 374

Joseph R. Drake 376

Laura Keene 377

Crystal Palace in 1853 379

Interior of Crystal Palace in 1853 381

Park Theater 383

Jenny Lind at Castle Garden, 1850 384

Henry Grinnell 387

Grinnell Expedition in the Arctic Regions 390

Fort Lafayette During the War ;s;)3

Charles O'Conor 396

Gen. Winfield Scott . 398

William H. Seward 403

The Merrimac and Monitor, 1862 406

Irving's Residence, " Sunnyside " 408

Admiral John D. Worden 412

Fort Lafayette in Times of Peace 417

Lincoln Statue in Union Square 420

William M. Evarts 424

Section of Atlantic Cable 427

Arrival of the Great Eastern at Heart's Content 428

Broadway Above the Postoffice 430

Academy of Design 433

Tweed Cartoon by Thomas Nast 437

County Court House 439

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Tweed Cartoon — The Victory Over Corruption 441

The Postofflce 445

Tweed Cartoon—" To the Victor Belongs the Spoils " 448

Henry Bergh 450

Normal College 452

Water Tower, High Bridge, and Washington Bridge 454

Elevated Bailroad— Curve at 110th Street 457

Elevated Railroad in the Bowery 459

Harlem River Improvements — Looking West from Kingsbridge

Koad 462

Harlem Kiver Improvements 405

Union Square on the Evening of July 4, 1876 407

Roscoe Conkling 409

The Brooklyn and New York Bridge 471

Park Avenue — Tunnel Beneath 474

St. Patrick's Cathedral 477

The Obelisk in Central Park 481

George W. Curtis 484

East River from the Bridge 487

Hell Gate Explosion 490

" Liberty Enlightening the World " 492

Wall Street— Scene of Exercises in 1889 495

The Washington Arch 498

The Vanderbilt Eesidences 502

Battery Park. Washington Building. Produce Exchange .">04

Postofflce and Park 500

Interior View of Trinity Church 509

Trinity Church 511

Cathedral of St. John the Divine 513

Madison Square Garden 515

Apartment nouses Opposite Central Park 518

New Fork Harbor, American Line Steamer in Foreground 521

Columbia Celebration Medal 524

Columbus Statue — Eighth Avenue and 59th Street 525

The Bowling Green To-day 527

Fourteenth Street West of Union Square 529

Newspaper Offices Down Town 530

The Battery— View of the Bay 533

Military Drill of the Public School Boys 530

The Netherland, Savoy, and Plaza Hotels 540

The Speedway Along the Harlem River 542

Museum of Natural History 545

Metropolitan Opera House 548

College1 of Physicians and Surgeons. 18S7 550