Dyeing and calico printing : including an account of the most recent improvements in the manufacture and use of aniline colours : illustrated with wood engravings and numerous specimens of printed and dyed fabrics

Front matter

J^ pR/iNKLiN Institute LmRflRT

FHIL/lbELFHIi!I

AiiTiCLK V. — The Library shall be divided into two classes; the first comprising such works as, from their rarity or value, should not be lent out, all unbound periodicals, and such text books as ought to be found in a library of reference, except when required by Committees of the Institute, or by Members or holders of second class stock, who have obtained the sanction of the Committee. The second class shall include those books intended for circulation.

Preface

^HIS work, for the most part, consists of the revised MSS. of a treatise on colours other than anihne, on which the late Professor Crace- Calvert was engaged almost up to the time of his decease. The rapid strides which Chemical Science is now making, however, rendered numerous additions and corrections necessary so as to bring it, as far as possible, up to the present time; and, although the author did not contemplate treating of the Aniline Colours, yet from the great interest of the subject, both in its Theoretical and Technical aspect, it has been thought advisable to add a brief account of the most recent discoveries which have been made in this very important branch of the Colour Industry.

In a book like the present it would, of course, be impossible either to give a complete scientific account of the different chemical products connected with the various dyestuffs, or to enter into all the technical details of the Art of Dyeing and Calico Printing; the object of the late Professor Crace-Calvert being to present his readers with a general and comprehensive view of these important and interesting subjects.

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VI.

PREFACE.

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In the alterations which we have made in the original MSS., and in the additions that have been found necessary, it has ever been our object to mould the workJatotiie form in which, had he survived, the author liimself would have wished to see it produced. ^ , v'-'. ' * '

In conclusion, we'-have to thank those firms who have been kind enough to supply the Dyed and Printed Specimens with which to illustrate the work, viz., Messrs. Walter Crum and Co., Messrs. E. Potter and Co., Messrs. Salis Schwabe and Co., Messrs. Steiner and Co., Messrs. Symonds, Cunliffe, and Co., and Messrs. Wood and Wright, all of Manchester ; Messrs. Heys and Co., of Barrhead, near Glasgow; Messrs. Marnas and Co., Lyons; Messrs. Dollfus, Mieg, and Co.; Mons. Gustave Schaeffer, of the firm Messrs. Haeffely and Co., Chateau de Pfastadt, near Mulhouse, who has given the specimens of coal-tar colours on woollen; and especially to Mons. Horace Koechlin, of Wesserling, Alsace, to whose courtesy and kindness we are indebted not only for the series of beautiful aniline colours printed on cotton, and for the new dyes Fluorescein, Ooerulein, and Eosin, but also for several valuable epistolary communications.

(Signed)

John Stenhouse, Charles Edward Groves.

London, 2^tk November, i8ys-

OBITUARY.

mi'a is p

OBITUARY

OF THE LATE

DR. FREDERICK CRACE-CALVERT, F.R.S.

Dr. Frederick Crace-Calvert, F.R.S., was born near London on the 14th of November, 1819.

In the year 1835, when 16 years of age, he left London and went to France, where he commenced the study of chemistry under the celebrated chemist Gerardin, at Rouen, and continued with him for two years. At the expiration of this time he went to Paris, and carried on his studies at the Jardin des Plantes, the Sorbonne, College de France, and Ecole de Me'decine, his attention being principally given to the Natural Sciences.

About the age of 21 he was appointed to manage the well known works of Messrs. Robiquet & Pelletier, where the manufacture of pure chemicals and pharmaceutical products is carried on. This position, however, he soon vacated on being offered that of ''Demonstrateur de Chimie Appliquee," under the eminent chemist Chevreul, and here he remained from 1841 till 1846, when he left France. From the former date his career as a chemist began ; and was continued with untiring energy during the succeeding 32 years.

He published his first paper, "Sur I'extraction de quinine et cinchonine," in September, 1841.

In 1843, in conjunction with M. Ferrand, he elaborated an interesting paper on the analysis of gases enclosed in some organs

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X. OBITUAR V.

of plants, the gases being taken from the same plants at different times of the day and year in order to demonstrate the action of the sun's rays. This paper is entitled " Memoir sur la Vegetation," and may be found in Volume V. of "The Gomptes Rendus." In the following year the diseases of beer engaged his attention, and some interesting facts were embodied by him in a paper read to the Soci^te de Pharmacie, ''Sur la fermentation visqueuse de la

bifere."

From 1843 until the time of his leaving France he was engaged in a research on some compounds of lead which first brought him into note. One of the papers consequent on this may be found in the ''Comptes Rendus" of 1843, entitled "Procede' au moyen duquel on obtient un protoxyde de plomb cristallise et ayant la couleur du minium."

In 1844, he wrote "On the presence of Indigo in the Orchidaceous plants;" in 1846, "On the preparation of Calomel on the large scale;" and, in the same year, a compilation of facts relating to the properties of animal black.

On returning to England, at the latter end of 1846, he was first appointed to the chair of the honorary professorship of chemistry at the Royal Institution, and afterwards to that of lecturer on chemistry at the School of Medicine in Pine Street, Manchester.

In 1847, he published a paper "On Bleaching Powders," and, in 1848, one "On the Bleaching of Cotton and Flax." .

About this time Dr. Calvert gave a long series of lectures on his favourite subject, at the Athenseum, Manchester, viz., "The Application of Chemistry to Manufactures." These were recorded in the daily papers.

During the following years many other subjects engaged his attention, but we may notice the following publications as some of the results of his labours.

In 1849 "Process for the Preparation of Chlorates, particularly the Chlorate of Potash."

In 185 1 "On the Oxides and Nitrates of Lead." In 1854 "A case of Poisoning by the Sulphate of the Protoxide of Iron,"

In 1855 "On the Adulteration of Tobacco."— "On the Action

OBITUAR V.

XI.

of Organic Acids on Cotton and Flax Fibres."— ''On the Actions of Gallic and Tannic Acids in Dyeing and Tanning."

In 1856 ''On the Solubility of Sulphate of Baryta in different Acids."— "On the Purification of Polluted Streams."

About this time he commenced an enquiry, in conjunction with Mr. Richard Johnson, on the physical and chemical properties of different alloys. The publications resulting from these investigations were :

In 1858 "On the Hardness of Metals and Alloys."— "On the Conductibility of Metals and Alloys."— "On the Chemical Changes which Pig Iron undergoes in its Conversion into Wrought Iron."

In 1 86 1 a series of papers "On the Expansion of Metals and Alloys."

In 1862 "On the Composition of a Carbonaceous Substance existing in Grey Cast Iron."—" On the Employment of Galvanised Iron for Armour Plated Ships."— "On the Conductibility of Heat by Amalgams."

In '1863 "On the Preservation of Iron Plated and other Ships."

The interest he took in the preservation of ships from the action

of sea water never ceased; many unrecorded experiments were

carried on by him at intervals on this subject till the last days of

his life.

In 1865 Mr. Richard Johnson and he published "On the Action of Sea Water on certain Metals and Alloys," and in 1866 "On the Action of Acids on Metals and Alloys."

In 1870, two papers appeared by Dr. Calvert, one "On the Composition of Iron Rust," the other "On the Oxidation of Iron," and a third on the same subject in 1871.

In 1858 we find a publication of his "On a New Method of preparing Hydrochloric Acid."

In 1859 "On the Analyses of Wheaten Flours."— "Influence of Science on the Arts of Calico Printing."— "On Starches: the purposes to which they are applied, and improvements in their Manufacture."

During this year, his attention was called by his friend the late Dr. Ransome to hospital gangrene, and in seeking its cause he was led to investigate the compounds produced during putrefaction.

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OBITUAR Y.

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Two papers, descriptive of his results, appeared in i860, the first "On Products of Putrefaction." The second "On New Volatile Alkaloids given off during Putrefaction." He continued, these researches during the following two or three years, and had collected about an ounce of a precipitate, produced by combining the gaseous products of putrefaction with platinum, by passing the gases emitted by the putrefying meat through bichloride of platinum, by means of aspirators, during many months. This accumulation of precipitate was unfortunately destroyed before its examination could be completed, through the carelessness of one of his assistants, which caused him much regret ever afterwards.

In 1 86 1 he wrote ''On Improvements in the Manufacture of Colouring Matters," and "On the Chemical Composition of Steel." A report followed " On the Action of Water supplied by the Manchester Corporation on Lead of different kinds," in connection with the Manchester Sanitary Association.

In 1862 he gave a series of lectures to the Society of Arts, "On the Improvements and Progress in Dyeing and Calico Printing since 1851 ;" in 1864 " On Chemistry as applied to the Arts;" in 1866 "On Discoveries in Agricultural Chemistry," and "On Discoveries in the Chemistry of Rocks and Minerals."

These were- the beginning of the Cantor lectures, which are now continued every year by different lecturers.

In this same year we find another paper by him, "On Wood for Shipbuilding."

In 1863 he patented and worked out his process for the separation of sulphur from coke, by the use of common salt, for the purpose of the manufacture of iron of superior quality.

The following is a Hst of some of his other publications :

In 1865 "On the Action of SiHcate and Carbonate of Soda upon Cotton Fibres."— "On the Crystallised Hydrate of Phenic Alcohol."

In 1866 "On the Hydraulicity of Magnesian Limestone." "On the preparation of Acetylene."

About this time he interested himself with the properties of phenic or carbolic acid, and being satisfied of its valuable disinfecting properties, built works for its manufacture, and to him

OBITUARY. xiii.

belongs the honour of being the first to manufacture it in this country in a pure state; and through his exertions it has been introduced as a valuable therapeutic agent.

In 1867 he wrote papers ''On Oxidation by means of Charcoal."—-On the Presence of Soluble Phosphates in Cotton Fibres, Wheat, and other Seeds," and five articles "On the Synthesis of Organic Substances."

In 1867 "Carbolic or Phenic Acid and its Properties" (three articles).

In 1869 ''Presence of Soluble Phosphates in Seeds."— "Preparation of Nitrogen."

In 1870 "Testing Petroleum."

In 1872 "Sulphur in Coal and Coke/' and papers on "Protoplasmic Life;" "Vitality of Disease Germs," &c., which received much attention on the continent.

In 1873 he gave his" last course of lectures in connection with his colleague the late Dr. Turner, at the Royal Institution, which were confined to physiology and the chemistry of the same' and in which both aimed to show that religion and science could go hand in hand, and neither produce injurious results on the other.

In concluding the list of Dr. Crace-Calvert's various researches we may mention that, besides the above, many others were made by him, but their unfinished state does not justify publication Among these may be mentioned one on "Light," which cost him much labour, and one ';0n the Action of difi-erent Gases on each other under Enormous Pressures."

He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, of the Chemical Society Member of Royal Academy of Turin, Member of Royal Academy of Medicine of Brussels, and of many other societies both at home and abroad.

Dr. Calvert showed remarkable devotion to the science he studied, and his knowledge of its literature was such as very few have attained, and such also as could only be obtained by a most unusual amount of reading, accompanied with strong interest and m all probability much pleasure. He showed this knowled<.e more m the departments referring to industry, and, as might be

XIV.

OB ITU A R Y.

^14

^0 expected, he intended to give his experience to the public in a more convenient form than his lectures presented. One of these works relating to "Colours other than Aniline," was nearly completed before. ^S last illness, and constitutes the first eleven chapters' of the present volume. Whilst rather exhausted with this work, added to the attention required for the manufactures in which he was engaged, he was chosen as one of the JuryV of the Vienna Exhibition. The summer of 1873 was sultry and unpleasant, and other causes may have operated to make it unhealthy; but whatever the reason or combination of reasons may have been (and we (.annot doubt that his unceasing labours contributed), the result was that Dr. Calvert returned in a very enfeebled state, and a few days after his arrival in Manchester was seized with a fatal illness, which terminated on the 24th of October of the same year. He 'was a firmly built man, of middle height, and apparently of unusual strength. He seemed to be younger in constitution than his years indicated. His manner was pleasing and animated, and he had great pleasure in communicating information. It is not attempted in this notice to say to what extent his writings have contributed to the advance of science, or the knowledge of manufactures, but in the latter department it is certain that his influence was widely felt, and his friendly disposition enabled him to become a frequent medium of communication between scientific men in England and in France, in both of which countries he felt equally at home. With these combined characteristics, the position he made for himself was pecuHar, and of its importance we may judge partly by the fact that, although one to which many would be glad to attain, it is not yet filled up; and, as Dr. Angus Smith remarked at the Manchester Philosophical Society, "his^ death was regretted not only by those who knew him as a chemist, but also by those who but knew him as a man."

CONTENT S.

CHAPTER I. Introductory

Natural Coloursj Cause of Colours, i. — Analysis of White Light ; the Spectrum, 2. — Nature of Colouring Matters, 3. — Action of Light on Colouring Matters, 6. — Colouring Matters of Flowers; Cyanin, 7.^ — ^Xanthin, 8. — Xanthein : Reducing Power of the Roots of Plants, 9. — Action of Electricity on the Colouring Matters of Flowers, 10. — Action of Heat on Colouring Matters, II. — Action of Chlorine on Colouring Matters, 12. — Action of Hypochlorites on Colouring Matters: Decolourising Power of Charcoal, 13. — Animal Charcoal: Solubility of Colouring Matters ; 14. — Bleaching Action of Sulphurous Acid : Compounds of Metallic Oxides with Colouring Matters ; Lakes, 16. — Theory of Mordants; Thorn's Experiments on Mordants, 17. — Oxidising Effect of certain Salts on Colouring Matters, 18. — 'Fast' and 'Loose' Colours, 19. — Effect of Heat and Light on the Colours of Dyed Fabrics, 20.

PAGE.

CHAPTER IL

The Madder Plant, 22. — Madder Root; Preparation of Madder; Composition of Madder, 23.^ — Avignon Madders, 'Paluds' and Rosees: Erythrozym: Rubian, 24. —

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XVI.

PAGE.

Contents

Kuhlmann's Xanthin, 25.— Action of Erythrozym, of Acids, and of Alkalis on Rubian, 29.— Formation of Alizarin from Rubian, 31.— Verantin, 32.— Rubiretin, Rubianin, Rubiacic Acid, 33.— Rubiacin, 34.— Sugar in Madder: Ruberythic Acid; Decomposition of Ruberythic Acid into Alizarin and Sugar, 35.— Isalizarin, Hydralizarin.and Pseudopurpurin, 36.— Purpuroxanthin, 3 y. —Preparation and Properties of . Alizarin, 38.— Conversion into Anthracene : Nitroalizarin,4i.— Amidoalizarin, 42.— Alizarinamide, 43.— Anthraflavic Acid, 44.— Anthrapurpurin, 45.— Manufacture of Anthracene, Properties of Anthracene, 46.— Conversion into Anthraquinone, Preparation of Artificial Alizarin, 48.— Caro, Graebe, and Liebermann's Patent, 50.— Broenner and Gutzkon's Patent, 54.— Anthracene Orange: Naphthazarin, 55.— Oxynaphthalic Acid, 56.— Purpurin and its Derivatives, 58.— Optical Properties of Purpurin and AUzarin, 60.— Detection of Purpurin and Alizarin, 62.

CHAPTER III. Madder. — Continued "4

Use of Madder, 64.— Turkey or Adrianople Red, Historical, 65.— Processes for producing Turkey Red, Oiling the Cloth, 66.— Mordanting the Cloth, Dyeing the Cloth, 67.— Clearing the Dyed Cloth, 68.— Effect of Oiling, 69.— Persoz' Explanation, 70.— Printing Turkey Red, Miiller's Process, 71.— Calico Printing, Mordants Employed, 72.— Recipes for Mordants for various Colours, 73.— Method of Printing Mordants, y6._Ageing; Thorn's Process, 77.— Dunging, 78.— Construction of Dyebeck, 79.— Method of Dyeing with Madder; Use of Chalk in Madder Dyeing, 81.— Soaping and Clearing Madder-Dyed Goods, 83.— Manufacture of Garancin, 84.— 'Garancine Modifiee:' Utilisation of Waste Products, 85.— Dyeing Power of Garancin, 86.— Advantages of Garancin over Madder :

CONTENTS.

XVII.

'Commercial Alizarin,' 87.— Garanceaux: Fleurs de Garance, or Flowers of Madder, 88.— Alcohol from Madder Washings, 89.— Madder Extracts, 90.— Leitenberger's Extract, 91.— Parafs Extract : Kopp's Purpurin and Green Alizarin, and Dyestuffs obtained from them, 92.— Pernod's Extract, 95.— Rien's Process for Extracting Alizarin and Purpurin : Recipes for Dyeing with Madder Extracts, 96.— Table of Colours obtained by Printing a Mixture of Madder Extract with the Acetates of various metals, 98.— Printing with Artificial Alizarin, 100.— Recovery of Waste Colours; Scheurer's Process, 10 1. — Koechlin's Process for the Recovery of Waste Colour, 102.— Thom and Stenhouse's Process for the Utilisation of Soap Waste : Manufacture of Madder Lakes, 103. — Adulteration of Madder, 104.— Testing the value of Madder, &c., 105.— Testing Madder- Dyed Fabrics, 107.— Munjeet, 108.— Munjistin, 109— Chayaver, no.— Al' Root, or Sooranjee(^J/"m>z^« Citrifolia), Morindin and Morindone, in.

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CHAPTER IV. Red Dyewoods, Safflower, Alkanet 113

Red Dyewoods, Campeachy or Logwood, 113. — Hematoxylin, 114. — Hi^matein, 115.— Reactions of Heematoxylin, 117. — Preparation of Logwood, 118. — Extract of Logwood; Dyeing Purple with Logwood, 119. — Logwood Black, 120.— Brazil Wood, and Peach Wood or Santa Martha Wood, 121.— Sapan Wood; Lima Wood; The Colour-giving principle of these Woods, 122. — Brazilin, and its Relation to Haematoxylin, 123. — Brazilein, 124. — Reactions of the Brazil Wood Group : Extracts of Brazil and Sapan Woods, 125. — Dingler's Process; Dyeing with Brazil Wood Extract, 126.— Pink Lakes — Venetian Lake : SandalWood,Barwood, and Camwood or Kambe Wood, 128. — Colouring principle of Sandal Wood, 129.— Mock Turkey Red, 131.— Rea

XVIU.

CONTENTS.

actions of Sandal Wood and Barwood, 132.— Sorgho, i23._Sorgho Carmine or Sorgho Red; Alkanet; Anchusin, 134.— CEnoHn, the Colouring principle of Wines: Safflower, 135. — Preparation of Safflower: Composition of Safflower, 136.— Carthamin, 137-— Yellow Colouring Matter of Safflower : Dyeing with Safflower, 138.

Chapter V

History of Indigo: Plants which furnish Indigo, 140. — Manufacture of Indigo, 141.— Woad or Pastel, i43-— Tein hoa tein ching (^/s-rt!//> Indigotica): Polygomim tindoriiim, 144.— Colouring principle of the Indigoferae, 144.— Indican, Schunck's Researches, 146.— Schunck's Apparatus for Evaporation, 147.— Action of Acids on Indican, 150.— Indirubin, 151.— Indiretin, Indihumin, andlndiglucin, 153. — Action of Alkalis on Indican ; Indicanin, 1 55.— Oxindicanin, 1 57.— Pure Indigotin, 158.— Isatin, 159.— Isatic Acid; Isatyde, 160.— Sulphisatyde and Disulphisatyde : Indin and its Derivatives : Compounds obtained with Isatin and Ammonia, 161. — Action of Hydriodic Acid on Isatin; Isatopurpurin and Isatoflavin: Indigotic or Nitrosalicyhc Acid, 162.— Picric Acid from Indigo, 163.— Action of Chlorine on Indigo, 164.— Chlorisatin, and Dichlorisatin, 165. — Chloranil orPerchlorquinone: Bromisatins, 166.— ChrysaniHc Acid: Anthranilic or Phenylcarbamic Acid, 167. — Aniline from Indigo: Synthesis of Indigo, 169.— Dioxindol or Hydrindic Acid, 170.— Oxindol, and Indol,

171. Baeyer and Emmerling's Experiments on the

Reduction of Isatin, 173.

Chapter VI. Page

Indigo — Continued

Indigosulphonic Acids; Sulphopurpuric Acid, 175.

zati&rrsgs

CONTENTS.

XIX.

PAGE.

Sulphindigotic Acid, 176.— Hyposulphindigotic Acid, 1 7 7-— Saxony Blue, and Indigo Carmine, 178.— Bailey's Indigo Carmine, 179.— Action of Alkalis on the Indigosiilphonic Acids; Sulphoviridic Acid, 180.— Sulphorufic Acid, and Sulphopurpuric Acid, 181.— White or Reduced Indigo; Dumas' Process for Preparing White Indigo, 182.— Schiitzenberger and Lalande's Process, 184.— Lightfoot's Process for Chintzes, 186.— Schlumberger's Process : Steam Style : Purification of Indigo, 188.— Characters of Bengal Indigo, 189.— Chevreul's Analysis of Indigo: Testing Indigo, igi.—Cold Vat: Recovery of Waste Indigo, 197.— Pulverisation of Indigo, 198.— Cohen's Process for Cold Vat, 199.— Resist or Reserve Process, 200.— Discharge Process, 201.— China Blue: Indian Vat for Dyeing Wool, 203.— Leuch's Vat, 204.— Formation of Indigo in the Human System, 205.

CHAPTER VII. Cochineal, Kermes, Gum-lac, Lac Dye, Lac Lake, and

History of Cochineal, 206.— Preparation of Cochineal, 207.— Composition of Cochineal according to John : Preparation of Carminic Acid, 209. — Carmme red, 2 II-— Properties of Carmine Acid, 212.— Nitrococcusic Acid: Reactions of Cochineal, 213.— Adulteration of Cochineal, and Testing Cochineal, 214.— Dyeing with Cochmeal, 216.— Ammoniacal Cochineal, and Carminamide: Carmine Lakes, 218.— Preparation of ' Carmine,' 219.— Florentine Lake: Kermes, 220.— Uses of Kermes, 221.-— Stick Lac, 222.— Composition of Stick Lac; Seed Lac, 2 2 3. —Composition of Seed Lac; Shell Lac; Composition of Shell Lac; Lac Lake, 224.— Composition of Lac Lake; Lac Dye; Brooke's Lac Dye: History of Murexide, 225.— Preparation of Murexide, 226.

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CONTENTS.

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CHAPTER VIII. Orchil, Cudbear, and Litmus 22!

Discovery of Orchil: Nature of Lichens, 228. — Species of Lichens used for the Preparation of Orchil, and Manufacture of Orchil, 229.— French Purple, 232.— Process for Testing Lichens : Uses of Orchil : Discovery of Orcin, 233. — Preparation of Orcin and Erythrite, 234. — ■ Properties of Orcin, 235. — Haloid Derivatives of Orcin: Nitro Derivatives of Orcin, 236.— Orcein, 237. — Methyl, Ethyl, and Amyl Orcins, 238. — Erythrin or Erythric Acid, 239.— Picroerythrin: Lecanoric Acid, or Lecanorin, 240. — Properties of Lecanoric Acid, 241. — Ethylic Orsellinate : Preparation of Picroerythrin, 242. — Properties of Picroerythrin: Erythrite or Erythromannite, 243. — Tetranitroerythrite : Usnic acid, 244. — Evernic Acid, and Everninic Acid: Cladonic Acid, or /3- usnic Acid, 245. — Orsellinic Acid, or Orsellesic Acid, 246. — Other Compounds obtained from the Lichens : Summary : Cudbear, 247. — Litmus, or Lacmus, 248. — Tournesol: Resorcin, 249. — Azoresorcin Derivatives, 250. — 'Eosin,' or Tetrabromofluorescein, 251.

Chapter IX

Quercitron, Fustic, Persian Berries, Weld, Aloes, Turmeric, Annatto, Ilixanthin, &c., Lo-Kao... Quercitron, 253. — Reactions of Quercitron Bark, 254. — Quercitrin: Decomposition of Quercitrin by Acids, 255. — Isodulcite, and Quercetin, 256. — Action of Potassium Hydrate on Quercetin, 257.— Quercetic Acid, Quercimeric acid, and Paradatiscetin, 258.— Phloroglucin : Reducing Action of Sodium Amalgam on Quercetin, 259. — Flavin, 260. — Dyeing with Quercitron Bark and Flavin, 261.— Old Fustic, 262. — Reactions of Old Fustic; Colouring Matters of the Wood, 263.— Morintannic Acid, or Maclurin, 264.— Machromin, 265. —

CONTENTS.

XXI.

Moric Acid, or Morin, 266.— Analogy between Quercetin and Morin, 267.— Dyeing with Old Fustic: Young

Fustic, 268. — Fustin: Reactions of Young Fustic, 269.

Dyeing with Young Fustic: Persian Berries, whence obtained ; Reactions of Persian Berries, 270. — Kane's Chrysorhamnin and Xanthorhamnin ; Results of Gellatly's Investigations, 271.— Observations of Hlasiwetz, Bolley, Schiitzenberger, and Berteche; Lefort's Rham-

nagin and Rhamnin, 272. — Summary of Results, 273.

Melin from Waifa: Dyeing with Persian Berries, 274.— Dutch Yellow, 275.— Weld; Reactions of Weld, 276.— Luteolin, 277.— Use of Weld : Source of Aloes, 278.— Socotrin or Bombay Aloes, Barbadoes Aloes, Natal Aloes, and Cape Aloes, 279.— Preparation of Barbaloin, 280.— Haloid Derivatives of Barbaloin: Nataloin, and Socaloin, 281.— Aloetic Acid, 282.— Chrysammic Acid, 283.— Hydrochrysammide : Colours obtained with Aloes: Turmeric, 284. — Composition of Turmeric: Curcumin, 285. — Rosocyanin : Dyeing with Turmeric, 287. — Preparation and Composition of Annatto, 288.— Testing Annatto, 289.— Colouring Matters of Annatto; Orellin and Bixin, 290.— Uses of Annatto: Chica, or Carajara, 291.— Saffron; Crocin: Barberry Root, 292. — Berberine and its Sources, 293.— Gamboge, 294. — Composition of Gamboge, 295. — Ilixanthin: Yellow Colouring Matters from Lichens,296.— Purree, or Indian Yellow; Euxanthic Acid, 297.— Euxanthone: Rhubarb; Chrysophanic Acid: Rutin, 298.— Scoparin, 299.— Taigu, or Tayegu Wood; Tayguic Acid, 300.— Wongshy, or Hoang-tchy: Carotin, &c.: Rottlerin: Lo-kao, or Chinese Green, 301. — Lokain, 303.— Lokaetin, 304.— Sap Green, or Bladder Green : Preparation of Chlorophyll, 305.— Fremy's Phylloxanthin, and Phyllocyanin, 307.— Stokes' Examination of Chlorophyll, 308.— Lommel's Observations: Xylochloeric Acid : Printing Chlorophyll, 309.

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XXll.

CONTENTS.

PAGE,

CHAPTER X. Tannin Matters 310

Nature of Tannin Matters, 310. — Two Classes of Tannins: Preparation of Tannic or Gallotannic Acid, 311. — Decomposition of Tannin by Heat : Schiff's Researches on Tannin, 312. — Digallic Acid : Tannoxylic or Rufitannic Acid : Gallic Acid, 313. — Preparation and Properties of Gallic Acid, 314. — Rufigallic Acid, 315. — Decomposition of Gallic Acid by Heat; Preparation of Pyrogallic Acid, or Pyrogallol, 316. — Gallein, and Gallin, 318. — Coerulein, 319. — ^Coerulin, 320. — Ellagic Acid: Mode of Formation of Gall-nuts, 32 r. — Composition of Gall-nuts : Reactions of a Solution of Gallnuts, 322. — Knopperns: Chinese Galls, or Japanese Galls, 323. — Valonia, 324. — Cultivation of Sumach; Reactions of a Decoction of Sumach, 325. — Uses of Sumach, 326. — Bablah, Babool, or Neb-neb, 327. — - Chesnut Bark, Dividivi, Myrobalans, Oak Bark, and Spruce Bark or Hemlock Tree Bark, 328. — Compounds obtained from Walnut Husks: Hennis, 329. — Preparation of Catechu : Source of Gambler : Kino, or ' Gum Kino,' 330. — ^Bombay, Bengal, and Gambler Catechu, 331. — Reactions of Catechu; Adulteration of Catechu, 332. — Catechut^nnic Acid, 333. — Catechin, or Catechuic Acid, 334. — Products of the Decomposition of Catechin, 335. — Pyrocatechin, 336. — Dyeing and Printing with Catechu; Catechu Browns, 337. — Estimation of Tannin, 338. — Amount of Tannin in various Vegetable Substances, 340.

CHAPTER XI. On the Examination of Colouring Matters and

Coloured Fabrics 342

Uses of the Colorometer, 242. — Houton-Labillardiere's Colorometer, 343. — Collardeau's Colorometer, and Du~

XXlll.

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CONTENTS.

bosc and Mene's Colorometer, 344.— Wilson's Colorometer, 345. — Spectroscopic Examination of Colours, 346.— Use of Oxidising Agents: Comparison of the Dyeing Powers of Dyestuffs, 347. — Adulteration of Dyestuffs, 348.

CHAPTER XII. Benzene, Aniline, and Magenta 350

Constituents of Coal-tar, 350.— Historical Account of Aniline, 351.— Distillation of Coal-tar, and Extraction of Aniline from Coal-oil, 352.— Preparation of Benzene from Light Oil, 353. — Benzene from Benzoic Acid; Properties of Benzene, 354. — Manufacture of Nitrobenzene, 355. — Dinitrobenzene : Preparation of Aniline from Nitrobenzene, 356. — Manufacture of Aniline, 357. — Properties of Aniline, 358. — Formation of Magenta: Toluene, 359.— Nitrotoluenes, 360.— -Toluidines: Commercial Aniline, 362. — Historical Account of Magenta, 363.— Manufacture of Magenta, 365. — Purification of Magenta, 367.— Rosaniline, 368. — Salts of Rosanihne, 369. — Leucaniline: Hydrocyanrosaniline, 370. — Manufacture of Rosanihne, and of Rosaniline Acetate, 371.— Caro and Dale's Process for Magenta, Laurent and Casthelaz Process, 372. — Coupler's Process: Rosotoluidine, or Toluidine Red, 373. — Xylidine Red: Pararosaniline : Dyeing with Magenta, 374. — Printing Silk and Wool with Magenta, Dyeing Cotton and Mixed Fabrics with Magenta; 377. — Printing Cotton with Magenta: Magenta Purple, 378.— Adulteration of Magenta, 379.— Safranine, or Saffranine, 380. — Geranosine, Ponceau, and Cerise, 382. — Ulrich's Scarlet, 383.

CHAPTER XIII. Aniline Violets and Aniline Blues 384

Aniline Violets : Discovery of Mauve, 384. — Manufacture m

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of Mauve, 385. — Mauveine, 386. — Phcenicine, 387. — Runge's Blue : Various Processes for obtaining Mauve, 388. — 'Violet Imperial;' Monophenylrosaniline, 390. — Diplienylrosaniline : 'Regina Purple,' 391. — Kopp's Violet: Mauvaniline and Violaniline, 392. — Methyl and Ethyl Rosanilines, 393. — Manufacture of Hofmann Violet, 395. — Ethylmauveine or 'Dahlia,' 396. — Manufacture of Methylaniline, and Paris Violet, 397. — Methylaniline and Ethylanihne from 'Hofmann Gum:' 'Dorothea Violet,' 398. — Benzyl Chloride: Violets from Tertiary Monamines, 399. — 'Britannia Violet:' Aldehyde Violet: Dyeing with Aniline Violets, 400. — Dale's Recipes for Printing, 401. — Aniline Blues; 'Bleu de Paris,' and 'Bleu de Mulhouse,' 402. — Manufacture of 'Bleu de Lyon,' 403. — Purification of 'Bleu de Lyon;' 'Bleu Lumiere' or 'Night Blue,' 404. — Bardy's Process for Aniline Blue and Violet, 405. — Difference between 'Bleu de Paris' and 'Bleu de Lyon,' 406.- — Nicholson's Soluble Blue, 407. — Toluidine Blue, 408.— Manufacture of Diphenylamine, 409.- — Diphenylamine Blue, 410. — AzodiphenylBlue: Dyeing with Anihne Blue,4ii.

CHAPTER XIV. Aniline Green. — Aniline Yellow 414

Emeraldine: Discovery and Preparation of Aldehyde Green, 414. — Historical Account of Iodine Greeiij 416. — Wanklyn's Process; Hofmann and Girard's Process, 417.- — Manufacture of Iodine Green, 418. — Soluble Green, and CrystalHsed Green, 420.— Transformation of Iodine Green, 421. — Perkin's Green, and Methyl Green, or Methylaniline Green, 422. — Dyeing with Aniline Greens, 423. — Aniline Yellows; Chrysaniline, or Phosphine, 425. — Chrysotoluidine; Purification of Chrysotoluidine, 426. — Preparation of Chrysotoluidine from Toluidine ; Properties of Pure Chrysotoluidine, 428. — Scheurer-Kestner's Orange: Diazoamidobenzene

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and Amidodiphenylimide, 429. — Vogel's Zinaline: Adulteration of Aniline Yellow, 430.

CHAPTER XV. Aniline Browns and Aniline Black 432

Aniline Maroons and Browns : Girard and De Laire's Maroon: Schultz' Garnet, 432. — Jacobsen's Browns; Koeclilin's Brown, 433. — Wise's Brown, and Sieberg's Brown, 434. — Dyeing with Aniline Brown : Aniline Black, 435. — Lightfoot's Processes, 436.— Lauth's Process, 437. — Koeclilin's Recipe, 438. — Sacc's Recipe for Olive Browns : Dullo's Black : Lauth's Manganese Mordant, 439. — Spirk's Recipes, 440. — Aniline Black with Albumen : Jarossen and MuUer's Process : Schlumberger's Process, 441.^ — Nature of Aniline Black, 442.- — Lightfoot's Experiments, 443. — Rheineck's Exj)eriments ; Nigraniline, 444. — Qualities of Aniline adapted for Aniline Black, 445. — Process for Aniline Black with Potassium Bichromate, 446. — Aniline Black on Wool: Laiiber's Aniline Grey, 448. — Casthelaz Grey, 449.

CHAPTER XVI. Phenol, Cresol, AND Naphthalene Colours 450

Phenol or Carbolic Acid, 450. — Picric Acid or Trinitophenol; Manufacture of Picric Acid, 452. — Properties of Picric Acid; Dyeing with Picric Acid, 454. — Picric

I Acid as a Test for Cotton in Mixed Fibres : Adulteration of Picric Acid, 455.- — Picramic Acid or Dinitroamidophenol: Isopurpuric Acid, 456. — Difference between Murexide and Isopurpuric Acid, 457. — Dyeing with Isopurpurates: Rosolic Acid, 458. — Manufacture of Corallin, 459. — Crystalline Corallin: Formation of Corallin, 460. — Printing with Corallin, 461. — Peonine or Red Corallin, 462. — Dyeing and Printing with Peonine and Corallin, 463. — Azulin, 464. — Pseudocorallin, 465. — Aurin, 466. — Leukaurin, 467. — Printing