Cyclopædia of universal history : being an account of the principal events in the career of the human race, from the beginning of civilization to the present time

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Chapter I. — ^Tribbb of the North

Breaking in of the Barbftrians. — ^The Gennanic Family. — ^The Goths.— Diviaion of the Race. — Early Relations with Rome.—Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. — Visigoths in Spain. — Kingdom df the Saavi.— The Marcomanni. — ^The Qoadi.— The Heruli. — The Gepid».— The Vandals. — Their Kingdom in Spain andAfrica. — ^The Lombards. — The Franks.— Their Kingdom in Gaul.— The Angles.- The Saxons.— They establish themselves in Britain. — ^The Baignndians.- The Bavarians.— Leading Barbarian Nations.- Career of Ulfilas. — The Gothic Language.— The Barbarian Manner of Life. — Person and Features. — ^Their Manners in Peace and War. — ^Teutonic Government — Superstitions and Religion of the North.— The Family Tie.— Respect of the Sexes.— Notion of Land-ownership. — ^Viewof Tribal Polity. — Leadership. — Guests. — Adoration of Woman. — Idea of Personal Independence derived from the Germans. — Freedom.—Military Patronage.— The Slavic Family. — The Bosnians.— The Croatians.— The Wends.— The Poles. — The Bohemians. — ^The Moravians. — The Pomeranians and Lusatians. — The livonians. — ^Third Division of the Race.— The Huns. — Their Impact on the Empire. — Attila. — The Alani. — ^The Avari. — ^The Bulgarians.— The Magyars.—The Turks. — ^Their Relation with the Eastem Empire.- The Tartars 33-60

Chapter II. — Barbarian Kinodobcb in Italy

Odoacer and the Heruli. — End of Augustulus. — Remnants of Old Rome. — Conquests of Odoacer. — Decadence and Distress of Rome. — ^The Ostrogothic Conquest — Career of Theodoric. — Battle of the Sontius. — Overthrow of the Heruli. — Reign of Theodoric.— Formation of a New Nationality. — Battle of Margus. — Relations of the Ostrogoths and the Franks. — Extent of Theodoric's Kii^^om. — Character of his Administration. — ^The King in Rome. —

His Private Life.— His Religion.— Troubles of the Italian Catholics.— The Eastern Empire persecutes the Arians.— Career of Boethius.— Death of Theodoric—Reign of his Grandsons.- Amalasontha.- Her Ascendency in Italy. — Intrigue of Justinian. — Belisarius in the West.— He subdues Italy.— The Goths besiege him in Rome.— Theodebert invades Italy. —Siege of Ravenna. — Belisarius recalled. — Totila recovers the Country.— Return of Belisarius.— Rome taken and re-taken. — Belisarius crippled by the Emperor.— Narses takes Command. — He captures Rome.— Incoming of the Germans. — Battle of the Vultumus.— Overthrow of the Ostrogothic Kingdom. — Alboin and the Lombards. — Kingdom of Lombards established.— End of Alboin.—Reign of Antharis.— Agilulf.— The Iron Crown. — Extent of the Lombard Dominion. — Laws.— Growth of the Papal Church. — Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. — Overthrow of the Lombard Kingdom, 60-64

Chapter m. — Kingdoms of the Vibiqothb, Vandals, and Franks.

Adolphus and Honorius.— Marriage with Placidia. — Progress of the Goths in Spain. — ^Plans of Clo\ns. — Battle of Poitiers. — Defeat of the Romans in Spain.- Count Theudes. — Interference of Justinian.— Arianism overthrown. — Council of Toledo. — ^The Jews in Spain. — ^Their Persecutions. — Incoming of the Arabs. — They conquer the Visigoths.— Establishment of the Vandal Kingdom. — Great Conquests of Genseric. — He subdues Northem Africa. — The Donatists. — Ravages of the Invaders.— Capture of Carthage. — Naval Enterprises.—Pillage of Rome by the Vandals. — ^They terrorize the Mediterranean. — Religious Complications.— Reign of Gelimer. — ^The Vandal Kingdom overthrown by Belisarius. — The Prankish Nation.— Early Chieftains. — Meroveus and Childeric- Youth of Clovis.— The Broken Vase.— Clovis organizes a Kingdom. — Overthrows the Alemanni. — Is converted, — The Franks imitate his Ex-

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

ample. — Christianity and Paganism. — Clovis a Butcher. —His Religious War.— He conquers the Buigundians.— Overthrows the Qoths.— Is Consul and Augustus.— Sketch of the Barbarian Laws— Their PerBonal Character.— Judicial Processes.— Trial by Combat— Land Titles.— Slavery.- Sons of Clovis.— They divide the Kingdom.— Fratricidal Wars.— The Rois Faineants.— Fredegonda and Brunehaut.— Clotaire II. and Dagobert — Accession of Pepin. — He extinguishes the Faineants. — Is succeeded by the Hammer. — He puts down Opposition. — Confronts the Arabs. — Battle of Poitiers. — ^Establishment of the Carlovingians. — Pepin crowned as King of the Franks. — ^He overthrows the Lombards. — Is succeeded by Charlemagne, 64-81

Chapter IV. — ^The Anglo-Saxon Kino- IX>M8

Native Land of the Anglo-Saxons.— Their Character sketched by Taine.— They are invited into Britain.— Condition of that Country.— Hengist. Horsa, and Vortigem. — ^Britain conquered by the Invaders.— Establishment of the Heptarchy. — Prince Arthur.— The Oflfice of Britwalda.— Early Rulers. — Edwin and Penda. — Cadwallader.— Churches and Monasteries.— Contest for Mercia.— Career of Oswy. — Reign of E^rid.— Mercia and Wessex.— Ofik the Terrible.— Ascendency of Wessex under F^gbert— Career of the Latter.— Apparition of the Danes.— Their Successes after £^ bert's Death.— Reign of Ethelwulf.— His Five Sons. — Succession of Alfred, 81-90

Book Skcond.— The iviohaniivieidaim ascendency. *

Chapter V. — Cabeer of the Pbofhet

Biith and Youth of Mohammed. — His Family Belationships. — He becomes a Prophet — Struggles of the Rising Faith.— Perils and Yidssitudes of Mohammed.— Belations with the Jews. — ^The Hegira.— The Prophet Victorious.— He becomes a Warrior.— Revolts and Suppressions.— The First Pilgrimage.— Death of the Prophet— His Form and Features.— Mental Characteristics.— Religious Condition of Arabia at the Prophet's Advent — His Plan of Uniting Judaism and Christianity. — Comparison of the Three Semitic Religions. — ^Monotheism of the Koran. — ^The Day of Judgment. — Paradise and Hell, 91-99

Ghafteb YL — Conquests of the Fibst

Caliphs.

Abu Beker succeeds the Prophet — His Character and Policy. — Commotions in New Islam. — Ibn Nowirah. — He is routed by Khaled. — Moseilma the False. — Formulation of the Koran. — Plans for the Extensions of Islam. — Invasion of Syria. — Proclamation of Abu Beker. — ^Yezed in Com* mand. — Rules of War. — Syria overrun. — Babylonia invaded. — Victories of Khaled. —Ill success of Obeidah. — ^Battle at Bosra. — Khaled saves the Day. — Bosra taken. — Siege of Damascus. — Battle of Aiznadin.^Taking of Damascus. — Omar succeeds Abu Beker.— Sketch of his Character. — Obeidah restored to Command. — Islam drinks Wine. — Siege of Emessa.- The Syrian Greeks.— Expedition to Baalbec.— The City ransomed. — Emessa Captured. — Advance to Yermouk. —Peril of the Moslems. — Great Battle with Manuel. — Omar takes Jerusalem. — ^The Great Mosque. — ^New Invasions planned. — Obeidah advances on Aleppo. — The City taken. — Antioch captured by Stratagem.— Further Conquests. — Caesarea taken. — Disgrace and Death of Khaled. — Amru invades Egypt — Siege and Capture of Alexandria. — Destruction of the Great Library. — ^FJgypt subdued. — Persia invaded.— The Moslems defeated on the Euphrates.— Battle of Hirah.— Abu Wakkas in Command.— Battle of Kadesia. — ^Bassora founded.— Babylon and Madain captured. — Spoils of the Conquests.—Cufa selected as the Eastern Capital.— Rebuke of Abu Wakkas. — Family Relations of Omar.- War with Susiana.— The " Yictory of Yictories." — ^The Box of Yezdegird.— Battle of Hamadan. — Media overrun by the Moslems. — Overthrow of the God of Fire.— Taking of the Gate of Iron. — ^Career of Abdalrahman in the North. — ^Assassination of Omar. — Sketch of his Character. — The Civil Administration, 100-120

Chapter YIL — Othman Ajn> Au.

Othman chosen to the Caliphate. — ^His Character and Policy. — End of the Career of Yezdegird. — Upheaval in Egypt— Alexandria retaken and dismantled.— Islam moves Westward through Northem Africa.— Battle of Tripoli. — Story of the Daughter of Gregorius. — Return of Saiid to F!gypt — Islam among the Islands of the Mediterranean. — Battle of the Masts.— The Crescent within Sight of Constantinople. — Loss of the Prophet's Ring.— Purification of the Koran. — Condition of the Caliphate. — Opposition to Othman. — Army of Insurgents before Medina. — Ali secures a Reformation. — Further Treachery. — Murder of Othman. — Position of All.- He is chosen Caliph.— Moawyah in Opposition.— Ali reforms the Government — New Emirs appointed. — Rebellious Spirits in the Provinces. — Moawyah prepares for Conflict — Ayesha heads a Revolt — Her Proclamation. — ^Ali prepares for War. — Afiairs of Bassora. — Ayesha defeated and captured.— The Syrian Rebellion.— Battle of Seffein. — Arbitration attempted by Ali and Moawyah.— A Fraudulent Decision. — ^The Karigites. — Further Plots of Moawyah. — He takes Mecca. — Assassination planned. — Murder of Ali. — His Character. — Founder of the Fatimites, . . 120-132

Gsliph Haanui. — War renewed with Mo*- wyah.— The Lfttter sacoeedB to the Gsliphate. — The Arte of Peace preyaiI.~8tory of the Son of Nobody. — He founds a Family. — Enmity of Islam against the Greek £mpire.~The Crescent advanced toward Ck>nstantinople. — The Moslems beaten back. — Death of Hassan. — Ayesha follows.— Invasion of Africa again undertaken. — 8ao> cesses of Acbah. — He founds a Capital.^The African Tribes subdoed.~RebelUon put down at CSaerwan. — ^The Moors victorious over Acbah. — Yeiid recognised as successor to Moawyah. — ^The Ooort of Damascus. — Yesid succeeds to the Caliphate.—His Character. —His Rivals. — AfTairs at Cula.— Hosehi defeated and killed.— Abdallah proclaimed Caliph. — Insurrection in Medina. — The City taken by Storm.— Mecca besieged. — Caliph Moawyah II. — Merwan succeeds him. — Other Claimants to the Throne. — Obeidallah at Cufa. — Abdallah in the West— Dehac overthrown. — ^Invasion of E!gypt— Merwan victorious. — Khorassan independent — The Penitents. — Affairs at Cerwan. — ^The City taken by the Greeks and Moors. — The Moslems aroused. — Cserwan retaken. — Merwan transfers the Crown to Abdalmalec. — Abdallah at Mecca. — ^Attempt to make Jerusalem the

Holy City.— Al Moktar appears.— Supports the House of Ali. — Is slain at Cufa. — Abdalmalec invades Babylonia. — ^The Separatists. — ^The Caliph adds to the Annual Tribute.— Fall of Abdallah.— Haaem subdued. — Al Hejagi at Cufa. — Story of Shebib.— Abdalrahman is slain. — War with the Eastern Empire. — The Greeks in Northern Africa.— AflOdrs at Carthage. — The Prophetess Dhabba. — Northern Africa desolated. — Dhabba put to Death.— End of Hoesan. — Musa appointed Governor. — Conversion of the Berbers. — Musa builds a Fleet— Waled takes the Caliphate.— The Court of Damascus. — Character of Waled. — Enlargement of the Kaaba. — Mosque of Damascus.- Triumphs of the Crescent Eastward. — Musa reaches the Atlantic— ^He looks into Europe.— Treason of Count Julian. — ^Taric goes into Spain. — Musa receives Orders for Conquest — Spain invaded by Taric. — Battle of the Guadalete. — Drowning of Boderic. — Taking of Cordova and Toledo. — Castile and Leon subdued. — Diflgraoe of Taric — Peace made with the Goths. — Islam Triumphant — Fall of Musa. — Arab Civilisation in Spain. — Ambitious Plans of Islam. — ^The Crescent North of the Pyrenees. — Abdalrahman would conquer France.— The Invasion begun. — The Arabs confronted by Charles Martel. — Battle of Tours. — ^Thus far and no further of Islam, 133>162

BOOK TTjaiRE).— THE AQE OK CH-A.RI<EMAQNE.

Chapter IX. — The Fnor Cablovinoiak8.

Pepin King of the Franks.— The Hoii Faineania, — ^Wars of Pepin. — Family Complications. — Charies the Hammer. — Establishment of the Carlovingian House. — ^Pepin and the Pope. — ^The For* mer overthrows the Lombards. — Career of Wai« lar. — Accession of Charlemagne. — ^His Genius. — His Relations with Desiderius. — He invades Italy.— Siege of Pavia. — Charlemagne at Rome. — Pavia taken. — ^The King returns to France. — Assembly at Pkulerbom.— Spirit and Deeds of the Saxons.- War b^ns with the Hostile Tribes.— A Conquest of Christianity. — Churches and Fortresses.—Spirit of the Priests.— Story of Liebwin. — Tribal Divisions of the Saxons. — ^Policy of Charlemagne.— ^King Wittikind. — He beats back the Franks.— The Latter again Victorious.— War and Baptism on the Weser. — Desperation of the Saxons.—Peace made with Wittikind.— Death of the Latter.^Obetinacy of Paganism.— Other Tribes subdued. — A Stayer of Barbarism. — A Boy King of Italy. — Charlemagne turns upon the Arabs. — Treason of Al Arab!.— The King advances on Saragossa. — Aquitaine and Vasconia subdued. — Pampeluna surrendered. — Sie^re of Saragossa. — ^The City is ransomed. — Retreat of the Franks. — ^The Valley of Roncesvalles.— The King of Aquitaine. — Boundary and Capital of France. — List of Charlemagne's Campaigns. — Troubles at Rome. — The

Pope appeals to Charlemagne. — And Crowns him Emperor.— Restoration of the Empire. — Relations with the East — Charlemagne as a Ruler.— Classification of his Subjects. — Fluctuation of Classes. — Practical Character of the Emperor. — ^Nature of his Administration. — His National Councils. — His Right of Initiating Laws. — Hincmar's Sketches of the Assemblies. — ^Preponderance of Charlemagne in the Kingdom. — Local Administrations. — Various Officers. — A Monarchy founded. — ^The Royal Note-book.— Charlemagne as a Law-maker. — His Patronage of Scholars. — His Curiosity to know. — School of the Palace.— Its Small Vanities. — Charlemagne a German. — His Old Age. — Louis named for the Succession. — ^The Emperor dies. — Estimate of his Work, 163-175

Chafteb X. — SuccEflsoBB OF Charlemaone.

Epoch of Decline after Charlemagne.— Apparition of the Sea Kings.— They ascend the Rivers of Western Europe.— Character of the Debonair.— New Code in the Court.— Elevation of Lothaire.— Pepin and Louis also crowned.— Threefold Division of Western Europe.- Abjectness of the Debonair.— The Italian Complication.— Trouble in Vasconia.- Revolt in Brittany suppressed.- Beginning of the House of GuelL— Revolt of Lothaire and Pepin. — Intrigues of Judith. — Louis dethroned.—And then restored.— The Field of

Red— Saocessof Lothaire.— New Territorial Division.—Death of the Debonair. — Conspiracy against Charles the Bald. — Battle of Fontenailles. — Efforts of Lothaire to maintain his Cause. — Another division of Europe. — The Northern Pirates. — Career of Hastings. — He receives Chartres. — Italy, Germany, and France.— Charles the Bald and his Administration.— Decline of the Imperial Dignity. — Growth of the Nobility. — Death of Charles. — His Misfortunes of Family. — Accession of Louis the Stammerer. — His Beign. — Accession of Charles the Fat. — Incoming of Rollo and his Danes. — Count Thibault and Hastings. — ^The Latter relapses.— The Northmen before Paris. — ^The Siege of the City. — The King would purchase Peace. — Eudes receives the Crown.— Smaller Sovereigns. — Rollo in the West of France. — Struggle between him and the King. — Accession of Charles the Simple. — He cedes Nustria to the Danes. — Aggressions of the Saracens. — Planting of Normandy. — Civil War in France. — Rise of Hugh the Great — He brings Home D'Outremer. — Complication with Lorraine. — War with Otho. — Difficulty with Normandy.— Richard the Fearless. — Death of D'Outremer.— Accession of Lothaire. — Death of Hugh. — Otho II receives the German Crown. — Invades France. — ^Battle of the Aisne. — Division of Lorraine.— Accession of Louis the Sluggard. — Approaching Revolution. — The Nation turns to Capet. — Louis King of Germany. — His Reign. — The Kingdom partitioned. — Crowning of Charles the Fat. — Germany and Italy united. — King deposed.— Career of Duke Arnulf. — The Isidorian Decretals. — Accession of Louis the Child. — Establishment of the Salian Dynasty. — Character of King Conrad. — He is succeeded by Henry of Saxony.— ^He puts down Insurrection. — Improves the Army. — Makes Conquests. — Sends a Dog to Hungary.— War with Denmark. — Accession of Otho the Great — ^His Character. — His Wars. — Rebellion of Prince Henry. — Battle of Andemach. — Otho's Generosity. — Barbarism subdued. — The King assists Louis of France. — Affairs in Italy. — Career of Berengar. — Italian Revolts. — Otho defeats the Hungarians. — He is crowned by Pope John. — The Latter would undo his Actions. — Ambition of Otho. — Italy an Appanage, 175-196

Chapter XI. — Alfbed and his Successobs.

Ascendency of Wessex. — Incursions of the Northmen. — England falls to the Son of Egbert — His Reign. — Distracted Condition of England. — Fights with the Pirates,-— Conspiracy of Ethelbald. — He takes the Crown. — Ethelbert succeeds.—Ethelred.—Acoe(niQn of Prince Alfred. — He builds a Fleet— Beats the Danes.— Bad Faith of the Latter. — ^King Guthrun. — Overthrow of Alfred.— He hides from his Enemies. — ^The Saxons rally to their King.— He becomes a Gleeman.— Battle of Ethandune. — Settlement with the Danes. — Quiet in the Island. — Assimilation of Laws. — Alfred patronizes Learning. — Fortifies London. — ^Enlarges his Fleet — ^Peace in England.— The Danes reappear. — Progress of Hastings. — Alfred confronts the Enemy. — Battle of Farmham. — ^Fierce Conflict with the Danes.— Extremity of Hastings. — Desultory Invasions. — Strat^^^ on tlie River Lea. — Hastings leaves England.— Prowess of the English Navy.— Pestilence. — Death of Alfred. — ^His Character and Work. — ^He lays the Foundations of English Letters. — His Translations. — ^Transformation of England. — Internal Improvements. — Succession of Edward. — Rebellion of Ethelwald.-r- Career of Ethelfleda. — Athelstane receives the Crown. — He subdues Wales and Cornwall. — Danelagh arises. — ^Battle of Brunnaburg. — Court of Athelstane.— Accession of Edmund. — Cessions to the Danes. — Early History of Scotland. — Story of Leof . — Eldred King. — He beats the Danes. — ^Edwy succeeds. — Marries Elgira. — Odo and his Church Feud. — Ruin of Elgira. — Accession of Edgar. — ^Triumph of the Celibates. — Ascendency of Odo and Dunstan. — Measures and Policy of the King. — Story of Elfrida. — Edward the Martyr on the Throne.— His Tragic End. — Ethelred the Unready.— Decline of Saxon Royalty.— Career of Prince Sweyn. — Beginning of Dane-Geld.— Conversion of the Danes.— Decline of the Kingdom. — The Flower of Normandy. — Causes of the Danish Ascendency. — ^The Feast of St Brice. — Great Invasion by the Danes. — Antecedents of the Norman Conquest — Sweyn's revenge. — More Dane- Geld. — Coming of Thurkill. — ^Peace purchased. — Sweyn is acknowledged King. — Canute succeeds to the Throne. — Specters in Normandy. — Extent of Canute's Empire. — ^His Wars and Pilgrimage. — Story of the Courtiers. — Claim of Hardicanute. — Harold on the Throne. — ^Emma and her Sons. — Succession of Hardicanute. — Edward the Confessor becomes King. — His Quiet Reign. — ^The King favors the Normans. — Position of Earl Godwin. — Count Eustace. — Godwin breaks with the King. — The Former banished. — Editha. — Ascendency of the Norman Nobility. — ^Apparition of Prince William.— ^Return of Godwin.— Flight of the Normans.— Edward Atheling brought Home. — Prince Harold or Prince William ? — Oath of the Former. — Death of Edward.— The Coming Conflict . 197-222

BOOK Fourth.— Thk Kkudal ascende^ncy. Chapter XTT. — Feudalism Proper

The Feudal System defined .—Difficulty of Analysis.— Ideas on which Feudalism was founded. —

Spirit of Independence among the Barbarians. — Settling of the Tribes by Charlemagne. — Revival of Old SentimentB. — Religious and Philosophical beliefs. — ^The Dies Irs. — Effect of such Belief. —

CONTENTS OF VOLUME H

Deeadenee under the DanoUiingw.— Bevolt of the Berberien Nobility.— Inetitatioii of YMBekge. — Eesenoe ol Feodalum.— Wm it a System 7— Ck>nditioDB of Lend Tenure. — ^Lew ol Deeoent — ^Tiucetkm. — ^Military Bervioe. — ^Feadaliom a Neoeenty. — Its UniTeraaUty.— Sketch of the Feudal Chieftain. — ^His Castle and AdministimtioiL — His Family.—The Peasants.— Place of the Priest in the System. — ^Personal Importance of the Baron. — Natore of the Feodal HoosehoUL— Growth of Domesticity.— ^Principle of Inheritance. — ^Abjectnees of the Serfi.— Man over Man.— Aspect of Feudal Europe. —Social and Political Ties. — Birth of Modem Poetry. — Repression of the People. — Growth of Feudalism in France, Germany, and

•

Chafteb XnL— Feudal Frahgb.

* Death of Louis V.— Election of Hugh Capet— The Succession established. — A Feudal Kingdom.— Struggle of the Old System with the New. — Beign of King Hug^ — Accession of Robert — ^Fate of Bertha. — Character of the King. — Queen Constance brings Jocularity to Paris. — Dawn of the Pilgrimage. — Struggle for Burgundy. — Otho sucoessfuL — Accession of Prince Henry.— Disloyalty of Constance. — ^Affairs in Normandy. — Prince William acknowledged as Duke. — Hb Heroic Qualities. — Reign of King Henry. — Feudalism triumphant— Scandal in the Church. — Efforts at Reform. — Beginning of the Monastic Orders. — La Chartreuse. — Spread of Heresies. — Fanaticism. — Appearance of Chivalry. — Antecedents of the Institution. — Its Lofty Ideals. — Ceremonial of Knighthood. — Ambitions of the Youth. — Place and Influence of Woman. — Knighthood and Love. — Spread of the System. — ^Accession of Philip I. — His Marriage and Divorce. — ^The Church oflended.— The Kingdom under Interdict — Philip bumbled.~War with Friesland.— The Cross raised against the Crescent — Aflkirs of the Eastern Em* pire. — ^Peter of Picardy.— Schism in the Church. — Alexius appeals to the West — Council of Clermonty 234-244

Chapter XIV. — ^Feudal Oericaht.

Accession of Otho 11. — ^Revolt of Bavaria. — Foundation of Austria. — War with France.— Otho in Italy. —Diet of Verona.— Otho HI. succeeds to the Throne.— Begency of Adelheid.— Wars on the Frontier.— Character of Otho.— He is crowned.— Troubles of the Papacy. — Polish Complication.— Otho would restore the Empire.— He returns to Rome. — Dies. — Another Boy Pope. — Accession of Henry of Bavaria.— Long War with the Poles.— Invasion of Lombardy. — Process of Disintegration.—Expulsion of the Greeks from Italy.— End of the Saxon Line. — ^Election of Conrad of Snap via. — ^Various Bevolts apiinst him. — He subdues Lombardy. — Normans in Italy. — Career of Duke Ernest— Sylvester and St Stephen. — Rudolph of Burgundy. — ^Relations of the Empire with Italy. —

Revolt of Milan.— Accession of Henry m.— ] Campaigns. — Social Condition of Germany. ^ — Power of Man to recuperate. — Symptoms of Revival in Southern Europe. —Truce of God.— Other Reforms.— AfQurs of the Papacy.- Revolts in Lorraine, Flanders, and Holland.— Bernhard of Saxony.— Commotion in Italy. — The Monk of Cluny. — Accession of Henry IV. — Claims of the Feudal Lorda.— Conspiracy against Henry.— His Marriage.—Revolt of Saxony.— Revival of Henry's Cause.— Accession of Hildebrand. —His Chaiacter and Policy.— His Pretensions.— Synod at Worms.— Quarrel of Pope and Emperor.— Humiliation of Henry.— Civil War.— Henry invades Italy.— Ruin of Rome.— Death of Gregory.— Troubles of Henry's Old Age — Noise of the Crusades.— Abelaid and Heloise, 244-259

Chafteb XV. — ^Feudal EKOLAin>.

Death of Edward Confessor. — Accession of Harold.— His Policy.— The News in Normandy. — MesBSges of Harold and William. -Preparations for the Norman Invasion. — ^Disloyalty of Tostig. — Coursge of Harold.— William lands in England. — Battle of Hastings. — Overthrow of the Saxon Monarchy.— William takes the Throne.— ISnrly Resistance of the People.— Measures of Witenagemot— The Conqueror triumphant — He is crowned.— His Policy.— Edgar Atheling.— William journeys through the Kingdom. — His Feudal Towers.— Rapacity of tlie Normans.— The English Women. — ^William returns to Normandy.— Bad Work of Odo. — Saxon Insurrections begin.— Thane Edric and the Sons of Harold.— The King's return.— His Pacific Course. — Taking of Exeter. — Devon overrun. — Holinshed tells his Story. — Hatred of the Normans and Saxons. — William beats down the Rebels.— Other Revolts follow.— Capture of York. — Northumbria and Scotland.— The Danes on the Humber. — William's Vengeance on the Northumbrians.— Conciliation abandoned. — ^Monasteries invaded.— Revolt of Maine. — Conspiracy of Fits-Osbom.— Treason of Duke Robert— Chivalry of the Latter. — Uprisiiig in Durham. — Fall of Odo. — England again claimed by the Danes. — ^The Domesday-book. — William's Sons.— New Forest established. — Assembly at Winchester. — The King's Last Campaign and Death.— Accession of William Rufus.— Short-Hose in Normandy. — He conspires against Rufus. — ^The English support the King. — The Rebellion suppressed. — English Invasion of Normandy. — Prince Henry subdued. — War with Scotland.— Extremity of Duke Robert — Insurrection in Wales. — ^Robert leases Normandy to his Brother. — Reduction of Maine. — ^Death of William.—Crusading Fever in England, • • . 269-281

Chapter XVI. — ^Mohammedan States awd Northern Eingdomb.

Founding of the Abbassidse.— Caliph Abul Abbas. — ^Reign of Al-Mansour. — ^He makes Baghdad his Capital- His Wars.— Reign of Mahdi.—

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 11.

fiadi Buooeeds him.— Aooeasioii of Al-Bashid.^ Administration.— The Barmecides.— Down with Jaffar. — Belations of Al-Rashid and Kicephoras.— War with the Greeks.— Death of Al-Kashid.— His Character. — Al-Amin and Al-Mamoan. — Reign of Al-Motacnom.— Rise of the Seljuks.— Minor Caliphs.— Abderrahman in Spain. — Independence of the Western Caliphate.— Splendor of Cordova.— Learning and Art of the Moors.- The Crescent begins to wane.— Luxury of Baghdad.— Architecture the Glory of the Western Moslems.— Gardens of Zehia. —The Alhambra.— Guralda of Seville.-

The Alcazar.- Valor of the Old.— The Cimbri in Denmark. — Danish Nationality. — ^The Sea Kings. — Queen Margaret — First Rulers of Norway. — Harold Harfager.— Paganism overthrown. — Olaf II. and Hardrada. — Danish Expeditions. — ^Primitive Sweden. — Early History of Russia. — The Slavonic Tribes. — Ruric the Great — Conquests of Gleg. — Reign of Igov.— Seratoslav. — Vladimir. — Reign of Yaroelav. — Beginnings of Civilization. — ^Division ol the Empire. — Appearance of the Polana. — Miedslas I. — Boleslas. — Miedslas 11. — Casimir and Boleslas IL— Ladishis Herman, 281-296

BOOK KIKTH.— THK CRUSADES.

Chapter XVII— Uprising op Europe.

Universality of the Crusades.— Feudal Dissolution of Socie^. — ^Aggressions of the Mohammedans.— ^Progress of the Crescent — ^The Infidel Turk.— General View of Causes.— AflBEurs in the Holy Land. — ^Alp Arslan.^FAlestine taken by the Turks.— The Western Pilgrims. — Horror of the Christians.— They call out to the Pope.— The Hermit of Picardy. — Council of Clermont — Address of Urban.— i>t«* le Veuit— The Crusade undertaken. — All Europe afiame. — Motives of the War. — All Classes under the Excitement — Gain for the Merchants. — Frontier of France. — A De- Yonring Host — ^The March through Hungary and Bulgaria. — Fate of the Vanguards. — Walter's and Peter's Fanatics in Constantinople. — ^Invasion of Asia Minor.— The Turks triumphant — The German Division meets a Like Fate. — The Army of Goat and Goose. — Slaughter of the Jews. — End of the Rabble.— The Real Crusading Host— Sketch of Godfrey. — ^Raymond of Toulouse. — ^Hugh, Robert, and Stephen. — ^The Short-Hose.— Edgar Atheling. — Career of Donald Bane. — Europe goes to Prayers. — Character of the Army. — The Advance 297-309

Chapter XVLLL.— The First Crusade.

Bad Impression made by the Vanguard. — Distraction of Alexius. — ^The Situation.— Hugh w^recked and taken. — ^His Release demanded. — The Crusaders reach Constantinople.— Treachery of the Greeks. — Schemes of Alexius. — ^The Western Princes before the Emperor. — Boemund arouses Italy.— The Normans leave Amalfl for the East — Hostility to the Empire.— Eas^m Craft and Westr •ern. — ^The Crusaders in Asia Minor. — Siege of Nice. — Overthrow of the Moslems. — The City surrendered.— Fraud of Alexius. — Battle of Dogor- ■gan. — Rout of the Turks. — ^The Country wasted. — A Famishing Army. — ^The Crusaders before Antioch. — Progress of Tancred and Baldwin. — ^The Christians force the Orontes. — A Taste of Paradise.— Successful Sally of the Turks. — ^The Winter Siege of Antioch.— Treachery of Emipher.— Capture of the City.— The Turks reinforced. — Dream of Barthelemy.— The Great Battle.— The Moslems overthrown. — Exultation of the Christians. — Principalities of Edessa and Antioch.^Troubles of the Crusaders. — Reduction of the Host — Abatement of Zeal. — ** Jerusalem, Jerusalem I" — Siege of the Holy City. — Stubborn Resistance of the Turks. — Reinforcements for the Christians. — Folly of the Hermit — Storming of the City. — St George appears.— Jerusalem taken. — Slaughter of the Moslems.— ^The Pious Grodfrey. — ^The Crusaders worship.— Glory of Peter.— lie Cross above the City of Christ— Who shall be King?— Election of Duke Godfrey, 309-327

Chapter XIX. — Oodfbet'b Modebty.

Battle of Ascalon. — ^Method of the Conflict — Rout of the Moslems. — ^Retum of the Christian Princes to Europe.— Their Future Career. — ^The Assizes of Jerusalem. — ^Death of Godfrey. — ^Troubles about the Succession. — Election of Btildwin. — His Prowess. — He is reinforced by Pilgrims. — ^European Fleets in the East — ^End of Raymond. — Conquest of Tripoli. — Death of Boemund. — ^Baldwin II. — Count Foulque in Palestine. — Capture of Tyre.— Acme of the Christian Power. — Dangers to the Kingdom. — Deterioration of the Eastern Christians.— Antecedents of the Chivalric Orders. — Founding of the Knights Hospitallers.— Their Primitive Character.— First Endowment8.--Growth of the Order. — Degrees and Discipline. — Power and Pride of the Hospitallers. — Rivalry with the Templars.— Subsequent History.- The Knights Templars founded.— Lowliness of their Origin. — Their Discipline and Faith. — Spread of the Oiw der. — Its Exemptions. — Corruptions of the Broth* erhood. — Distribution of Chapters. — ^History of the Templars. — Philip of France declares their Abolition.— ^The Decree enforced.— Founding of the Teutonic Orders. — Their Insignia — Their Policy. — Their Dominion.— Opulence does its Work. — Extinction of the Order. — Reign of Baldwin du Bourg. — Career of De Courtenay. — Court of Edeesa. — Rise of Sanguin. — ^Downfall of Edessa. — Heroism of Joscelyn. — Effect of the News in Eu'