A popular history of the United States of America, from the aboriginal times to the present day : Embracing an account of the aborigines : the Norsemen in the New world : the discoveries by the Spaniards, English, and French : the planting of settlements : the growth of the colonies : the struggle for liberty in the revolution : the establishment of the Union : the development of the nation : and the civil war

Front matter

A

POPULAR HISTORY

United States of America,

Preface

Deae People of the United States: —

By this, my Preface, I offer to you a New History of your country— and mine. The work is presented in the form of an abridged narrative. My reasons for such a venture are brief, but, I trus:, satisfactory :

First, to every American citizen some knowledge of the history of his country is indispensable. The attainment of that knowledge ought to be made easy and delightful.

Second, the Centennial of the Republic furnishes an auspicious occasion for the study of those great events which compose the warp and woof of the new civilization in the West.

This book is intended for the average American ; for the man of business Avho has neither time nor disposition to plod through ten or twenty volumes of elaborate historical dissertation; for the practical man of the shop, the counter, and the plow. The work is dedicated to the household and the library of the poor. It is inscribed to the father, the mother, the son, and the daughter of the American family. If father, mother, son, and daughter shall love their country better — if they shall understand more clearly and appreciate more fully the founding, progress, and growth of liberty in the New World — the author will be abundantly repaid.

(iii)

iv PREFACE.

Ill the preparation of the work the following objects have been kept in view:

I. To give an accurate and spirited Narrative of the principal events in our National history from the aboriginal times to the present day.

II. To discuss the Philosophy of that history as fully as possible within the narrow limits of the work.

III. To avoid all Partiality, Partisanship, and Prejudice, as things dangerous, baneful, and wicked.

IV. To preserve a clear and systematic Arrangement of the several subjects, giving to every fact, whether of peace or war, its true place and importance in the narrative.

V. To give an Objective Representation by means of charts, maps, drawings, and diagrams, of all the more important matters in the history of the nation.

Yl. To secure a Style and Method in the book itself which shall be in keeping with the spirit and refinement of the times.

Whether tliese important ends have been attained, dear People, it is not my province but yours to decide. I have labored earnestly to reach the ideal of such a work, and if success has not rewarded the effort, the failure has been in the execution rather than in the plan and purpose.

I surrender the book, thus undertaken and completed, to You — for whom it was intended. With diffidence I ask a considerate judgment and just recognition of whatever worth the work may be found to possess.

J. C. R.

Indiana Asbury University, \ January 1, 1876. j

Introduction

What constitutes a period in history. — The period of the Aborigines.- — The second period in the history of the United States. — Extends from the discovery of the continent to the establisliment of permanent settlements. — The third period. — Readies from the first colonies to the war of the Revolution. — The fourth period. — Embraces the Revolution and the consolidation of the government. — The 'fiftli period is most important.— Extends from tlie adoption of the Constitution to the present time. — The names and dates of the several periods 39, 40.

Part 1. Aboriginal America

I

Chapter I. The Red Men — Origin, Distribution, Character

The Indians. — Tiieir name accounted for. — Differences between them and the Asiatics. — Tlie origin of the Indian races unknown. — Theories controverted. — The question likely to remain unsolved. — Language may give us light. — The Red men Ganowanians. — Habits of that race. — Divisions of the aboriginal nalions.--The Esquimaux.— Their manner of life. — The race of Algonquins. — Their distribution. — And character. — Tlie Huron-Iroquois. — Their domain. — Nature of tlieir confederation. — Their influence and character. — The Southern races. — Clierokees. — Mobi'ians. — Manners and characteristics. — Tlie Dakotas. — Their limits. — The Comanches. — The nations beyond the Mountains. — Slioshonees. — Selish. — Klamaths. — Californians. — Aztecs and Toltecs of old. — The Indian character in general. — Sense of personal independence.— Passion for war. — Principles of war. — And of peace. — The Indian unsocial and solitary. — His family organization. — The European family. — Diagram thereof. — Indian method. — And diagram. — Aboriginal government. — Powers and liniitaiions. — Native religion. — Beliefs of the Red men. — Their arts. — Rudeness of the s:ime. — The Indian hou.«e. — Utensils. — Weapons. — Clothing. — Decorations. — Paint. — And writing. — The savage tongues. — Peculiarities of Indian speecli. — Personal appearance of the aborigines. — Stature. — Features. — Bodily habit. — Indian amusements. — The dance. — Otiier sports. — Gaming. — The use of tobacco. — Strong drinks. — Indian prospects.—

Reflections. 41-50.

vi

CONTENTS.

Chapter II. The Icelanders And Norwegians In America

Herjulfson is driven by a storm to the American coast. — Lief Erickson discovers America. — Thorwald and Tliorstein Erickson make voyages. — Thorfinn Karlsefiie explores the shores of Maine and Massachusetts.— Other voyages are made by the Norsemen.— The name of Vinland. — Cliaracter of the sea-kings. — Voyages in the following centuries. — No practical results from the Icelandic discoveries. — Their authenticity. — Note. 51-54.

Chapter III. Spanish Discoveries

Spain makes the New World known to Europe. — Old ideas about the figure of the earth. — Columbus. — Sketch of his life.— The favor of Isabella. — Columbus departs on his first voyage. — Discovers San Salvador, Cuba, and Hayti. — Second voyage of (Jolumbus. — Third. — He discovers South America. — Fourth voyage.— Columbus's misfortunes and death. — Wrong done to his memory. — Vespucci makes two voyages to South America. — Excitement in Europe on account of discoveries. — Colony planted on the Isthmus. — Balboa discovers the Pacific. — Ponce de Leon makes explorations in Florida.— Is killed in a fight with the Indians. ....... 54-58.

Chapter IV. Spanish Discoveries — Continued

Cordova discovers Yucatan. — Grijalvaexplorea Mexico. — Cortez lands at Tabasco. — Terror pervades tlie country. — The natives are beaten back. — Cortez proceeds to Vera Cruz.-T-Montezuma sends embassies and presents. — The Spaniards march towards the capital. — And are forbidden to approach. — The Mexican tribes revolt. — Cortez reaches the city. — And enters. — His critical situation. — He seizes Montezuma. — Who acknowledges the king of Spain. — The governor of Cuba sends forces against Cortez. — He overpowers them. — Returns to the capital. — The struggle for possession of the city, — Montezuma is wounded. — And dies. — The Spaniards are victorious. — Mexico becomes a Spanish province. — Magellan sails around South America. — Crosses the Pacific— Is killed at the Philippines. — His crew reach the East Indies. — Double the Cape of Good Hope. — Return to Europe. — De Narvaez is appointed governor of Florida. — Explores the country around tlie Gulf. — The company embark in boats, and are wrecked. — Four men reach San Miguel. — De Soto sets out on an expedition to explore and conquer Florida. — Arrives at Tampa Bay. — Marches into the interior. — Spends the winter on Flint River. — The company march into South Carolina. — Cross into Georgia. — Capture Manville. — Spend the next winter on the Yazoo. — Di-scover the Mississippi. — Explore Arkansas and return to the Mississippi. — De Soto dies. — His men again march westward to the mountains. — Return to the mouth of Red River. — Build boats and descend the Mississippi. — Reach the Spanish settlements in Mexico.^Melendez comes

CONTENTS.

vii to Florida, and founds St. Augustine— Murders the Huguenots on the St. John's.— Massacres the crews of the French vessels.— Extent of the Spanish explorations.— The Portuo-uese voyage of Gaspar Cortereal.— He sells a cargo of Indian slaves in Portugal. . . ■ 61-69.

Chapter V. The French In Amek.ica

First acquaintance of the Frencli witli America.— Verrazzani is sent out to make explorations.—Arrives on the coast of North Carolina.— Explores the shores of the country as far north as Newfoundland.— Cartier is sent on a voyage to America.— Readies Newfoundland and enters the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence.— Returns to Europe.— Sails on a second expedition.— Ascends the St. Lawrence to Montreal.— His crew are attacked with scurvy.— He passes the winter near the site of Quebec— And returns to France.— Roberval undertakes to colonize the country.— Cartier joined to the undertaking.— Prisons of France are opened to furnish emigrants. — Expedition reaches the St. Lawrence.— The leaders quarrel, and Cartier goes back to France. — The whole colony returns.— Roberval sails with another fleet.— And is lost at sea.— Ribault conducts a hand of Huguenots to Port Royal.— Builds Fort Carolina.— The settlement is abandoned. — The enterprise renewed by Laudonniere.— A Huguenot colony established on the St. John's River.— But destroyed by Melendez.— De Gourges takes vengeance on the Spaniards. — La Roche is commissioned to plant colonies in America. — French prisons again opened. — A settlement is made on Sable Island. — The company rescued and carried to France. — De Monts made viceroy of New France. — Departs with a colony. — Reaches the Bay of Fundy. — Port Royal founded by Poutrincourt, and the St. Croix settlement by De Monts. — The country named Acadia.— Champlain receives a commission.— Sails with a colony to the St. Lawrence. — Goes against the Iroquois. — Returns and founds Quebec 70-76..

Chapter VI. English Biscoveries And Settlements

Henry VII. commissions John Cabot. — Who discovers North America. — Is re-- commissioned. — Sebastian takes charge of the expedition. — Explores the American coast from Labrador to. Cape Hatteras. — Leaves England to become pilot ofe Spain. — The notable year 1498. — Causes which impeded English discovery. — Maritime enterprise revives under Elizabeth. — Frobisher sails to America and discovers Meta Incognita.— Takes spurious ore to London. — A new voyage is planned. — Frobisher conducts a fleet to Meta Incognita. — The expedition proves a failure. — Sir Francis Drake captures Spanish merchantmen. — Goes to the Pacific coast. — Attempts the discovery of a • north-west pas.sage. — Gilbert forms a plan of colonization. — Is assisted by Raleigh. — Conducts a fleet to Newfoundland. — The crews find spurious minerals. — Tlie voyage is continued to Massachusetts. — Gilbert loses his best ship and a hundred men. — Starts home, and is lost at sea. — Raleigh sends Amidas and Barlow with a colony. — Tliey reach Roanoke Island and begin a settlement. — The place is abandoned. — Raleigh sends a second colony under Lane. — The colonists reach Roanoke and begin to build. — Difficulties arise with the Indians. — The settlement is broken up. — The colony taken home by Drake. — A new charter granted by Raleigh, and White chosen governor. — Tlie new emigrants arrive at Roanoke.— The foundations of a town laid on the Island. — Troubles with the Indians. — Manteo is made a peer. — White returns to England. — Birth of Virginia Dare. — The fate of the colony never ascertained. — (Condition of affairs in England. — White returns, and finds Roanoke deserted. — Raleigh assigns his patent toviii

CONTENTS.

London merchants.— Gosnold makes a voyage directly across the Atlantic— Attempts to form a settlement on Elizabeth Island.— The place is abandoned.— Gosnold trades with tlie natives.— The crew demand to return.— Flattering accounts are given of the country.— An expedition is sent out under Pring.— He explores a part of tin; New England coast, and i»turns to Bristol.— Waymouth sails on a voyage.— Trades with the Indians of Maine.— Eeturns to England 76-83

CHAPTER Vri.

ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. — CONTINUED.

King James issues patents to the London and Plymouth Companies.— The London Company to plant colonies between the 34th and the 38th parallels.— The Plymouth Company to make settlements from the 41st to the 45th degree.— Gosnold, Smith, Hakluyt and Wingfield lead the affairs of the Southern Company.— No democratic principles are recognized in the charter.— A ship is sent out by the Plymouth Company.— A second vessel is dispatched to America.— A settlement is attempted at the mouth of the Kennebec— Is abandoned in the summer of 1608.— A fleet with a colony is sent out by the London Company.— Newport commands.— They arrive in the Chesapeake.— Enter James River.— Make a landing and lay tiie foundations of Jamestown.— The affairs of the Plymouth Company are revived by Smith.— He explores and maps the coast of Maine and Massachusetts.— Several attempts are made to form a colony in New England.—The Plymouth Company is superseded by the Council of Plymouth.— A new plan of colonization is made, and Smith appointed admiral.— Tlie Puritans arise in the North of England.— They remove to Amsterdam and Leyden.— Determine to remove to America.— Ask permission of the king and the Council of Plymouth.— Meet with discouragements.—Procure two vessels at their own expense.— Sail from Leyden, and afterward from Southampton.— Tlie Speedwell is found unfit for the voyage, and the Pilgrims depart in the Mayflower.— The Pilgrims have a stormy voyage.— Come in sight of^Cape Cod.— They make a frame of government.— Carver is elected governor.— The landing is delayed by bad weather.— The ship is driven by storms.— Enters Plymouth harbor.— The Puritans go ashore on the 11th of December.— Begin to build.— Are attacked with diseases.— Many of the colony die.— An early spring brings them relief. . 85-91.

* CHAPTER VIII.

VOYAGES AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE DUTCH.

Dutch settlements in America result from the voyages of Hudson. — He is employed by London merchants to reach the Indies.— Sails into the North Atlantic— Fails in his effort.- Is sent on a second voyage.— And fails.— Goes into tlie service of the Dutch East India Company.— Sails on a third voyage.— Is driven back by the icebergs.— Turns to America.— Reaches Newfoundland.— Sails southward to the Chesapeake.— Then northward to New York harbor.— Discovers the Hudson River.— Explores that stream as far as Albany.— Returns to Dartmoutli.— Ts detained by the Englisii government.— Is sent on a fourtli expedition.— Discovers Hudson Strait and Bay.— Is overtaken by winter.— The crew mutiny.— Hudson is cast off among the icebergs.— Dutch vessels begin to trade at the mouth of the Hudson.— The states-general grant a riglit to trade.— A settlement is made on Manhattan Island.— Block explores Long Island Sound.— Cliristianson builds Fort Nassau.— May explores the coast of New Jersey.— Holland claims the country from Delaware Bay to Cape Cod 92-94

CONTENTS.

ix

Part III. Colonial History

PARENT COLONIES.

CHAPTER IX.

VIRGINIA. — THE FIRST CHARTER.

Tlie progress of Virjjinia is hintlered.— First settlers are of bad character. — Necessity drives them to Libor. — The king gives sealed instructions. — Smith is arrested.— And excluded from the council. — He and Newport explore the James. — Eetnrn to Jamestown, — Newport goes to England. — The colonists are discouraged. — Disease ravages the settlement.— Gosnold dies. — Wingfield embezzles the funds. — And is removed from oflice. — Ratcliffe succeeds. — And is also impeached. — Smith takes control of the colony. — Sketch of his life. — Tlie settlement flourishes under his care. — He explores the country, and procures supplies. — The Ixidians furnish provisions. — Smith explores the Chickahominy. — Is captured by the Indians. — Saves his life by stratagem.— Is carried to Ora pax.— Thence to Pamunkey. — Is condemned to deatli. — And saved by Pocahontas. — He remains in Powhatan's household.— Is liberated.— Returns to Jamestown.— Terrifies the savages. — Deplorable condition of fclie settlement. — Plot to abandon the place. — Newport arrives with new immigrants. — Who are as bad as tlie others. — Tlie gold-hunters go abroad. — And find mica in the sand of James River. — A ship is loaded willi dirt and sent to England.— The planting season goes by. — Smith makes his great exploration of tlie Chesapeake.— And maps the country. — Returns. — Is elected president. — Newport arrives with more immigrants and supplies. — Progress of the colony 95-104.

CHAPTER X.

VIRGINIA. — THE SECOND CHARTER.

King Jamesgrantsanew charter. — Changes are made in the form of government. — A new council is organized. — Delaware is chosen governor. — The other officers. — A fleet with five hundred emigrants sails for America. — Encounters a storm. — Two vessels are wrecked.— Seven ships reach Jamestown. — The commissioners are left on the Bermuda Islands.— Smith retains the presidency. — New settlements are projected.— Smitii is wounded.— Delegates his authority to Percy. — Returns to England.— Colony suflfers after his departure. — The starving time. — Gates and iiis companions reach Virginia. — The settlement is abandoned.— Delaware meets the colony. — And persuades them to return. — Prosperity begins. — But Delaware falls sick. — And returns to England. — Percy is deputy. — Dale arrives as governor. — Brings immigrants. — Writes for supplies and new colonists.— Wiio arrive. — The colony improves. — Gates is made governor. — The right of private property is recognized. — And the settlements enlarged. . . . 104-107

X

CONTENTS.

CHAPTEK XI,

VIRGINIA, — THE THIRD CHARTER.

Tlie London Company receive a third patent, — The colony had proved unprofitable. — Argali kidnaps Pocahontas, — Who is married to Rolfe. — Tliey visit England. — And leave descendants in Virginia. — Argall destroys the French settlements in Acadia. — And reduces the Dutch colony of Manhattan. — Dale becomes governor of Virginia.— Tobacco is the staple of Jamestown. — And is used for money. — Argall is chosen governor.— Delaware sails for America. — And dies. — Yeardley supersedes Argall. — Abolishes martial law. — Establishes the House of Burgesses. — Slavery is introduced. — Society is low. — Women are sent over. — And married to tlie colonists. — A constitution is granted. — Wyatt becomes governor. — Settlements spread abroad. — The Indians become jealous, — And massacre the people. — But ai-e defeated. — Tiie company is opposed by tlie king. — A commission is appointed. — Who report against the company. — And its charter is revoked.— But liberty is planted in Virginia 108-113

CHAPTER XII.

VIRGINIA. — THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT.

Royal government is established. — But the administration is unchanged. — Charles I. becomes king. — Recognizes the Virginia Assembly. — Yeardley is re-elected governor. — Dies. — West is ciiosen by tiie council. — Harvey arrives from England. — Land-grants vex the people. — Harvey is impeached. — But is sustained by the king. — Wyatt succeeds,— English Revolution breaks out. — King Charles is beheaded. — Monarchy is abolished. — Cromwell becomes Protector. — Virginia inclines to royalty. — Berkeley becomes governor.— Tiie Puritans are persecuted. — An Indian war arises. — The savages are beaten. — Virginia refuses to acknowledge Parliament. — Cromwell restricts her commerce. — Sends a fleet to America. — And the Virginians submit. — Favorable terms are granted. — Peace continues during the commonwealtli. — The Burgesses elect three governors. — Berkeley is thus chosen. — Accepts. — But at the Restoration renounces his acceptance. — And issues writs in the king's name. — Tyranny follows. — Commerce is restricted. — The Virginians complain.— In vain, — Charles II. gives away Virginia lands. — And finally the whole State to Arlington and Culpepper. — The Quakers and the Baptists are persecuted. — Taxes are odious. — Tlie people rebel. — An Indian war is the excuse. — And Berkeley's tyranny the cause. — Bacon heads the insurrection. — Tiie Indians are punished. — Berkeley abdicates. — Returns. — Captures Jamestown. — Bacon takes the place, and burns it. — Dies. — Tlie patriots are dispersed, — And the leaders hanged. — A worse despotism is established. — Culpepper becomes governor. — Treats Virginia as an estate.— Arlington surrenders his claim.— The king recalls the grant. — And Virginia becomes a royal province. — Howard and Nicholson administer the government. — William and Mary College founded. — Andros becomes governor. — Future history of Virginia ......... 114-123

CHAPTER XIII.

SrASSACHUSETTS. — SETTLEJIENT.

The Pilgrims are saved by the coming of spring. — Health is restored. — Miles Standish is sent out to reconnoitre. — Samoset and Squanto come to Plymoutli. — A treaty is made with INIassasoit. — Other tribes acknowledge tlie sovereignty of England. — Canonicus is overawed. — An unfruitful summer. — Immigrants arive. — Are quartered on the colony. — The Pilgrims are destitute. — The new-comers found W^eymouth, — The Indi-

CONTENTS. , xi

t

ans plan a massacre. — And are punislied by Standish. — Weymouth is abandoned. — A plentiful harvest. — Robinson remains at Leyden. — The colonial enterprise proves unprofitable.— The managers sell out to the colonists. — The Established Church is favored.— Salem is founded. — The Company of Massachusetts Bay is chartered by the king and tlje council. — Boston is founded. — The government is transferred to America. — A large immigration in 1630. — Winthrop is governor. — Cambridge is founded. — Watertown. — Koxbury. — Dorchester. — The colony suffers greatly. — Suffivige is restricted. — Williams protests. — And is banished. — Goes among the Indians. — Is kindly received. — Tarries at Seekonk. — Removes. — And founds Providence. — A representative government is established. — The ballot-box is introduced. — Tliree thousand immigrants arrive.— Vane and Peters are the leaders. — Concord is founded. — Colonies remove to the Connecticut. — Religious controversies. — Mrs. Hutchinson is banished. — She and her friends establisli a republic on Rliode Island. — Harvard College is founded at Cambridge.— A printing-press is set up. — Eliot, Welde, and Mather translate the Psalms. — Liberty flourishes in Massachusetts. — Emigration is hindered by England. 123-133,

CHAPTER XIV.

MASSACHUSETTS. — THE UNION.

Progress of New England. — Circumstances favor a union of the colonies. — Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven are confederated. — No other colonies are admitted. — A Body of Liberties is formed. — The two legislative branches are separated.— Tiie English Revolution is favorable to New England. — Vane and others defend the rights of the colonies. — The Parliament demands the charter of Massacliusetts. — Which is refused. — Cromwell the friend of Massachusetts. — Maine is annexed. — Early settlements in Maine. — The Quakers arrive at Boston. — Are persecuted and banished.— Tiie death-penalty is passed against tliem. — Four persons are executed. — Reaction against the law. — And the law is abolished. — News of the Restoration reaches Boston. — Whalley and Goffe arrive. — And escape to Connecticut. — Vane and Peters are executed. — The Navigation Act is passed. — Its bearing on the commerce of New England.— War between England and Holland. — Charles II. attempts to subvert the colonial charters. — Commissioners are sent to Massachusetts. — Are met with resistance. — And defeated in their objects. — The colony prospers. .... 133-139.

CHAPTER XV.

MASSACHUSETTS. — KING PHILIP'S WAR.

Philip becomes king of the Wampanoags. — Causes of jealousy and war. — Alexander's imprisonment. — Outrages are committed. — The war begins. — Swanzey is attacked. — Philip is pursued to Mount Hope. — Escapes to Tiverton. — Is driven from the Narragansett country. — Goes to the Nipmucks. — A general war ensues. — The Narragansetts are obliged to remain neutral. — English ambassadors are massacred at Brookfield. — The town is attacked. — Rescued. — Abandoned. — Burned. — Deerfield is partly destroyed. — Lathrop attempts to bring off" the harvests. — Is ambushed at Bloody Brook. — Tlie battle. — Hadley is attacked. — Rescued by GofFe. — Springfield is assaulted.— And destroyed. — Hadley is burned. — Tiie savages are defeated at Hatfield. — Philip repairs to the Narragansetts.— The English declare war. — And invade the country. — Philip and liis forces take refuge in a swamp. — Are surrounded. — Attacked. — And utterly routed. — Ruin of the Narragansett nation. — Tiie war continues on the frontiers. — Towns and villages are destroyed. — The savages grow feeble. — Canonchet is taken.— And put to death. — Philip's family are captured. — And ^old as slaves. — Himself hunted down. — And shot. — Subxii

CONTENTS.

mission of the tribes. — Losses of New England. — Tlie English governmerit refuses iielp. — Randolph conies to abridge tlie liberties of Massachusetts. — And is defeated. — Massaciiusetts purchases Maine of tiie lieirs of Gorges. — Difficulties concerning New Hampshire— A royal government is establislied in the province. — Cranfield's administration. — Tiie king's liostility. — The charter of Massacliusetts is annulled. — King Qiailes dies. — James II. appoints Dudley governor. — And then Andros. - Tlie liberties of tlie people are destroyed. — The government of Andros is extended over New England. — But the charter of Connecticut is saved. — The Revolution of 1688. — Andros is seized, and imprisoned. — And the colonies restore their liberties. .... 139-147.

CHAPTER XVI.

MASSACHUSETTS. — WAR AND WITCHCRAFT.

King William's War begins. — The causes. — Dovei- is attacked and burned. — Pemaquid is destroyed. — And then Schenectady. — And Salmon Falls. — An expedition is planned against Canada. — Phipps takes Port Royiil. — But fails at Quebec. — And returns.— Paper money is issued. — Failure of the expedition against jNIonti'eal. — Phipps goes to England. — And returns as royal governor. — Oyster River is destr(^3'ed. — Plavei'- hill is attacked and burned. — Mrs. Dustin's cnptivity. — The treaty of Ryswick. — The witchcraft excitement begins at Salem. — The causes. — Parris and Mather. — The trials. — Convictions. — Executions. — The reaction. — Mather's book. — Reflections. 147-153.

CHAPTER XVII.

MASSACHUSETTS. — WARS OF ANNE AND GEORGE.

Causes of Queen Anne's War. — Field of operations in America. — A treaty is ninde with the Five Nations. — The conflict begins. — Deerfield is burned. — And the inhabitants carried captive to Canada. — Barbarities of the Indians. — An expedition is sent against Port Royal. — The attempt fails. — Is renewed in 1710. — Port Royal is taken. — And named Annapolis. — Prejiarations are made for invading Canada. — Nicholson commands the liiiid forces. — And Walker the fleet. — The squadron is delayed. — Stojis at Gaspe Bny. — Is shattered by a storm in the St. Lawrence. — Returns in disgrace. — The expedition by land is abandnned. — .\ treaty is made at Utrecht. — A separate peace is concluded with the Indians.— The people of Massachusetts resist the royal governor. — Causes of King George's War. — The conflict begins. — Importance of Louisbiirg. — Its conquest is planned by Shirley. — ^The colonies ccmtribute men and means. — The expedition leaves Boston. — Is detained at Canseau. — Joined by Warren's fleet. — Reaches Gabarus Bay. — Invests Loulsburg. — The siege. — The surrender. — Cape Breton submits. — France attempts to reconquer Louisbiirg. — Treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle. — Character of the Puritans 153-160.

CHAPTER XVI I L

NEW YORK. — SETTLEMENT.

Character of Sir Henry Hudson. — The East India Company govern Manhattan.— A colony is sent from Holland. — A charter is gnmted to the West India Company. — The Walloons arrive at New Amsterdam. — May builds Fort Nassau. — And Joris, Fort Orange. — Civil government begins in New Netherland. — May is governor. — And then Verhulst. — And Minuit. — Manhattan is purchased. — And fortified. — Friendly relations are established between the Walloons and the Puritans. — The Dutch devote themselves to the fur-trade. — Growth of the colony. — A charter is granted. — The patroons. — Five manors are laid out. — Delaware is colonized. — And then abandoned. — Van Twiller sue-

CONTENTS.

xiii ceeds Minuit. — A fort is built at Hartford.— Tlie Englisli claim the Connecticut.— Sweden purposes to plant an American colony. — The project is delayed. — But renewed by Minuit. — A Swedish colony reaches tlie Delaware. — Settles at Christiana. — Is prosperous.— And New Netherland is jealous.— Fort Nassau is rebuilt.- Printz removes to Tinicura.— The Indians are provoked by the Dutch. — War breaks out.— A desultory contest. —Tiie Mohawks come.— Kieft massacres the Algonquins.— The war continues.— Fate of Mrs. Hutchinson.— Underbill conquers the Indians.— Kieft the author of the war.— De Vries succeeds him. 160-167.

CHAPTER XIX.

NEW YORK.— ADMINISTRATION OF STUYVESANT.

Stuy vesant is appointed governor. — Peace established with the Indians. — Free trade succeeds monopoly.— Growth of the colony.— A boundary is established between New England and New Netherland.— The Dutch again claim New Sweden.- Build Fort Casimir.— The i)lace is captured by the Swedes.— Stuyvesant conquers and annexes New Sweden. — The Algonquins rebel. — And are subdued.— Tiie Indians of Ulster rise. — Burn Esopus.— Are punished.— Stuy vesant is troubled about his boundaries.— Domestic difficulties.— New Netherland lags.— The Dutch prefer English laws.— Tiie province is granted to tiie Duke of York.— Tlie duke makes good his claim.— Sends out NicoUs. — And conquers New Netherland. . . . . • • • • 167-171.

CHAPTER XX.

NEW YORIL UNDER THE ENGLISH.

NicoUs settles tlie boundaries of New York.— New Jersey is granted to Berkeley and Carteret.— Is claimed by Nicolls.— But the claim is set aside.— Tiie Territories.— Tiie Dntcii claim liberty.— Are disappointed.— New land-titles are issued.— Lovelace succeeds Nicolls.— And is resisted by the people.— His tyranny.— Friendship of the English and the Dutch.— War witii Holland.— Evertsen reconquers New York.— But tiie province is restored to England.— Andros begins his government.— Proves himself a despot.— Claims the country from the Connecticut to Maryland.— Goes to Saybrook. —Is baffled by Captain Bull.— Attempts to overawe New Jersey.— And fails.— Delaware is separated from New Y^ork.— And joined to Pennsylvania.— Dongan becomes governor.— The right of representation is conceded. — Character of the Constitution.— A treaty is made with tiie Iroquois.— Tiie Dulce of Y'ork becomes king.— And overtiirows colonial liberties.— Andros is sent out as governor of New England.- Usurps the governments of all the colonies north of the Delaware.— Leisler's insurrection.— Thc^province yields to his authority.— Schenectady is burned.— Ingoldsby arrives as governor. — Leisler and Milborne are arrested.— Tried.— And hanged.— Tlie Iroquois treaty is renewed.— Tlie Indians make war on the French.— The assembly declares against arbitrary authority.— Fletcher becomes governor.— Attempts to usurp the government of Connecticut and New Jersey.— Is defeated.— Effort to establish the Episcopal Churcii.— The project fails.— The Frencii invade New York.— Are repelled.— Belloniont becomes governor.— Tiie career of Captain Kidd.— Cornbury succeeds Bellomont. —New Jersey is annexed to New York.— Cornbury's fraudulent administration.— He is overthrown.— And succeeded by Lovelace.— An unsuccessful expedition is made against Montreal.— The fleet also fails.— New York is in debt.— The treaty of Utrecht. —The Tuscarora migration.— A fort is built at Oswego.— The French fortify Niagara and Crown Point.— Crosby is sent out as governor.— Assails the freedom of the press. —The trial of Zenger.— The negro plot.— French invasions of New York.— Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.— Slow growth of the province.— Prospects.— Reflections. . 172-183.